Chapter 1 – Preliminary topics

Solutions to Exercise 1A
 π c  π c
1 a i 720◦ = 720 × = 4πc iii −25◦ = −25 × ≈ −0.44c
180 180
 π c  π c
ii 540◦ = 540 × = 3πc iv 51◦ = 51 × ≈ 0.89c
180 180

π c −5π c π c
 
iii −450◦ = −450 × = v 206◦ = 206 × ≈ 3.60c
180 2 180
 π c πc
 π c
iv 15◦ = 15 × = vi −410◦ = −410 × ≈ −7.16c
180 12 180
 π c −π c c
 180 ◦
v −10◦ = −10 × = b i 1.7 = 1.7 × ≈ 97.40◦
180 18 π

π c −7π c
 180 ◦
ii −0.87c = −0.87 ×

vi −315◦ = −315 × = ≈
180 4 π
−49.85◦
5π c  5π 180 ◦  180 ◦
b i = × = 225◦ iii 2.8c = 2.8 × ≈ 160.43◦
4 4 π π
−2π c  −2π 180 ◦ 180 ◦

ii = × = −120◦ c
iv 0.1 = 0.1 × ≈ 5.73◦
3 3 π π

7π c  7π 180 ◦ 180 ◦

iii = × = 105◦ v −3c = −3 × ≈ −171.89◦
12 12 π π

−11π c  −11π 180 ◦ c

 180 ◦
iv = × = −330◦ vi −8.9 = −8.9 × ≈
6 6 π ◦
π
−509.93
13π c  13π 180 ◦
v = × = 260◦
9 9 π 3 a sin(135◦ ) = sin(180 − 45)◦
−11π c  −11π 180 ◦ = sin(45◦ )
vi = × = −165◦
12 12 π √
2
=
2
 π c
2 a i 7◦ = 7 × ≈ 0.12c b cos(−300◦ ) = cos(300)◦
180
 π c = cos(360 − 60)◦
ii −100◦ = −100 × ≈ −1.75c
180 = cos(60◦ )
1
=
2

1
 c sin(480◦ ) = sin(540 − 60)◦
 5π   π
d cos = cos π +
4 4
= sin(180 − 60)◦ π
= − cos
= sin(60)◦ 4
√ √
3 − 2
= =
2 2
 9π   π
d cos(240◦ ) = cos(180 + 60)◦ e cos = cos 2π +
4 4
= − cos(60◦ ) π
= cos
−1 4
= √
2 2
=
e sin(−225◦ ) = − sin(225◦ ) 2

= − sin(180 + 45)◦
 11π   π
f sin = sin 4π −
3 3
= sin(45 )◦ π
√ = − sin
2 3
= √
2 − 3
=
2
f sin(420◦ ) = sin(360 + 60)◦
 31π   π
= sin(60◦ ) g cos = cos 5π +
√ 6 6
3 π
= = − cos
2 6
√
− 3
 2π  =
 2π  2
4 a sin = sin π −
3 3
π
 29π   π
h cos = cos 5π −
= sin 6 6
3 π
√
3 = − cos
= 6
2 √
− 3
 3π  =
 3π  2
b cos = − cos π −
4 4  −23π   23π 
π
i sin = − sin
= − cos 6 6
4
√
 π
− 2 = − sin 4π −
= 6
2 π
π = sin
 −π  6
c cos = cos 1
3 3 =
1 2
=
2

2
 r
5 a sin2 (x◦ ) + cos2 (x◦ ) = 1 51
∴ sin(x ) = ±
◦

∴ 0.25 + cos2 (x◦ ) = 1 √ 100

51
3 ∴ sin(x◦ ) = − as 180 < x < 270
∴ cos2 (x◦ ) = 10
4
r sin(x◦ )
3 b tan(x◦ ) =
∴ cos(x◦ ) = ± cos(x◦ )
4 √
√ 51
− 3 −
∴ cos(x◦ ) = as 10
2 =
7
90 < x < 180 −
10
√
sin(x◦ ) 51 10
b tan(x◦ ) = = ×
cos(x◦ ) 10 7
√
1 51
=
7
= 2√
3
−
2 7 a sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
1 2 ∴ 0.25 + cos2 (x) = 1
=− × √
2 3 3
∴ cos2 (x) =
1 4r
=−√ 3
3 ∴ cos(x) = ±
√ √4
3 3 3π
=− ∴ cos(x) = − as π < x ≤
3 2 2
sin(x)
6 a sin2 (x◦ ) + cos2 (x◦ ) = 1 b tan(x) =
cos(x)
∴ sin2 (x◦ ) + 0.49 = 1 1
51 −
∴ sin2 (x◦ ) =
100 = √2
3
−
2
1 2
= × √
2 3
√
3
=
3

8 a sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1

∴ 0.09 + cos2 (x) = 1
91
∴ cos2 (x) =
100

3
 2π 4π 2π 4π
r
91 ∴ 2x = , , 2π + , 2π +
∴ cos(x) = ± 3 3 3 3
√ 100
91 3π as 2x ∈ [0, 4π]
∴ cos(x) = as < x ≤ 2π π 2π 4π 5π
10 2 ∴x= , , ,
3 3 3 3
sin(x) as x ∈ [0, 2π]
b tan(x) =
cos(x)  π 1
3 d sin x + = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
− 3 2
π  π 7π 
= √10 ∴ x+ ∈ ,
91 3 3 3
π 7π 11π
10 ∴ x+ = ,
3 6 6 
3 10 π π 7π
=− × √ as x + ∈ ,
10 91 3 3 3
√ 5π 3π
3 91 ∴x= , as x ∈ [0, 2π]
=− 6 2
91   π 
e 2 cos 2 x + = −1
9 The graph of cosine is that of an even   3π  1
function and the period is 2π ∴ cos 2 x + = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
3 2
Hence, π  π 7π 
∴ x+ ∈ ,
f (a) = f (−a) = f (2π − a)  3 π  3  2π 3
14π 
f (b) = f (−b) = f (2π − b) ∴2 x+ ∈ ,
3 3 3
f (c) = f (−c) = f (2π − c)  π 2π 4π 2π
∴2 x+ = , , 2π + ,
f (d) = f (−d) = f (2π − d) 3 3 3 3
4π 2π
2π + , 4π +
√  3 π   2π 3
14π 
− 3
10 a sin x = as 2 x + ∈ ,
2 3 3 3
4π 5π π π 2π 4π 5π 7π
∴x= , as x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴ x+ = , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
π 4π
√ ∴ x = 0, , π, , 2π as x ∈ [0, 2π]
3 3 3
b sin(2x) = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
2 CAS:Type 
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π] π  
solve 2cos 2 x + = −1, x 0 ≤
4π 5π 4π 5π 3
∴ 2x = , , 2π + , 2π + x ≤ 2π
3 3 3 3
as 2x ∈ [0, 4π] For part e we have,
2π 5π 5π 11π
∴x= , , , as
3 6 3 6
x ∈ [0, 2π]

c 2 cos 2x = −1
1
∴ cos 2x = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
2
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π]

4
  π √
f 2 sin 2x + =− 3
3 √
 π − 3
∴ sin 2x + = , x ∈ [0, 2π]
3 2  π  π 
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π] b f (x) = cos x + , x ∈ − , π
π  π 13π  3 3
∴ 2x + ∈ , The transformation from the graph of
3 3 3
π 4π 5π 4π π
∴ 2x + = , , 2π + , 2π + g(x) = cos x is a translation of to
3 3 3 3 3
5π the left.
 −π 
3 f = cos 0 = 1
π  π 13π  3
as 2x + ∈ , π 1
3 3 3 f (0) = cos =
4π 10π 3 2
∴ 2x = π, , 3π, 4π π 1
3 3 f (π) = cos = − cos = −
π 2π 3π 5π 3 3 2
∴x= , , , as x ∈ [0, 2π]
2 3 2 3

11 a f (x) = sin 2x, x ∈ [0, 2π]

The transformation from the graph of
g(x) = sin x is a dilation from the y
1
axis of factor .
2

  π 
c f (x) = cos 2 x + , x ∈ [0, π]
3
The transformations from the graph
of g(x) = cos x are a dilation from the
1
y axis of factor and a translation of
2

5
 π
to the left.
3  2π  1
f (0) = cos =−
3
 8π 2
1
f (π) = cos =−
3 2

 π √
e f (x) = 2 sin x − + 3, x ∈ [0, 2π]
4
The transformations from the graph
of g(x) = sin x are a dilation from the
d f (x) = 2 sin(3x) + 1, x ∈ [0, π] π
x axis of factor 2, a translation of
The transformations from the graph √4
to the right and a translation of 3 in
of g(x) = sin x are a dilation from the
1 the positive direction of the y axis.
y axis of factor , a dilation from the  π √
3 f (0) = 2 sin − + 3
x axis of factor 2 and a translation 4
of 1 in the positive direction of the y π √
axis. = −2 sin + 3
4
To find x axis intercepts for f (x), √ √
= 3− 2
solve f (x) = 0  7π  √
i.e. 2 sin(3x) + 1 = 0, x ∈ [0, π] f (2π) = 2 sin + 3
1 4
∴ sin(3x) = − , 3x ∈ [0, 3π] √ √
2 = 3− 2
7π 11π
∴ 3x = , To find x axis intercepts for f (x),
6 6
7π 11π solve f (x) = π0  √
∴x= ,
18 18 i.e. 2 sin x − + 3 = 0, x ∈ [0, 2π]
f (0) = 1, f (π) = 2 sin(3π) + 1 4 √
 π − 3
=1 ∴ sin x − = ,
4 2
π π 7π
x− ∈ − ,
4 4 4
π 4π 5π
∴ x− = ,
4 3 3
19π 23π
∴x= ,
12 12

6
 13

-4
x
-1
h

h2 = 1 √
+ 16
∴ h = 17
√
1 17
a sin x = − √ = −
17 17
√
4 4 17
 5π   π b cos x = − √ = −
12 a tan = tan π + 17 17
4 4
π 3π
= tan c Since π ≤ x ≤
4 2
3π π
=1 ∴− ≤ −x ≤ −π ⇔ ≤ −x ≤ π
2 2
1 π
 2π   π ∴ tan(−x) = − as ≤ −x ≤ π
b tan − = tan π + 4 2
3 3
π 3π
= tan d Since π ≤ x ≤
3 2
√ 3π
∴ ≤ π − x ≤ 2π
= 3 2
1 3π
∴ tan(π − x) = − as ≤ π − x ≤ 2π
 29π   π 4 2
c tan − = tan −5π +
6 6
 π
= tan π + 14
6
π
= tan
6
√ h
3 3
= x
3
-2
d tan(240◦ ) = tan(180 + 60)◦
h2 = 3 √
+4
= tan(60)◦
√ ∴h= 7
= 3 √ √
3 21
a sin x = √ =
7 7

7
 √
−2 −2 7
b cos x = √ =
7 7
π
c Since ≤x≤π
2
π 3π
∴ −π ≤ −x ≤ − ⇔ π ≤ −x ≤
√2 2
3 3π
∴ tan(−x) = as π ≤ −x ≤
2 2
π
d Since ≤ x ≤ π
2
π Use the right arrow key to view all
∴ − ≤ xπ ≤ 0
2 √ solutions.
3
∴ tan(x − π) = − as  x
π
2 c 2 tan +2=0
− ≤ x−π≤0 2x 
2 ∴ tan = −1
2
x
√ and ∈ [0, π]
15 a tan x = − 3 2
π π x 3π x
∴ x = π − , 2π − ∴ = as ∈ [0, π]
3 3 2 4 2
2π 5π 3π
∴x= , as x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴x=
3 3 2
√ π
π

 3 d 3 tan + 2x = −3
b tan 3x − =
6 3 2π 
as x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴ tan + 2x = −1
∴ 3x ∈ [0, 6π] 2
π  π 35π  as x ∈ [0, 2π] 
∴ 3x − ∈ − , π π 9π
6 6 6 ∴ + 2x ∈ ,
π π 7π π 7π 2 2 2
∴ 3x − = , , + 2π, + π 3π 7π 3π 7π
6 6 6 6 6 ∴ + 2x = , , + 2π, + 2π
π 7π 2 4 4 4 4
2π, + 4π, + 4π π 3π 7π 11π 15π
6 6 ∴ + 2x = , , ,
π 2 4 4 4 4
∴ 3x − = π 5π 9π 13π
6 ∴ 2x = , , ,
π 7π 13π 19π 25π 31π 4 4 4 4
, , , , , π 5π 9π 13π
6 6 6 6 6 6 ∴x= , , ,
π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π 8 8 8 8
∴ 3x = , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π
∴x= , , , , , 16 a f (x) = tan(2x)
9 9 9 9 9 9 π π
Period: = =
CAS: Type |n| 2
√ Asymptotes:
π

3  (2k + 1)π
 
solve tan 3x − = , x 0 ≤ x x=
6 3 2n
≤ 2π
(2k + 1)π
∴x=
4

8
 π 3π π
∴x= , as x ∈ [0, π] ∴x=
4 4 3
x-intercepts: y-intercept:
π π
as x ∈ [0, π] f (0) = tan − = − tan = −sqrt3
3 3
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 2π] Endpoint:  
tan(2x) = 0 2π √
f (π) = tan =− 3
∴ 2x = 0, π, 2π 3
π
∴ x = 0, , π
2
y-intercept:
f (0) = tan(0) = 0

 π
c f (x) = 2 tan 2x + =
3
  π 
2 tan 2 x +
6
π π
 π Period: = =
b f (x) = tan x − |n| 2
3 Asymptotes:
π (2k + 1)π π
Period: = =π x= −
|n| 2n 6
Asymptotes:
(2k + 1)π π (2k + 1)π π
x= + ∴x= −
2n 3 4 6
(2k + 1)π π π π 3π π
∴x= + ∴x= − , − as x ∈ [0, π]
2 3 4 6 4 6
π π
∴ x = + as x ∈ [0, π] π 7π
2 3 ∴x= ,
5π 12 12
∴x= x-intercepts:
6
x-intercepts: as x ∈ [0, π] 
as x ∈ [0, π] π π 7π
∴ 2x + ∈ ,
π π 2π   3 π 3 3
∴x − ∈ − ,
 3π  3 3 ∴ tan 2x + =0
3
tan x − =0 π
3 ∴ 2x + = π, 2π
π 3
∴x − =0 π 5π
3 ∴x= ,
3 6

9
 y-intercept:   π π 3π π
∴x= − , − as x ∈ [0, π]
π √ 4 6 4 6
f (0) = 2 tan =2 3 π 7π
3 ∴x= ,
Endpoint:   12 12
7π √ x-intercepts:
f (π) = 2 tan =2 3
3 as x ∈ [0, π] 
π π 7π
∴ 2x + ∈ ,
 3 π 3 3
∴ tan 2x + =1
3
π 5π 9π
∴ 2x + = ,
3 4 4
11π 23π
∴x= ,
24 24
y-intercept:  
π √
f (0) = 2 tan −2=2 3−2
3
Endpoint:  
7π √
f (π) = 2 tan −2=2 3−2
3

 π
d f (x) = 2 tan 2x + −2
3
  π 
= 2 tan 2 x + −2
6
π π
Period: = =
|n| 2
Asymptotes:
(2k + 1)π π
x= −
2n 6
(2k + 1)π π
∴x= −
4 6

10
Solutions to Exercise 1B
1 A + B + C = 180◦ correct to two decimal places.
∴ B = (180 − (73 + 55))◦ = 52◦
B
b If ∠ABC = 58.08◦ , then
∠BAC = (180 − (58.08 + 34))◦ =
c = 10 cm a 87.92◦
Applying the cosine rule:
73° 55°
A C BC 2 = AB2 + AC 2 − 2(AB)(AC)
b

a Applying the sine rule: cos ∠BAC

10 a = 5.62 + 8.52 − 2(5.6)(8.5)
◦
=
sin 55 sin 73◦
cos 87.92◦
10 sin 73◦
∴ BC = a = ≈ 11.67
sin 55◦ = 100.15472 . . .
BC is 11.67 cm, correct to two ∴ BC = 10.00773 . . .
decimal places. BC is 10.01 cm, correct to two
10 b decimal places.
b ◦
= If ∠ABC = 121.92◦ , then
sin 55 sin 52◦
10 sin 52◦ ∠BAC = (180 − (121.92 + 34))◦
∴ AC = b = ≈ 9.62
sin 55◦ = 24.08◦
AC is 9.62 cm, correct to two decimal
Applying the cosine rule:
places.
BC 2 = AB2 + AC 2 − 2(AB)(AC)
cos ∠BAC
2 The two possible triangles are:
= 5.62 + 8.52 − 2(5.6)(8.5)
B
cos 24.08◦
5·6 cm B = 16.69462 . . .
∴ BC = 4.08590 . . .
A 34°
C BC is 4.09 cm, correct to two decimal
8·5 cm
places.
a Applying the sine rule:
sin 34◦ sin B◦
= 3 B
5·6 8 · 5 ◦
−1 8 · 5 sin 34
∴ B = sin 6·5 cm 58° 8 cm
5·6
= (58.07867 . . .)◦ A
C
◦
−1 8 · 5 sin 34

or B = 180 − sin
◦
a Applying the cosine rule:
5·6
= (121.92132 . . .)◦
∠ABC is either 58.08◦ or 121.92◦ ,

11
 AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 − 2(AB)(BC) cos B 5
B 11 cm C
= 6.52 + 82 − 2(6.5)(8) cos 58◦
= 51.13839 . . . 9 cm
∴ AC = 7.15111 . . . 67°
AC is 7.15 cm, correct to two decimal A D
places.
Since AD k BC,
b Applying the sine rule: ∠ABC = 180◦ − ∠BAC
6·5 AC = (180 − 67)◦
◦
=
sin C sin 58◦
◦ = 113◦
−1 6 · 5 sin 58

∴ C = sin
AC Applying the cosine rule:
= (50.42874 . . .)◦ AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 − 2(AB)(BC)
 6 · 5 sin 58◦  cos ∠ABC
or C = 180 − sin−1
AC = 92 + 112 − 2(9)(11) cos 113◦
= (129.57125 . . .)◦ = 279.36476 . . .
Therefore ∠BCA = 50.43◦ , correct to
two decimal places. (A triangle with ∴ AC = 16.71420 . . .
two angles of 58◦ and 129.57◦ cannot The length of the longer diagonal is
be formed.) 16.71 cm, correct to two decimal places.

4 a Using the cosine rule 6 B

10 cm
122 = 52 + 102 − 2 × 5 × 10 cos B 35°
A 4·7 cm
52 + 102 − 122 C
∴ cos B =
2 × 5 × 10 a Applying the cosine rule:
 19 
∴ B = cos−1 − AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 − 2(AB)(BC) cos A
100
∴ B ≈ 100.95◦ = 102 + 4.72 − 2(10)(4.7) cos 35◦
= 45.08970 . . .
b
102 = 52 + 122 − 2 × 5 × 12 cos B ∴ AC = 6.71488 . . .
AC is 6.71 cm, correct to two decimal
52 + 122 − 102 places.
∴ cos B =
2 × 5 × 12
 23 
b Applying the sine rule:
∴ B = cos −1
− sin C ◦ sin 35◦
40 =
∴ B ≈ 54.90◦ 10 AC  10 sin 35◦ 
∴ ∠ACB = C = sin−1
AC
= (58.66995 . . .)◦

12
  10 sin 35◦ 
or C = 180◦ − sin−1 9
AC B

= (121.33004 . . .)◦ 40°

If C = 58.67 then 18 cm
A = (180 − (58.67 + 35))◦ = 86.33◦
But |AB| > |BC| A
20 cm
∴C>A C
∴ C = 121.33◦
Applying the sine rule:
∠ACB is 121.33◦ , correct to two sin C sin 40◦
=
decimal places. 18 20
 9 sin 40◦ 
∴ C = sin−1
10
7 B
= (35.34573 . . .)◦
45°
Hence, A = 180 − 40 − 35.35 = 104.65◦
60° Applying the sine rule:
A C BC 20
12 cm
AB AC ◦
=
= sin 104.65 sin 40◦
sin 60◦ sin 45◦ 20 sin 104.65◦
√ ∴ BC =
3 sin 40◦
12 × ∴ BC = 30.102322 . . .
∴ AB = 2 = 6 √6
1 BC is 30.10 cm
√
√ 2
AB is 6 6 cm.
10 The ambiguous case applies in this
instance as the smaller known side is
8 Q opposite the known angle.
2 cm
B
60°
P R
3 cm
QR2 = PQ2 + PR2 − 2(PQ)(PR) cos P 8 cm
B'
8 cm
= 22 + 32 − 2(2)(3) cos 60◦
1 A 30°
= 4 + 9 − 12 × 10 cm C
2
=7 Applying the cosine rule:
√
∴ QR =√ 7 AB2 = AC 2 + BC 2 − 2(AC)(BC) cos 30◦
 √3 
QR is 7 cm. 64 = 100 + BC 2 − 2(10)(BC)
√ 2
∴ BC 2 − 10 3BC + 36 = 0

13
 √ √
10 3 ± 300 − 144
∴ BC =
2
√ √
10 3 ± 156
=
2
√ √
10 3 ± 2 39
=
2
√ √
= 5 3 ± 39
√ √
BC is 5 3 ± 39 cm

14
Solutions to Exercise 1C
1 z + 68 = 150 (vertically opposite)
∴ z = 82
a = 82 (alternate)
y = 180 − 150 = 30 (supplementary) x = 30 (vertically opposite)

2 a ∠RT W = (180 − 105)◦ = 75◦

(opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)

b ∠T S W = 62◦
(angle subtended by the arc T W)

c ∠RT S = 37◦ (angle subtended by the arc RS )

∠S T W = (75 − 37)◦ = 38◦
∠S RW = 38◦ (angle subtended by the arc S W)
∠T RS = (62 + 38)◦ = 100◦

d ∠RS T = (105 − 62)◦ = 43◦

∠RWT = 43◦ (angle subtended by the arc RT )

3 c = 50 (angle between tangent and chord)

a = 40 (angle between tangent and chord)
b = 180 − (50 + 40) (angles in a triangle)
= 90

4 a ∠ABX = ∠BXA = ∠XAB = 60◦

(angles of an equilateral triangle, ∆ABX)
∠DAX = ∠XBC = (90 − 60)◦ = 30◦
∠ADX = ∠AXD = ∠BXC = ∠BCX
 180 − 30 ◦
=
2
= 75◦
(angles of a triangle, isosceles triangles ∆ADX, ∆BCX)
d = 180 − (80 + 60) = 40 (angles in a triangle)
∠DXC = (360 − (75 + 60 + 75))◦ = 150◦ (angles at a point)

b ∠XDC = (90 − 75)◦ = 15◦

15
5 a = 69 (alternate)
b = 47 (alternate)
c = 180 − 105 = 75 (supplementary)
d = 180 − (105 + 47) = 28
(angles of a triangle, ∆WOZ)
e = 180 − (69 + 75) = 36
(vertically opposite angles of ∆WOX)

6 (180 – x)°
(180 – (b – c))° x°
= (180 – b + c)°

(180 – c – (180 – b))°

= (b – c)°
a°

a°

c° (180 – b)° b°
a + (180 − b + c) + (180 − x) = 180
∴ a + 180 − b + c + 180 − x = 180
∴ a − b + c + 180 = x

7 x = 80 (angle subtended by arc at centre)

y = 180 − 40 = 140
(opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)

8 a = 180 − (70 + 50) = 60

(angles in a triangle)
b = 180 − (50 + 50) = 80
(angle between tangent and chord, angles in a triangle)
c = 180 − (60 + 60) = 60
(angle between tangent and chord, angles in a triangle)
d = 180 − b − c
= 180 − 80 − 60
= 40

16
 9 A

O y°
X 40° x°

B
Triangle XAB is isosceles
(tangents from a common point)
∴ ∠XAB = ∠XBA = 70◦
∴ x = 70 (alternate segment theorem)
∴ y = 110
(opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral)

10 20 + y = x + 50 and y = 2x
(angle subtended by arc at centre)
∴ 20 + 2x = x + 50
∴ x = 30
∴ y = 60

11 a 6x = 18 ⇒ x = 3
√ √
45 3 10
b 2x2 = 45 ⇒ x = √ =
2 2

c 2x = 24 ⇒ x = 12

17
Solutions to Exercise 1D
1 t1 = 3, t2 = −1, t3 = −5, t4 = −9
Using tn = tn−1 − 4

2 tn+1 = 3tn − 1, t1 = 6
t2 = 3t1 − 1 t3 = 3t2 − 1
=3×6−1 = 3 × 17 − 1
= 17 = 50
TI: Open a Lists & Spreadsheet
application. ∴ t8 = 12029
Press Menu → 3 : Data → 1 : CP: Open the Sequence application and
Generate Sequence and input as shown input the following:
below an+1 = 3an − 1
a0 = 6
Tap 8 and change the Table End value to
10. Now tap # to generate the sequence.
Read the value of t8 from the table (this
occurs when n is 7)

3 t1 = −2, tn+1 = −3tn

4 tn = 2n − 3
You will now have the sequence of t1 = −1, t2 = 1, t3 = 3, t4 = 5
numbers listed in column A like shown.

5 yn+1 = 2yn + 6, y1 = 5
y2 = 2y1 + 6 y3 = 2y2 + 6
=2×5+6 = 2 × 16 + 6
= 16 = 38
TI: In a new Lists & Spreadsheet, enter
the values from 1 to 10 into column
A. Give column A the name n. Give
column B the name term and generate
Scroll down to cell A8 to find the value the following sequence into column B
of t8 . (as per question 1)
Formula: 2u(n − 1) + 6

18
Initial Terms: 5
n0:1
nMax:10
nstep: 1
Ceiling Value (upper limit): 6000
Scroll down to cell B10 to find the value
of y10 .

6 t=1 t6 = t5 + t4 = 8
t2 = 1 t7 = t6 + t5 = 13
t3 = t2 + t1 = 2 t8 = t7 + t6 = 21
t4 = t3 + t2 = 3 t9 = t8 + t7 = 34
∴ y10 = 5626 t5 = t4 + t3 = 5 t10 = t9 + t8 = 55
Open a Data & Statistics page. Add the The first ten terms are:
variable n along the horizontal axis and 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
add the variable term along the vertical
axis.
7 tn = a + 9d, a = −4, d = −3
∴ t10 = −4 + 9 × (−3) = −31

8 t1 0 = 2(−3)9 = −39366

9 a = 3, d = 4, n = 10
n
S n = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2
10
∴ S 10 = [2 × 3 + (10 − 1) × 4]
2
or sketching by hand we have: = 5[6 + 9 × 4]
= 5 × 42
= 210

a(rn − 1)
10 S n = ,
r−1
a = 6, r = −3, n = 8

19
 6((−3)8 − 1)
 4 10
∴ S8 = 25 ×
−3 − 1 5
∴ s∞ − S 10 =
−3 4
= ((−3)8 − 1) 1−
2 5
 4 10
= −9840 = 5 × 25 ×
5
10
4
a −1 =
11 s∞ = , a = 1, r = 57
1−r 3
1
=  −1  a a 1
1− 13 s∞ = , a = a, r = √ ÷ a = √
3 1−r 2 2
1 a
= =
4 1
1− √
3 2
3 a
= = √
4 2−1
√
2
x x−4 √ √
12 a = 2a 2+1
x+5 x = √ × √
2−1 2+1
∴ x = (x + 5)(x − 4)
2 √
a(2 + 2)
= x2 + x − 20 =
1
√
∴ x = 20 = a(2 + 2)
x
b r=
x+5 a(rn − 1) x
14 a S n = , n = 10, a = 1, r =
20 r−1 2
=  x 10
25 
4 1 −1
= 2
∴ S 10 = x
5 −1
2
a a(1 − rn )
c s∞ − S n = − 2  x 10 
1−r 1−r = −1
n x−2 2
ar
= ,   3 10 
1−r When x = 1.5, S 10 = 4 1 −
4 4
a = x + 5 = 25, r = , n = 10
5 a x
b i s∞ = , a = 1, r =
1−r 2
1
= x, x , 2
1−
2
2
=
2−x

20
 9
Now −1 < r < 1 = ±2 10
x
∴ −1 < < 1
2
∴ −2 < x < 2 a
15 a s∞ = , a = 1, r = sin θ
The infinite sum exists for 1−r
−2 < x < 2 1
=
1 − sin θ
2
ii Let S = ,x,2 1
2−x b =2
Given S = 2S 10 , 1 − sin θ
2 4  x 10  ∴ 2(1 − sin θ) = 1
= −1 1
2− xx10 x − 2 21 ∴ 1 − sin θ =
2
∴ −1=− 1
2 2 ∴ sin θ =
 x 10 1 2
∴ = π 5π π 5π
2 2 ∴θ= , , ± 2π, ± 2π,
6 6 6 6
x
1
1  10 π
± 4π, . . .

∴ =± 6
2 2 π 5π
−1
∴ x = ±2 × 2 10 ∴ θ = + 2kπ, + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
6 6

21
Solutions to Exercise 1E
1 a 8 f |3x + 4| = 8
3x + 4 = ±8
b 8
3x = 4 or 3x = −12
c 2 4
x= or x = −4
3
d −2
g |5x + 11| = 9
e −2
5x + 11 = ±9
f 4 5x = −2 or 5x = −20
2
x = − or x = −4
2 a |x − 1| = 2 5
x − 1 = ±2
3 a
x = 3 or x = −1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b |2x − 3| = 4
2x − 3 = ±4 (−3, 3)

2x = 7 or 2x = −1 b
7 1
x= or x = − −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2

c |5x − 3| = 9
Answer:(−∞, −5] ∪ [5, ∞)
5x − 3 = ±9
5x = 12 or 5x = −6 c
12 6
x= or x = − −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5

d |x − 3| = 9 |x − 2| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 1

x − 3 = ±9 ⇔1≤x≤3
Answer:[1, 3]
x = 12 or x = −6

e |x − 3| = 4 d
x − 3 = ±4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x = 7 or x = −1
|x − 2| < 3 ⇔ −3 < x − 2 < 3
⇔ −1 < x < 5

22
 Answer:(−1, 5) c y

8
e 6
4
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2
−2
|x + 3| ≥ 5 ⇔ x + 3 ≥ 5 or x + 3 ≤ −5
Range = [−1, ∞)
⇔ x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −8
y
d
6
Answer:(−∞, −8] ∪ [2, ∞) 4
2
x
f −2 −2 0 2 4 6
−4
−6
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Range = (−∞, 2]

|x + 2| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 < x + 2 < 1
5 a |x| ≤ 5 ⇔ −5 ≤ x ≤ 5
⇔ −3 < x < −1 Answer: {x : −5 ≤ x ≤ 5}
Answer: [−3, −1] b |x| ≥ 2 ⇔ x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −2
Answer: {x : x ≤ −2} ∪ {x : x ≥ 2}

4 a y
c |2x − 3| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 < 2x − 3 < 1
8
6
⇔ 2 ≤ 2x ≤ 4
4 ⇔1≤x≤2
2 Answer: {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 2}
x
−2 0 2 4 6 8
−2 d |5x − 2| < 31 ⇔ −3 < 5x − 2 < 3
Range = [1, ∞)
⇔ −1 ≤ 5x ≤ 5
b y
1
⇔− <x<1
6 5
4 1
Answer: {x : − < x < 1}
2 5
x
−10 −5 0 e
−2
−4
| − x + 3| ≥ 7 ⇔ −x + 3 ≥ 7 or − x + 3 ≤ −7
−6 ⇔ −x ≥ 4 or − x ≤ −10
Range = (−∞, 2]
⇔ x ≤ −4 or x ≥ 10
Answer: {x : x ≤ −4} ∪ {x : x ≥ 10}

23
 f | − x + 2| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 < −x + 2 < 1 c Use a calculator
5 15
⇔ −3 ≤ −x ≤ −1 x = or x =
4 4
⇔1≤x≤3
Answer: {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 3} 7 a y

10
9
6 We use an algebraic approach but using 8
6
graphs to help simplifies it somewhat.
4
2
a Consider Cases:
x
Crucial points are −2 and 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

Case 1 :x ≥ 4 b y
x-4-(x+2) =6
8
No soln
6
Case 2: −2 ≤ x ≤ 4 4
4 − x − (x + 2) = 6 2
2 − 2x = 6 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x
−2x = 4
y
x = −2 c
Case 3: x ≤ −2 12
10
4 − x − (−x − 2) = 6
8
6=6 6
Always true 4
2
Solution: (−∞, −2]
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
b Consider Cases:
5 d y
Crucial points are and 4
2 40
Case 1 :x ≥ 4
2x − 5 − (x − 4) = 10 30

x − 1 = 10 20

x = 11 (Solution) 10
5 x
Case 2: ≤ x ≤ 4 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2
2x − 5 − (4 − x) = 10 y
e
3x − 9 = 6
10
x = 5 (No solution)
5 8
Case 3: x ≤ 6
2
5 − 2x − (4 − x) = 10 4
1 − x = 10 2
x
x = −9 (Solution) −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
Therefore x = 11 or x = −9

24
 f y d y

10
8
x
6 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
4
3
2
x −12
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 
2
 x − x − 12
 x≥0
y=

y  x2 + x − 12

x<0
8 a
4 y
e
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2 x
−6 −4 −3 −2 0 234 6
−4


2 −12
 x − 4x
 x≥0
y=

 x2 + 4x x<0

 x + x − 12
2
  x≥0
y=

 x2 − x − 12 x<0

b y

f y

O
x
1 x
−4 −2 0 2 4

x
3
 x≥0
y=

3−x x<0
 
x
−3
 x≥0
y=

y
c −3−x x<0


12 9 f (x) = |x − a| + b
Given, f (3) = 3 and f (−1) = 3
The symmetry of f gives us that a = 1
x Hence b = 1
−6 −4 −3 −2 0 234 6

 x − 7x + 12
2
 x≥0
y=

 x2 + 7x + 12 10
x<0

x2 + y2 + 2|x||y| ≥ x2 + y2 + 2xy
(|x| + |y|)2 ≥ |x + y|2
∴ |x| + |y| ≥ |x + y|

25
 Hence ∴ |x| − |y| ≤ |x − y|
|x − y| = |x + (−y)| ≤ |x| + | − y| = |x| + |y| We can assume |x| ≥ |y| without loss of
generality.
11
x2 + y2 − 2|x||y| ≤ x2 + y2 − 2xy 12 |x + y + z| ≤ |x + y| + |z| ≤ |x| + |y| + |z|
(|x| − |y|)2 ≤ |x − y|2

26
Solutions to Exercise 1F
1 a (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1 3 a 2x2 + 2y2 + x + y = 0
 1 1 
b (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 25 ∴ 2 x2 + y2 + x + y = 0
2 2
 1 1   1 1 1
c x2 + (y + 5)2 = 25 ∴ x2 + x + + y2 + y + =
2 16 2 16 8
d (x − 3)2 + y2 = 2
 1 2
  1 2 1

∴ x+ + y+ =
4 4 8 √
 1 1 1 2
2 a x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y + 12 = 0 centre − , − , radius √ =
4 4 2 2 4
Completing the square in x and y
1  1 2 1
gives: When x = 0, + y+ =
16 4 8
(x2 + 4x + 4) + (y2 − 6y + 9) + 12 = 13  1 2 1
∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1 ∴ y+ =
4 16
A circle with centre (−2, 3) and 1 1
∴y+ =±
radius 1 is described. 4 4
1
∴ y = 0, −
b x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y + 1 = 0 2
1
Completing the square in x and y Similarly when y = 0, x = 0, −
2
gives:
(x2 − 2x + 1) + (y2 − 4y + 4) + 1 = 5
∴ (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
A circle with centre (1, 2) and radius
2 is described.

c x2 + y2 − 3x = 0
9 9
∴ x2 − 3x + + y2 =
4 4 b x2 + y2 + 3x − 4y =6
 3 2 9 9 49
∴ x− + y2 = ∴ x2 + 3x + + (y2 − 4y + 4) =
2 4 4 4
3   3 2 49
A circle with centre , 0 and radius ∴ x+ + (y − 2)2 =
2 2 4
3  3 
is described. 7
2 centre − , 2 , radius
2 2
d x2 + y2 + 4x − 10y + 25 = 0 9 49
When x = 0, + (y − 2)2 =
∴ (x2 + 4x + 4) + (y2 − 10y + 25) + 25 = 4 4
29 ∴ (y − 2)2 =√10
∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 5)2 = 4 ∴ y − 2 = ±√ 10
A circle with centre (−2, 5) and ∴ y = 2 ± 10
 3 2 49
radius 2 is described. When y = 0, x + +4=
2 4

27
  3 2 33 ∴ y − 5 = ±3
∴ x+ =
2 √4 ∴ y = 2, 8
3 33 When y = 0, (x − 4)2 + 25 = 25
∴ x+ =±
2 2 ∴ (x − 4)2 = 0
1 √
∴ x = − (3 ± 33) ∴ x−4=0
2
∴x=4

c x2 + y2 + 8x − 10y + 16 = 0
∴ (x2 + 8x + 16) + (y2 − 10y + 25) + e 2x2 + 2y2 − 8x + 5y + 10 = 0
5
16 = 41 ∴ 2 x2 + y2 − 4x + y + 5 = 0
∴ (x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25  2 5 25 
centre (−4, 5), radius 5 ∴ (x − 4x + 4) + y2 + y +
2
+5 =
2 16
89
When x = 0, 16 +(y − 5)2 = 25
16
∴ (y − 5)2 = 9  5 2 9
∴ y − 5 = ±3 ∴ (x − 2) + y +
2
=
 −5  4 3 16
∴ y = 2, 8 centre 2, , radius
When y = 0, (x + 4)2 + 25 = 25 4 4
∴ (x + 4)2 = 0
∴ x+4=0
∴ x = −4

f 3x2 + 3y2 + 6x − 9y =
 100 9
∴ 3(x2 + 2x + 1) + 3 y2 − 3y + =
4
439
4  3 2 439
∴ 3(x + 1)2 + 3 y − =
d x2 + y2 − 8x − 10y + 16 = 0 2 4394
2
 3
∴ (x2 − 8x + 16) + (y2 − 10y + 25) + ∴ (x + 1)2 + y − =
16 = 41 2 12
r
 3  1 439
∴ (x − 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25 centre −1, , radius =
√ 2 2 3
centre (4, 5), radius 5
1317
When x = 0, 16 + (y − 5)2 = 25 6
∴ (y − 5)2 = 9

28
 3 2 439

d (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 > 16
When x = 0, 1 + y − =
2 12 For (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
 3 2 427

∴ y− = When x = 0, 9 + (y + 2)2 = 16
2 √ 12
∴ (y + 2)2 =√7
3 1281
∴y= ± ∴ y + 2 = ± √7
2 6
9 439 ∴ y = −2 ± 7
When y = 0, (x + 1)2 + =
4 12 When y = 0, (x − 3)2 + 4 = 16
412
∴ (x + 1)2 = ∴ (x − 3)2 = 12
√
√12 ∴ x − 3 = ±2√ 3
309
∴ x = −1 ± ∴ x=3±2 3
3
y

−1, 3 3 1 427
+
2 2 2 3

103
−1
3
x
103 0
−1 − 3 1 427
3 −
2 2 3
e x2 + y2 ≤ 16 and x ≤ 2
4 a x2 + y2 ≤ 16

f x2 + y2 ≤ 9 and y ≥ −1
b x2 + y2 ≥ 9

c (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 < 4 5 Length of diameter

p
= (8 − 2)2 + (4 − 2)2
√
= 36 + 4
√
= 40
√
= 2 10
√
∴ r = 10

29
 The centre of the circle lies at the 8 4x2 + 4y2 − 60x − 76y + 536 = 0
midpoint of the diameter and has ∴ x2 + y2 − 15x − 19y + 134 = 0
8 + 2 4 + 2  15 2  19 2 25
coordinates , i.e. (5, 3) ∴ x− + y− =
2 2 2 2 √2
√  15 19  5 2
centre (5, 3), radius 10 centre , , radius
2 2 2
x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49 = 0 1
6 centre (2, −3), radius 3
∴ (x − 10x + 25) + (y − 14y + 49) + 49 =
2 2
∴ (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
74
∴ (x − 5)2 + (y − 7)2 = 25
7 (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 centre (5, 7), radius 5
At (3, 1), (3 − h)2 + (1 − k)2 = r2 To find points of intersection, let
∴ 9 − 6h + h2 + 1 − 2k + k2 = r2 x2 + y2 − 15x − 19y + 134 =
∴ 10 − 6h + h2 − 2k + k2 = r2 1 x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49
At (8, 2), (8 − h)2 + (2 − k)2 = r2 ∴ 5x + 5y = 85
∴ 64 − 16h + h2 + 4 − 4k + k2 = r2 ∴ x + y = 17
∴ 68 − 16h + h2 − 4k + k2 = r2 2 ∴ y = 17 − x 2
At (2, 6), (2 − h)2 + (6 − k)2 = r2 Substituting 2 in 1 yields
∴ 4 − 4h + h2 + 36 − 12k + k2 = r2 x2 + (17 − x)2 − 10x − 14(17 − x) + 49 = 0
∴ 40 − 4h + h2 − 12k + k2 = r2 3 ∴ x2 + 289 − 34x + x2 − 10x − 238 +
1 − 2 − 58 + 10h + 2k = 0 14x + 49 = 0
∴ k = 29 − 5h 4 ∴ 2x2 − 30x + 100 = 0
3 − 1 30 + 2h − 10k = 0 ∴ x2 − 15x + 50 = 0
∴ 15 + h − 5k = 0 5 ∴ (x − 5)(x − 10) = 0
Substituting 4 in 5 yields ∴ x = 5 or x = 10
15 + h − 5(29 − 5h) = 0 When x = 5, y = 17 − 5 = 12
∴ 15 + h − 145 + 25h = 0 When x = 10, y = 17 − 10 = 7
∴ 26h = 130
∴h=5 The points of intersection of the two
Substituting h = 5 in 4 yields circles are (5, 12) and (10, 7)
k = 29 − 5 × 5 TI: Type
= 29 − 25 solve(4x2 + 4y2 − 60x − 76y + 536 =
0 and x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49 = 0, x)
=4
Substituting h = 5, k = 4 in 1 yields CP: Type
10 − 6 × 5 + 52 − 2 × 4 + 42 = r2 solve ({4x2 + 4y2 − 60x − 76y + 536 =
∴ r2 = 10 − 30 + 25 − 8 + 16 0, x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49 = 0}, {x, y})

= 13
∴ (x − 5)2 + (y − 4)2 = 13 is the circle
passing through (3, 1), (8, 2) and (2, 6)

30
9 a Substituting y = x into x2 + y2 = 25 y = 2x
yields Hence√
x2 + x2 = 25 = ±2 5
∴ 2x2 = 25 The
√ points
√ of intersection
√ are
√
25 ( 5, 2 5) and (− 5 − 2 5)
∴ x2 =
2 √
5 5· 2 TI: Type
∴x=±√ =± solve(x2 + y2 = 25 and y = x, x)
2 2
√
5 2 CP: Type
Hence y = x = ±
2 solve ({x2 + y2 = 25, y = x}, {x, y})
The points of intersection
 5 · √2 5 · √2 
are , and
√ 2 2√
 −5 · 2 −5 · 2 
,
2 2
b Substituting y = 2x into x2 + y2 = 25
yields
x2 + 4x2 = 25
∴ 5x2 = 25
∴ x2 = 5

31
Solutions to Exercise 1G
x2 y2 y
1 a + =1
9 16
ellipse, centre (0, 0)
(4, 1)
y x
4
0
4 + 3 15
4 – 3 15 4
–3 3 4
0 x
(y − 2)2
d x2 + =1
–4 9
ellipse, centre (0, 2)
b 25x2 + 16y2 = 400 (y − 2)2
When x = 0, =1
x2 y2 9
∴ + =1 ∴ (y − 2)2 = 9
16 25 ∴y=2±3
ellipse, centre (0, 0)
= −1, 5
y 4
5 When y = 0, x2 + = 1
9
5
∴x = 2
–4 4 9
0 x √
± 5
∴x=
3
–5 y
5
(x − 4)2 (y − 1)2
c + =1
9 16 (0, 2)
ellipse, centre (4, 1)
0
16 (y − 1)2 – 5 5 x
When x = 0, + =1 3 –1 3
9 16
(y − 1)2 −7
∴ = e 9x2 + 25y2 − 54x − 100y = 44
16 9
∴ no y axis intercepts ∴ 9(x2 − 6x + 9)
(x − 4)2 1 + 25(y2 − 4y + 4) = 225
When y = 0, + =1
9 16 ∴ 9(x − 3)2 + 25(y − 2)2 = 225
2
(x − 4) 15
∴ = (x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
9 16 ∴ + =1
9 × 15 25 9
∴ (x − 4) =
2
ellipse, centre (3, 2)
√ 16
3 15 9 (y − 2)2
∴ x=4± When x = 0, + =1
4 25 9
(y − 2)2 16
∴ =
9 25
9 × 16
∴ (y − 2)2 =
25

32
 12 25
∴y=2± ∴ (y − 1)2 =
5 9
−2 22 5
= , ∴y=1±
5 5 3
36 −2 8
∴ (x + 2)2 = = ,
5 3 3
(x − 3)2 4 (x + 2)2 1
When y = 0, + =1 When y = 0, + =1
25 9 9 5
(x − 3)2 5 (x + 2)2 4
∴ = ∴ =
25 9 9 5√
25 × 5 6 5
∴ (x − 3)2 = ∴ x = −2 ±
√ 9 5
5 5 y
∴ x=3± 8
3 3
y
22 (–2, 1)
5 0 x
(3, 2)
– 2 –2 + 6 5
x –2 – 6 5
0 5 3 5

3– 5 5 –2
3+ 5 5 h 16x2 + 25y2 − 32x + 100y − 284 = 0
3 5 3
∴ 16(x2 − 2x + 1) + 25(y2 + 4y + 4) −
f 9x2 + 25y2 = 225 284 − 116 = 0
x2 y2 ∴ 16(x − 1)2 + 25(y + 2)2 = 400
∴ + =1 (x − 1)2 (y + 2)2
25 9 ∴ + =1
ellipse, centre (0, 0) 25 16
y ellipse, centre (1, −2)
3 1 (y + 2)2
When x = 0, + =1
25 16
(y + 2) 2
24
–5 0 5 x ∴ =
16 25
–3 16 × 24
∴ (y + 2) =2
25
g 5x2 + 9y2 + 20x − 18y − 16 = 0 384
=
∴ 5(x2 + 4x + 4) + 9(y2 − 2y + 1) − 25
√
16 − 29 = 0 ∴ y = −2 ±
8 6
∴ 5(x + 2)2 + 9(y − 1)2 = 45 5
(x + 2)2 (y − 1)2 (x − 1)2 1
∴ + =1 When y = 0, + =1
9 5 25 4
2
(x − 1) 3
ellipse, centre (−2, 1) ∴ =
4 (y − 1)2 25 4
When x = 0, + =1 75
9 5 ∴ (x − 1)2 =
4
(y − 1)2 5 √
∴ = 5 3
5 9 ∴ x=1±
2

33
 y y2 x2
∴ = −1
–2 + 8 6 9 16
5
1+ 5 3 9x2
2
0 ∴ y2 = −9
1– 5 3 x 16
2
(1, –2)
9x2  16 
= 1− 2
16 x
–2 – 8 6
5 16
As x → ±∞, 2 → 0
x
(x − 2)2 (y − 3)2 9x 2
i + =1 ∴ y2 →
4 9 16
ellipse, centre (2, 3)
±3x
y ∴y→
4
6 3x
Equations of asymptotes: y = ±
4
3 When y = 0, x2 = 16
(2, 3)
∴ x = ±4
0 2 4 x centre (0, 0)
y = –3 x y
4 y = 34 x
j 2(x − 2)2 + 4(y − 1)2 = 16
(x − 2)2 (y − 1)2
∴ + =1
8 4
ellipse, centre (2, 1) 4
–4 x
1 (y − 1)2 0
When x = 0, + =1
2 4
2
(y − 1) 1
∴ =
4 2
∴ (y − 1)2 = √ 2 y2 x2
∴y=1± 2 b − =1
16 9
(x − 2)2 1 x2 y2
When y = 0, + =1 This is the reflection of − =1
8 4 16 9
2
(x − 2) 3 in the line
∴ =
8 4 y=x
24 3
∴ (x − 2) =
2
=6 Asymptotes are x = ± y
√ 4 4
∴ x=2± 6 4
∴y=± x
y 3
The y axis intercepts are (0, 4) and
1+ 2 (0, −4)
(2, 1)
2– 6 x
0

1– 2 2+ 6

x2 y2
2 a − =1
16 9

34
 2
y As x → ±∞, →0
x2
y = 43 x ∴ y2 → 2x 2
y = –34 x √
4 ∴ y → ± 2x √
Equations of asymptotes: y = ± 2x
0 x When y = 0, 2x2 = 4
∴ x2 = 2√
–4 ∴x=± 2
centre (0, 0)
y
y=– 2x y= 2x
c x −y =4
2 2

x2 y2
∴ − =1
4 4
2 2
y x
∴ = −1
4 4 – 2 0 2 x
4x2
∴ y2 = −4
4
 4
= x 1− 2
2
x
4 e x2 − 4y2 − 4x − 8y − 16 = 0
As x → ±∞, 2 → 0
x ∴ (x2 − 4x + 4) − 4(y2 + 2y + 1) − 16 =
∴ y2 → x2
0
∴ y → ±x
∴ (x − 2)2 − 4(y + 1)2 = 16
Equations of asymptotes: y = ±x
(x − 2)2 (y + 1)2
When y = 0, x2 = 4 ∴ − =1
16 4
∴ x = ±2 (y + 1)2 (x − 2)2
centre (0, 0) ∴ = −1
4 16
y = –x y
(x − 2)2
y=x ∴ (y + 1)2 = −4
4
(x − 2)2  16 
= 1−
4 (x − 2)2
–2 2 16
0 x As x → ±∞, →0
(x − 2)2
(x − 2)2
∴ (y + 1)2 →
4
x−2
∴y+1→±
d 2x2 − y2 = 4 2
x2 y2 x−2
∴ − =1 ∴ y → −1 ±
2
2 4 Equations of asymptotes:
2 2
y x
∴ = −1 x−2
4 2 y = −1 ±
∴ y = 2x − 4
2 2 2
 2
= 2x2 1 − 2
x

35
 x−4 −x Equations of asymptotes:
i.e. y = and y =
2 2 3(x − 5)
y=3+
1 1 5
= x−2 =− x
2 2 15 + 3x − 15
(x − 2)2 =
When y = −1, =1 5
16 3
∴ (x − 2) = 16
2
= x
5
∴ x − 2 = ±4 3(x − 5)
and y = 3 −
∴ x = −2, 6 5
centre (2, −1) 15 − 3x + 15
(x − 2)2 1 =
When y = 0, − =1 5
16 4 30 − 3x
(x − 2)2 5 =
∴ = 5
16 4 3
∴ (x − 2) =√20
2
=6− x
∴ x=2±2 5 5
(x − 5)2
y
When y = 3, =1
1 1 25
y=– 2x y= 2x–2 ∴ (x − 5)2 = 25
∴ x − 5 = ±5
–2 0 2 4 6
∴ x = 0, 10
2–2 5 –1 2+2 5 x
centre (5, 3)
–2 (x − 5)2
When y = 0, −1=1
25
(x − 5)2
∴ =2
f 9x2 − 25y2 − 90x + 150y = 225 25
∴ 9(x2 − 10x + 25) ∴ (x − 5)2 =√50
− 25(y2 − 6y + 9) = 225 ∴ x=5±5 2
∴ 9(x − 5)2 − 25(y − 3)2 = 225 y
(x − 5)2 (y − 3)2 6
∴ − =1
25 9
(y − 3)2 (x − 5)2
∴ = −1 3 (10, 3)
9 25
9(x − 5)2 5–5 2 5+5 2
∴ (y − 3)2 = −9 0 5 10 x
25
3 3
9(x − 5)2  25  y = 5x y=6– 5x
= 1−
25 (x − 5)2
25 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2
As x → ±∞, →0 g − =1
(x − 5)2 4 9
2
(y − 3) (x − 2)2
9(x − 5)2 ∴ = −1
∴ (y − 3)2 → 9 4
25 9(x − 2)2
3(x − 5) ∴ (y − 3)2 = −9
∴y−3→± 4
5
9(x − 2)2  4 
3(x − 5) = 1−
∴y→3± 4 (x − 2)2
5

36
 4 h 4x2 − 8x − y2 + 2y = 0
As x → ±∞, →0
(x − 2)2 ∴ 4(x2 − 2x + 1) − (y2 − 2y + 1) = 3
9(x − 2)2
∴ (y − 3)2 → ∴ 4(x − 1)2 − (y − 1)2 = 3
4 4(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
∴y−3→±
3(x − 2) ∴ − =1
2 3 3
2 2
3(x − 2) (y − 1) 4(x − 1)
∴y→3± ∴ = −1
2 3 3
Equations of asymptotes: ∴ (y − 1)2 = 4(x − 1)2 − 3
3(x − 2)  3 
y=3+ = 4(x − 1)2 1 −
2 4(x − 1)2
6 + 3x − 6 3
= As x → ±∞, →0
2 4(x − 1)2
3 ∴ (y − 1)2 → 4(x − 1)2
= x ∴ y − 1 → ±2(x − 1)
2
3(x − 2) ∴ y → 1 ± 2(x − 1)
and y = 3 −
2 Equations of asymptotes:
6 − 3x + 6 y = 1 + 2(x − 1)
=
2
12 − 3x = 1 + 2x − 2
=
2 = 2x − 1
3 and y = 1 − 2(x − 1)
=6− x
2
(x − 2)2 = 1 − 2x + 2
When y = 3, =1
4 = 3 − 2x
∴ (x − 2)2 = 4
4(x − 1)2
∴ x = 2 ± 2 = 0, 4 When y = 1, =1
3
centre (2, 3) ∴ 4(x − 1)2 = 3
(x − 2)2 3
When y = 0, −1=1 ∴ (x − 1)2 =
4 4
(x − 2) 2 √
∴ =2 3
4 ∴ x=1±
∴ (x − 2)2 =√8 2
∴ x=2±2 2 centre (1, 1)
4(x − 1)2 1
y When y = 0, − =1
y = 6 – 23 x y = 23 x 3 3
4(x − 1)2 4
6 ∴ =
3 3
∴ (x − 1)2 = 1
∴ x = 1 ± 1 = 0, 2
3 (4, 3) 4 (y − 1)2
When x = 0, − =1
3 3
2
2–2 2 2+2 2
(y − 1) 1
∴ =
0 2 4 x 3 3
∴ (y − 1)2 = 1
∴ y = 1 ± 1 = 0, 2

37
 y
3(x − 1)
y = 3 – 2x y = 2x – 1 and y = 1 −
4
4 − 3x + 3
3 =
3 4
(1 – , 1) 2
2 7 − 3x
1 (1 +
3
, 1) =
2 4
0
1 13 2 7 3
–1 2 2
x = − x
4 4
(x − 1)2
When y = 1, =1
i 9x2 − 16y2 − 18x + 32y − 151 = 0 16
∴ (x − 1)2 = 16
∴ 9(x2 − 2x + 1) − 16(y2 − 2y + 1) −
∴ x = 1 ± 4 = −3, 5
151 + 7 = 0
centre (1, 1)
∴ 9(x − 1)2 − 16(y − 1)2 = 144 (x − 1)2 1
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2 When y = 0, − =1
∴ − =1 16 9
16 9 (x − 1)2 10
(y − 1) 2
(x − 1) 2 ∴ =
∴ = −1 16 9
9 16 160
9(x − 1)2 ∴ (x − 1)2 =
∴ (y − 1)2 = −9 9
16 √
9(x − 1)2  16  4 10
= 1− ∴ x=1±
16 (x − 1)2 3
16 y
y = 74 – 34 x y = 34 x + 14
As x → ±∞, →0
(x − 1)2
7
9(x − 1)2
2
4
∴ (y − 1) → 1
16 (–3, 1) 4 1 (5, 1)
3(x − 1) 0 1 7 4 10
∴y−1→± 1 – 4 10 –1 3 1+ x
3 3
4 3
3(x − 1) 3
4
∴y→1±
4
Equations of asymptotes: j 25x2 − 16y2 = 400
3(x − 1)
y=1+ x2 y2
4 ∴ − =1
16 25
4 + 3x − 3 y2 x2
= ∴ = −1
4 25 16
1 + 3x 25x2
= ∴ y2 = − 25
4 16
3 1 25x2  16 
= x+ = 1− 2
4 4 16 x
16
As x → ±∞, 2 → 0
x
2 25x2
∴y →
16
5
∴y→± x
4

38
 5 x2  1 2
Equations of asymptotes: y = ± x + x =1
4 4 2
When y = 0, 25x2 = 400 2
x x2
∴ x2 = 16 ∴ + =1
4 4
∴ x = ±4
x2
centre (0, 0) ∴ =1
2
y ∴ x2 = 2√
y = – 54 x y = 54 x
∴x=± 2 √
√ 2
When x = 2, y =
2 √
√ − 2
When x = − 2, y =
–4 0 4 x 2
The points of intersection√are
 √ √2   √ − 2
2, and − 2,
2 2

1 y2
3 a Substituting y = x into x2 − y2 = 1 4 Substituting y = x + 5 into x2 + =1
2 4
gives gives
 1 2
x − x =1
2 (x + 5)2
2 x2 + =1
4
1 ∴ 4x2 + x2 + 10x + 25 = 4
∴ x2 − x2 = 1
4 ∴ 5x2 + 10x + 21 = 0
3 2 ∴ 5(x2 + 2x + 1) + 16 = 0
∴ x =1
4 ∴ 5(x + 1)2 = −16
4
∴ x2 = −16
3 √ ∴ (x + 1)2 =
2 3 5
∴x=± But (x + 1)2 ≥ 0 ∴ there is no
3 intersection point.
1
Now y = x
√2 √
3 2 3 x2 y2
∴y= when x = 5 Since + = 1 is a reflection of the
3 √ 3 √ 9 4
− 3 −2 3 x2 y2
and y = when x = ellipse + = 1 in either of the lines
3 3 4 9
The√points of intersection are y = ±x, the points of intersection of the
 2 3 √3  two ellipses occur when y = ±x.
, and x2 y2
3√ 3 √ Substituting y = ±x into + =1
 −2 3 − 3  9 4
, gives
3 3 x2 x2
+ =1
1 x2 9 4
b Substituting y = x into + y2 = 1 ∴ 4x + 9x2 = 36
2
2 4
gives ∴ 13x2 = 36

39
 36 x2
∴ x2 = ∴ =1
13 √ 8
6 6 13 ∴ x2 = 8 √
∴x=±√ =±
13 13 ∴ x = ±2 2 √
Hence the points of intersec-
 −6 √13 −6 √13  When x = ±2 2, √
tion are , , 5 √ 5 2
13 13 y = × ±2 2 = ±
 6 √13 6 √13   −6 √13 −6 √13  4 2
, , , The points of√intersection are √
13 √ 13 √ 13 13  √ −5 2   √ 5 2
 6 13 −6 13 
and , . −2 2, and 2 2,
13 13 2 2
These four points are all equidistant
from the origin and hence form the 7 x2 + y2 = 9
vertices of a square. A circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 3
x2 y2
x2 − y2 = 9 ∴ − =1
9 9
5 A hyperbola with centre (0, 0) and
6 5x = 4y ∴y= x
4 asymptotes at y = ±x
5 x2 y2
Substituting y = x into + =1 When y = 0, x2 = 9
4 16 25
gives ∴ x = ±3
 5 2
y
x y = –x y=x
x2 4
+ =1
16 25
x2 + y2 = 9
x2 25x2
∴ + =1
16 16 × 25
x2 x2 –3 0 3 x
∴ + =1
16 16
x2 – y2 = 9

40
Solutions to Exercise 1H
 x − 2 2  y − 3 2
1 x = 2 cos 3t and y = 2 sin 3t ∴ + =1
ran(x) = [−2, 2] 3 −2
(x − 2)2 (y − 3)2
= dom(cartesian equation) That is, + =1
9 4
ran(y) = [−2, 2]
= ran(cartesian equation) 4 x = 2 sec t
x y
∴ = cos 3t and = sin 3t x
2 2 ∴ sec t =
Squaring both sides of each equation 2
x y2 y = 3 tan t
gives = cos2 3t and = sin2 3t
4 4 y
Adding these two equations together ∴ tan t =
gives
x2 y2
+ =1  y32  x 2
4 4 ∴ +1=
∴ x2 + y2 = 4, dom = [−2, 2] 3 2
2 2
x y
ran = [−2, 2] That is, − = 1, x ≤ 2, y ∈ R
4 9

2 x = 4t2 , y = 8t 5 a x = 4 cos 2t, y = 4 sin 2t

y2 y x y
a x=4× since t = ∴ cos 2t = and sin 2t =
64 8 4 4
y2 x 2
y 2
∴x= or y2 = 16x ∴ + = cos2 2t + sin2 2t = 1
16 16 16
b When t = 1, x = 4, y = 8 ∴ x2 + y2 = 16
When t = −1, x = 4, y = −8
Therefore equation of line x = 4 b x = 2 sin 2t, y = 2 cos 2t
x y
∴ sin 2t = and cos 2t =
c When t = −3, x = 36, y = −24 4 4
2 2
Length PR of chord joining P(4, 8) x y
∴ + = cos2 2t + sin2 2t = 1
√ −24) is given by
and R(36, 4 4
PR = 322 + 322 ∴ x2 + y2 = 4
√
= 32 2
c x = 4 cos t, y = 3 sin t
x y
∴ cos t = and sin t =
3 x = 2 + 3 sin t 4 3
2 2
x−2 x y
∴ sin t = ∴ + = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
3 16 9
y = 3 − 2 cos t x2 y2
∴ + =1
16 9
y−3
∴ cos t =
−2

41
d x = 4 sin t, y = 3 cos t y2 x2
− =1
x y 16 4
∴ sin t = and cos t =
4 3
2 2
π 3π
!
x y
∴ + = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1 6 a x = sec t and y = tan t, t ∈ ,
16 9 2 2
x2 y2 Squaring both sides of each equation
∴ + =1 gives
16 9
x = sec2 t 1 and y2 =
e x = 2 tan 2t tan2 t 2
x 1 - 2
∴ tan 2t =
2 x2 − y2 = sec2 t − tan2 t
y = 3 sec 2t
∴ x2 − y2 = 1
y
∴ sec 2t = π 3π
!
3 For the function x = sec t, t ∈ ,
2 2
2 2
y x the range is (−∞, −1]. Hence the
∴ − =1
9 4 domain of the cartesian equation is
f x = 1 − t, y = t2 − 4 (−∞, −1]
∴ t = 1 − x and which corresponds to the left branch
∴ y = (x − 1)2 − 4 = x2 − 2x − 3 of the hyperbola.

1 Equations of asymptotes: y = ±x
g x = t + 2, y= y
t
∴ t = x − 2 and 5
1
∴y= 4
x−2 3 y=x

h x = t2 − 1, y = t2 + 1 2

1
∴ t2 = x + 1 and
1 x
∴y= Note: x ≥ −1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 5

x−2
-2
1 1
i x=t− , y = 2(t + ) -3
y= –x
t t -4
1
x = t − 2 + 2 and
2 2 -5
t
1
y = 4(t + 2 + 2 )
2 2
b x = 3 cos 2t and y = −4t sin 2t
t
1 ran(x) = [−3, 3]
∴ x2 = t2 − 2 + 2 and
t = dom(cartesian equation)
y2 1
= t2 + 2 + 2
4 t ran(y) = [−4, 4]
1 1 y2
t + 2 = x + 2 and t2 + 2 = − 2
2 2
= ran(cartesian equation)
t t 4 x y
y2 ∴ = cos 2t and = − sin 2t
∴ −2= x −2
2
3 4
4 Squaring both sides of each equation

42
 x2 y2
gives = cos2 2t and = sin2 2t y
9 16 6
Adding these two equations together
x2 y2
gives + =1 5

9 16
2 2
x y 4
∴ + = 1, dom = [ −3, 3]
9 16 3

ran = [−4, 4]
2
y

5 1
4

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

1
A CAS calculator has the capability
x
to sketch parametric equations.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
In order to sketch a graph for part c:
-2

-3 Note: ensure your handheld unit is

-4 set to radian/Rad mode.
-5
TI: Open a Graphs page. Press
c x = 3 − 3 cos t and y = 2 + 2 sin t Menu → 3: Graph
ran(x) = [−3 + 3, 3 + 3] Entry/Edit → 3: Parametric

= [0, 6] Now type the following information:

x1(t) = 3 − 3 cos t
= dom(cartesian equation)
ran(y) = [−2 + 2, 2 + 2] y1(t) = 2 + 2 sin t

= [0, 4] 0 < f < 2π tstep = 0.13

and press ENTER
= ran(cartesian equation) Set the window to:
∴ x − 3 = (−3 cos t and y − 2 = 2 sin t Xmin = −0.5
Squaring both sides of each equa- Xmax = 8
tion gives (x − 3)2 = 9 cos2 t and Ymin = −0.5
(y−2)2 = 4 sin2 t Ymax = 6
(x − 3)2
∴ = cos2 t and
9
(y − 2)2
= sin2 t Adding these
4
two equations together gives
(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
+ =1
9 4
(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
∴ + = 1, dom = [0 6]
9 4
ran = [0, 4]

43
 CP: In the Graph & Table application tan2 t 2
tap n and select xt =. Input the 1 − 2
equations into the corresponding x2 − y2 = sec2 t − tan2 t
positions followed by EXE. ∴ x2 − y2 = 1
Tap $ to see the graph. For the !function x = sec t, t ∈
π π
− , the range is [1, ∞). Hence
d "x = 3 sin# t and y = 4 cos t, t ∈ 2 2
π π the domain of the cartesian equation
− ,
2 2 is [1, ∞) which corresponds to the
π π
" #
right branch of the hyperbola.
ran(x) = [−3, 3] for t ∈ − ,
2 2
Equations of asymptotes: y = ±x
= dom(cartesian equation) y

π π 5
" #
y= –x
ran(y) = [0, 4] for t ∈ − , 4
2 2
3

= ran(cartesian equation) 2
x y
∴ = sin t and = cos t 1

3 4 x
Squaring both sides of each equation -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x2 y2
gives = sin2 t and = cos2 t -2
9 16 -3
Adding these two equations together
x2 y2 y=x -4

gives + =1 -5
9 16
x2 y2
∴ + = 1, dom = [−3, 3] f x = 1 − sec(2t) and
9 16 ! y = 1 + tan(2t),
π 3π
ran = [0, 4] where t ∈ ,
4 4
∴ x − 1 = − sec(2t) and y − 1 = tan(2t)
y

5
Squaring both sides of each equation
gives
4
(x−1)2 = sec2 (2t) 1
3 and (y − 1) = tan (2t)
2 2
2
1 − 2
2
(x−1)2 − (y−1)2 = 1
1
For the function x! = 1 − sec(2t)
π 3π
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x where t ∈ , the range is [2, ∞).
4 4
Hence the domain of the cartesian
 π π equation is [2, ∞) which corresponds
e x = sec t and y = tan t, t ∈ − , to the right branch of the hyperbola.
2 2
Squaring both sides of each equation Equations of asymptotes:
gives y = 1 ± (x − 1)
x2 = sec2 t 1 and y2 =

44
 ∴ y = x and y = 2 − x x2 y2
In general for 2 − 2 = 1 the most
y a b
basic parametric equations have the
5

4
form x = a sec t and y = a tan t
3 Hence the parametric equations are
2
x = 3 sec t and y = 2 tan t
1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x c (x −1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
-1
∴ (x −1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 32
-2
centre (1, −2) radius is 3
-3

-4
In general for (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2
-5
the parametric equations have the
form
x = h + a cos t and y = k + a sin t
 8π 
7 a x = 2 cos = −1 Hence the parametric equations are
38π  √ x = 1 + 3 cos t and y = 3 sin t − 2
y = −2 sin =− 3
3
The point P has coordinates (x − 1)2 (y + 3)2
√ d + =9
(−1, − 3) 9 4
(x − 1) 2
(y + 3)2
∴ + =1
b The circle has centre 92 62
√ O(0, 0). The (x − h)2 (y − k)2
gradient of OR = 3 In general for + =1
1 a2 b2
Therefore gradient of tangent = − √ the parametric equations have the
3 form x = h + a cos t and y = k + b sin t
Equation of tangent:
√ 1 Hence the parametric equations are
y + 3 = − √ (x + 1)
√ 3 x = 1 + 9 cos t and y = 6 sin t − 3
√ 3y + 3 = −x −1
3y + x = −4
9 centre (1, 3) and radius 2
∴ (x−1)2 + (y−3)2 = 22
8 a x2 + y2 = 16 As the parametric equations are
∴ x2 + y2 = 42 in the form x = a + b cos(2πt) and
In general for x2 + y2 = a2 the most y = c + d sin(2πt)
basic parametric equations have the ∴ x = 1 + 2 cos(2πt)and
form x = a cos t and y = a sin t
y = 3 + 2 sin(2πt)
Hence the parametric equations are ∴ a=1, b=2, c=3 and d=2
x = 4 cos t and y = 4 sin t

x2 y2 10 Ellipse: x–intercepts at (−4, 0) and (4, 0)

b − =1 y −intercepts at (0, 3) and (0, −3)
9 4
x2 y2 Hence a possible cartesian equation for
∴ 2 − 2 =1
3 2

45
 x2 y2 (x, y) → (x − 3, y − 2)
this ellipse is + =1
16 9
Let (x0 , y0 ) be the coordinates of
Thus a possible pair of parametric
the image of (x, y) so x0 = x − 3,
equations for the above ellipse is
y0 = y − 2
x = 4 cos t and y = 3 sin t
Rearranging gives x = x0 + 3 and
y = y0 + 2 !
11 x = 2 cos(2t) and y = 2 sin(2t) t
So x = 3 − 2 cos becomes
2
a For a dilation of factor 3 from the
!
t
x + 3 = 3−2 cos
0
x-axis the point (x, y) is mapped onto 2
!
(x, 3y) t
∴ x0 = − cos
i.e. (x, y) → (x, 3y) 2
!
Thus to find the equation of the t
and y = 4 + 3 sin becomes
image curve under the dilation 2
y !
(x, y) → (x, 3y), replace y with . t
3 y0 + 2 = 4 + 3 sin
y 2
∴ = 2 sin(2t) !
3 t
∴ y0 = 2 + 3 sin
∴ y = 6 sin(2t) 2
Hence one possible pair of parametric Thus the parametric equations of the
equations for the image curve is image curve are ! !
x = 2 cos(2t) and y = 6 sin(2t) t t
x = −2 cos and y = 2 + 3 sin
2 2
b x = 2 cos(2t) and y = 6 sin(2t)
x y
! !
∴ = cos(2t) and = sin(2t) t t
2 6 b x = −2 cos and y = 2 + 3 sin
2 2
Squaring both sides of each equation ! !
x2 y2 x t y −2 t
gives = cos2 (2t) and = sin2 (2t) ∴ = − cos and = sin
4 36 2 2 3 2
Adding these two equations Squaring both sides of each !
x2 y2 x2 t
together gives + = 1 as equation gives = cos2 and
4 36 4 2
cos2 (kt) + sin2 (kt) = 1 (y − 2)2
!
t
Hence the cartesian equation is = sin2
9 2
x2 y2 Adding these two equations together
+ =1
4 36 x2 (y − 2)2
gives + =1
4 9
! ! Hence the cartesian equation is
t t x2 (y − 2)2
12 x = 3−2 cos and y = 4 + 3 sin + =1
2 2 4 9
a For a translation of 3 units in the
negative direction of the x-axis and a 13 x = 2 + 3 sin(2πt) and y = 4 + 2 cos(2πt)
translation of 2 units in the negative
direction of the y-axis:

46
 " #
1
a ran(x) = [2, 5] for t ∈ 0,
4
= dom(cartesian equation)
" #
1
ran(y) = [4, 6] for t ∈ 0,
4
= ran(cartesian equation)
and the cartesian equation is
(x − 2)2 (y − 4)2
+ =1
9 4
(x − 2)2 (y − 4)2
∴ + = 1, dom = [2, 5]
9 4
ran = [4, 6]
" #
3
c ran(x) = [−1, 5] for t ∈ 0,
2
= dom(cartesian equation)
" #
3
ran(y) = [2, 6] for t ∈ 0,
2
= ran(cartesian equation)
4 (y − 4)2
When x = 0, + =1
9 4
(y − 4)2 5
∴ =
4 9
20
∴ (y −4) =
2
9√
"
1
# 2 5
b ran(x) = [2, 5] for t ∈ 0, ∴y−4=±
2 √ 3
2 5
= dom(cartesian equation) y=4±
3
" #
1
ran(y) = [2, 6] for t ∈ 0,
2
= ran(cartesian equation)
(x − 2)2 (y − 4)2
∴ + = 1, dom = [2, 5]
9 4
ran = [2, 6]

47
Solutions to Exercise 1I
Answers will vary according to your dot plot

48
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 fn = 5 fn−1 , f0 = 1
Therefore fn =
= 5n

2 AP = 10 cm. Form Triangle PAO which is right-angled at A.

A

°
O • P
°

Triangle AOP is congruent to triangle BOP as AO = BO (radii of a circle) and

AP = BP (tangents from a common point). Also PO is a common side.
AP 10
Therefore PO bisects angle APB. Then = cos α and OP =
OP cos α

3 y
(−2, 7)
•

• (0, 3)

0 x

The centre of the ellipse is (−2, 3). The minor axis has length 4 and the major axis
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
length 8. Hence using the general equation + =1
a2 b2
(x + 2)2 (y − 3)2
gives + =1
a2 b2
4
(0, 3) is on the ellipse. Hence 2 = 1 and a2 = 4.
a
16
Also (−2, 7) is on the ellipse. Hence 2 = 1 and b2 = 16
b
(x + 2)2 (y − 3)2
Hence the equation is + =1
4 16

49
4
8 7

°
√ √
The triangle is right-angled and so the hypotenuse has length 49 + 64 = 113.
7
Therefore sin(θ◦ ) = √
113

x
5 = sin(30◦ )
9
9
Therefore x = 9 sin(30◦ ) =
2

6 a

A B
X

X is the midpoint of AB and OX is perpendicular to AB.

OA2 = Ax2 + 0X 2
√ √
Hence OA = 25 + 9 = 34 cm

b Let angle AOX have magnitude θ◦ .

5 5
Then tan θ = and θ = tan−1
3 3
Angle AOB = 2θ
5
= 2 tan−1
3

7 a cos(315◦ ) = cos(360 − 45)◦

√
2
= cos(45 ) =
◦
2

50
 3
b If tan(x◦ ) =and 180 < x < 270,
4
use 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
9
sec2 (x◦ ) = 1 +
16
25
sec2 (x◦ ) =
16
5
and sec(x◦ ) = ±
4
4
Hence cos(x◦ ) = −
5
as 180 < x < 270.

c sin A = sin 330◦ .

8 One possible answer is A = 210◦ . The entire set of solutions is 330 + 360n where n is
an integer, and 210 + 360n where n is an integer.

C B
A
O x°

a Triangle ABD is isosceles with BD = AB (given).

Therefore angle BDA = x◦
By the alternate segment theorem angle BCD = x◦

b Triangle ABD is similar to triangle CDA.

AD BD
and =
CA AD
y a
That is, =
a+b y
Hence y2 = a(a + b)
and y = a(a + b)
p

51
9 P

B
C

A
and AB = BC = 1 cm.
The triangle ABC is right-angled at B, √
Pythagoras’ theorem gives that AC = 2.
Triangle ABC is isosceles, and X is the midpoint
r of AC. √
1 2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem again gives BX = 1 − =
2 2
B

A x C

Let angle BXP have√magnitude θ◦ .

2
Then tan θ◦ = 3 ÷
2
6
= √
2
√
=3 2
√
Therefore θ = tan−1 (3 2)
◦

10 a 2 cos(2x + π) − 1 = 0
implies −2 cos(2x) = 1
1
and therefore cos(2x) = −
2
−4π −2π 2π 4π
2x = . . . , , , , ,...
3 3 3 3
−2π −π π 2π
X= , , or
3 3 3 3

52
 b y
4

2
( 2 , 1) ( 2 , 1)

2 0 2 x
3 3 3 3

(0, 3) ( , 3)
( , 3)
4

−π π
! " ! #
−2π 2π
c From the graph, 2 cos(2x + π) < 1 for −π, ∪ , ∪ ,π
3 3 3 3

11 D

C
B

a Triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle at C as AC 2 + CB2 = AB2 .

b In triangle DAC, AC = DC = 9 cm.

The triangle is isosceles with a right angle at C.
3
Therefore ∠DAC = 45◦ The third angle is tan−1
4
9
For angle DBC, tan (∠DBC) =
12
3
=
4
3
and hence ∠DBC = tan−1
4

53
12 a B

33

60°
P 24 A
The cosine rule gives AB2 = 242 + 332 − 2 × 24 × 33 cos (60◦ ) = 873
√
AB = 3 97 km
√
The distance apart after the hours is 3 97 nautical miles.

b The speeds are 8 nautical miles per hour and 11 nautical miles per hour.
Therefore the distances travelled are 40 nautical miles and 55 nautical miles
respectively.
5
The new triangle formed is similar to the triangle of part a, with a scale factor of .
√ 3
The distance apart is 5 97 nautical miles after 5 hours.

13 x cm
18 cm

30° 45°
x 18
Using the sine rule gives =
sin(30 ) sin(45◦ )
◦
18
Therefore x = × sin(30◦ )
sin(45◦ )
√ 1 √
= 18 2 × = 9 2
2

14 a 480 km
B A
45 °

45°!

b The triangle ABC is right-angled at C.

AC
= cos (45◦ )
480
√
Therefore AC = 240 2
√
c The triangle is isosceles and so the total distance flown = 480 2 km.

54
 (y − 2)2
15 For x2 − = 15
9
(y − 2)2
Rearrange to give = x2 − 15
√9
and hence y − 2 = 3 x2 − 15
!1
15 2
and hence y − 2 = ±3x 1 − 2
x
It now can be observed that the asymptotes will have equations
y = ±3x + 2
or y = 3x + 2 and y = −3x + 2

16 For x = 3 cos(2t) + 4 and y = sin(2t) − 6, first rearrange each of the equations.

x−4
cos(2t) = and sin(2t) = y + 6
3
Square each of these equations and add
(x − 4)2
cos2 (2t) + sin2 (2t) = + (y + 6)2
9
(x − 4)2
Therefore the cartesian equation is + (y + 6)2 = 1
9

17 a
2x°

x°

The quadrilateral is cyclic and therefore 3x = 180 which implies x = 60.

b P

60° X
B a°
b°
c° R
O d°

D
Firstly d = 60 by the alternate segment theorem. The angle at X subtended by the
diameter is 90◦ . Angle OXD is 60◦ as triangle DOX is isosceles (radii of a circle).
Therefore a = 90 − 60 = 30.
Triangle BOX is also isosceles. Therefore b = a = 30.
Angle c = 120 (angle sum of a triangle).

55
18 For x = 2 cos(πt) and y = 2 sin(πt) + 2,
x y−2
first rearrange; cos(πt) = and sin(πt) =
2 2
Squaring and adding gives
x2 (y − 2)2
cos2 (πt) + sin2 (πt) = +
4 4
Hence the cartesian equation is
x2 + (y − 4)2 = 4

19 a y
4

0 3 7 2 x
5 3
4 2 4 4 2 4

π
!
b −2 cos x − =0
4
π
!
implies cos x − =0
4
π π 3π
x− = or or . . .
4 2 2
3π 7π
x= or
4 4
c −2 cos x ≤ 0 is equivalent to cos x ≥ 0
π
"
# " #
3π
From the graph for x ∈ [0, 2π], cos x ≥ 0 for 0, ∪ , 2π
2 2

1
20 a sin θ =
2
π 5π
θ = or
6 6

56
 √
3
b cos θ =
2
π 11π
θ = or
6 6

c tan θ = 1
π 5π
θ= or
4 4

21 For x = a + b cos(2πt) and y = c + d sin(2πt) rearranging gives

x−a y−c
= cos(2πt) and = sin(2πt)
b d
Squaring and adding gives
(x − a)2 (y − c)2
+ =1
b2 d2
The centre of the circle is (1, 2) and the radius is 3.
Hence a = 1, c = 2 and b = d = 3

22
A

E O •
40 ° B

C
D

a ∠ADB = 180 − (90◦ + 40◦ )

= 50◦ (angle sum of triangle)
as BA is a tangent to the circle at A, and perpendicular to AD.

b ∠AEC = 50◦ , as ∠ADB and ∠AEC are subtended by the same arc at the circle.

c In ∆DAC, right-angled at C,
∠DAC = (90 − 50)◦
= 40◦

23 x2 + 8x + y2 − 12y + 3 = 0
Completing the square gives
x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 − 12y + 36 + 3 = 52
(x + 4)2 + (y − 6)2 = 49
The centre of the circle is the point with coordinates (−4, 6) and the radius is 7.

57
 x2 y2
24 + =1
81 9
When x = 0, y2 = 9
and y = 3 or − 3
When y = 0, x2 = 81
and x = 9 or − 9

25 a i Use tn = a + (n − 1)d
17p + 17 = 3p + 5 + 2(n − 1)
14p + 12 = 2(n − 1)
Therefore n = 7p + 7

ii The sum of the sequence,

7p + 7
Sn = (3p + 5 + 17p + 17)
2
= 7(p + 1)(10p + 11)
= 7(10p2 + 21p + 11)
= 70p2 + 147p + 77

b sum = 7(p + 1)(10p + 11)

If p is even, p + 1 is odd and 10p + 1 is odd. Therefore the sum is not divisible
by 14.
If p is odd, p + 1 is even and hence the sum is divisible by 14.

26 a The nth term is 3n−1

b 30 × 31 × 32 × . . . × 3n−1 = 30 + 1 + 2 + ... +(n−1)

= 31+2+3+...+(n−1)
19(19 + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 19 =
2
= 190
Therefore the product of the first 20 terms is 3190 .

27 a 9
1
b
400

58
 c 4

d 4

e π−3

f 4−π

1
28 a (0, )
104
b (100, ∞)

 − 3x| = x
2
29 |x
 x − 3x = x
2

 if x2 − 3x ≥ 0
−(x2 − 3x) = x


if x2 − 3x < 0

 x − 4x = 0
2

 if x ≥ 3 or x ≤ 0
−x2 + 2x = 0


if 0 < x < 3 < 0
∴ x = 0, 2, 4

30 a Range [0, 2]
y

x
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2

b Range [−3, ∞)
y

x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−3

c Range (−∞, 3]

59
 y

x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−3

60
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B t3 = 4 and t8 = 128 Clearly, the given graph has
For a geometric sequence tn = arn−1 period π. Thus response B and E are
Using t3 : 4 = ar2 1 also incorrect.
Using t8 : 128 = ar 7
2 The graph also has a y-intercept of
2 ÷ 1 gives −1. Response C clearly does not
r5 = 32 pass through the point (0, −1) while
∴r=2 response A does Hence !the given
Hence tn = a(2)n−1 π
graph is y = sin 2 x − A quick
As t3 = 4 then 4 = a(22 ) 4
∴a=1 sketch of response A on your CAS
Thus the first term of the sequence calculator will alleviate all doubt.
is 1

2 D The first term of the arithmetic

sequence is not known thus the
following sequence should be used.
tn = tn−1 + d
If 5, x and y are in arithmetic
sequence then
x=5+d 1
y= x+d 2
π π
! ! !
Rearranging 1 for d gives: 2π
5 C sin × cos × tan
d = x−5 3 3
√
4
√
6
π
!
Substituting 3 into 2 gives 2 3
∴ sin π− × ×
y = x + (x − 5) 3
! √
2 3
∴ y = 2x − 5 π 6
∴ sin ×
√ 3 6
√ √
3 C 2 cos x◦ − √2 = 0 3 6
2 ∴ ×
∴ cos x◦ = 2 6
2 √
∴ x◦ = 45◦ for x◦ ∈ [0◦ , 90◦ ] 18
∴
12
4 A As the range of the given graph is √
3 2
[−1, 1], response D is incorrect. ∴
12
√
2
∴
4

61
6 C ∠BAX = 180◦ − (100◦ + 35◦ ) = 45◦ 8 C Using the cosine rule,
(angles of a triangle, ∆BAX) c2 = 302 + 212 − 2(30)(21) cos C
∴ ∠XDC = 45◦ 51
!
(angle subtended by arc BC) = 1341 − 260 ×
53
7 B t2 = 24 and t4 = 54 64260
= 1341 −
A geometric sequence is given by 53
tn = arn−1 6813
=
Using t2 : 24 = ar 1 53
r
6813
Using t4 : 54 = ar3 2 ∴c= as c > 0
53
2 ÷ 1 gives ∴ c = 11.33786 . . .
9
r =
2 Thus c = 11 rounded to the nearest
4
3 whole number.
∴ r = as r > 0
2
3
!n−1 9 D x2 − 8x + y2 − 2y = 8
Hence tn = a ∴ (x2 − 8x + 16) + (y2 − 2y + 1) = 25
2
3
!1 ∴ (x − 4)2 + (y − 1)2 = 25
As t2 = 24 then 24 = a centre (4, 1)
2
∴ a = 16
10 D From the graph:
Thus the geometric sequence is given
!n−1 1 The centre occurs at (2, 0)
3
by tn = 16 ∴ Responses A, C and E are
2
The sum of the first 5 terms of this incorrect
sequence is 2 The vertices occur at (−7, 0) and

S 5 where (11, 0)
n
a(r − 1) Generally the vertices of a hyperbola
Sn =
r−1 ! occur at
5 !
16
3
−1 (±a + h, k)
2 For response B: a = 3, h = 2 and
∴ S5 =
3 k = 0 So the vertices are (±3 + 2, 0)
−1
2 i.e. (−1, 0) and (5, 0)
211 ∴ Response B is incorrect
= ×2
2 For response D: a = 9, h = 2 and
= 211 k = 0 So the vertices are (±9 + 2, 0)
Hence the sum of the first 5 terms i.e. (−7, 0) and (11, 0)
is 211 Thus response D is correct.

62
Solutions to extended-response questions
1
1 a sin 45◦ =
a
1 1
∴ √ =
2 √a
∴a= 2
45 + z = 60
∴ z = 15

m
30°
x+w
3
45°
z° a 1

45°
1
1
sin 30◦ =
2
1 1
∴ =
x+w 2
∴ x + w = 2√
3
cos 30◦ =
2√
1+m 3
∴ =
2 √2 √
∴ 1 + m = 3, so m = 3 − 1

w 30°
3–1

y √
3
cos 30◦ =
2√
w 3
∴ √ =
3 −√1 √ 2 √
3( 3 − 1) 3 − 3
∴w= =
2 2
Now x + w = 2

63
 ∴ x=2−w
 3 − √3 
=2−
2
√
4 − (3 − 3)
=
2
√
1+ 3
∴x=
2
1
sin 30 =
◦
2
y 1
∴ √ =
3 −√1 2
3−1
∴y=
2
b 3 –1
1+ 3 2
2 75°
15°
2
√
3−1 √
sin(15 ) =
◦
÷ 2
2
√
3−1 1
= × √
2 2
√ √
3−1 2
= √ × √
2 2 2
√ √
6− 2
=
4
√
1+ 3 √
cos(15◦ ) = ÷ 2
2
√ √
1+ 3 2
= ×
2 2
√ √
2+ 6
=
4

64
 √ √
3−1 1+ 3
tan(15 ) =
◦
÷
2 2
√
3−1 2
= × √
2 3+1
√ √
3−1 3−1
= √ × √
3+1 3−1
√ 2
( 3 − 1)
=
2
√
4−2 3
=
2
√
=2− 3
CAS:
Change to Degree/Deg mode

√
1+ 3 √
c sin(75 ) =
◦
÷ 2
2
√ √
1+ 3 2
= ×
2 2
√ √
2+ 6
=
4
√
3−1 √
cos(75◦ ) = ÷ 2
2
√ √
3−1 2
= √ × √
2 2 2
√ √
6− 2
=
4

65
 √ √
1+ 3 3−1
tan(75 ) =
◦
÷
2 2
√
1+ 3 2
= × √
2 3−1
√ √
1+ 3 3+1
= √ × √
3−1 3+1
√
(1 + 3)2
=
2
√
4+2 3
=
2
√
=2+ 3

2 B
75°

115°

10°
°

a AB2 = 25 + 49 − 70 cos(115◦ )
Therefore AB = 10.2 km, correct to two decimal places.

7 AB
b Then using the sine rule, =
sin θ sin(115◦ )
7 sin(115◦ )
Therefore sin θ =
AB
which gives θ = 38.56 . . .
and the bearing of B from A is given by 10 + 38.56 . . .
The bearing is 049◦ .

66
c B
75°

115°

10°
°
P

i The magnitude of angle BAP = (80 − (θ + 10))◦ = (31.43 . . .)◦

Using the cosine in triangle APB gives
BP2 = AB2 + 42 − 8 AB cos(31.43 . . .)◦
Therefore BP = 7.079 . . .
The total distance travelled by the second hiker
= 4 + 7.079 . . .
= 11.08 km, correct to two decimal places.

ii Use the cosine rule to find the size of angle APB.

AB2 − AP2 − PB2
cos P =
−2AP × PB
and so the magnitude of angle APB is 131.42◦
The bearing is therefore given by 131.42 − 100
The bearing is 031◦ .

d B
75°
°
115°

10°
°
° C

A"
In this diagram, AC = CB and the bearing of C from A is 80◦ .
Triangle ACB is isosceles,
AX
therefore cos(α◦ ) =
AC
AX
and AC =
cos(α◦ )
1
AX = AB
2

67
 From the above, α = 31.43 . . . and AX = 5.088 . . .
Therefore AC = 5.963 . . .
The total distance travelled = 11.93 km, correct to two decimal places.

3 y

2 1 0 1 2 x

√
a i The centre
√ of the ellipse is (0, −3) and
√ √ so the minor axis has endpoints ( 2, −3)
and (− 2, −3). The domain is [− 2, 2]
√ √
ii The major axis has endpoints
√ √(0, −3 + 5) and (0, −3 − 5).
The range is [−3 − 5, −3 + 5]

iii The centre is (0, −3)

b The centre of the! ellipse has coordinates

−3 + 1 −1 + 5
, = (−1, 2)
2 2
The major axis (parallel to y axis) has length 6 and the minor axis (parallel to x axis)
length 4.
(x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
Hence the equation of the ellipse is + = 1.
4 9
So a = 2, b = 3, h = 1, k = 2.

(x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
c The line y = x − 2 intersects the ellipse + = 1 at the point (1, −1)
4 9
and another point.
Substituting, 9(x − 1)2 + 4(x − 4)2 = 36
Expanding and simplifying gives
9(x2 − 2x + 1) +4(x2 − 8x + 16) = 36
and 13x2 − 50x + 37 = 0(x − 1) is a factor.
Therefore (x − 1)(13x − 37) = 0
!
37 11
The line intersects the ellipse at (1, −1) and ,
13 13

68
 !
37 11
P has coordinates , .
13 13

d The line!perpendicular to the line with equation y = x − 2, and which passes through
37 11
, ,has equation
13 13
!
11 37
y− =−1 x−
13 13
48
Rearranging gives y = − x +
13!
48
The coordinates of Q are 0,
13

e There is a right angle at P and hence AQ is a diameter.! !

37 11 48
The coordinates of A, P and Q are (1, −1), , and 0, respectively.
13 13 13
!
1 35
The centre of AQ is ,
2 26
s
!2
61
The diameter = +1
13
√
3890
=
13
!2 !2
1 35 3890
The equation of the circle is x − + y− =
2 26 676

4 a x2 + y2 − 2ax − 2ay + a2 = 0
Completing the square gives
x2 − 2ax + a2 + y2 − 2ay + a2 + a2 = 2a2
(x − a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2
The centre is at (a, a) and the radius is a.
Therefore the circle touches both axes at (0, a) and (a, 0).

b Suppose (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2 touches both axes.

Then, when y = 0, there is only one solution to (x − h)2 + k2 = a2
This only happens if k2 = a2 , i.e., k = ±a
In the same way, h = ±a. Any combination these is possible as the circle can be in
any one of the four quadrants. Therefore the forms could be
(x − a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2 or (x − a)2 + (y + a)2 = a2
or (x + a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2 or (x + a)2 + (y + a)2 = a2

c If the circles pass through the point (2, 4) then

69
 (4 − a)2 + (2 − a)2 = a2
Expanding gives a2 − 12a + 20 = 0
Therefore a = 10 or a = 2
So the equations are x + y − 20x − 20y + 100 = 0 and x2 + y2 − 4x − 4y + 4 = 0
2 2

d (10, 10) and radius 10, and (2, 2) and radius 2

e For a = 2, the gradient is undefined. The point (2, 4) is ‘the top of the circle’.
3
For a = 10, the centre is (10, 10). The line joining (10, 10) to (2, 4) has gradient .
4
f For a = 2, the tangent is y = 4
4
For a = 10, the gradient of the tangent is therefore − .
3
4
The equation of the tangent is y = − x + c
3
8
When x = 2, y = 4 and therefore 4 = − + c
3
20 4 20
Hence c = , and y = − x +
3 3 3
5 a Gradient of a line which passes through (a cos θ, a sin θ) and the origin is
sin θ
= tan θ. The equation of the straight line is y = (tan θ)x.
cos θ
b The other point is the reflection through the origin and has coordinates
(−a cos θ, −a sin θ).
cos θ
c The tangent at P is perpendicular to the radius and hence has gradient −
sin θ
cos θ
Therefore the equation is y − a sin θ = − (x − a cos θ)
sin θ

d When y = 0, −a sin2 θ = −x cos θ + a cos2 θ

Therefore x cos θ = a(sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
a
Therefore x =
cos θ
!
a
The coordinates are ,0
cos θ
cos θ
When x = 0, y − a sin θ = − (− cos θ)
sin θ
Therefore y sin θ = a(sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
a  a 
Therefore y = and the coordinates are 0,
sin θ sin θ
1 a a a2
e The area of the triangle is × × =
2 cos θ sin θ sin 2θ

70
 π
The triangle has minimum area when sin 2θ = 1 or when θ =
4
This can also be completed by using your CAS calculator to sketch the graph of y =
!
1 a a
× ×
2 cos θ sin θ

6 a y

B
X

Z O
A x
x =−a
Y

Note that AX = AY = XB = YC = CZ = ZB (equal tangents from point) and the

triangle is equilateral. Let the equal lengths be b.
Then AZ 2 =4b2 − b2 (Pythagoras’ theorem in triangle AZB)
√
Therefore AZ = 3b
1 1
The gradient of line BA = − √ and the gradient of CA = √
3 3
Note also that triangle BZA is similar to triangle AXO.
a 1 √
Therefore = √ and b = 3a
b 3
For line BA: Using the form y = mx + c,
√ √ 1
when x = −a, y = 3a, ∴ 3a = − √ × −a + c
√ 3
√ a 2 3a
Therefore c = 3a − √ =
3 3
√ √
3 2 3a
Therefore the equation of line BA is y = − x+
√ √ 3 3
3 2 3a
For line CA: y = x−
3 3
b The circumcircle has centre O and radius OA. But from the equation of BA,
A has coordinates (2a, 0). Hence the equation is x2 + y2 = 4a2 .

71
7 A

70° B

30° ° 45°
P

a From the diagram, ∠APB = 100◦

∠PAB = 15◦
∠PBA = 65◦

b In triangle PBA, using the sine rule gives

PB 10
=
sin(15 ) sin(100◦ )
◦

10 sin(15◦ )
∴ PB =
sin(100◦ )
= 2.63 km, correct to two decimal places.
Use triangle PS B,
PS 2 = 25 + PB2 − 10 × PB cos(65◦ )
PS = 4.56 km, correct to two decimal places.

PS 5
c From triangle PS B, using the sine rule gives ◦
=
sin(65 ) sin P
5 sin(65◦ )
∴ sin P =
4.56 . . .
Therefore
P = 83.5◦ , correct to one decimal place.
Therefore, the bearing is given by 360◦ − (83.5 − 70)◦
The bearing is 346◦ .

72
 d
A

70° B

30° 70° 45°

P

Reflex angle AOB = 200◦ (subtended angle at the centre is twice the angle at the
circumference). Therefore, angle AOB = 160◦ .
Triangle AOB is isosceles and so OS is perpendicular to AB.
SB
In triangle OS B, sin(80◦ ) =
OB
5 5 160π
Therefore OB = ◦
The length of the arc APB = ◦
×
sin(80 ) sin(80 ) 180
40π
=
9 sin(80◦ )
The length of the track is 14.18 km, correct to two decimal places.

8 f (x) = |x2 − ax|

a 0 = |x2 − ax|
= |x(x − a)|
x = 0, a
co − ords = (0, 0), (a, 0)

b f (0) = |0 − 0|
=0
co − ords = (0, 0)

73
c x ∈ [0, a]
f (x) = ax − x2
a2 a2
= −(x2 − ax + )+
4 4
2
a a
= −(x − )2 +
2 4
a2
maximum value is
4

d f (−1) = 4
4 = |(−1)2 − a(−1)|
= |1 + a|
1 + a = ±4
a = −1 ± 4
a = −5, 3

74
Chapter 2 – Vectors
Solutions to Exercise 2A
1 b Let |a| = 1 and |b| = 2
−−→
" # i |OC| = |2b| = 2|b| = 4
−−→ −2
OP = −−→
1 ii |OE| = |4a| = 4|a| = 4
−−→ √
|OP| = (−2)2 + 1 = 5
p
 
−−→  3 
iii |OD| = 2a + b
2
√
= 22 + 32
" # " #
−−→ −−→ a 3
2 AB = OC = = √
b 2
= 4+9
∴ a = 3, b = 2 √
= 13

3 C
5 a

4
B

3
A E
3 cm long

O
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
(OA + AB) + BC + CD + DE
1

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

= (OB + BC) + CD + DE
0

−−→ −−→ −−→

= (OC + CD) + DE
b
5

−−→ −−→
= OD + DE
−−→
4

= OE
3
4 cm long

−−→ −−→
4 a i OC = 2OB = 2b
2

−−→ −−→
ii OE = 4OA = 4a
1

−−→ −−→ 3 −−→ 3

iii OD = 2OA + OB = 2a + b
0

2 2
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→ 1
iv DC = −2OA + OB = b − 2a 6 a |2a| = 2 × |a|
2 2
−−→ 3 −−→ −−→ 3 =2×3
v DE = − OB + 2OA = 2a − b
2 2 =6

1
  
3 3 −−→ −−→ −−→
b  a = × |a| 9 a AB = OB − OA = b − a
2 2
−−→ 1 −−→ 1
= ×3
3 b AM = AB = (b − a)
2 2 2
9 −−→ −−→ −−→
= c OM = OA + AM
2
1

1

1 = a + (b − a)
c − a = × |a| 2
2 2 1
1 = (a + b)
= ×3 2
2
3 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= 10 a XY = XA + AB + BY
2
1 −−→ 1 −−→
= DA + a + BC
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 2 2
7 a i OA0 = OA = a 1 −−→ −−→
4 4 = a − (AD + CB)
1
2
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OB0 = OB = b Also XY = XD + DC + CY
4 4
1 −−→ 1 −−→
−−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 = AD + b + CB
iii A0 B0 = OB0 − OA0 = (b − a) 2 2
4
1 −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ = b + (AD + CB)
2
iv AB = OB − OA = b − a 2
Adding
1 and 2 yields
−−→ −−→ 1 1 −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
b i OA00 = 2OA0 = 2 × a = a 2XY = a − (AD + CB)
4 2 2
1 −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ 1 1 + b + (AD + CB)
ii OB00 = 2OB0 = 2 × b = b 2
4 2 −−→
∴ 2XY = a + b
−−−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
iii A00 B00 = OB00 − OA00 = (b − a) −−→ 1
2 ∴ XY = (a + b)
2

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1

8 a XW = XY + YW = a + b b XY = (a + b)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
b V X = VZ + ZW + WY + Y X = (AB + DC)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= −(ZV + WZ + YW + XY) Since AB and DC are parallel,
−−→ −−→ −−→
= −(a + b + c + d) AB + DC is a vector parallel to AB,
1 −−→ −−→
and (AB + DC) is a vector parallel
−−→ −−→ −−→ 2
c ZY = ZW + WY −−→
to AB. Hence XY is parallel to AB.
−−→ −−→
= −(WZ + YW)
= −(b + c)

2
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
11 a OG = OA + AG iii AB = DC
−−→ −−→ ∴b−a=c−d
= OA + BC
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + OC − OB b i BC = OC − OB
=a+c−b =c−b
−−→ −−→ −−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b CD = BG ii MN = MC + CB + BN
−−→ −−→
= OG − OB 1 −−→ −−→ 1 −−→
= DC − BC + BO
2 2
=a+c−b−b
1 −−→ −−→ 1 −−→
= a + c − 2b = AB − BC − OB
2 2
1 1
= (b − a) − (c − b) − b
−−→ −−→ −−→ 2 2
12 a EF = CO = −OC = −c 1 1 1
= b− a−c+b− b
−−→ −−→ 2 2 2
b AB = OC = c
1
=− a+b−c
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 −−→ 1 −−→ 2
c EM = ED = AO = − OA
2 2 2
1
=− a
     
4  2  −4
2
14 a a = 1 , b = −1 , c =  2 
     
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−−→  
3
 
3
 
6
d OM = OC + CD + DM
−−→ −−→ −−→ Note that a and b are not parallel.
= OC + OG − EM
 1  Let c = ma + nb
=c+g− − a Then − 4 = 4m + 2n
2
1 2=m−n
=c+g+ a
2 6 = 3m + 3n
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ Solving the first two equations using
e AM = AB + BE + EM a CAS calculator we have m = 0 and
−−→ −−→ −−→
= AB + OG + EM n = −2

1
=c+g− a
2

−−→ −−→ −−→ However when these values are

13 a i AB = OB − OA
substituted in the third equation,
=b−a 3m + 3n = −6 , 6
−−→ −−→ −−→ There are no solutions which satisfy
ii DC = OC − OD the three equations.
=c−d Therefore the vectors are not linearly

3
 dependent. Substituting these values into the
      third equation,
3 4 6 −m + 4n = 3 + 8 = 11
b a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 3
     
      As there exist real numbers m and n,
2 1 4 both not zero, such that c = ma + nb
Note that a and b are not parallel.
the set of vectors a, b and c are
Let c = ma + nb
linearly dependent.
Then 6 = 3m + 4n
3 = m + 2n
15 a If ka + lb = 3a + (1 − l)b,
4 = 2m + n a, b non-zero, non-parallel
Solving the first two equations using
then k = 3 and l = 1 − l
a CAS calculator we have
m = 0 and n =
3 ∴ 2l = 1
2 1
∴l=
2
 l
b If 2(l − 1)a + 1 − b=
5
4
However when these values are − ka + 3b, a, b non-zero, non-
5
substituted in the third equation, parallel
3 4
2m + n = , 4 then 2(l − 1) = − k
1
2 5
There are no solutions which satisfy l
the three equations. and 1− =3
5
Therefore the vectors are not linearly l
∴ = −2
dependent. 5
∴ l = −10
Substituting l = −10 into
     
 1   3   3  1 yields
c a =  1  , b = −1 , c = −5 4
     
2(−10 − 1) = − k
−1
   
4
 
11 5
Note that a and b are not parallel. 4
∴ −22 = − k
Let c = ma + nb 5
Then 3 = m + 3n ∴k=
55
2
−5 = m − n
11 = −m + 4n −−→ −−→
Solving the first two equations using 16 a i OS = kOP = k(2a − b) = 2ka − kb
a CAS calculator we have m = −3
and n = 2

4
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OS = OR + RS 17 a i OQ = OA + AQ
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→
= a + 4b + mRQ = OA + AB
−−→ −−→ 2
= a + 4b + m(OQ − OR) −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
= OA + (OB − OA)
= a + 4b 2
1 −−→ −−→
+ m(3a + b − (a + 4b)) = (OA + OB)
2
= a + 4b + m(2a − 3b) 1
= (a + b)
2
= (2m + 1)a + (4 − 3m)b
−−→ 8 −−→
−−→ ii OR = OQ
b Since OS = 2ka − kb 5
−−→ 8 1
and OS = (2m + 1)a + (4 − 3m)b = × (a + b)
5 2
2k = 2m + 1
1 4
= (a + b)
and − k = 4 − 3m 5
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ k = 3m − 4 2 iii AR = OR − OA
Substituting
2 into
1 yields
4
2(3m − 4) = 2m + 1 = (a + b) − a
5
∴ 6m − 8 = 2m + 1 1
= (4b − a)
5
∴ 4m = 9
−−→ −−→ −−→
9 iv RP = OP − OR
∴m=
4 −−→ −−→
9 = 4OB − OR
Substituting m = into 2 yields
4 4
9 = 4b − (a + b)
k =3× −4 5
4
4
27 16 = (4b − a)
= − 5
4 4
11 −−→ 4
= b RP = (4b − a)
4 5
11 9 −−→
Hence k = and m = = 4AR
4 4
Hence RP is parallel to AR and R lies
on AP. AR : RP = 1 : 4
−−→ −−→ −−→
c PS = OS − OP
−−→ −−→
= λOQ − 4OB
1
= λ × (a + b) − 4b
2
λ λ 
= a+ −4 b
2 2

5
 −−→ −−→
If PS is parallel to AB,
−−→ −−→
then PS = k AB, k ∈ R\{0}
−−→ −−→
= k(OB − OA)
= k(b − a)
= −ka + kb
Equating coefficients
λ λ
= −k
1 and −4=k
2
2 2
λ
From ,1 k=−
2
λ
Substituting k = − into
2 gives
2
λ λ
− = −4
2 2
∴λ=4

18 a xa = (y − 1)b
Equating coefficients
x = 0 and y − 1 = 0
∴ x = 0 and y = 1

b (2 − x)a = 3a + (7 − 3y)b
Equating coefficients
2 − x = 3 and 7 − 3y = 0
7
∴ x = −1 and y =
3
c (5 + 2x)(a + b) = y(3a + 2b)
∴ (5 + 2x)a + (5 + 2x)b = 3ya + 2yb
Equating coefficients
5 + 2x = 3y
1 and
5 + 2x = 2y
2
From ,1 2x = 3y − 5
∴ 5 + (3y − 5) = 2y
∴y=0
Substituting y = 0 into
1 gives
5 + 2x = 0
5
∴x=−
2
5
∴ x = − and y = 0
2

6
Solutions to Exercise 2B
−−→
1 a i OA = 3i + j d c − 4a = 4k − 4(2i + 2j − k)
−−→ = −8i − 8j + 8k
ii OB = −2i + 3j
√
e |b| = (−1)2 + 4 + 1 = 6
p
−−→
iii OC = −3i − 2j
√
−−→ f |c| = 16 = 4
iv OD = 4i − 3j
−−→ −−→ −−→
b i AB = OB − OA −−→ −−→ −−→
3 OA = 5i, OC = 2j, OG = 3k
= (−2i + 3j) − (3i + j) −−→ −−→
a i BC = −OA = −5i
= −5i + 2j
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ ii CF = OG = 3k
ii CD = OD − OC
−−→ −−→
= (4i − 3j) − (−3i − 2j) iii AB = OC = 2j
−−→ −−→ −−→
= 7i − j iv OD = OA + AD = 5i + 3k
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
iii DA = OA − OD v OE = OA + AB + BE
−−→ −−→ −−→
= (3i + j) − (4i − 3j) = OA + OC + OG
= −i + 4j = 5i + 2j + 3k
−−→ √ √ −−→ −−→ −−→
c i |OA| = 32 + 12 = 10 vi GE = GD + DE
−−→ √ −−→ −−→
ii |AB| = (−5)2 + 22 = 29 = OA + OC
p

−−→ √ = 5i + 2j
iii |DA| = (−1)2 + 42 = 17
p
−−→ −−→ −−→
vii EC = EF + FC
2 a = 2i + 2j − k, b = −i + 2j + k, c = 4k −−→ −−→
= −OA − OG
a a + b = i + 4j = −5i − 3k

b 2a + c = 2(2i + 2j − k) + 4k −−→ −−→ −−→

viii DB = DE + EB
= 4i + 4j + 2k −−→ −−→
= OC − OG
c a + 2b − c = 2i + 2j − k − 2i = 2j − 3k
+ 4j + 2k − 4k
= 6j − 3k

7
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ix DC = DG + GF + FC ii OM = OC + CM
−−→ −−→ −−→ 5
= −OA + OC − OG = 2j + i
2
= −5i + 2j − 3k 5
= i + 2j
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2
x BG = BC + CO + OG
−−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ iii DM = DG + GO + OM
= −OA − OC + OG
−−→ −−→ −−→
= −5i − 2j + 3k = −OA − OG + OM
5
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ = −5i − 3k + i + 2j
xi GB = GD + DE + EB 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 5
= OA + OC − OG = − i + 2j − 3k
2
= 5i + 2j − 3k −−→ −−→
d FN = 2NG
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
xii FA = FE + ED + DA G N F
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA − OC − OG −−→ 2 −−→
i FN = FG
= 5i − 2j − 3k 3
−−→ −−→
and FG = CO = −2j
−−→
b i OD = 5i + 3j −−→ 2 −−→ 2 −4
−−→ √ ∴ FN = FG = × −2j = j
3 3 3
p
|OD| = (5)2 + (3)2 = 34
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 −−→ 2
−−→ ii GN = GF = − FG = j
ii OE = 5i + 2j + 3k 3 3 3
−−→ p
−−→ −−→ −−→
|OE| = (5)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 iii ON = OG + GN
√
= 38 2 2
= 3k + j = j + 3k
3 3
−−→
iii GE = 5i + 2j −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ p √ iv NA = NO + OA
|GE| = (5)2 + (2)2 = 29 −−→ −−→
= −ON + OA
c M is the midpoint of CB. 2 
= − j + 3k + 5i
−−→ −−→ 3
i CB = OA = 5i
2
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 5 = 5i − j − 3k
CM = CB = (5i) = i 3
2 2 2

8
 −−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
v N M = NF + FC + CM iii a = 6i + yj, b = xi − 4j, a + 2b = 3i − j
−−→ −−→ −−→ a + 2b = 6i + yj + 2(xi − 4j)
= −FN − OG + CM
= (6 + 2x)i + (y − 8)j
4 5
= j − 3k + i ∴ (6 + 2x)i + (y − 8)j = 3i − j
3 2 Equating coefficients
5 4
= i + j − 3k ∴ 6 + 2x = 3 and y − 8 = −1
2 3 3
∴ x = − and y = 7
s
 5 2  4 2 2
−−−→
e i |N M| = + + (−3)2
2 3 −−→
√ 5 a i OA = −2i + 4j
613
= −−→ −−→ −−→
6 ii AB = OB − OA
= i + 6j − (−2i + 4j)
s
 −5 2
−−−→
ii |DM| = + (2)2 + (−3)2 = 3i + 2j
2
√
77 −−→ −−→ −−→
= iii BC = OC − OB
2
= −i − 6j − (i + 6j)
−−→ −−→
iii |AN| = | − NA|
s = −2i − 12j
 2 2
= (−5)2 + + (3)2 −−→ 1 −−→
b OF = OA
3 2
√
310 1
= = (−2i + 4j)
3 2
= −i + 2j
4 i a = 4i − j, b = xi + 3yj, a + b = 7i − 2j −−→ −−→
c AG = 3 BC
a + b = (4 + x)i + (3y − 1)j
∴ (4 + x)i + (3y − 1)j = 7i − 2j = 3(−2i − 12j)
Equating coefficients = −6i − 36j
∴ 4 + x = 7 and 3y − 1 = −2
1
∴ x = 3 and y = − −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
3 6 OM = (OA + OB)
2
ii a = xi + 3j, b = −2i + 5yj, 1
= (i − 6j + 7k + 5i − j + 9k)
a − b = 6i + j 2
a − b = (x + 2)i + (3 − 5y)j 1
= (6i − 7j + 16k)
∴ (x + 2)i + (3 − 5y)j = 6i + j 2
Equating coefficients 7
= 3i − j + 8k
∴ x + 2 = 6 and 3 − 5y = 1 2
7
2 M(3, − , 8)
∴ x = 4 and y = 2
5

9
 −−→
7 a = i + 3j − 2k, b = 5i + j − 6k, ii BD = d − b
c = 5j + 3k, d = 2i + 4j + k
= (2 − 5)i + (4 − 1)j
−−→ −−→ −−→
a i AB = OB − OA + (1 + 6)k
=b−a = −3i + 3j + 7k
= 4i − 2j − 4k −−→ p
∴ | BD| = (−3)2 + 32 + 72
√
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii BC = OC − OB = 67

=c−b c
−−→
2CD = 2(2i − j − 2k)
= (0 − 5)i + (5 − 1)j = 4i − 2j − 4k
+ (3 + 6)k −−→
= AB
= −5i + 4j + 9k −−→ −−→
∴ CD k AB
−−→
iii CD = d − c
= (2 − 0)i + (4 − 5)j 8 a = i + j − 5k, b = 3i − 2j − k
AM = 4MB
+ (1 − 3)k
A M B
= 2i − j − 2k
−−→
−−→ a i AB = b − a
iv DA = a − d
= (3 − 1)i + (−2 − 1)j
= (1 − 2)i + (3 − 4)j
+ (−1 − (−5))k
+ (−2 − 1)k
= 2i − 3j + 4k
= −i − j − 3k
−−→ 4 −−→
−−→ ii AM = AB
b i AC = c − a 5
−−→ 4
= (0 − 1)i + (5 − 3)j ∴ AM = (2i − 3j + 4k)
5
+ (3 + 2)k −−→ −−→ −−→
iii OM = AM + OA
= −i + 2j + 5k 8   −12 
−−→ √ = +1 i+ +1 j
∴ |AC| = 1 + 4 + 25 5 5
√  16 
= 30 + −5 k
5
13 7 9
= i− j− k
5 5 5
1
= (13i − 7j − 9k)
5

10
  13 7 9
b M= ,− ,− 10 Since a, b and c are linearly dependent
5 5 5 la + mb = c
∴ 2l + 4m = 2 1
9 a Assume la + mb = c
−3l + 3m = −4
2
∴ 8l + 4m = 2
1
l − 2m = x
3
5l − 3m = −1
2
3×
1 6l + 12m = 6
4
1
2l + m =
3
2×
2 − 6l + 6m = −8
5
2

1 and 3 are identical equations.
4 +
5 yields 18m = −2
Solving
1 and 2 gives
1 9 −1
l= and m = . ∴m=
22 22 9
−1
Substituting m = in
1 gives
9
4
2l − = 2
9
11
∴l=
9
Since there exists real numbers 11 −2 13
l and m, not both zero, such that ∴x= − =
9 9 9
la + mb = c, the set of vectors a, b
and c are linearly dependent. −−→
11 a i OA = 2i + j
b Assume la + mb = c −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ 8l + 4m = 2
1 ii AB = OB − OA

5l − 3m = −1
2 = (i − 3j) − (2i + j)

2l + m = 2 3 = −i − 4j
Since 1 and 3 are contradictory, a, b
−−→ −−→ −−→
and c are linearly independent. iii BC = OC − OB
= (−5i + 2j) − (i − 3j)
= −6i + 5j
−−→ −−→ −−→
iv BD = OD − OB
= (3i + 5j) − (i − 3j)
= 2i + 8j

11
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b −2AB = −2(−i − 4j) ii BC = OC − OB
= 2i + 8j = (2i + 5j + 3k) − (3i + 3j)
−−→ = −i + 2j + 3k
= BD
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ BD = −2AB iii CD = OD − OC
−−→ −−→
∴ BD is parallel to AB = (6j + k) − (2i + 5j + 3k)
c Points A, B and D are collinear. = −2i + j − 2k
−−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ iv DA = OA − OD
12 a i OB = 2i + 3j + k
= (i + 4j − 2k) − (6j + k)
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii AC = OC − OA = i − 2j − 3k
= (−j + 4k) − (i + 4j − 4k)
b ABCD is a parallelogram.
= −i − 5j + 8k
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
iii BD = OD − OB 14 a OD = OC + CD
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= (4i + 5j + 6k) = OC + AB since AB = CD
− (2i + 3j + k) −−→ −−→ −−→
= OC + OB − OA
= 2i + 2j + 5k = (−i) + (4j) − (5i + j)
−−→ −−→ −−→
iv CD = OD − OC = −6i + 3j

= (4i + 5j + 6k) − (−j + 4k) ∴ D = (−6, 3)

= 4i + 6j + 2k −−→ −−→ −−→

b OE = OA + AE
−−→ −−→ −−→
b 2OB = 2(2i + 3j + k) = OA + (− BC)
−−→ −−→ −−→
= 4i + 6j + 2k = OA − (OC − OB)
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= CD = OA − OC + OB
−−→ −−→ = (5i + j) − (−i) + (4j)
∴ CD = 2OB
−−→ −−→
∴ CD is parallel to OB = 6i + 5j
∴ E = (6, 5)
−−→ −−→ −−→
13 a i AB = OB − OA
= (3i + 3j) − (i + 4j − 2k)
= 2i − j + 2k

12
 −−→ −−→ −−→
c OG = OC + CG ∴ x = 8 and y = 4
−−→ 1 −−→ ∴ D = (8, 4)
= OC − (2GC)
2
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= OC − AB 16 a AB = OB − OA
2
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→ = (2i − j + 5k) − (i + 4j + 3k)
= OC − (OB − OA)
2 = i − 5j + 2k
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= OC − OB + OA ∴ OM = OA + AM
2 2
−−→ 1 −−→
1 1 = OA + AB
= (−i) − (4j) + (5i + j) 2
2 2 Since M is the midpoint of AB
3 3 −−→ 1
= i− j ∴ OM = (i + 4j + 3k) + (i − 5j + 2k)
2 2 2
3 3 3 3 
−−→
∴ G = ,− ∴ OM = , , 4
2 2 2 2
−−→
or Let OG = xi + yj −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ b XY = OY − OX
Then AB = 2GC
implies − 5i + 3j = 2(i − xi − yj) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ) − (x1 , y1 , z1 )

−5i + 3j = −2(x − 1)i − 2yj = (x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 )

−−→ −−→ −−→
Equating coefficients ∴ OM = OX + XM
∴ −2(x − 1) = −5 and −2y = 3 −−→ 1 −−→
3 3 = OX + XY
i.e. x = and y = − 2
 32 3  2 Since M is
 x + x y + yof XY
the midpoint
−−→ 2 z1 + z2

∴G= , − ∴ OM =
1 2
,
1
,
2 2 2 2 2

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

15 a i BC = OC − OB 17 AM = 4 MB
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= (i + 7j) − (−5i + 4j) ∴ OM − OA = 4(OB − OM)
−−→ −−→
= 6i + 3j = 4OB − 4OM
−−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ ∴ 5OM = OA + 4OB
ii AD = OD − OA
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→
= (xi + yj) − (2i + j) ∴ OM = (OA + 4OB)
5
= (x − 2)i + (y − 1)j 1
= ((5i + 4j + k) + 4(3i + j − 4k))
5
−−→ −−→ 1
b BC = AD since ABCD is a = (17i + 8j − 15k)
parallelogram 5
∴ 6i + 3j = (x − 2)i + (y − 1)j 17 8
= j + j − 3k
∴ x − 2 = 6 and y − 1 = 3  17 5 8 5
∴M= , , −3
5 5

13
 −−→ −−→
or Let OM = xi + yj + zk  a − 11to 3i + j
OP is parallel
(x − 5)i + (y − 4)j + (z − 1)k = ∴ ai + j = k(3i + j), k ∈ R \ {0}
4[(3 − x)i + (1 − y)j + (−4 − z)k] 6
Equating coefficients = 3ki + kj
17 a − 11
x − 5 = 12 − 4x ∴ x = ∴ a = 3k and =k
5  a − 11 6
8 ∴a=3
y − 4 = 4 − 4y ∴y= 6
5
a − 11
z − 1 = −16 − 4z ∴ z = −3 =
2
∴ 2a = a − 11
−11 − 11
−−→ −−→ ∴ a = −11 and b =
18 AN = 3 BN 6
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ ON − OA = 3(ON − OB) −22
=
−−→ −−→ 6
= 3ON − 3OB −11
−−→ −−→ −−→ =
∴ 2ON = 3OB − OA 3
 −11 
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→ ∴ P = −11,
∴ ON = (3OB − OA) 3
2
1
= (3(7i + j) − (4i − 3j)) −−→ −−→
2 20 AB = DC
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
1
= (17i + 6j) ∴ OB − OA = OC − OD
2 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
17 ∴ OB + OD = OA + OC
= j + 3j ∴ b + d = a + c, as required to show.
 17 2 
∴N= ,3
2
−−→ 21 a = 2i + 2j, b = 3i − j, c = 4i + 5j
or Let ON = xi + yj
−−→ −−→
Then as AN = 3 BN 1 1
−−→ 1 a i a = (2i + 2j) = i + j
∴ OM = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) + (x2 − x1 , 2 2
2
y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 )
ii b − c = (3i − j) − (4i + 5j)
(x − 4)i + (y + 3)j = 3[(x − 7)i + (y − 1)j]
Equating coefficients = −i − 6j
∴ x − 4 = 3x − 21 and y + 3 = 3y − 3
17 iii
∴x= and y = 3 3b − a − 2c
2
= 3(3i − j) − (2i + 2j) − 2(4i + 5j)
x − 11 = 9i − 3j − 2i − 2j − 8i − 10j
19 x − 6y = 11 ∴y=
6
Let P = (a, b) = −i − 15j
a − 11
∴b=
6
 a − 11 
∴ P = a,
6

14
 b ka + lb = c iii
∴ k(2i + 2j) + l(3i − j) = 4i + 5j 0.5a + 0.4b
∴ 2ki + 2kj + 3li − lj = 4i + 5j 1 2
= (5i + j − 4k) + (8i − 2j + k)
2 5
∴ (2k + 3l)i + (2k − l)j = 4i + 5j
5 1 16 4 2
Equating coefficients = i + j − 2k + i − j + k
2 2 5 5 5
∴ 2k + 3l = 4 1 and 2k − l = 5
57 3 8
∴ l = 2k − 5 2
= i− j− k
10 10 5
Substituting
2 into 1 yields
= 5.7i − 0.3j − 1.6k
2k + 3(2k − 5) = 4
∴ 2k + 6k − 15 = 4 b ka + lb = c
∴ k(5i + j − 4k) + l(8i − 2j + k)
∴ 8k = 19
= i − 7j + 6k
19
∴k=
8 ∴ 5ki + kj − 4kk + 8li − 2lj + lk
19
Substituting k = in
2 yields = i − 7j + 6k
8
19 ∴ (5k + 8l)i + (k − 2l)j + (l − 4k)k
l=2× −5
8
19 20 = i − 7j + 6k
= − Equating coefficients
4 4
1 ∴ 5k + 8l = 1 1
=−
4 k − 2l = −7
2
19 1
∴k= and l = − and l − 4k = 6
8 4
∴ l = 4k + 6
3
22 a = 5i + j − 4k, b = 8i − 2j + k, Substituting
3 in
1 yields

c = i − 7j + 6k 5k + 8(4k + 6) = 1
∴ 5k + 32k + 48 = 1
a i 2a − b
∴ 37k = −47
= 2(5i + j − 4k) − (8i − 2j + k)
−47
= 10i + 2j − 8k − 8i + 2j − k ∴k=
37
−47
= 2i + 4j − 9k Substituting k = in
3 yields
37
−47
ii a + b + c l=4× +6
37
= (5i + j − 4k) + (8i − 2j + k) −188
= +6
+ (i − 7j + 6k) 37
34
= 14i − 8j + 3k =
37
Check in :
2

15
 −47 34 two decimal places.
LHS = −2×
37 37
−47 − 68 ii 9
=
37 θ°
−115 4
=
37
a + 2b = 9i
 9− 4j
RHS = −7
∴ LHS , RHS θ = tan−1
4
Hence there are no values for k and l
≈ 23.96
such that ka + lb = c a + 2b makes an angle of 23.96◦
clockwise with the positive
23 a = 5i + 2j, b = 2i − 3j, direction of the x axis, correct to
c = 2i + j + k and d = −i + 4j + 2k two decimal places.
√ √
a i |a| = 52 + 22 = 29 iii c − d = 3i − 3j − k
√ z
ii |b| = 22 + (−3)2 = 13
p
–3 O
y
iii |a + 2b| = |5i + 2j + 2(2i − 3j)| c–d –1
θ
= |9i − 4j| 3
p
= 92 + (−4)2
√ x
= 97 The above situation can be redrawn
as the following triangle in
iv |c − d| = |2i + j + k−
three-dimensions.
(−i + 4j + 2k)| A O
= |3i − 3j − k|
p θ E
= 32 + (−3)2 + (−1)2 B C
√
= 19
G D
Consider triangle CDG.
b i
C
2 1
θ° G D
√3 √
 25  CG = 32 + 12 = 10
θ = tan−1 Now consider triangle OCG with the
5
≈ 21.80 required angle θ.
a makes an angle of 21.80◦ O
θ
anticlockwise with the positive 3
direction of the x axis, correct to G C
10

16
  √10 
angle with:
θ = tan −1
3 x axis = 130◦ , y axis = 80◦ , z axis =
≈ 46.51 41.75◦
a1 a2
c − d makes an angle of 46.51◦ with cos 130◦ = , cos 80◦ = ,
|a| |a|
the positive direction of the x axis. a3
cos 41.75 =
◦
|a|
a1 = |a| cos 130◦ = −6.43
24 a |a| = 10, x axis angle = 110◦ ,
a2 = |a| cos 80◦ = 1.74
y axis angle = 20 ◦
a1 a2 a3 = |a| cos 41.75◦ = 7.46
∴ cos 110◦ = cos 20◦ =
|a| |a| ∴ a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
a1 = |a| cos 110◦ = −3.42
a2 = |a| cos 20◦ = 9.40 = −6.43i + 1.74j + 7.46k
∴ a = a1 i + a2 j = −3.42i + 9.40j b |a| = 8,
angle with:
b
x axis = 50◦ , y axis = 54.52◦ ,
|a| = 8.5, x axis angle = 250◦ ,
z axis = 120◦
y axis angle = 160◦ a1 a2
cos 50◦ = , cos 54.52◦ = ,
a1 a2 |a| |a|
∴ cos 250◦ = cos 160◦ = a3
|a| |a| cos 120 =◦

a1 = |a| cos 250 = −2.91

◦ |a|
a1 = |a| cos 50◦ = 5.14
a2 = |a| cos 160◦ = −7.99
∴ a = a1 i + a2 j = −2.91i − 7.99j a2 = |a| cos 54.52◦ = 4.64
a3 = |a| cos 120◦ = −4.00
c |a| = 6, x axis angle = 40 , ◦
∴ a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
y axis angle = 50◦
a1 a2 = 5.14i + 4.64j − 4.00k
∴ cos 40◦ = cos 50◦ =
|a| |a| c |a| = 7,
a1 = |a| cos 40◦ = 4.60
angle with:
a2 = |a| cos 50◦ = 3.86 x axis = 28.93◦ ,
∴ a = a1 i + a2 j = 4.60i + 3.86j y axis = 110◦ , z axis = 110◦
a1 a2
cos 28.93◦ = , cos 110◦ = ,
d |a| = 5, x axis angle = 300◦ , |a| |a|
a3
y axis angle = 210◦ cos 110 =◦
|a|
∴ cos 300◦ =
a1
cos 210◦ =
a2 a1 = |a| cos 28.93◦ = 6.13
|a| |a| a2 = a3 = |a| cos 110◦ = −2.39
a1 = |a| cos 300 = 2.50
◦
∴ a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
a2 = |a| cos 210◦ = −4.33 = 6.13i − 2.39j − 2.39k
∴ a = a1 i + a2 j = 2.50 i − 4.33j
d |a| = 12,
angle with:
25 a |a| = 10,
x axis = 121.43◦ ,

17
 −−→
y axis = 35.5◦ , z axis = 75.2◦ BC = c − b
a1 a2
cos 121.43◦ = , cos 35.5◦ =
|a| |a| = −2i + 4j + 5k − (2j + 3k)
a3
cos 75.2 =
◦
= −2i + 2j + 2k
|a|
a1 = |a| cos 121.43◦ = −6.26 −−→ √
|AB| = 4 + 1 + 4 = 3
a2 = |a| cos 35.5◦ = 9.77 −−→
|AC| = 3
a3 = |a| cos 75.2◦ = 3.07 −−→ √ √ √
∴ a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k | BC| = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 = 2 3
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ |AB| = |AC| , | BC|
= −6.26i + 9.77j + 3.07k
∴ 4ABC is isosceles

a1 a2 a3 b B
26 cos α = , cos β = , cos γ =
|a| |a| |a| M C
∴ cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ −−→ −−→ −−→
OM = OB + BM
(a1 )2 (a2 )2 (a3 )2
= + + 1 −−→
|a|2 |a|2 |a|2 = 2j + 3k + BC
2
(a1 )2 + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2
= = 2j + 3k + (−i + j + k)
|a|2
= −i + 3j + 4k
(a1 )2 + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2
=
(a1 ) + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2 −−→ −−→
c AM = m − a where m = OM
=1
= (−i + 3j + 4k) − (−2i + j + 5k)
= i + 2j − k
27 a = −2i + j + 5k, b = 2j + 3k,
c = −2i + 4j + 5k −−→ √
d |AM| = 1 + 4 + 1
−−→ √
a AB = b − a = 6
= (0 + 2)i + (2 − 1)j + (3 − 5)k −−→ −−→
Area = |AM| × | BM|
= 2i + j − 2k √ p
= 6 × ( (−1)2 + 12 + 12 )
−−→ √
AC = c − a
= 18
= −2i + 4j + 5k − (−2i + j + 5k) √
=3 2
= 0i + 3j
= 3j

18
 −−→ −−→ −−→
28 OA = 5i, OC = 5j, MV = 3k 29 A
V
M B

N
C B O

M −−→ 1 −−→ 1
O A a OM = OA = a
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 −−→ 1
a OB = OA + AB ON = OB = b
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + OC MN = ON − OM
= 5i + 5j 1 1
= b− a
2 2
−−→ 1 −−→
b OM = OB 1
= (b − a)
2 2
1
= (5i + 5j) 1 −−→
= AB
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→
c OV = OM + MV −−−→ −−→ 1
b MN k AB and MN = AB
5 5 2
= i + j + 3k
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 30 a The unit vector a = a1 i + a2 j makes
d BV = BM + MV angles of −30◦ and 120◦ from the
1 −−→ −−→ positive directions of the x and y axes
= − OB + MV
2 respectively.
5 5 Now |a| = 1
= − i − j + 3k
2 2 ∴ cos(−30◦ ) = a1 and cos(120◦ ) = a2
s
 5 2  5 2 ∴ a1 = cos 30◦ a2 = − cos 60◦
−−→ √
e |OV| = + + (3)2 3 1
2 2 = =−
√ 2 2
86 √
= 3 1
2 ∴a= i− j
2 2
−−→
b Let OA = 3a be the position of
the runner with respect to her
starting point after she has run three
kilometres, √
 3 1 
−−→
∴ OA = 3 i− j
2 2
√
3 3 3
= i− j
2 2

19
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c Let AB = 5j ∴ OC = OB + BC
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ OB = OA + AB = (−80i + 20j + 40k)
 3 √3 3 + (600j + 60k)

= i − j + 5j
2 2
√ = −80i + 620j + 100k,
3 3 7 the new position vector of the hang
= i+ j
2 2 √ glider.
3 3 7
She is now at the position i+ j
2 2
from her starting point.
32 r1 = 1.5i + 2j + 0.9k
s √ p
a |r1 | = 1.52 + 22 + 0.92
 3 3 2  7 2
−−→
d Distance = |OB| = + √
2 2
r = 2.25 + 4 + 0.81
27 49 √
= + = 7.06
4 4
r
76 ≈ 2.66 km
= The distance from the origin is
4
√ 2.66 kilometres, correct to two
= 19 decimal places.
√
The runner is 19 kilometres from
her starting point. b r2 = 2i + 3j + 0.8k

−−→ i r1 − r2 = (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k)

31 a OA = 50k
− (2i + 3j + 0.8k)
−−→ −−→ −−→
b i AB = OB − OA = −0.5i − j + 0.1k
= (−80i + 20j + 40k) − (50k) p
ii |r1 − r2 | = (0.5)2 + (1)2 + 0.12
= −80i + 20j − 10k √
= 0.25 + 1 + 0.01
−−→ p √
ii |AB| = (−80)2 + 202 + (−10)2 = 1.26
√
= 6400 + 400 + 100 ≈ 1.12
√
= 6900 The distance between the two aircraft
√
= 10 69 is 1.12 kilometres, correct to two
−−→ √ decimal places.
The magnitude of AB is 10 69
metres.
c The first aircraft must fly over the
c Let C be the new position of the hang point with position vector r3 = 0.9k
glider. ∴ it must fly in the direction
−−→ r3 − r1 = 0.9k − (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k)
BC = 600j + 60k
= −1.5i − 2j

20
 −−→ −−→ −−→
A unit vector in this direction is e OT = OQ + QT
given by √ √
r3 − r1 −1.5i − 2j = −100 2 i + (50 + 100 2) j
= p
|r3 − r1 | (−1.5)2 + (−2)2 + 30k
−1.5i − 2j
= √
2.25 + 4 −−→ a1
34 a OP = a1 i + a2 j, where −−→ = cos α
1 |OP|
= √ (−1.5i − 2j) a2
6.25 and −−→ = cos β
1 |OP|
= (−1.5i − 2j) where α and β are the angles
2.5 −−→
OP makes with the easterly and
= −0.6i − 0.8j
northerly directions respectively, and
−−→
|OP| = 100.
−−→ a1 a1 a2
33 a OP = a1 i + a2 j, where −−→ = cos α ∴ = cos 45◦ and = cos 45◦
100 √ 200 √
|OP|
a2 2 2
and = cos β ∴ a1 = 100 × a2 = 100 ×
|OP| 2 2
−−→ √ √
where α and β are the angles OP = 50 2 = 50 2
−−→ √ √
makes with the easterly and northerly ∴ OP = 50 2 i + 50 2 j,
directions the position vector of point P.
−−→
respectively, and |OP| = 200.
a1 a2 −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ = cos 135◦ and = cos 45◦ b i BP = OP − OB
200 200 √ √
∴ a1 = 200 cos 135◦ a2 = 200 cos 45◦ = (50 2 i + 50 2 j) − (100i)
√ √ √
200 2 = (50 2 − 100) i + 50 2 j
= −200 cos 45 ◦
=
2
√ ii
−200 2 √ P N
= = 100 2
2
√
= −100 2 50 2
−−→ √ √
∴ OP = −100 2i + 100 2j
α
B
−−→ 100 – 50 2 √
b PQ = 50j  50 2 
−−→ −−→ −−→ α = tan−1 √
c OQ = OP + PQ 100 − 50 2
√ √
= (−100 2 i + 100 2 j) + 50j = 67.5
√ √ Bearing = (270 + 67.5)◦
= −100 2 i + (50 + 100 2) j
= 337.5◦
−−→ The bearing of P from B is
d QT = 30k
337.5◦ .

21
35 a, b and c are linearly dependent. b a, b and c are linearly dependent.
There exists real numbers p and q such There exist real numbers p and q
that: such that
a = pb + qc mi + 6j − 12k = pa + qb
Therefore mi + 6j − 12k = p(4i − j − 2k) + q(i − j + k)
i − j + 2k = p(i + 2j + mk) + q(3i + nj + k)
1 = p + 3q . . . (1) From 36a

−1 = 2p + nq . . . (2) 2a − 3b = −i − 8j + 16k
3 3
2 = mp + q . . . (3) ∴ − (2a − 3b) = i + 6j − 12k
From (2) and (3) 4 4
3
2n + 1 m+4 ∴m=
p= and q = − 4
mn − 2 mn − 2
Substitute in (1) 37 a c = m(4i − j − 2k) + (1 − m)(i − j + k)
2n − 9 ∴ c = (3m + 1)i − j + (1 − 3m)k
m=
n+3
b If c = 7i − j + pk
3m + 1 = 7 . . . (1)
36 a 2a − 3b = 2(i − j + 2k − 3(i + 2j − 4k
1 − 3m = p . . . (2)
= −i − 8j + 16k
From (1), m = 2
Substitute in (2),p = −5

22
Solutions to Exercise 2C
1 a = i − 4j + 7k, b = 2i + 3j + 3k,
c = −i − 2j + k

a a.a = (i − 4j + 7k).(i − 4j + 7k)

= 1 × 1 + −4 × −4 + 7 × 7
= 1 + 16 + 49
= 66

b b.b = (2i + 3j + 3k).(2i + 3j + 3k)

=2×2+3×3+3×3
=4+9+9
= 22 e b + c = (2i + 3j + 3k) + (−i − 2j + k)
= i + j + 4k
c c.c = (−i − 2j + k).(−i − 2j + k) ∴ a.(b + c) = (i − 4j + 7k).(i + j + 4k)
= −1 × −1 + −2 × −2 + 1 × 1 = 1 × 1 + −4 × 1 + 7 × 4
=1+4+1 = 1 − 4 + 28
=6 = 25
d a.b = (i − 4j + 7k).(2i + 3j + 3k) f
= 1 × 2 + −4 × 3 + 7 × 3 (a + b) = (i − 4j + 7k) + (2i + 3j + 3k)
= 2 − 12 + 21 = 3i − j + 10k
= 11 (a + c) = (i − 4j + 7k) + (−i − 2j + k)
A CAS calculator has the capability = −6j + 8k
to compute the dot product of two (a + b).(a + c)
vectors.
TI: Press→7: Matrix & Vector→ = (3i − j + 10k).(0i − 6j + 8k)
C:Vector→3: Dot Product = 3 × 0 + −1 × −6 + 10 × 8
CP: Tap Action→Vector→dotP = 6 + 80
The syntax for the Dot Product
between two vectors a and b is as = 86
follows.
dotP([a1 , a2 , a3 ], [b1 , b2 , b3 ])
Thus for part d

23
 g (a + 2b) = (i − 4j + 7k) e a + b = (2i − j + 3k)
+ 2(2i + 3j + 3k) + (3i + 0j − 2k)
= 5i + 2j + 13k = 5i − j + k
(3c − b) = 3(−i − 2j + k) a.(a + b) = (2i − j + 3k).(5i − j + k)
− (2i + 3j + 3k) = 2 × 5 + −1 × −1 + 3 × 1
= −5i − 9j = 10 + 1 + 3
(a + 2b).(3c − b) = 14
= (5i + 2j + 13k).(−5i − 9j + 0k)
= 5 × −5 + 2 × −9 + 13 × 0 3 a a · b = |a||b| cos θ
= −25 − 18 = 6 × 7 × cos 60◦
= −43 = 21

b a · b = |a||b| cos θ
2 a = 2i − j + 3k, b = 3i − 2k, c = −i + 3j − k
= 6 × 7 × cos 120◦
a a.a = (2i − j + 3k).(2i − j + 3k)
= −21
= 2 × 2 + −1 × −1 + 3 × 3
=4+1+9
4 a (a + 2b).(a + 2b)
= 14
= a.a + 2a.b + 2b.a + 4b.b
b b.b = (3i + 0j − 2k).(3i + 0j − 2k) = a.a + 4a.b + 4b.b
= 3 × 3 + 0 + −2 × −2
b |a + b|2 − |a − b|2
=9+4
= (a + b).(a + b) − (a − b).(a − b)
= 13
= a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b
c a.b = (2i − j + 3k).(3i + 0j − 2k) − (a.a − a.b − b.a + b.b)
= 2 × 3 + 0 + 3 × −2 = a.a + 2a.b + b.b − a.a
=6−6 + 2a.b − b.b
=0 = 4a.b

d a.c = (2i − j + 3k).(−i + 3j − k) c a.(a + b) − b.(a + b)

= 2 × −1 + −1 × 3 + 3 × −1 = (a + b).(a − b)
= −2 − 3 − 3 = a.a − a.b + b.a − b.b
= −8 = a.a − b.b

24
 a.(a + b) − a.b
d
|a|
a.a + a.b − a.b
=
|a|
a.a
=
|a|
|a|2
=
|a|
= |a|

5 a (i + 2j − 3k).(5i + xj + k) = −6
6 a = i + 2j − k, b = −i + j − 3k
∴ 5 + 2x − 3 = −6
−−→
∴ 2x = −8 a AB = b − a

∴ x = −4 = (−i + j − 3k) − (i + 2j − k)
= −2i − j − 2k
b (xi + 7j − k).(−4i + xj + 5k) = 10
−−→ p
∴ − 4x + 7x − 5 = 10 b |AB| = (−2)2 + (−1)2 + (−2)2
√
∴ 3x = 15 = 9
∴ x=5 =3
−−→
c (xi + 0j + 5k).(−2i − 3j + 3k) = x a.AB
c cos θ = −−→
∴ − 2x + 15 = x |a| |AB|
∴ 3x = 15 (i + 2j − k).(−2i − j − 2k)
∴ cos θ = √
6×3
∴ x=5
−2 − 2 + 2
∴ cos θ = √
d x(2i + 3j + k).(i + j + xk) = 6 3 6
−2
∴ x(2 + 3 + x) = 6 ∴ cos θ = √
3 6
∴ x2 + 5x − 6 = 0 √
6
∴ (x + 6)(x − 1) = 0 ∴ cos θ = −
9
∴ x = −6 or x = 1  √6 
Using the solve and dot product ∴ θ = cos−1 −
9
commands a CAS calculator could be
∴ θ = 105.8◦
used for question 8

25
 c.d −−→ −−→
7 cos θ = b OB.AC = (a + c).(c − a)
|c| |d|
= a.c − a.a + c.c − c.a
4
∴ cos θ =
5×7 = c.c − a.a
4 = |c|2 − |a|2
∴ cos θ =
35 As a rhombus has all sides of equal
A visual representation of the
length
problem is:
∴ |c| = |a|
Hence,
−−→ −−→
OB.AC = |c|2 − |a|2 = 0
−−→ −−→
OB.AC
c cos θ = −−→ −−→
|OB| |AC|
−−→ −−→
∴ cos θ = 0 since OB.AC = 0
∴ θ = 90◦
Using the cosine rule, As the angle between the two
−−→
|CD|2 = |c|2 + |d|2 − 2|c| |d| cos θ diagonals is 90◦ , this implies that the
→
− 4 diagonals of a rhombus intersect at
| CD|2 = 52 + 72 − 2(5)(7) right angles.
35
4
= 74 − 70
35 9 a = i + 3j − k, b = −4i + j + 2k,
= 66
c = −2i − 2j − 3k, d = −i + j + k
−−→ √
∴ |CD| = 66 e = 2i − j − k, f = −i + 4j − 5k
a.e = (i + 3j − k).(2i − j − k)
8 A B
= 1 × 2 + 3 × −1 + −1 × −1
=2−3+1
=0
O C
b.c = (−4i + j + 2k).(−2i − 2j − 3k)
−−→ −−→ = −4 × −2 + 1 × −2 + 2 × −3
a i AB = OC = c
−−→ −−→ −−→ =8−2−6
ii OB = OA + AB = a + c
=0
−−→ −−→ −−→
iii AC = OC − OA = c − a
d.f = (−i + j + k).(−i + 4j − 5k)
= −1 × −1 + 1 × 4 + 1 × −5
=1+4−5
=0

26
 Hence the three pairs of perpendicular 12 Before attempting this question ensure
vectors are: a and e, b and c, d and f your calculator is set to radian mode.
(i + 2j − k).(i − 4j + k)
a cos θ = √ √
10 a = i + 4j − 4k, b = 2i + 5j − k and 6 × 18
−−→
OP = qb 1−8−1
∴ cos θ = √
−−→ −−→ −−→ 6 3
a AP = OP − OA
4
= qb − a ∴ cos θ = − √
3 3
−−→ ∴ θ = 2.45c
b AP = qb − a
= q(2i + 5j − k) − (i + 4j − 4k) (−2i + j + 3k).(−2i − 2j + k)
b cos θ = √
−−→ −−→ 14 × 3
Using AP · OB = 0
4−2+3
(2q − 1) × 2 + (5q − 4) × 5 + (4 − q) × ∴ cos θ = √
3 14
−1 = 0
5
∴ 4q − 2 + 25q − 20 − 4 + q = 0 ∴ cos θ = √
3 14
∴ 30q = 26
13 ∴ θ = 1.11c
∴q=
15
(2i − j − 3k).(4i + 0j − 2k)
−−→ 13 c cos θ = √ √
c OP = − (2i + 5j − k) 14 × 20
15 8+6
26 13 13 ∴ cos θ = √
= i+ j− k 2 70
15 3 15
7
∴ cos θ = √
 26 13 13 
∴P= , ,− 70
15 3 15
∴ θ = 0.580c
11 (xi + 2j + yk).(i + j + k) = 0 (7i + 0j + k).(−i + j − 3k)
d cos θ = √ √
∴ x+2+y=0 50 × 11
∴ x + y = −2 −7 − 3
1 ∴ cos θ = √
5 22
(xi + 2j + yk).(4i + j + 2k) = 0
2
∴ 4x + 2 + 2y = 0 ∴ cos θ = − √
22
∴ 4x + 2y = −2
2 ∴ θ = 2.01c

1 × 4 − 2 gives Using a CAS calculator for part c and
2y = −6 d we have
∴ y = −3
Substituting y = −3 into 1 gives
∴ x = −2 + 3 = 1
∴ x = 1 and y = −3
= [(2q − 1)i + (5q − 4)j + (4 − q)k]

27
 −−→ −−→
OA · OM
b cos θ = −−→ −−→
|OA| |OM|
3 
(i + j + k) · i + j + 0k
2
∴ cos θ = r
√ 13
3×
4
3
+1
2
∴ cos θ = √
39
2
5
13 Given: a.b = 0, a , 0 and b , 0.
∴ cos θ = √2
Using the scalar product, 39
a.b = |a| |b| cos θ 2
∴ 0 = |a| |b| cos θ (since a.b = 0) ∴ cos θ = √
5
Now since a , 0 and b , 0 this implies 39
that |a| , 0 and |b| , 0. ∴ θ = 36.81◦
0 −−→ −−→
∴ cos θ = MB · MO
|a| |b| c cos θ = −−→ −−→
| MB| | MO|
∴ cos θ = 0(since |a| and |b| are both non-zero) 1  3
∴ θ = 90◦

i + 0j − k . − i − j + 0k
2 2
Thus, since the angle between the ∴ cos θ = r r
5 13
two vectors a and b is 90◦ , they are ×
4 4
perpendicular to each other.
3 4
∴ cos θ = − × √
4 65
14 a = i + j + k, b = 2i + j − k 3
∴ cos θ = − √
and M is the midpoint of AB. 65
−−→ ∴ θ = 111.85◦
a AB = b − a
= (2i + j − k) − (i + j + k) −−→ −−→ −−→
15 a i GB = GF + FB
= i − 2k −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→ = OA + DO
OM = OA + AB
2 −−→ −−→
= OA − OD
1
= (i + j + k) + (i − 2k)
2 = 3j − i
−−→ 3 = −i + 3j
∴ OM = i + j
2

28
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 −−→
ii GE = GF + FE ii ON = OA + AC
−−→ −−→ 2
= OA − OC −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
 
= OA + OC − OA
= 3j − 2k 2
1
−−→ −−→ = 4i + (−6i + 7k)
GB · GE 2
b cos θ = −−→ 7 1
|GB| |GE| ∴ ON = i + k = (2i + 7k)
(−i + 3j + 0k).(0i + 3j − 2k) 2 2
∴ cos θ = √ √
10 × 13 b
−−→ −−→
9 OM.ON
∴ cos θ = √ cos θ =
130 |OM| |ON|
∴ θ = 37.87◦  5  7 
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2i + j + 0k . i + 0j + k
c CE = CG + GF + FE 2 2
∴ cos θ = r r
−−→ −−→ −−→ 41 53
= OD + OA − OC ×
4 4
= j + 3j − 2k 4 8
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ ∴ cos θ = 2 × √ = √
GA = GF + FE + EA 2173 2173
∴ θ = 80.12◦
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA − OC − OD −−→ −−→
OM.OC
= 3j − 2k − i c cos θ =
|OM| |OC|
= −i + 3j − 2k 5
 
2i + j + 0k .(−2i + 0j + 7k)
−−→ −−→ 2
CE.GA ∴ cos θ =
cos θ =
r
41 √
|CE| |GA| × 53
4
(i + 3j − 2k).(−i + 3j − 2k)
∴ cos θ = √ √ ∴ cos θ = −4 × √
2
=−√
8
14 × 14 2173 2173
12 ∴ θ = 99.88◦
∴ cos θ =
14
6 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ cos θ = 17 CE = CO + OA + AE
7
∴ θ = 31.00◦ −−→ −−→ −−→
= −OC + OA + OD

−−→ −−→ 1 −−→ = −(−i + j + 2k) + 3j + (2i − j)

16 a i OM = OA + AB
2 = 3i + j − 2k
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→
  −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + OB − OA DB = DO + OA + AB
2 −−→ −−→ −−→
1 = −OD + OA + OC
= 4i + (−4i + 5j)
2 = −(2i − j) + 3j + (−i + j + 2k)
−−→ 5 1
∴ OM = 2i + j = (4i + 5j) = −3i + 5j + 2k
2 2
Let M be the midpoint of CE.
−−→
CE = 3i + j − 2k

29
 −−→ 1 Thus M is the midpoint of DB.
⇒ CM = (3i + j − 2k)
2 Therefore the diagonals bisect each
−−→ −−→ −−→
MB = MC + CB other.
−−→ −−→
1 CE.DB
= − (3i + j − 2k) + 3j cos θ =
2 |CE| |DB|
3 5
=− i+ j+k (3i + j − 2k).(−3i + 5j + 2k)
2 2 ∴ cos θ = √ √
14 × 38
1
= (−3i + 5j + 2k) −9 + 5 − 4
2 ∴ cos θ = √
−−−→ −−→ −−→ 2 133
DM = DE + EM
4
−−→ −−→ ∴ cos θ = − √
= OA − CM 133
1 ∴ θ = 110.29◦
= 3j − (3i + j − 2k) Acute angle = 180 − 110.29 = 69.71◦
2
3 5
=− i+ j+k
2 2
1
= (−3i + 5j + 2k)
2
−−→
= MB

30
Solutions to Exercise 2D
1 a a = j + 3j − k 2 a = 3i + 4j − k, b = i − j − k
√ √ √ √
|a| = 1 + 9 + 1 = 11 a i |a| = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26
1
∴ â = √ (i + 3j − k) 1
∴ â = √ (3i + 4j − k)
11 26
√ √
11
∴ â = (i + 3j − k) ∴ â =
26
(3i + 4j − k)
11 26
b b = j + 2j + 2k √
ii |b| = (1)2 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = 3
p
√ √
|b| = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 = 3 √
b If a vector is 3√× â
1 √
∴ b̂ = (i + 2j + 2k) then 3 × â =
78
(3i + 4j − k)
3 26
−−→
c c = AB
3 a = 2i − 2j − k, b = 3i + 4k
=b−a
√
= −j + 3k a i |a| = 4 + 4 + 1 = 3
√ √
∴ |c| = 1 + 9 = 10 1
∴ â = (2i − 2j − k)
1 3
∴ ĉ = √ (−j + 3k) √
√
10 ii |b| = 9 + 16 = 5
10 1
∴ ĉ = (−j + 3k) ∴ b̂ = (3i + 4k)
10 5
A CAS calculator has the ability to
calculate a unit vector as follows: b Consider â + b̂ and let θ = ∠AOB
TI: Press Menu→7: Matrix &
â
Vector→C: Vector→1: Unit Vector θ
CP: Tap Action → Vector → unitV O b̂
For part a. type unitV([1,3,-1]) The resulting vector of adding â + b̂
will bisect ∠AOB.
1 1
θ 180 – θ
2

1 1
â + b̂ = (2i − 2j − k) + (3i + 4k)
3 5
5 3
= (2i − 2j − k) + (3i + 4k)
15 15
1
= (19i − 10j + 7k)
15

31
 1 p 2 a.b
∴ |â + b̂| = 19 + 102 + 72 5 scalar resolute =
15 |b|
√
510
= a a = 2i + j, b = i
15
∴ the unit vector that bisects ∠AOB is a.b = 2, |b| = 1
1
(19i − 10j + 7k) ∴ scalar resolute = 2
15
√
510 b a = 3i + j − 3k,
√ c = i − 2j
15 a.c = 1, |c| = 5 √
1 1 5
= √ (19i − 10j + 7k) ∴ scalar resolute = √ =
510 5 5
√
510 √
= (19i − 10j + 7k) c b = 2j +√k, a = 2i √
+ 3j √
510
b.a = 2 3, |a| = 4 +√3 = 7√
2 3 2 21
4 a a = i + 3j, b = i − 4j + k ∴ scalar resolute = √ =
7 7
vector resolute of a in the direction of
a.b √
b= b c = −i + 4j
d b = i − 5 j, √
b.b √
a.b = 1 − 12 = −11 b.c = −1 − 4 5, |c| = 17 √
−(1 + 4 5)
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18 ∴ scalar resolute = √
−11 17
∴ vector = (i − 4j + k) √ √
18 − 17(1 + 4 5)
=
17
b a = i − 3k, b = i − 4j + k
a.b = 1 − 3 = −2 6 a a = 2i + j + k, b = 5i − k
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18 vector resolute of a in the direction of
a.b
vector resolute of a in the direction of b= b
a.b b.b
b= b a.b = 10 − 1 = 9
b.b
=
−1
(i − 4j + k) b.b = 25 + 1 = 26
9 9
∴ vector resolute = (5i − k)
26
c a = 4i − j + 3k, b = 4i − k perpendicular component
9
a.b = 16 − 3 = 13 = a − (5i − k)
26
b.b = 16 + 1 = 17 9
vector resolute of a in the direction of = (2i + j + k) − (5i − k)
a.b 26
b= b 26 9
b.b = (2i + j + k) − (5i − k)
13 26 26
= (4i − k) 1
17 = (7i + 26j + 35k)
26

32
 Check: Check:
(7i + 26j + 35k).(5i − k) = 35 − 35 = 0 (2i + 2j − k).(−7i + 11j + 8k)
∴ rectangular components give = (−14 + 22 − 8) = 0
9 1
a = (5i − k) + (7i + 26j + 35k) ∴ rectangular components give
26 26 −1
a= (2i + 2j − k)
b a = 3i + j, b = i + k 9
vector resolute of a in the direction of 1
a.b + (−7i + 11j + 8k)
b= b 9
b.b
a.b = 3
7 a = i + 3j − k, b = j + k
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
3 a vector resolute of a in the direction of
∴ vector resolute = (i + k) a.b
2 b= b
perpendicular component b.b
3 a.b = 3 − 1 = 2
= a − (i + k)
2
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
3 3
= 3i + j − i − k ∴ vector resolute = j + k
2 2
3 3 b perpendicular component
= i+j− k
2 2 = a − ( j + k)
Check: !
3 3 3 3 = (i + 3j − k) − ( j + k)
i + j − k .(i + k) = − = 0
2 2 2 2
∴ rectangular components give = i + 2j − 2k
√
Magnitude = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3
!
3 3 3
a = (i + k) + i + j − k
2 2 2 ∴ unit vector through A perpendicular
1
to OB is (i + 2j − 2k)
c a = −i + j + k, b = 2i + 2j − k 3
vector resolute of a in the direction of
a.b
b= b 8 a a = 4i + j, b = i − j − k
b.b
a.b = −2 + 2 − 1 = −1 a.b = (4 × 1) + (1 × −1) + (0 × −1)
b.b = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 =3
−1 b.b = (1)2 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = 3
∴ vector resolute = (2i + 2j − k)
9 vector resolute of a in the direction of
perpendicular component a.b
"
−1
# b = b
=a− (2i + 2j − k) b.b
9 3
= (i − j − k)
1 3
= (−i + j + k) + (2i + 2j − k)
9 =i−j−k
9 1
= (−i + j + k) + (2i + 2j − k)
9 9
1
= (−7i + 11j + 8k)
9

33
 !
b perpendicular component −−→ 3
= AB − (i − 5j)
= a − (i − j − k) 13
= 4i + j − (i − j − k) 3
= (i − j − 2k) − (i − 5j)
13
= 3i + 2j + k 1
= (10i + 2j − 26k)
c magnitude of perpendicular 13
√ √ 2
component = 32 + 22 + 12 = 14 = (5i + j − 13k)
13
2 √
magnitude = 25 + 1 + 169
9 a = i + 2j + k, b = 2i + j − k, c = 2i − 3j + k 13
2 √
−−→ = 195
a i AB = b − a 13 √
2 195
= (2i + j − k) − (i + 2j + k) ∴ shortest distance = units
13
= i − j − 2k
d B
−−→
ii AC = c − a
C
= (2i − 3j + k) − (i + 2j + k) A
−−→ √ √
= i − 5j |AC| = 1 + 25 = 26 √
1√ 2 195
−−→ −−→ ∴ area 4ABC = 26 ×
AB.AC −−→ 2 13
b vector resolute = −−→ −−→ AC √
AC.AC 5070
−−→ −−→ =
AB.AC = 1 + 5 = 6 13
√
−−→ −−→ = 30 square units
AC.AC = 1 + 25 = 26
6
∴ vector resolute = (i − 5j)
26 10 a a = i − 3j − 2k, b = 5i + j + k
3
= (i − 5j) ∴ a.b = 5 − 3 − 2 = 0
13 ∴a⊥b
c B c.a
b i c = 2i − k, d = a
a.a
C c.a = 2 + 2 = 4
A a.a = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
Shortest distance is perpendicular
2
distance. perpendicular component ∴ d = (i − 3j − 2k)
7

34
 c.b 1
ii e = b d f .a = (i + 11j − 16k).
b.b 21
c.b = (2i − k).(5i + j + k) (i − 3j − 2k)
= 10 − 1 1
= (1 − 33 + 32)
=9 21
=0
b.b = 25 + 1 + 1 = 27
1 ∴ f⊥ a
∴ e = (5i + j + k)
3 1
f .b = (i + 11j − 16k).
21
c c=d+e+f
∴f =c−d−e (5i + j + k)
1
2
= 2i − k − (i − 3j − 2k) = (5 + 11 − 16)
7 21
1 =0
− (5i + j + k)
3 ∴ f⊥ b
42 21 6 18 12
= i− k− i+ j+ k
21 21 21 21 21
35 7 7
− i− j− k
21 21 21
1 11 16
= i+ j− k
21 21 21
1
= (i + 11j − 16k)
21

35
Solutions to Exercise 2E
1 a

AR : RB = 2 : 1
−−→ −−→ 2 −−→
∴ OR = OA + AB
3
2 −−→
= a + AB
3
2
= a + (b − a)
3
1 2
= a+ b
3 3
b AR : RB = 3 : 2
−−→ −−→ 3 −−→
∴ OR = OA + AB
5
3 −−→
= a + AB
5
3
= a + (b − a)
5
2 3
= a+ b
5 5

−−→ 1 −−→
2 a AR = AB
2
−−→ 1 −−→
OR = a + AB
2
1
= a + (b − a)
2
1 1
= a+ b
2 2
−−→ 5 5
∴ OR = i − j + k
2 2

36
 −−→ 4 −−→
b AR = AB
3
−−→ 4 −−→
OR = a + AB
3
4
= a + (b − a)
3
1 4
=− a+ b
3 3
−−→ 5 8
∴ OR = i − j
3 3
−−→ 1 −−→
c AR = − AB
3
−−→ 1 −−→
OR = a − AB
3
1
= a − (b − a)
3
4 1
= a− b
3 3
−−→ 10 2
∴ OR = i + j + 5k
3 3

−−→ −−→ −−→

3 OP = a, OQ = 3a − 4b, OR = 4a − 6b
−−→ −−→ −−→
a PQ = OQ − OP
= 2a − 4b
−−→ −−→ −−→
PR = OR − OP
= 3a − 6b
−−→ 2 −−→
∴ PQ = PR
3
∴ P, Q and R are collinear.
−−→ −−→ −−→
b QR = OR − OQ
= a − 2b
−−→
PQ = 2a − 4b
−−→ −−→
∴ PQ = 2QR
∴ PQ : QR = 2 : 1

37
4

−−→ 1
a OC = ((x + a)i + yj)
2
−−→ −−→
b If OC ⊥ AB then OC · AB = 0
1
( ((x + a)i + yj)) · (x − a)i + yj = 0
2
x2 − a2 + y2 = 0
x2 + y2 = a2

−−→ 1
a OM = a
5
−−→ −−→ −−→
OP = OM + MP
1 1 −−→
= a+ MB
5 6
1 1 1
= a+ (− a + b)
5 6 5
1 1
= a+ b
6 6
−−→
Also OU = a + b
∴ P is on diagonal OU.

b OP : PU = 1 : 5

38
6

−−→
OA = −4i + 3j
−−→
OC = 3i + 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
a OB = OA + OC = −i + 7j
−−→ 1 −−→ 1
b BD = BA = (−3i − 4j)
3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→
OD = OA + AD
2
= (−4i + 3j) + (3i + 4j)
3
17
= −2i + j
3
−−→ −−→ −−→
c OE = (1 − λ)OA + λOC
= (7λ − 4)i + (3 + λ)j
We can also write
−−→ −−→
OE = µOD
−−→ 17
∴ OE = µ(−2i + j)
3
∴ 7λ − 4 = −2µ . . . (1)
17
3+λ= µ . . . (2)
3
2
Therefore λ =
5

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

7 a OA · OB = |OA||OB| cos θ ∴ −5 = 5 × 3 cos θ
1
cos θ = −
3
∴ θ is obtuse.
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 −−→
b i OP = OA + OB
2 2
= 2i + j + k

39
 −−→ −−→ −−→
ii AB = OB − OA
= −2i + 2j − 6k
Now P, A and B are collinear. Therefore there is a real number λ such that:
−−→ −−→ −−→
OP = λOA + (1 − λ)OB
−−→
∴ OP = (1 + 2λ)i + (2 − 2λ)j + (6λ − 2)k
−−→ −−→
OP ⊥ AB ⇒OP · AB = 0
−2(2 + λ) + 2(2 − 2λ) − 6(6λ − 2) = 0
7
∴λ=
22
−−→ 18 15 1
∴ OP = i + j − k
11 11 11
−−→
iii OP = (1 + 2λ)i + (2 − 2λ)j + (6λ − 2)k
Because of the bisection of ∠AOB
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
OA · OP OB · OP
−−→ = −−→
|OA| |OB|
3(1 + 2λ) + 4(6λ − 2) 1 + 2λ + 2(2 − 2λ) − 2(6λ − 2)
∴ =
5 3
3
∴λ=
8
−−→ 7 5 1
∴ OP = i + j + k
4 4 4

40
Solutions to Exercise 2F
1 Required to prove that the diagonals of a B R C
parallelogram bisect each other.
A B
Q S
M

A T D
D C ABCD is a rectangle.
ABCD is a parallelogram. Let Q, R, S and T be the midpoints of
−−→
Let AD = a AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
−−→ −−→
Let AB = b Let AD = a
Let M be the midpoint of AC. −−→ 1 1
−−→ ⇒ AT = AD = a
AC = b + a 2 2
−−→
Let AB = b
−−→ 1
⇒ AM = (a + b) ⇒
2 −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 1 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ QT = AT − AQ = a − b = (a − b)
BM = −AB + AM 2 2 2
−−→ −−→ 1
1 CR = −AT = − a
= −b + (a + b) 2
2
−−→ −−→ 1
1 CS = −AQ− = − b
= (a − b) 2
2 −−→ −−→ −−→
−−−→ −−→ −−→ RS = CS − CR
MD = −AM + AD !
1 1
1
= − (a + b) + a =− b− − a
2 2 2
1 1
= (a − b) = (a − b)
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→
= BM ∴ QT = RS
Thus M is the midpoint BD. i.e. QT is parallel to RS and they are
Therefore the diagonals of a equal in length. ! !
parallelogram bisect each other.
−−→2 1 1
QT  = (a − b) . (a − b)
2 2
1
2 Required to prove that if the midpoints = (a − b).(a − b)
4
of the sides of a rectangle are joined 1
then a rhombus is formed. = (a.a − 2a.b + b.b)
4
1
= (a.a + b.b)
4
since a.b = 0 (as they are perpendicular)

41
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
T S = AT + AQ QR = QB + BR
1 1 −−→ −−→
= a+ b = OS − OP
2 2 !
1 1 1
= (a + b) = b− a
2 2 2
 2 1
! !
−
−→ 1 1 = (b − a)
T S  = (a + b) . (a + b)
2 2 2
−−→ −−→
1 ∴ PS = QR
= (a + b).(a + b) i.e. PS is parallel to QR and they are
4
1 equal in length. !
= (a.a + 2a.b + b.b)
!
−−→ 2 1 1
4 |PS | = (b − a) . (b − a)
1 2 2
= (a.a + b.b) 1
4 = (b − a).(b − a)
since a.b = 0 (as they are 4
perpendicular) 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ = (b.b − 2a.b + b.b)
∴ |QT |2 = |T S |2 ⇒ |QT | = |T S | 4
1
So since = (a.a + b.b)
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 4
QT = RS and |QT | = |T S | since a.b = 0 (as they are
i.e. one pair of opposite sides are equal perpendicular)
and parallel and adjacent sides are of −→ −−→ −−→
SR = OS + OP
equal length.
1
∴ QRS T is a rhombus. = (a + b)
2 ! !
−→ 2 1 1
∴ |SR| = (a + b) . (a + b)
3 Required to prove that if the midpoints 2 2
of the sides of a square are joined then 1
= (a + b).(a + b)
another square are is formed. 4
Q 1
A B = (a.a + 2a.b + b.b)
4
1
= (a.a + b.b)
4
P R since a.b = 0 (as they are
perpendicular)
−−→ −→ −−→ −−→
∴ |PS |2 = |SR|2 ⇒ |PS | = |S R|
O S C OABC is a square.
Let P, Q, R and S be the midpoints of So since
−−→ −−→ −−→ −→
OA, AB, BC and CO respectively. PS = QR and |PS | = |SR|, PSRQ is a
Let rhombus.
−−→ −−→
OA = a and OC = b
−−→ 1 −−→ 1
∴ OP = a and OS = b
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
∴ PS = OS − OP = (b − a)
2

42
 −−→ −→ 1 1 Thus the median to the base of an
PS .SR = (b − a). (a + b)
2 2 isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the
1
= (b.b − a.a) base.
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
4 OM = OA + AM = a + (b − a) =
1 2
= (|b|2 − |a|2 ) 1
4 (b + a)
As a rhombus has all sides of equal 2
length. 5 Required to prove that if the diagonals
∴ |a| = |b| of a parallelogram are of equal length
Hence then the parallelogram is a rectangle.
−−→ −→
PS .SR = 0
C B
∴ ∠PSR = 90◦
Therefore PSRQ is a square.

4 Required to prove that the median

to the base of an isosceles triangle is
perpendicular to the base. O A
O OABC is a parallelogram.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Let OA = a, OC = b and |OB| = |CA|
−−→ −−→ −−→
OB = OA + OC = a + b
−−→ −−→ −−→
CA = OA − OC = a − b
−−→
|OB|2 = (a + b).(a + b)
= a.a + 2a.b + b.b
A M B −−→
|CA|2 = (a − b).(a − b)
M is the midpoint of AB.
−−→ −−→ = a.a − 2a.b + b.b
Let OA = a and OB = b
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 Since
AM = AB = (b − a) −−→ −−→ −−→
2 2 |OB| = |CA| = |OB|2 = |CA|2
−−→ −−→ 1 1 ∴ a.a + 2a.b + b.b = a.a − 2a.b + b.b
AM.OM = (b − a). (b + a) ∴ 4a.b = 0
2 2
1 ∴ a.b = 0
= (b.b − a.a) ∴ ∠COA = 90◦
4
1 Hence the parallelogram OABC is a
= (|b|2 − |a|2 )
4 rectangle.
As an isosceles triangle has two sides of
equal length.
∴ |b| = |a| 6 Required to prove that the midpoint of
Hence the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
−−→ −−→
AM.OM = 0 is equidistant from the three vertices of
∴ ∠OMA = 90◦ the triangle.

43
ABC is a triangle. 7 Required to prove that the sum of the
C squares of the lengths of the diagonals
of any parallelogram is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the sides.
M R Q

A B
Let M be the midpoint of BA.
−−→ −−→ O P
Let AB = a and AC = b −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ Let OP = a and OR = b
CB = AB − AC = a − b −−→
OQ = a + b
−−→ 1
∴ CM = (a − b) −−→
2 RP = a − b
−−→ −−→ 1 So
BM = −CM = − (a − b) −−→ −−→
|OQ|2 + |RP|2
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 = (a + b).(a + b) + (a − b).(a − b)
AM = AC + CM = (a + b)
2
−−→ 1 1 = a.a + 2a.b + b.b + a.a − 2a.b
|CM|2 = (a − b). (a − b)
2 2 + b.b
1
= (a.a − 2a.b + b.b) = a.a + b.b + a.a + b.b
4
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
1 = |OP|2 + |PQ|2 + |RQ|2 + |OR|2
= (a.a + b.b)
4 as required to prove.
(since a and b are perpendicular,
a.b = 0)
−−→ 1 1 8 Required to prove that if the midpoints
| BM|2 = − (a − b). − (a − b)
2 2 of the sides of a quadrilateral are joined
1 then a parallelogram if formed.
= (a.a − 2a.b + b.b)
4 A
1
= (a.a + b.b) P
4 S B
(since a and b are perpendicular,
a.b = 0)
−−→ 1 1
|AM|2 = (a + b). (a + b) D
2 2
1 Q
= (a.a + b.b) R
4
(since a and b are perpendicular,
a.b = 0)
−−→ −−→ −−→ C
∴ |CM|2 = | BM|2 = |AM|2 ABCD is a quadrilateral. P, Q, R and S
Thus the midpoint of the hypotenuse is are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC,
equidistant from the three vertices.

44
 CD and DA respectively. −−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
DM = AM − AD = a − b
−−→ 1 −−→ 2
AS = AD
2 −−→ 2 −−−→ 2
DP = DM =
−−→ 1 −−→ 3 3
AP = AB !
2 1 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ a − b = (a − 2b)
S P = AP − AS 2 3
−−→ −−→ −−→
=
1 −−→ 1 −−→
AB − AD AP = AD + DP
2 2 1
1 −−→ −−→ = (a + b)
= (AB − AD) 3
2 1 −−→
1 −−→ = AC
= DB 3
2 −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ 1 −−→ PC = DC − DP
∴ S P = DB
2 1
Similarly, = a − (a − 2b)
−−→ 1 −−→ 3
CR = CD 2
2 = (a + b)
−−→ 1 −−→ 3
CQ = CB 2 −−→
2 = AC
−−→ −−→ −−→ 3
RQ = RC + CQ Therefore P is a point of trisection of
1 −−→ 1 −−→ AC nearer to A.
= CB − CD
2 2 Since AP k PC k AC this implies that A,
1 −−→ −−→ P and C are collinear.
= (CB − CD)2
2 Thus A, P and C are collinear and P is a
1 −−→ point of trisection of AC.
= DB
2 As required to prove.
−−→ 1 −−→
∴ RQ = DB
2
−→ −−→
Thus SP = RQ meaning SP k RQ and 10 D C
SP = RQ
Hence PQRS is a parallelogram. Q

P
9 D C
A B
−−→ −−→
Let AD = b and AB = a
P

A M B
−−→ −−→
Let AD = b and AB = a

45
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
AC = a + b AC = −OA + OC
−−→ −−→ −−→
DB = a − b = OA − OD
−−→ 2 −−→
DP = DA = −d − a
3 −−→ −−→
AC.AD = (−d − a).(d − a)
2 −−→ 2
= (−AD) = − b = −d.d + d.a
3 3
−−→ 1 −−→ 1
DQ = DB = (a − b) − a.d + a.a
3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→ = a.a − d.d
PQ = DQ − DP
= |a|2 − |d|2
1  2 
Since OA and OD are the radius of the
= (a − b) − − b
3 3 circle
1 1 ∴ |a| = |d|
= a+ b
3 3 Hence
1 −−→ −−→
= (a + b) AC.AD = 0
3 ∴ ∠CAD = 90◦
1 −−→
= AC Therefore ACBD is a rectangle.
3
−−→ 1 −−→
∴ PQ = AC
3 12 O
Thus PQ is parallel to AC.

11
a b
A C

O
A M B
D B
−−→
a i AB = b − a
−−→ 1 −−→ 1
Required to prove that ACBD is a ∴ AM = AB = (b − a)
2 2
rectangle.
AB and CD are the diameters of the −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OM = OA + AM
circle, hence AB = CD.
−−→ −−→ 1
Let OA = a and OD = d = a + (b − a)
−−→ −−→ −−→ 2
AD = OD − OA = d − a 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ = (a + b)
CB = −OA + OD = d − a 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
So since AD = CD ⇒ AD = CB and −−→ −−→ 1 1
−−→ −−→ b AM.AM = (b − a). (b − a)
ADCB 2 2
∴ ACBD is a parallelogram. 1
= (b.b − 2a.b + a.a)
4

46
 −−→ −−→ 1 1 −−→ −−→ −−→
OM.OM = (a + b). (a + b) PC = OC − OP
2 2
1
1 = 2b − (a + 4b)
= (a.a + 2a.b + b.b) 3
4
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 2
AM.AM + OM.OM =− a+ b
1  1  3 3
= 2 a.a + 2 b.b 1
= (2b − a)
4 4 3
1 1 −−→ −−→ −−→
= a.a + b.b AP = OP − OA
2 2
1
1 = (a + 4b) − a
= (a.a + b.b) 3
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 2 4
∴ AM.AM + OM.OM = (a.a + b.b) =− a+ b
2 3 3
2
c Prove OA2 + OB2 = 2OM 2 + 2AM 2 = (2b − a)
3
RHS −−→
2OM 2 + 2AM 2 = 2(OM 2 + AM 2 ) = 2PC
−−→ −−→
Thus since AP = 2PC, A, P and C are
= 2(OM.OM + AM.AM)
! collinear.
1
= 2 (a.a + b.b)
2 b D, B and P are collinear if there exist
−−→ −−→
a k ∈ R \{0} such that DB = k BP
(from part b) −−→ −−→ −−→
DB = DO + OB = a + b
= a.a + b.b −−→ −−→
(Since DO = OA)
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA2 + OB2 BP = OP − OB
1
= (a + 4b) − b
13 A 3
1 1
= a+ b
3 3
1
= (a + b)
O C 3
B −−→
= DB
−−→ −−→
D Thus since DB = 3 BP, D, B and P
O is the midpoint of AD and B is the are collinear.
midpoint of OC. −−→ −−−→
c Since DB = 3BP
a A, P and C are collinear ifthere exist ∴ DB:BP = 3:1
a
−−→ −−→
k ∈ R \{0} such that AP = k PC

47
14 A 15 T V S

P Q

O v s
t U
B
u
−−→ 2 −−→ −−→ −−→
AP = AB and OQ = 3OP
3
O r R
−−→ −−→ −−→
a i OP = OA + AP
−−→ −−→ −−→
2 −−→ a OS = OR + RS
= a + AB
3 −−→ −−→
= OR + OT
2
= a + (b − a)
3 =r+t
2 1 ∴s=r+t
= b+ a
3 3
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ OP = (a + 2b) b OV = OS + S V
3
1
−−→ −−→ =s− r
ii OQ = 3OP = a + 2b 2
1
−−→ −−→ −−→ = s − (s − t) since s = r + t
iii AQ = AP + PQ 2
2 −−→ −−→ 1
= (b − a) + (OQ − OP) = (s + t)
3 2
2 1
= (b − a) ∴ v = (s + t)
3 2
 1  −−→ −−→ −−→
+ a + 2b − (a + 2b) c OU = OR + RS
3
2 2 2 4 1
= b− a+ a+ b =r+ t
3 3 3 3 2
1
= 2b = r + (s − r) since s = r + t
2
−−→ −−→ 1
b AQ = 2b = 2OB = (r + s)
−−→ −−→ 2
∴ AQ = 2OB
−−→ −−→ 1
Therefore AQ is parallel to OB ∴ u = (r + s)
2

48
 ∴ 3x + y = 14
!
1 1 1
4(u + v) = 4 (r + s) + (s + t)
2 2 As the point F lies on the extended
= 2(r + s) + 2(s + t) line DC
−−→ −−→
⇒ DF = αDC
= 2r + 2s + 2s + 2t −−→
∴ DF = α(i − j) = αi − αj
= 2r + 3s + s + 2t Also,
−−→
= 2r + 3s + (r + t) + 2t DF = f − d = (x + 2)i + (y − 8)j
Hence
= 3r + 3s + 3t
α = x + 2 and −α = y − 8
= 3(r + s + t) ∴ −(x + 2) = y − 8
as required. ∴ x+y=6
∴y=6−x 2

16 a = i + 11j, b = 2i + 8j, c = −i + 7j, Substituing 2 into

1 gives
2x = 8
d = −2i + 8j, e = −4i + 6j
∴x=4
−−→
a AD = d − a = −3i − 3j Substituting x = 4 into
2 gives y = 2

−−→ ∴ x = 4 and y = 2
AE = e − a = −5i − 5j Thus f = 4i + 2j
−−→ 5 −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ AE = AD = AEAD −−→
3 d FD = d − f = −6i + 6j
∴ E lies on the line DA.
−−→ −−→ −−→
BC = c − b = −3i − j EA = −AE = 5i + 5j
−−→ −−→ −−→
BE = e − b = −6i − 2j EB = − BE = 6i + 2j
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ BE = 2 BC ⇒ BE BC AF = f − a = 3i − 9j
∴ E lies on the line BC. −−→ −−→
FD.EA = (−6i + 6j).(5i + 5j)
−−→
b AB = b − a = i − 3j = −30 + 30
−−→
DC = c − d = i − j
=0
−−→ −−→
c Let the point F have position vector ∴ FD ⊥ AF
−−→ −−→
f = xi + yj. EB.AF = (6i + 2j)(3i − 9j)
As the point F lies on the extended = 18 − 18
line AB
−−→ −−→ =0
⇒ AF = AB −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ ∴ EB ⊥ AF
∴ AF = k AB
−−→ as required.
∴ AF = k(i − 3j) = ki − 3kj
Also,
−−→ e Since ∠EDF and ∠EBF are at
AF = f − a = (x − 1)i + (y − 11)j
right-angles this implies that EF is
Hence
the diameter of the circle (angles in a
k = x − 1 and −3k = y − 11
semicircle).
∴ −3(x − 1) = y − 11

49
 The centre of the circle is the 18 R B
A
midpoint of EF and has position
vector
e+f (−4i + 6j) + (4i + 2j)
=
2 2
8j P
= Q
2
O
= 4j −−→ −−→ −−→
Hence the position vector of the OQ = OP + PQ
centre of the circle through E, D, B 1 −−→ −−→
= OA + RB
and F is 4j. 4
1 2 −−→
= a + AB
4 3
17 C D
1 2 −−→ −−→
= a + (OB − OA)
4 3
1 2
= a + (b − a)
E 4 3
2 5
= b− b
3 12
Therefore the position vector of Q is
O A B 2 5
Given: b− a
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 3 12
OA = a, OB = b, OC = c, OD = d,
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 −−→
OE = e, e = d, AE = AC
3 3 19 E
A is the midpoint of OB.
−−→ −−→ −−→
BD = OD − OB = d − b
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
OC = OA + AE + EC B C
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= a + (OE − OA) + (ED + DC)
2  Y X
= a + (e − a) + d − b
3
2 A
=e+ d−b D
3
1 2
= d+ d−b
3 3 F
=d−b
Given:
−−→
= BD BE = AF = BC
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ Let Y X k BC k AD.
∴ OC = BD ⇒ OC = BD and OC BD
∴ OCDB is a parallelogram 4EBC is similar to 4EY X and since
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
BC = BE ⇒ Y E = Y X
Similarly, Y F = Y X.
−−→ −−→
∴ Y E = −Y F

50
 −−→ −−→
Now Given FX = µED
−−→ −−→ −−→ k k+2
XE = Y E − Y X ∴µ=1+ =
and 2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→
XF = Y F − Y X c A rhombus has all sides of equal
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
XE.XF = (Y E − Y X).(Y F − Y X) length.
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→−−→
= Y E.Y F − Y E Y X ∴ |AB| = | BC|
−−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→−−→ Given |AB| = k| BC|, k = 1 if ABCD
− Y X.Y F + Y X Y X is a rhombus.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 3 3
= −Y E.Y E − Y E.Y X ∴ λ = and µ =
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
+ Y X.Y E + Y X.Y X −−→ −−→ −−→
d XE = XY + Y E
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= −Y E.Y E + Y X.Y X −−→ −−→ −−→
FX = FY + Y X
= |Y X|2 − |Y E|2 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
|XE|2 = (XY.Y E).(XY.Y E)
=0 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ = |XY|2 + 2XY.Y E + |Y E|2
(Since Y E = Y X) −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ |FX|2 = (FY.Y X).(FY.Y X)
∴ EX and FX meet at right angles.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ = |FY|2 + 2FY.Y X + |Y X|2
b |AB| = k| BC| = k| BE| = k|FA| −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
FE = FA + AB + BE Since |XY|2 = |Y X|2 , |FY|2 = |Y E|2
−−→ −−→ −−→ and |XE|2 = |FX|2
= BE + k BE + BE −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ 2XY.Y E = 2FY.Y X
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= 2 BE + k BE ∴ XY.Y E = FY.Y X
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= (2 + k) BE ∴ −Y X.Y E = −Y F.Y X
1 −−→ 1 −−→
∴ Y E = FE = (2 + k) BE −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ Y X.Y E = Y F.Y X
2 2
As 4EBC is similar to 4EY X −−→ −−→
Y E EX ∴ |Y X||Y E| cos(∠XY E)
⇒ =
BE EC −−→ −−→
−−→ −−→ = |Y F||Y X| cos(∠FY X)
Given EX = λEC −−→ −−→ −−→
1 k+2 Since |Y X| = |Y E| = |Y F|
∴ λ = (2 + k) =
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
2 ∴ cos(∠XY E) = cos(∠FY X)
FY = FA + AY
∴ ∠XY E = ∠FY X = 90◦
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→ −−→
= FA + AB Since BCY X ⇒ ∠Y BC = 90◦
2
∴ ABCD is a rectangle
−−→ 1 −−→
= FA + (k FA)
2
k −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
20 a OG = OD + DC + CG

= 1 + FA
2
As 4FAD is similar to 4FY X =d+b+e
FY FX =b+d+e
⇒ =
FA FD

51
 −−→
DF = DH + EF + EF |CE|2 = (−b − d + e).(−b − d + e)
= OE − OD + OB = b.b + b.d − b.e
=e−d+b + d.b + d.d − d.e
=b−d+e − e.b − e.d + e.e
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
BH = BO + OD + DH = |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2
−−→ −−→ −−→
= −OB + OD + OE + 2(b.d − b.e − d.e)
= −b + d + e
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ c |OG|2 + |DF|2 + |BH|2 + |CE|2
CE = CD + DO + OE
= 4|b|2 + 4|d|2 + 4|e|2
−−→ −−→ −−→
= −OB − OD + OE = 4(|b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 )
= −b − d + e as required.

−−→
b |OG|2 = (b + d + e).(b + d + e)
21 A D
= b.b + b.d + b.e
+ d.b + d.d r
+ d.e + e.b + e.d + e.e
r O
= |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2
+ 2(b.d + b.e + d.e)
−−→ P
|DF|2 = (b − d + e).(b − d + e) B C
= b.b − b.d + b.e
−−→ −−→ −−→
− d.b + d.d − d.e a AP = AO + OP
−−→ −−→ −−→
+ e.b − e.d + e.e ∴ AP = OP − OA
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 AP.AP = (OP − OA).(OP − OA)
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
+ 2(−b.d + b.e − d.e) = OP.OP − 2OP.OA + OA.OA
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
| BH|2 = (−b + d + e).(−b + d + e) = r2 − 2OP.OA + |OA|2
= b.b − b.d − b.e −−→ −−→
= r2 − 2OP.OA + (r2 + r2 )
− d.b + d.d + d.e −−→ −−→
= 3r2 − 2OP.OA
− e.b + e.d + e.e
−−→ −−→ −−→
= |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 b | BP|2 = 3r2 − 2|OP||OB|
−−→ −−→ −−→
+ 2(−b.d + d.e − b.e) |CP|2 = 3r2 − 2|OP||OC|
−−→ −−→ −−→
|DP|2 = 3r2 − 2|OP||OD|

52
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ |AP|2 + | BP|2 + |CP|2 + |DP|2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= 4 × 3r2 − 2OP.OA − 2OP.OB
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
− 2OP.OC − 2OP.OD
−−→ −−→
= 12r2 − 2OP.OA
−−→ −−→ −−→
+ OB + OC + OD
−−→
= 12r2 − 2OP.(0)
= 12r2

53
Solutions to Technology-free questions
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
1 a AD = BC = OC − OB B C

= (4i − k) − (2i + j − 2k) θ

A D
= 2i − j + k

−−→ −−→ −−→

b AB = OB − OA
= (2i + j − 2k) − (i + 2j − k)
=i−j−k
−−→ −−→
AB.AD
cos θ = −−→ −−→
|AB||AD|
2+1−1
= √ √
4+1+1× 1+1+1
√
2 2
= √ √ =
6× 3 3

−−→
−−→ AB −−→
2 a i AM = −−→ × AC| B
|AB|
−−→ −−→ −−→ M
AB = OB − OA N

= (−i + j + 2k) − (2i − j − 4k) A C

= −3i + 2j + 6k
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = OC − OA
= (i − 3j − 2k) − (2i − j − 4k)
= −i − 2j + 2k
√
−−→ 1+4+4
∴ AM = (−3i + 2j + 6k) √
9 + 4 + 36
3
= (−3i + 2j + 6k)
7

54
 −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
ii AN = (AM + AC)
2
!
1 3
= (−3i + 2j + 6k) + (−i − 2j + 2k)
2 7
1
= (−9i + 6j + 18k − 7i − 14j + 14k)
14
1
= (−16i − 8j + 32k)
14
1
= (−8i − 4j + 16k)
7
−−→ −−→ −−→
ON = AN + OA
1
= (−8i − 4j + 16k) + 2i − j − 4k
7
1
= (6i − 11j − 12k)
7
−−→ −−→ −−→
b CM = AM − AC
3
= (−3i + 2j + 6k) − (−i − 2j + 2k)
7
1
= (−9i + 6j + 18k + 7i + 14j − 14k)
7
1
= (−2i + 20j + 4k)
7
−−→ −−→ 1
AN.CM = (16 − 80 + 64) = 0
49
−−→ −−→
∴ AN⊥CM

3 a a⊥b iff a.b = 0

∴ 8−3−x=0 ∴ x=5

b a⊥c 4y + 3z + 2 = 0
1

b⊥c 2y − z − 10 = 0
2

1 +3×
2 10y − 28 = 0 ∴ y = 2.8
Substituting y = 2.8 into
2 gives 5.6 − z − 10 = 0
z = −4.4

55
4 a |a| cos θ = |b̂| = 1
1 1 1 a
∴ cos θ = = √ = θ
|a| 1+4+4 3 b̂ b

b |b| cos θ = 2|â| = 2

2 1
∴ |b| = =2÷ =6
cos θ 3

a.b
5 a a a= b+c
c b.b
6−6−8
b c=− (2i + j − 2k) + (3i − 6j + 4k)
4+1+4
8
= (2i + j − 2k) + (3i − 6j + 4k)
9
1
= (16i + 8j − 16k + 27i − 54j + 36k)
9
1
= (43i − 46j + 20k)
9
c.a
b d= a
a.a
1 129 + 276 + 80
!
= (3i − 6j + 4k)
9 9 + 36 + 16
485
= (3i − 6j + 4k)
549
√ √
c |a| = 9 + 36 + 16 = 61
485 √
|d| = × 61
549
485 × 61 485
|a||d| = =
549 9
1 4365 485
|c|2 = 2 (432 + 462 + 202 ) = 2 =
9 9 9
∴ |a||d| = |c| 2

−−→
6 a i CA = a − c
= 2i + 3j − 4k − 2i − (1 + 3t)j − (−1 + 2t)k
= (2 − 3t)j + (−3 − 2t)k

56
 −−→
ii CB = b − c
= 2i − j + 2k − 2i − (1 + 3t)j − (−1 + 2t)k
= (−2 − 3t)j + (3 − 2t)k
−−→ −−→
b ∠BCA = 90◦ ∴ CB⊥CA ∴ CB.CA = 0
∴ (2 − 3t)(−2 − 3t) + (−3 − 2t)(3 − 2t) = 0
−4 + 9t2 + 4t2 − 9 = 0
13t2 − 13 = 0
t2 = 1 ∴ t = ±1

7 a i a − c = (2i + 2j − k) − (2i − 6j − 3k) = 8j + 2k

√
∴ |a − c| = 64 + 4
√ √
= 68 = 2 17

ii a + c = 4i − 4j − 4k A B
√ a θ
|a + c| = 4 3
O c C

iii (a − c).(a + c) = −32 − 8 = −40

(a − c).(a + c) −40 −5
b cos θ = = √ √ = √
|a − c||a + c| 4 3 × 2 17 51
5
θ is obtuse, ∴ accute angle between diagonals = cos−1 √
51

−−→ 1 −−→ 1 3
8 a AB = OC = (6i − 3j + 2k) = 3i − j + k A B
2 2 2 θ

O C

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

b OC = OA + AB + BC
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ BC = OC − OA − AB
3
= 6i − 3j + 2k − (2i − j − 3k) − (3i − j + k)
2
1
= i − j + 4k
2

57
 −−→ −−→
AC.AB
c cos θ = −−→ −−→
|AC||AB|
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = OC − OA
= 6i − 3j + 2k − 2i + j + 3k
= 4i − 2j + 5k
12 + 3 + 5
∴ cos θ = r
√ 9
16 + 4 + 25 × 9+
+1
4
√
20 40 8 5
= r = √ =
√ 49 21 5 21
45 ×
4

−−→ −−→
9 a AO = −OA
= −6i − 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
AB = OB − OA
= 3i + pj − 6i − 4j
= −3i + (p − 4)j
−−→ −−→
AO.AB = 18 − 4(p − 4)
= 34 − 4p
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b If AO ⊥ AB, then ∴ AO.AB = 0
34 − 4p = 0
p = 8.5
−−→ −−→
AO.AB
c cos ∠OAB = −−→ −−→
|AO||AB|
34 − 24
= √ √
36 + 16 × 9 + 4
10 5
= √ √ =
52 × 13 13

58
10 To be collinear, A, B and C must lie on the same straight line.
−−→ −−→
∴ AC = c(AB), c ∈ R
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = OC − OA
= 6p + mq − p − q = 5p + (m − 1)p
−−→ −−→ −−→
AB = OB − OA
= 3p − 2q − p − q
= 2p − 3q
5 = 2c ∴ c = 2.5
m − 1 = −3c ∴ m = −3 × 2.5 + 1 = −6.5

11 r + λs + µt = 3i + 3j − 6k + λ(i − 7j + 6k) + µ(−2i − 5j + 2k)

= (3 + λ − 2µ)i + (3 − 7λ − 5µ)j + (−6 + 6λ + 2µ)k
To be parallel to the x-axis, r + λs + µt = ci, c ∈ R
∴ 3 + λ − 2µ = c
∴ λ − 2u = c − 3
1

3 − 7λ − 5µ = 0
∴ −7λ − 5µ = −3
2

−6 + 6λ + 2µ = 0
∴ 6λ + 2µ = 6
3

2 +7×
6× 3 − 16µ = 24
4

3
µ=−
2

3 ÷2 3λ + µ = 3
5
3
Substitute µ = − in 5
2
3
3λ − = 3
2
3
∴λ=
2

59
 −−→
12 AB = i − j + 3k
−−→
DC = 2i − 2j + 6k
−−→ −−→
∴DC = 2AB
∴ AB||DC, AB:CD = 1:2
ABCD is a trapezium.

13 a + b = 3i − 2j + 5k
(a + b).b = 3 + 2 − 5
=0
∴ a + b⊥b
a − b = i + 7k
(a + b).(a − b)
cos θ =
|a + b||a − b|
3 + 35
= √ √
9 + 4 + 25 × 1 + 49
38
= √ √
38 × 50
19
= √
19 × 5
√
19
=
5

−−→ −−→ −−→

14 a OA = OC + OB
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ OC = OA − OB = −i + 10 j
∴ C(−1, 10)

60
 −−→ −−→ −−→ y
b If OD = hOA + kOB
A
4
then 1 = 3h + 4k
1

24 = 4h − 6k
2
3 4
O x
4×
1 −3×
2 −68 = 34k
k = −2 −6 B

Substitute in
1 1 = 3h − 8
3h = 9
h=3

−−→
15 a OD = 2c
−−→ −−→ −−→
AD = OD − OA
= 2c − a
−−→ −−→
−−→ OA + OD 1
b b = OB = = a+c
2 2
−−→ −−→
c OE = 4AE O

−−→ −−→ a C
∴ a + AE = 4AE
A D
−−→ B
∴ a = 3AE
E
−−→ 1
AE = a
3
−−→ 1
CB = a
2
1 k 3
∴ a= a ∴k = = 1.5
2 3 2

−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 1

16 QS = OS − OQ = hp + q − q = hp − q
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 1
QR = OR − OQ = p + kq − q = p + (k − 1)q
3 3
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→
QR = QS , since R is the midpoint of QS
2
1 1 2
∴ = h ∴ h=
3 2 3

61
 1
and k−1=−
4
3
∴ k=
4

−−→ A
17 AC = 2i + 4j
−−→
AB = k(i + j), k ∈ R\{0}
−−→ −−→ −−→ B C
BC = AC − AB
= (2i + 4j) − (ki + kj)
= (2 − k)i + (4 − k)j
−−→ −−→
Now BA. BC = 0, since ∠ABC = 90◦
∴ (−ki − kj).((2 − k)i + (4 − k)j) = 0
∴ −k(2 − k) − k(4 − k) = 0
∴ −2k + k2 − 4k + k2 = 0
∴ 2k2 − 6k = 0
∴ k2 − 3k = 0
∴ k(k − 3) = 0
∴ k − 3 = 0, since k , 0
∴ k=3
−−→
∴ AB = 3(i + j)

−−→ −−→ −−→

18 a DB = DA + AB
−−→ −−→
= −AD + OC
= −a + c
−−→ −−→
b Let OE = k OC
= kc, k ∈ R+
−−→ −−→
and DE = l DB, l ∈ R+
= l(c − a)
= lc − la

62
 −−→ −−→ −−→
Now OD = OA + AD
−−→ −−→
= 2 AD + AD
−−→
= 3 AD
= 3a
−−→ −−→ −−→
OE = OD + DE
∴ kc = 3a + lc − la
= (3 − l)a + lc
Since a and c are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
(3 − l) = 0, and l = k
∴ l = 3, and k = 3
−−→
OE = 3c
−−→
= 3OC, as required to prove.

−−→ 1 −−→ 1
19 a i OD = OC = c E B
3 3 A

−−→ −−→ −−→

ii OE = OA + AE
−−→ 1 −−→ O
D C
= OA + AB
3
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→
= OA + (OB − OA)
3
1
= a + (b − a)
3
2 1
= a+ b
3 3

−−→ −−→ −−→

iii DE = OE − OD
2 1 1
= a+ b− c
3 3 3
!
−−→ 2 1 1
b 3DE = 3 a + b − c = 2a + b − c
3 3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
2OA + CB = 2OA + OB − OC = 2a + b − c
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ 3DE = 2OA + CB, as required to prove.

63
 −−→ −−→ −−→
20 a OT = OA + AT B M
T
−−→ 3 −−→
= OA + AB
4 A
O
−−→ 3 −−→ −−→
= OA + (OB − OA)
4
3
= a + (b − a)
4
1 3
= a+ b
4 4

−−→ −−→ −−→

b i BM = OM − OB
−−→ −−→
= λOT − OB
!
1 3
=λ a+ b −b
4 4
λ
!
3λ
= a+ −1 b
4 4
−−→ −−→
ii Let BM = kOA = ka, k ∈ R\{0}
λ
!
3λ
then ka = a + −1 b
4 4
Since a and b are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
λ 3λ 4
k= and −1=0 ∴λ=
4 4 3

21 There exist real numbers p and q such that

a = pb + qc
∴ i + j + 3k = p(i − 2j + mk) + q(−2i + nj + 2k)
1 = p − 2q . . . (1)
1 = −2p + nq . . . (2)
3 = mp + 2q . . . (3)
Eliminate p and q
3(n − 6)
m=
(n + 2)

64
 a·b
22 Vector resolute = b
b·b
4
= (i + 3k)
5
4
Required vector v = a − (i + 3k)
5
6 2
= i+j− k
5 5
If a, b and v are linearly dependent then there exists p and q such that: v = pa + qb
Hence
6 2
i + j − k = p(2i + j + 2k) + q(i + 3k)
5 5
= (2p + q)i + pj + (2p + 3q)k
Therefore
6
2p + q = . . . (1)
5
p = 1 . . . (2)
2
2p + 3q = − . . . (3)
5
4
p = 1 and q = − satisfy all three equations.
5

65
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 C OB = OA + AB A
= (a + 2b) + (a − b)
= 2a + b
O
−−→ −−→ −−→
2 D EF = DC + 3AB
−−→ −−→
= −CD + 3AB B
It is also known that
= −c + 3a −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
AO.AB = BO. BA
= 3a − c −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ AO.AB = BO. − AB
3 B B C −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ AO.AB = − BO.AB
−−→ −−→
M ∴ AO = − BO
−−→ −−→
∴ AO = OB
A D
−−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
DM = DA + AM ⇒ |AO| = |OB|
−−→ 1 −−→ Thus the side lengths AO and OB are
= − BC + AB the same size.
2
1 Hence the triangle is isosceles as two
= u−v sides are identical in length.
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
4 B AB = OB − OA 7 E x(a + b) = 2ya + (y + 3)b
∴ xa + xb = 2ya + (y + 3)b
= (11, 1) − (3, 6)
Equating coefficients
= (8, −5) x = 2y 1 and x = y + 3 2
= 8i − 5j Substituting 1 into
2 gives

√ 2y = y + 3
(2, 1, − 2).(5, 8, 0) ∴y=3
5 C cos θ = √ √
7 × 89 Substituting y = 3 into
1 gives x = 6
10 + 8 ∴ x = 6 and y = 3
∴ cos θ = √
623
−−→
18 8 E |AB| = b − a
∴ cos θ = √
623 = (5i − 2j + 2k) − (i + j)
∴ θ = 43.85 ◦
= 4i − 3j + 2k
−−→ −−→
6 C As |AB| , |OB| the side lengths AB
and OB of triangle OAB are different
in size.

66
 −−→ p
∴ |AB| = 42 + (−3)2 + 22 Given:
−−→ −−→ −−→
√ | BC| = 3|AB|, AB = a
= 16 + 9 + 4
√ Using Pythagoras’ Theorem
−−→ −−→ −−→
= 29 |AC|2 = |AB|2 + | BC|2
−−→ −−→
9 D x.ŷ =
x.y = |AB|2 + (3|AB|)2
|y| −−→ −−→
(3, −2, 4).(−5, 1, 1) = |AB|2 + 9|AB|2
= √ −−→
27 = 10|AB|2
−15 − 2 + 4 −−→ √ −−→
= √ ∴ |AC| = 10|AB|
27 √
−−→
13 ∴ |AC| = 10|a|
=−√
27
√ 11 C
13 27
=−
27 12 B
10 B B C 13 D

A D

67
Solutions to extended-response questions
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 a i AB = OB − OA
= (3i + 4j + 2k) − (2i + 3j + k)
=i+j+k
−−→
ii Length = |AB|
√ √
= 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
√
The strand is 3 units long.
−−→ −−→ −−→
b i CQ = OQ − OC
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + AQ − OC
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + λ AB − OC
= (2i + 3j + k) + λ(i + j + k) − (2.5i + 4j + 1.5k)
= (λ − 0.5)i + (λ − 1)j + (λ − 0.5)k
−−→ −−→
ii CQ.AB = ((λ − 0.5)i + (λ − 1)j + (λ − 0.5)k).(i + j + k)
= (λ − 0.5) × 1 + (λ − 1) × 1 + (λ − 0.5) × 1
= 3λ − 2
−−→ −−→
But CQ.AB = 0
∴ 3λ − 2 =0
2
∴ λ=
3
−−→ −−→ −−→
OQ = OA + AQ
−−→ 2 −−→
= OA + AB
3
2
= (2i + 3j + k) + (i + j + k)
3
1
= (8i + 11j + 5k)
3

68
c Let P be the point of contact of AB and MN.
−−→ −−→
Now AP = aAB, a ∈ R+
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ OP − OA = aAB
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ OP = aAB + OA
= a (i + j + k) + (2i + 3j + k)
= (a + 2)i + (a + 3)j + (a + 1)k
1
−−→ −−−→
and MP = b MN, b ∈ R+
−−→ −−→ −−−→
∴ OP − OM = b MN
−−→ −−→ −−−→
∴ OP = OM + b MN
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OM + b(ON − OM)
= (4i + 2j − k) + b((6i + 10j + 9k) − (4i + 2j − k))
= (4i + 2j − k) + b(2i + 8j + 10k)
= (4 + 2b)i + (2 + 8b)j + (10b − 1)k
Equating coefficients:
a + 2 = 4 + 2b, a + 3 = 2 + 8b and a + 1 = 10b − 1
2
∴ a = 2 + 2b
and a + 3 = 2 + 8b
∴ (2 + 2b) + 3 = 2 + 8b
∴ 5 + 2b = 2 + 8b
∴ 3 = 6b
1
∴ b=
2
2
∴ a=2+
2
=3 Check in
2

a+1=3+1
=4
10
10b − 1 = −1
2
=4
∴ LHS = RHS
Substituting a = 3 in
1 yields

69
 −−→
OP = (3 + 2)i + (3 + 3)j + (3 + 1)k
= 5i + 6j + 4k, the position vector of the point of contact.
−−→ √ −−→ p
2 a i |OA| = 22 + 32 + 12 |OB| = 32 + (−2)2 + 12
√ √
= 4+9+1 = 9+4+1
√ √
= 14 = 14
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii AB = OB − OA
= (3i − 2j + k) − (2i + 3j + k)
= i − 5j
−−→ −−→ −−→
b i OX = OA + AX
−−→ 1 −−→
= OA + AB
2
1
= (2i + 3j + k) + (i − 5j)
2
5 1
= i+ j+k
2 2
1
= (5i + j + 2k)
2
−−→ −−→ 1
ii OX.AB = (5i + j + 2k).(i − 5j + 0k)
2
1
= (5 × 1 + 1 × (−5) + 2 × 0)
2
1
= (5 − 5)
2
=0
−−→ −−→
Hence OX is perpendicular to AB.

c If OABC is a parallelogram
−−→ −−→ −−→
OC = OA + AC C
−−→ −−→
= OA + OB A
B
= 2i + 3j + k + 3i − 2j + k
O
= 5i + j + 2k
−−→
i.e. OC = 5i + j + 2k, the position vector of C such that OACB is a parallelogram.

70
 −−→ −−→
d OC.AB = (5i + j + 2k).(i − 5j + 0k)
= 5 × 1 + 1 × (−5) + 2 × 0
=5−5
=0
∴ OC is perpendicular to AB.
√
e i Let p = ai + bj + ck, a, b, c ∈ R, be the vector with magnitude 195 which is
−−→ −−→
perpendicular to both
√ OA and OB √
|p| = a2 + b2 + c2 and |p| = 195
∴ a2 + b2 + c2 = 195
1
−−→
Now OA.p = 0
∴ (2i + 3j + k).(ai + bj + ck) = 0
∴ 2a + 3b + c = 0
2
−−→
and OB.p = 0
∴ (3i − 2j + k).(ai + bj + ck) = 0
∴ 3a − 2b + c = 0
3
Subtracting
2 from
3 yields a − 5b = 0
∴ a = 5b
4

From
3 c = 2b − 3a
= 2b − 3(5b)
= −13b
and from
1 c2 = 195 − a2 − b2
∴ (−13b)2 = 195 − (5b)2 − b2
∴ 169b2 = 195 − 25b2 − b2
∴ 195b2 = 195
∴ b2 = 1
∴ b = ±1
From ,4 when b = 1, a = 5 and when b = −1, 0 = −5
2 when a = 5 and b = 1,
Substituting into ,
2(5) + 3(1) + c = 0
∴ 10 + 3 + c = 0
∴ c = −13
and when a = −1 and b = −1,

71
 2(−5) + 3(−1) + c = 0
∴ −10 − 3 + c = 0
∴ c = 13
∴ p = 5i + j − 13k or p = −5i − j + 13k
−−→
ii When p = 5i + j − 13k, AB.p = (i − 5j + 0k).(5i + j − 13k)
= 1 × (5) + (−5) × (1) + 0 × (−13)
=5−5=0
−−→
and OC.p = (5i + j + 2k).(5i + j − 13k)
= 5 × (5) + 1 × (1) + 2 × (−13)
= 25 + 1 − 26 = 0
−−→
When p = −5i − j + 13k, AB.p = (i − 5j + 0k).(−5i − j + 13k)
= 1 × (−5) + (−5) × (−1) + 0 × (13)
= −5 + 5 = 0
−−→
and OC.p = (5i + j + 2k).(−5i − j + 13k)
= 5 × (−5) + 1 × (−1) + 2 × (13)
= −25 − 1 + 26 = 0
−−→ −−→
Therefore p is perpendicular to both AB and OC.
−−→ −−→
iii Since p is perpendicular to both AB and OC, it is perpendicular to the plane
containing OACB.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
3 a OX = OC + CY + Y X OY = OC + CY
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= OC + OB + OA = OC + OB
= (i + 4j) + (i + 3k) + 5i = (i + 4j) + (i + 3k)
= 7i + 4j + 3k = 2i + 4j + 3k
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
OZ = OA + AZ OD = OA + AD
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + OC = OA + OB
= 5i + (i + 4j) = 5i + (i + 3k)
= 6i + 4j = 6i + 3k

72
 −−→ √
Length of OD = |OD| = 62 + 32
√
= 36 + 9
√
= 45
√
=3 5
−−→ √
Length of OY = |OY| = 22 + 42 + 32
√
= 4 + 16 + 9
√
= 29
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b ZO.ZY = |ZO| |ZY| cos ∠OZY
−−→ −−→ !
−1 ZO.ZY
∴ ∠OZY = cos −−→ −−→
|ZO| |ZY|
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Now ZO = −6i − 4j and ZY = OY − OZ
= (2i + 4j + 3k) − (6i + 4j)
= −4i + 3k
−−→ p −
−
→ p
∴ |ZO| = (−6)2 + (−4)2 and |ZY| = (−4)2 + 32
√ √
= 36 + 16 = 16 + 9
√ √
= 52 = 25
√
= 2 13 =5
−−→ −−→
and ZO.ZY = (−6i − 4j + 0k).(−4i + 0j + 3k)
= (−6) × (−4) + (−4) × 0 + 0 × 3
= 24
!
24
∴ ∠OZY = cos −1
√
2 13 × 5
√ !
12 13
= cos−1
65
= (48.268 53 . . .)◦
Angle OZY is 48.27◦ , correct to two decimal places.

73
 −−→ −−→ −−→
c i OP = OC + CP
−−→ λ −−→
= OC + CZ
λ+1
−−→ λ −−→ −−→
= OC + (OZ − OC)
λ+1
λ
= i + 4j + ((6i + 4j) − (i + 4j))
λ+1
λ
= j + 4j + (5i)
λ+1
!
5λ
= + 1 i + 4j
λ+1
! !
−−→ −−→ 5λ
ii OP.CZ = + 1 i + 4j .(5i + 0j)
λ+1
!
5λ
= +1 ×5+4×0
λ+1
!
5λ
=5 +1
λ+1
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
If OP ⊥ CZ, then OP.CZ = 0
!
5λ
∴ 5 +1 =0
λ+1
5λ
∴ +1=0
λ+1
5λ
∴ = −1
λ+1
∴ 5λ = −(λ + 1)
= −λ − 1
∴ 6λ = −1
−1
∴ λ=
6
Note: P divides CZ extemally. C Z P

−−→ −−→ −−→

4 a i AB = OB − OA
=b−a
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii BC = OC − OB
=c−b

74
 −−→ −−→ −−→
iii CA = OA − OC
=a−c
−−→ −−→ −−→
iv OP = OB + BP
−−→ 1 −−→
= OB + BC
2
1
= b + (c − b)
2
1
= (b + c)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
v OQ = OC + CQ
−−→ 1 −−→
= OC + CA
2
1
= c + (a − c)
2
1
= (a + c)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
vi OR = OA + AR
−−→ 1 −−→
= OA + AB
2
1
= a + (b − a)
2
1
= (a + b)
2

75
 −−→ −−→ 1
b OP. BC = (b + c).(c − b)
2
1
= (c.c − b.b)
2
1 2
= (|c| − |b|2 )
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Now OR.AB = 0 and OQ.AC = 0
1 1
∴ (a + b).(b − a) = 0 (a + c).(c − a) = 0
2 2
1 1
∴ (a.a − b.b) = 0 (c.c − a.a) = 0
2 2
1 2 1 2
∴ (|a| − |b|2 ) = 0 (|c| − |a|2 ) = 0
2 2
∴ |a|2 − |b|2 = 0 |c|2 − |a|2 = 0
∴ |a|2 = |b|2 |c|2 = |a|2
Therefore |b|2 = |c|2
−−→ −−→ 1 2
and OP. BC = (|c| − |c|2 )
2
=0
Hence, OP is perpendicular to BC.

c OP ⊥ BC, therefore the perpendicular bisectors are concurrent.

d From b, |a|2 = |b|2 and |c|2 = |a|2 A

∴ |a|2 = |b|2 = |c|2

|a|
∴ |a| = |b| = |c| |b| |c|
O
i.e. O is the circumcentre of the triangle. B C

−−→ −−→ −→
5 a OL = OB + BL
−−→ 2 −−→
= OB + BC
3
−−→ 2 −−→ −−→
= OB + (OC − OB)
3
2
= b + (c − b)
3
1 2
= b+ c
3 3

76
 −−→ −−→
b OL = −OA
1 2
∴ b + c = −a
3 3
∴ b + 2c = −3a
∴ 3a + b + 2c = 0, as required to prove.
−−→ −−→
c i BO = −OB B

= −b
−−→ −−→ −−→
OM = OA + AM L
O
−−→ 2 −−→ A
= OA + AC M
C
5
−−→ 2 −−→ −−→
= OA + (OC − OA)
5
2
= a + (c − a)
5
3 2
= a+ c
5 5
1
= (3a + 2c)
5
1
= (−b) since 3a + b + 2c = 0
5
1 −−→
= BO
5
Therefore OM is parallel to BO and B, O and M are collinear.
1
ii BO : OM = BO : BO
5
1
=1:
5
=5:1

77
 d C, O and N are collinear
−−→ −−→
∴ ON = pCO, p ∈ R+ B
−−→
= −pOC
= −pc N
O
L

1 A C
= p × −2c M
2
1
= p × (3a + b), since 3a + b + 2c = 0
2
3p p
= a+ b
1
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→
Also ON = OA + AN
−−→ −−→
= OA + qAB, q ∈ R+
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + q(OB − OA)
= a + q(b − a)
= (1 − q)a + qb
2

Equating coefficients yields

3p p
1−q= and q =
2 2
p 3p
∴ 1− =
2 2
4p
∴ 1=
2
1 1
∴ p= and q =
2 4
−−→ 1 −−→
Therefore AN = AB, so AN: NB = 1 : 3
4
−−→ −−→ −−→
6 a i OD = OA + AD
−−→ 1 −−→
= OA + AB
2
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→
= OA + (OB − OA)
2
1
= a + (b − a)
2
1
= (a + b)
2

78
 −−→ −−→ −−→
ii DE = OE − OD
−−→ −−→
= λ OB − OD
!
1
= λb − a + b
2
!
1 1
=− a+ λ− b
2 2
! !
−−→ −−→ 1 1
b DE.OB = − a + λ − b .(0a + b)
2 2
!
1 1
= − a.b + λ − b.b
2 2
−−→ −−→
If DE ⊥ OB,
−−→ −−→
then DE.OB = 0
!
1 1
∴ − a.b + λ − b.b = 0
2 2
!
1 1
∴ λ − b.b = a.b
2 2
1 1
∴ λb.b − b.b = a.b
2 2
1
∴ λb.b = (a.b + b.b)
2
1
(a.b + b.b)
∴ λ= 2 as required.
b.b

79
 −−→ −−→
c i If DE⊥OB,
1
(a.b + b.b)
then λ= 2
b.b
Let a = |a| and b = |b|
1
(ab cos θ + b2 )
∴ λ= 2
b2
1 2
(b cos θ + b2 )
= 2 since a = b
b2
1 2
b (cos θ + 1)
= 2
b2
1 1
= cos θ +
2 2
5
Now λ=
6
1 1 5
∴ cos θ + =
2 2 6
1 2
∴ cos θ =
2 6
1
=
3
2
∴ cos θ = , as required.
3

80
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OF = OE + EF and AE = OE − OA
5 −−→ 1 −−→ 5 −−→ −−→
= OB + ED = OB − OA
6 2 6
5 −−→ 1 −−→ 5
= OB − DE = b−a
6 2 6
! !
5 1 1 5 1
= b− − a+ − b
6 2 2 6 2
5 1 1
= b+ a− b
6 4 6
1 2
= a+ b
4 3
! !
−−→ −−→ 1 2 5
OF.AE = a + b . b − a
4 3 6
1 5 2 5 1 2
= a. b + b. b − a.a − b.a
4 6 3 6 4 3
−11 1 5
= a.b − a.a + b.b
24 4 9
−11 11
= a.b + b.b, as |b| = |a|
24 36
2 2
As cos θ = , a.b = b.b
3 3
−−→ −−→
∴ OF.AE = 0
−−→ −−→
Since OF.AE = 0, OF⊥AE, as required.
−−→ −−→
7 a i OA.OB = (3i − 12j + 3k).(2i + aj + 2k)
= 3 × 2 + (−12) × a + 3 × 2
= 6 − 12a + 6 = 12(1 − a)
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OA ⊥ OB ∴ OA.OB = 0
∴ 12(1 − a) = 0
∴ 1−a=0
∴ a=1
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b i OA ⊥ OC ∴ OA.OC = 0
∴ (3i − 12j + 3k).(xi + yj + 2k) = 0
∴ 3x − 12y + 6 = 0
∴ x − 4y + 2 = 0
1

81
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OB⊥OC ∴ OB.OC = 0
∴ (2i + j + 2k).(xi + yj + 2k) = 0
∴ 2x + y + 4 = 0
∴ y = −2x − 4
2
Substituting
2 in
1 yields
x − 4(−2x − 4) + 2 = 0
∴ x + 8x + 16 + 2 = 0
∴ 9x + 18 = 0
−18
∴ x= = −2
9
∴ y = −2(−2) − 4 = 0
−−→ −−→ −−→
c i OD = OB + BD
−−→ −−→
= OB + OC
= (2i + j + 2k) + (−2i + 2k) = j + 4k
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii OX = OA + AX
−−→ −−→
= OA + OC
= (3i − 12j + 3k) + (−2i + 2k)
= i − 12j + 5k
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
iii OY = OA + AZ + ZY
−−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + OB + OC
= (3i − 12j + 3k) + (2i + j + 2k) + (−2i + 2k)
= 3i − 11j + 7k

d The heights above ground are given by the k components.

Hence X is 5 units above the ground and Y is 7 units above the ground.

82
 −−→ 3 −−→ 3
8 a i BD = BC = c
4 4
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii BE = BA + AE
−−→ 3 −−→
= BA AC
5
−−→ 3 −−→ −−→
= BA + ( BC − BA)
5
3
= a + (c − a)
5
2 3
= a+ c
5 5
−−→ −−→ −−→
iii AD = AB + BD
−−→ 3 −−→ 3
= − BA + BC = −a + c
4 4
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b BP = µ BE and BP = BA + AP
!
2 3 −−→ −−→
=µ a+ c = BA + λ AD
5 5
!
2µ 3µ 3
= a+ c = a + λ −a + c
5 5 4
3λ
= (1 − λ)a + c
4
Equating coefficients:
2µ 3µ 3µ 4µ
=1−λ and = ∴ λ=
5 5 4 5
4µ
=1−
5
6µ
∴ =1
5
5
∴ 6µ = 5 ∴ µ=
6
5
4× 2
So λ = 6
=
5 3

9 a a = pi + qj
b = qi − pj
c = −qi + pj

83
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b i AB = OB − OA AC = OC − OA
= −i − (xi + yj) = i − (xi + yj)
= −(x + 1)i − yj = (1 − x)i − yj
−−→ −−→
ii AE = yi + (1 − x)j AF = −yi + (x + 1)j
−−→ −−→
(AC is rotated 90◦ (AB is rotated 90◦
anticlockwise about A.) clockwise about A.)
−−→
c i OA = xi + yj
−−→ −−→ −−→
EF = AF − AE
= (−yi + (x + 1)j) − (yi + (1 − x)j)
= −2yi + 2xj
= 2(−yi + xj)
−−→ −−→
OA.EF = (xi + yj).2(−yi + xj)
= 2(−xy + xy)
=0
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Since OA.EF = 0, OA is perpendicular to EF.

−−→ −−→
q q
ii |EF| = (−2y)2 + (2x)2 and |OA| = x2 + y2
q
= 4y2 + 4x2
q
= 4(x2 + y2 )
q
= 2 x2 + y2
−−→
= 2|OA|, as required to prove.
−−→
10 a i BC = mv
−−→
BE = nv
−−→
CA = mw
−−→
CF = nw

84
 −−→ −−→ −−→
ii |AE| = |AB + BE| u

= |mu + nv| 120°

v
p
= (mu + nv)2
√
= m2 u.u + 2mnu.v + n2 v.v
p
= m2 |u|2 + 2mn|u||v| cos 120◦ + n2 |v|2
r
−1
= m2 + 2mn × + n2 , since |u| = |v| = 1
2
√
= m2 − mn + n2
−−→ −−→ −−→
|FB| = |FC + CB| w
120° v
−−→ −−→
= | − CF − BC|
= | − nw − mv|
p
= (−nw − mv)2
p
= n2 |w|2 + 2mn|w||v| cos 120◦ + m2 |v|2
r
−1
= n2 + 2mn × + m2 , since |v| = |w| = 1
2
√
= m2 − mn + n2

−−→ −−→
b AE.FB = (mu + nv).(−nw − mv)
= −mnu.w − n2 v.w − m2 u.v − mnv.v
= −mn|u||w| cos 120◦ − n2 |v||w| cos 120◦ − m2 |u||v| cos 120◦ − mn|v|2
−1 −1 −1
= −mn × − n2 × − m2 × − mn, since |u| = |v| = |w| = 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
= mn + n2 + m2 − mn
2 2 2
1
= (m2 − mn + n2 ), as required.
2

85
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c AE.FB = |AE||FB| cos G
√ √
= m2 − mn + n2 m2 − mn + n2 cos G
= (m2 − mn + n2 ) cos G
−−→ −−→ 1 2
But AE.FB = (m − mn + n2 )
2
1
∴ (m2 − mn + n2 ) cos G = (m2 − mn + n2 )
2
1
∴ cos G =
2
∴ G = 60◦
By symmetry, H and K are also angles of 60◦ , hence 4GHK is equilateral.
−−→ −−→
11 a In the diagram OC = c and OA = a O
−−→ −−→ −−→
CF = CO + OF
1 F •H
= −c + a
2 • K
X •
−−→ 1
OE = (a + c)
2 A C
E

−−→ −−→
b i OE is perpendicular to AC
−−→ −−→
which implies OE.AC = 0
1
which can be written as (a + c)(c − a) = 0
2
Hence c.c − a.a = 0
which implies |c|2 = |a|2
and OA = OC
The triangle OAC is isosceles.
−−→ −−→
ii Let ∠AOC = θ. If CF is perpendicular to OA
1
|a| 1
then cos θ = 2 = , as oA = OC
|c| 2
Therefore θ = 60◦
Hence all angles are 60◦ and triangle AOC is equilateral.

86
 −−→ 1
c i OH = (a + c)
4
−−→ 1 −−→
CK = CF
2
!
1 1
= −c + a
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Now HK = HO + OC + CK
!
1 1 1
= − (a + c) + c + −c + a
4 2 2
1
= c
4
−−→ 1
Since HK = λc, λ =
4
−−→ −−→ −−→
Also FE = FA + AE
1 1
= a + (c − a)
2 2
1
= c
2
−−→ 1
Since FE = µc, µ =
2
ii HK is parallel to FE
∠XEF = ∠XHK (alternate angles)
∠XFE = ∠XKH (alternate angles)
Therefore triangle HXK is similar to triangle EXF.
−−→ −−→
iii As |HK| : |FE| = 1 : 2 (from c)
−−→ −−→
|HX| : |XE| = 1 : 2 (similar triangles)
−−→ 2 −−→
Therefore |XE| = |HE|
3
1 −−→
= |OE|
3
−−→ 2 −−→
Therefore |OX| = |OE|
3
Hence OX : XE = 2 : 1

87
 −−→
12 a OA = −2i − 2j V
−−→
OB = 2i − 2j
−−→
OC = 2i + 2j M
−−→
OD = −2i + 2j
N D C
k
j
i Q
O

A P B

−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 −−→

b PM = PB + BC + CV
2
1
= 2i + 4j + (−2i − 2j + 2hk)
2
= i + 3j + hk
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 −−→
QN = QB + BA + AV
2
1
= −2j − 4i + (2i + 2j + 2hk)
2
= −3i − j + hk
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c Write OX = OA + AP + λPM
= −2i − 2j + 2i + λ(i + 3j + hk)
= λi + (3λ − 2)j + λhk
1
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Also OX = OB + BQ + µQN
= 2i + µ(−3i − j + hk)
= (2 − 3µ)i − µj + µhk
2
From 1 and
2
λ = 2 − 3µ, 3λ − 2 = −µ and λh = µh
λ=µ
Therefore
and 4λ = 2
1
which implies λ=
2
1
Therefore µ=
2
−−→ 1 1 1
Therefore OX = i − j + hk
2 2 2

88
 −−→ −−→
d i If OX is perpendicular to V B!
1 1 1
i − j + hk .(2i − 2j − 2hk) = 0
2 2 2
Therefore 1 + 1 − h2 = 0
√
Therefore h = 2 as h > 0

ii Let θ be the angle between PM and QM.

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Consider PM.QN = |PM||QN| cos θ
√ √
Therefore −3 − 3 + 2 = 12 12 cos θ
−4
Therefore cos θ =
12
−1
=
3 !
1
θ is obtuse. The acute angle between PM and QN is cos −1
= 71◦ , to the
3
nearest degree.

e i PM and QN are diagonals of quadrilateral NMPQ and are of equal length and
bisect each other at X(c). Therefore NMPQ is a rectangle.

ii NMPQ is a square if the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

−−→ −−→
i.e. PM.QN = 0
This implies −3 − 3 + h2 = a
√
and therefore h = 6 as h > 0

13 A C

O B

−−→ 1
a i OM = aj
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii MC = MA + AC
1
= ai + aj
2

89
 !
−−→ 1
b MP = λ ai + aj
2
!
−−→ 1 1
BP = aj − ai + λ ai + aj
2 2
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
= (λ − 1)ai + (1 + λ)aj Also OP = OB + BP
2
1
= λai + (1 + λ)aj
2
−−→ −−→ 1
c i BP. MC = 0 implies a2 (1 + λ) + a2 (λ − 1) = 0 (a , 0)
4
Therefore (1 + λ) + 4(λ − 1) = 0
which implies 5λ = 3
3
Therefore λ=
r √ 5
−−→ 4 2 16 2 2 5
| BP| = a + a = a
25 25 5
r
−−→ 9 2 16 2
|OP| = a + a =a
25 25
−−→
|OB| = a
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii BP. BO = | BP|| BO| cos θ
√
2 2 5 2
− a × −a = a cos θ
5 5
√
5
Therefore cos θ =
5
−−→ a √ 2
d |OP| = 4λ + 1 + 2λ + λ2
2
a√ 2
= 5λ + 2λ + 1
2
−−→ −−→ a√ 2
|OP| = |OB| implies a= 5λ + 2λ + 1
2
Squaring both sides gives 4 = 5λ2 + 2λ + 1
3
which implies λ=
or λ = −1
5
3
P1 corresponds to λ = and P2 corresponds to λ = −1
5

90
 A C

P1
M

P2 O B

e X

A
C
M P

O
B
−−→ −−→ −−→
OP = OB + BP
1
= λai + (1 + λ)aj
2
3 −−→ 3 4
From c, λ = , therefore OP = ai + aj
5 5 5
−−→ −−→ −−→
Now CX = CP + PX
2 −−→
= − MC + ak
5
2 1
= − ai − aj + ak
5 5
−−→ −−→ −−→
PY = PC + CY
! !
2 1 2 1
= ai + aj + µ − ai − aj + ak
5 2 5 5
2 1
= a(1 − µ)j + a(1 − µ)j + µak
5 5
−−→ −−→
CX.PY = 0

91
 4 2 1
∴ −a (1 − µ) − a2 (1 − µ) + µa2 = 0
25 25
4 4 1 1
∴ − a2 + a2 µ − a2 + a2 µ + µa2 = 0
25 25 25 25
2
a
∴ (−4 + 4µ − 1 + µ + 25µ) = 0
25
∴ −5 + 30µ = 0
∴ 30µ = 5
1
∴ µ=
6 !
−−→ 1 2 1
Therefore OY = ai + aj + − ai − aj + ak
6 5 5
14 29 1
= ai + aj + ak
15 30 6

92
Chapter 3 – Circular functions
Solutions to Exercise 3A
π
!
y
1 a The graph of y = cosec x + 6
4    
5 y = sec  x – π 2π, 2 3
is a translation of the graph of  2 3  6  3 
π 4 0,


3
y = cosec x, units in the negative 3
4
direction of the x axis. 2
1
The y axis ! intercept is:
π √ π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π x

cosec = 2. -1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
4 -2

Asymptotes -3
! will occur when
π -4

sin x + =0 -5
4 -6
Therefore the asymptotes are at
3π 7π
x= and x = π
!
.
4 4 c The graph of y = cot x +
y  
y = cosec x + π
3
4
5  is a translation of the graph of
(2π, 2 ) π
4 (0, 2 )
y = cot x, units in the negative
3
3
direction of the x axis. √
2
π 3
1 The y axis intercept is cot = .
3 3
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π x Asymptotes ! will occur when
-1 4 2 4 4 2 4 π
-2
tan x + =0
3
-3 Therefore the asymptotes are at
-4 2π 5π
x= and x = .
-5 3 3
y

5
π
!  
 
y = cot x + π 2π, 3 
b The graph of y = sec x − 4
 3  3
6 3  3
0, 
is a translation of the graph of  3 
π 2
y = sec x, units in the positive 1
6
direction of the x axis. x
π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π
The y axis intercept is -1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
√
π
!
2 3 -2
sec − = . -3
6 3
-4
Asymptotes ! will occur when
π -5
cos x − =0
6
Therefore the asymptotes are at
2π 5π
x= and x = .
3 3

1
 !
2π y
d The graph of y = sec x + 5
3  
y = cosec x – π 
is a translation of the graph of 4  2

2π 3
y = sec x, units in the negative
3 2
direction of the x axis. 1 (2π, – 1)
2π (0 , – 1)
The y axis intercept is sec = −2. x
3 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
Asymptotes! will occur when -1 4 2 4 4 2 4

2π -2
cos x + =0 -3
3
Therefore the asymptotes are at -4

5π 11π -5
x= and x = .
6 6
y !
3π
5 f The graph of y = cot x −
4
 
y = sec x + 2π
4
 3
is a translation of the graph of
3
3π
2
(2π, – 2)
y = cot x, units in the positive
4
1 direction of the x axis. !
3π
π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π x
The y axis intercept is cot − = 1.
-1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 4
-2 Asymptotes! will occur when
(0 , -2)
-3 3π
tan x − =0
-4 4
-5 Therefore the asymptotes are at
3π 7π
x= and x = .
π 4 4
!
e The graph of y = cosec x − y
2 5
is a translation of the graph of y = cot x – 3π
π 4

4
 (2π , 1)
y = cosec x, units in the 3
2
positive direction of the x axis. 2 (0 , 1)

The y axis!intercept is 1

π x
cosec − = −1. -1
π
4
π
2
3π
4
π 5π
4
3π
2
7π
4
2π
2
-2
Asymptotes ! will occur when
π -3
sin x − =0 -4
2
-5
Therefore the asymptotes are at
π 3π
x = and x = .
2 2
2 a The graph of y = sec 2x is obtained
from the graph of y = sec x by a
1
dilation of factor from the y axis.
2
The y axis intercept is sec(0) = 1.
Asymptotes will occur when

2
 cos(2x) = 0 The y axis intercept is cot(0) which is
Therefore the asymptotes are at undefined.
π 3π Asymptotes will occur when
x = and x = .
4 4 tan(4x) = 0
y

5 Therefore the asymptotes are at

y = sec(2x)
π π 3π
4
x = 0, x = , x = , x = and
4 2 4
3
(0 , 1) (π , 1) x = π.
2
y
1
5
y = cot(4x)
π π 3π π x 4
-1 4 2 4
3
-2
2
-3
1
-4
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π π x
-5
-1 8 4 8 2 8 4 8

-2
b The graph of y = cosec(3x) is -3
obtained from the graph of -4
1
y = cosec x by a dilation of factor -5
3
from the y axis.
π
!
The y axis intercept is cosec(0) which d The graph of y = cosec 2x +
is undefined. 2
π
!!
Asymptotes will occur when
= cosec 2 x +
sin(3x) = 0 4
Therefore the asymptotes are at is obtained from the graph of
π 2π y = cosec x by a dilation of factor
x = 0, x = , x = and x = π. 1
3 3 from the y axis followed by a
y
2
5
π
translation units in the negative
4 y = cosec(3x) 4
direction of the x axis.
3 π
2
The y axis intercept is cosec = 1.
2
1 Asymptotes! will occur when
π
π π π 2π 5π π x sin 2x + =0
-1 6 3 2 3 6 2
-2 Therefore the asymptotes are at
π 3π
-3
x = and x = .
-4 4 4 !
π
-5
Note : cosec 2x + = sec 2x
2
c The graph of y = cot(4x) is obtained
from the graph of y = cot x by a
1
dilation of factor from the y axis.
4

3
 π
!
y

5
f The graph of y = cot 2x −
y = cosec 2x + π
3
2
4  
π
!!
3
(0 , 1) (π , 1)
= cot 2 x −
2
6
1
is obtained from the graph of
y = cot x by a dilation of factor
π π 3π π x
-1 4 2 4
1
from the y axis followed by a
2
-2
π
-3 translation units in the positive
6
-4 direction of the x axis.
-5 The y axis intercept
√ is
π
!
3
cot − = − .
e The graph of y = sec(2x + π) 3 3
Asymptotes! will occur when
π
!!
= sec 2 x + π
2 tan 2x − =0
is obtained from the graph of 3
Therefore the asymptotes are at
y = sec x by a dilation of factor π 2π
1 x = and x = .
from the y axis followed by a 6 3
2 y
π
translation units in the negative 5
2 4
 
y = cot 2x – π
direction of the x axis.  3
3
The y axis intercept is sec(π) = −1.
2
Asymptotes will occur when
1
cos(2x + π) = 0
π π π π 5π π 7π 2π 3π 5π 11π π x
Therefore the asymptotes are at -1 12 6 4 3 12 2 12 3 4 6 12
π 3π
x = and x = . -2  
0, – 3  3
4 4  3 π , –
3 
Note : sec(2x + π) = − sec 2x -3 

-4
y
-5
5
y = sec(2x + π)
4

3
π
!
2 3 a The graph of y = sec 2x −
1 (0 , -1) (π , – 1)
2
π
!!
x
-1
π
4
π
2
3π
4
π
= sec 2 x −
4
-2
is obtained from the graph of
-3
y = sec x by a dilation of factor
-4 1
-5
from the y axis followed by a
2
π
translation units in the positive
4
direction of the x axis.

4
 π
!
y
The y axis intercept is sec − , 5
2  
y = cosec 2x + π
which is undefined.  3
 4

3
Asymptotes! will occur when
π  2 3
0 , 
2  2 3
π , 
cos 2x − =0  3 
1
 3
2
Therefore the asymptotes are at – π – 5π – 2π – π –π –π π π π 2π 5π π x
π π 6 3 2 3 6 -1 6 3 2 3 6
x = −π, x = − , x = 0, x = and  2 3
2 2 – π ,  -2
x = π.  3 

π -3
!
Note : sec 2x − = cosec(2x) -4
2
-5
y

5 !
  2π
4 y = sec 2x – π

2

c The graph of y = cot 2x −
3 3
2
π
!!
1 = cot 2 x −
3
–π – 3π –π –π π π 3π π is obtained from the graph of
4 2 4 -1 4 2 4
y = cot x by a dilation of factor
-2
1
-3 from the y axis followed by a
2
-4 π
translation units in the positive
-5 3
direction of the x axis.
π
! The y axis intercept is
b The graph of y = cosec 2x + ! √
2π 3
3 cot − = .
3 3
π
!!
= cosec 2 x + Asymptotes !will occur when
6 2π
is obtained from the graph of tan 2x − =0
3
y = cosec x by a dilation of factor Therefore the asymptotes are at
1 2π π π 5π
from the y axis followed by a x = − , x = − , x = and x = .
2 3 6 3 6
π y
translation units in the negative
6 5
direction of the x axis.  
4 π , 3 
   
y = cot 2x – 2π 
The y axis intercept
√ is – π , 3 
 3
3
3
 3

π 2 3
cosec = . 2

3 3 1
Asymptotes! will occur when
π – π – 5π – 2π – π –π –π π π π 2π 5π π x
sin 2x + =0 6 3 2 3 6 -1 6 3 2 3 6
3 -2
Therefore the asymptotes are at  3
0 ,
2π π π 5π 

3
-3

x = − , x = − , x = and x = . -4
3 6 3 6
-5

5
4 a C So, √
x° 5 7 2
cot x◦ = ,
A B 8 √
8 9 9 2
By Pythagoras’ theorem, sec x◦ = , cosec x◦ =
7 8
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2
∴ AC 2 = 25 + 64 = 89 2π π
!
√ 5 a sin = sin π −
∴ AC = 89 3 3
So, √ π
= sin
5 89 3
cot x = , sec x =
◦ ◦
, √
8 √ 5 3
89 =
cosec x◦ = 2
8
π
!
3π
b B b cos = cos π −
5
4 4
x°
π
A C = − cos
7 4
By Pythagoras’ theorem, √
2
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 =−
2
∴ AB2 = AC 2 − BC 2
π π
!
∴ AB2 = 49 − 25 = 24 c tan − = − tan = −1
4 4
√
∴ AB = 24 π 1 1
√ d cosec = π = =2
∴ AB = 2 6 6 sin 0.5
So, 6
√
2 6 π 1 1 √
cot x =
◦
, e sec = = √ = 2
5√ 4 cos π 2
7 6 7 4
sec x◦ = , cosec x◦ = 2
12 5
√
!
c C −π 1 1
f cot =− π =− √ =− 3
6 tan 3
9 6
3
B x°
A 5π π
!
7
By Pythagoras’ theorem, g sin = sin π +
4 4
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 π
= − sin
∴ BC 2 = AC 2 − AB2 √
4
2
∴ BC 2 = 81 − 49 = 32 =−
√ 2
∴ BC = 32
√
∴ BC = 4 2

6
 π 9π 1
!
5π =
h tan = tan π − k cot
9π
6 6 4
tan
4
π
!
= − tan 1
6 =
π
!
√ tan 2π +
3 4
=−
3 1
= π
π
!
1 tan
i sec − = −π 4
3 cos 1
3 =
1 1
= π =1
cos
3
π
! !
1 7π
= l cos − = cos −2π −
0.5 3 3
=2 π
!
= cos −
3
3π 1
j cosec = π
!
4 3π = cos
sin 3
4
1 1
= =
π
!
2
sin π −
4
1 1 sin2 x
= π 6 a sec2 x − tan2 x = −
sin cos2 x cos2 x
4 1 − sin2 x
1 =
= ! cos2 x
1
√ cos2 x
2 =
√ cos2 x
= 2 =1
or
sec2 x − tan2 x = 1 + tan2 x − tan2 x
=1

7
 cos2 x π
" #
1
b cot x − cosec x =
2 2
2
− 2 7 tan x = −4, x ∈ − , 0
sin x sin x 2
1 − cos2 x
=− a sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x sec2 x = 1 + 16 = 17
=− 2 √
sin x sec x = ± 17
= −1 √ π
" #
or sec x = 17 as x ∈ − , 0
cot2 x − cosec2 x 2

= cot2 x − (1 + cot2 x) 1
b cos x =
sec x
= −1 √
1 17
cos x = √ =
tan2 x + 1 sec2 x 17 17
c =
tan2 x tan2 x
1 c cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x
2 1
= cos2 x =1+
sin x tan2 x
cos2 x 1
=1+
1 16
= √
sin2 x 17
cosec x = ±
= cosec2 x 4
√
π
" #
− 17
sin2 x cos2 x + sin2 x cosec x = as x ∈ − , 0
d + cos x = 4 2
cos x cos x
1
= "
3π
#
cos x 8 cot x = 3, x ∈ π,
= sec x 2

e sin4 x − cos4 x a cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x

√ √
= (sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) ∴ cosec x = ± 1 + 32 = ± 10
√
" #
= sin2 x − cos2 x ∴ cosec x = − 10 as x ∈ π,
3π
2
= − cos 2x
1
f tan3 x + tan x = tan x(1 + tan2 x) b sin x =
cosec x
√
= tan x sec2 x 10
=−
10

8
 1 cos x◦
c sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + b cot x◦ =
cot2 x sin x◦
s √ √
!2 3 1
∴ sec x = ± 1 +
1
=±
10 =− ÷
3 3 2 2
√
√ " # =− 3
10 3π
∴ sec x = − as x ∈ π,
3 2 1 1
c cosec x◦ = ◦
= =2
sin x 0.5
π
" #
9 sec x = 10, x ∈ − , 0 12 cosec x◦ = −3, 180 < x < 270
2
1 1
a tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 a sin x◦ = ◦
=−
cosec x 3
√ √
∴ tan x = ± 102 − 1 = ±3 11 s
!2
1
√ π b cos x = − 1 −
◦
" #
∴ tan x = −3 11 as x ∈ − , 0 3
2 √
8
=−
b sin x = tan x ÷ sec x 3
√ √
−3 11 2 2
∴ sin x = =−
10 3
√
1 3 3 2
" # c sec x◦ = =−√ =−
3π cos x ◦
8 4
10 cosec x = −6, x ∈ , 2π
2

a cot2 x = cosec2 x − 1 13 cos x◦ = −0.7, 0 < x < 180

√ p
a sin x◦ = 1 − (0.7)2
p
∴ cot x = ± (−6)2 − 1 = ± 35
√
√ = 0.51
" #
3π
∴ cot x = − 35 as x ∈ , 2π √
2
51
√ =
35 10
b cos x = cot x ÷ cosec x = √ √
6 sin x ◦
0.51 51
b tan x◦ = ◦
= =−
cos x −0.7 7
11 sin x◦ = 0.5, 90 < x < 180 √
1 7 7 51
√ c cot x◦ = ◦
=−√ =−
3 tan x 51 51
a cos x◦ = − 1 − (0.5)2 = −
p
2
14 sec x◦ = 5, 180 < x < 360
1 1
a cos x◦ = ◦
= = 0.2
sec x 5

9
 sec2 θ − cosec2 θ
s
!2
1 d
b sin x = − ◦
1− tan2 θ − cot2 θ
5
√ (1 + tan2 θ) − (1 + cot2 θ)
24 =
=− tan2 θ − cot2 θ
5 tan2 θ − cot2 θ
√ =
2 6 tan2 θ − cot2 θ
=−
5 =1
√ √
1 2 6 1 6
c cot x◦ = ÷ − =− √ =−
5 5 2 6 12 16 If x = sec θ − tan θ

1 sin θ
= −
15 a sec θ + cosec θ − sec θ cosec θ
2 2 2 2
cos θ cos θ
1 1 1 1 − sin θ
= + − =
cos2 θ sin2 θ cos2 θ sin2 θ cos θ
1 cos θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ − 1 then =
= x 1 − sin θ
cos2 θ sin2 θ and
1−1 1 1 − sin θ cos θ
= x+ = +
cos2 θ sin2 θ x cos θ 1 − sin θ
=0 (1 − sin θ) + cos2 θ
2
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
b (sec θ − cos θ)(cosec θ − sin θ) 1 − 2 sin θ + sin2 θ + cos2 θ
=
1
!
1
! cos θ(1 − sin θ)
= − cos θ − sin θ 1 − 2 sin θ + 1
cos θ sin θ =
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
1 − cos2 θ 1 − sin2 θ
! !
= 2(1 − sin θ)
cos θ sin θ =
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
sin2 θ cos2 θ
! !
= 2
cos θ sin θ =
cos θ
= sin θ cos θ = 2 sec θ, as required to prove.
1
= sin 2θ
2
(using a double angle formula)

c (1 − cos2 θ)(1 + cot2 θ)

= (sin2 θ)(cosec2 θ)
!
1
= (sin θ)
2
sin2 θ
=1

10
 1 1 − sin θ cos θ
x− = −
x cos θ 1 − sin θ
(1 − sin θ) − cos2 θ
2
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) − 2 sin θ + sin2 θ − cos2 θ
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
2 sin2 θ − 2 sin θ
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
−2 sin θ(1 − sin θ)
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
−2 sin θ
=
cos θ
= −2 tan θ
1
∴ x− = −2 tan θ
x

11
Solutions to Exercise 3B
π π π π π π
! !
1 a sin = sin − d tan = tan −
12 3 4 12 3 4
π π π π π π
= sin cos − sin cos tan − tan
3 4 4 3 = 3 4
√ √ √ π π
3 2 21 1 + tan tan
= − 3 4
2 2 2 2 √
√ √ 3−1
2( 3 − 1) = √
= 1+ 3
4 √ √
√ √
6− 2 ( 3 − 1)(1 − 3)
= =
4 −2
√
2 3−4
π π =
!
5π
b tan = tan + −2
12 4 6 √
=2− 3
π π
tan + tan
= 4 6
π π
1 − tan tan 2 a sin(2x − 5y) = sin 2x cos 5y
4 6
√ − cos 2x sin 5y
3
1+
= 3
√ b cos(x2 + y) = cos(x2 ) cos y
3
1− − sin(x2 ) sin y
3
√ 2
(3 + 3) c
=
6 tan(x + (y + z))
√
=2+ 3 tan x + tan(y + z)
=
1 − tan x tan(y + z)
π
! !
7π 6π
c cos = cos + tan y + tan z
12 12 12 tan x +
1 − tan y tan z
=
π π tan y + tan z
!
= cos + 1 − tan x ×
2 12 1 − tan y tan z
π tan x(1 − tan y tan z) tan y tan z
= − sin +
12 1 − tan y tan z 1 − tan y tan z
√ √ =
2( 3 − 1) 1 − tan y tan z tan x(tan y + tan z)
=− (see a) −
4 1 − tan y tan z 1 − tan y tan z
√ √
2(1 − 3) tan x − tan x tan y tan z + tan y + tan z
= =
4 1 − tan y tan z − tan x tan y − tan x tan z
√ √ tan x + tan y + tan z − tan x tan y tan z
=
2− 6 =
4 1 − tan y tan z − tan x tan y − tan x tan z
A CAS calculator has the capability
to expand and collect some

12
 trigonometric equations.
TI: Press
Menu → 3 : Algebra →
B : Trigonometry → 1 : Expand
CP : Tap Action →
For part b.
Transformation → tCollect
Type tExpand(cos(x2 + y))
and complete the command as per the
TI instructions.

4 a sin(x + 2x) = sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x

CP : Tap Action →
Transformation → tExpand b sin(3x) = sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x
and complete the command as per the = sin x(cos2 x − sin2 x)
TI instructions.
+ cos x × 2 sin x cos x
= sin x cos2 x − sin3 x
3 a sin x cos 2y − cos x sin 2y = sin(x − 2y)
+ 2 sin x cos2 x
b = 3 sin x cos2 x − sin3 x
cos 3x cos 2x + sin 3x sin 2x = cos(3x − 2x)
= 3 sin x(1 − sin2 x) − sin3 x
= cos x
= 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
c
tan A − tan(A − B)
= tan(A − (A − B))
1 + tan A tan(A − B) 5 a cos(x + 2x) = cos x cos 2x
= tan B − sin x sin 2x

d b cos(3x) = cos x(cos2 x − sin2 x)

sin(A + B) cos(A − B) + cos(A + B) sin(A − B)
− 2 sin2 x cos x
= sin((A + B) + (A − B))
= cos3 x − 3 sin2 x cos x
= sin 2A
= cos3 x − 3(1 − cos2 x) cos x
e cos y cos(−2y) − sin y sin(−2y) = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x
= cos(y + (−2y))
= cos(−y) π
" #
6 sin x = 0.6, x ∈ , π and
= cos y 2
π
" #
For part e. tan y = 2.4, y ∈ 0,
TI : Press 2
Menu → 3 : Algebra →
B : Trigonometry → 2 : Collect

13
a cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x e tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
√
cos x = ± 1 − 0.62 1
= −1
cos2 x
= ±0.8 s
!2
1
π tan x = ±
# "
−1
∴ cos x = −0.8 as x ∈ , π 0.8
2
0.6
=±
b sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y 0.8
√ 3
sec y = ± 1 + 2.42 =±
4
= ±2.6 = ±0.75
π
" #
π
"#
∴ sec y = 2.6 as y ∈ 0, ∴ tan x = −0.75 as x ∈ , π
2 2
1 f cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
c cos y =
sec y
4 5 3 12
1 =− × + ×
= 5 13 5 13
2.6
20 36
10 =− +
= 65 65
26
16
5 =
= 65
13
s
!2
d sin2 y = 1 − cos2 y g sin(x − y) = ± 1 −
16
s
!2 65
5
sin y = ± 1− =±
63
13 65
π π
12 As ≤ x ≤ π and 0 ≤ y ≤ ,
=± 2 2
13 0≤ x−y≤π
π 63
" #
12 ∴ sin(x − y) =
∴ sin y = as y ∈ 0, 65
13 2 or
sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
!
3 5 4 12
= × − − ×
5 13 5 13
15 48
= +
65 65
63
=
65

14
 tan x + tan y
h tan(x + y) = b q
1 − tan x tan y
cos y = ± 1 − sin2 y
−3 12
+ p
4 5 = ± 1 − (0.4)2
= √
3 12
1+ × = ± 0.84
4 5 √
33 5 2 21
= × =±
20 14 10
√
33 π
" #
= 21
56 ∴ cos y = = 0.92 as x ∈ 0,
5 2
i tan(x + 2y) = tan((x + y) + y) tan x − tan y
c tan(x − y) =
33 12 1 + tan x tan y
+
= 56 5 sin x sin y
−
33 12 cos x cos y
1− × =
56 5 sin x sin y
837 70 1+ ×
= ×− cos x cos y
280 29 √
837 51 2
=− − √
7 21
116 = √
51 2
1+ ×
"
3π
# 7 21
7 cos x = −0.7, x ∈ π, and √ √
2 3 51 − 2 21
=
π 21
" #
sin y = 0.4, y ∈ 0, 49
2 × √
√ 49 + 2 119
√ √
a sin x = ± 1 − cos2 x 21 51 − 14 21
= √
147 + 6 119
p
= ± 1 − (−0.7)2
√ = 0.40
= ± 0.51
√
51 d cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
=± √ √
10
√ −7 21 51 2
51 = × + ×
∴ sin x = − = −0.71 10
√
5
√
10 5
10
−7 21 2 51
= +
" #
3π
as x ∈ π, 50 50
2
= −0.36

1 1
8 a sin x cos x = (2 sin x cos x)
2 4
1
= sin 2x
4

15
 b sin2 x − cos2 x = −(cos2 x − sin2 x) a
= − cos 2x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
sin x = −0.8
tan x 1 2 tan x
c = p
cos x = ± 1 − (0.8)2
1 − tan x 2 1 − tan2 x
2

1 = ±0.6
= tan 2x
2 " #
3π
∴ cos x = −0.6 as x ∈ π,
sin4 x − cos4 x 2
d
cos 2x
∴ sin 2x = 2 × (−0.8) × (−0.6) = 0.96
(sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
cos 2x b cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x
(− cos 2x)(1)
= = 1 − 2(−0.8)2
cos 2x
= −1 = −0.28

sin 2x
4 sin3 x − 2 sin x c tan 2x =
e cos 2x
cos x cos 2x
0.96
2 sin x(2 sin2 x − 1) =
= −0.28
cos x cos 2x 24
− cos 2x =−
= 2 tan x · 7
cos 2x
= −2 tan x
π
" #
10 tan x = 3, x ∈ 0,
4 sin2 x − 4 sin4 x 2
f
sin 2x 2 tan x
4 sin2 x(1 − sin2 x) a tan 2x =
= 1 − tan2 x
2 sin x cos x 6
2 sin x cos2 x =
= 1−9
cos x 6
=−
= 2 sin x cos x 8
= sin 2x 3
=−
4
" #
3π
9 sin x = −0.8, x ∈ π,
2

16
 b tan 3x = tan(2x + x)
p
a cos x = ± 1 − sin2 x
tan 2x + tan x p
= = ± 1 − (−0.75)2
1 − tan 2x tan x √
3 7
− +3 =±
4 4
=
= ±0.66 (correct to two
!
3
1− − ×3
4 decimal places)
9
=
" #
3π
13 ∴ cos x = −0.66 as x ∈ π,
2

2 tan x b cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x

11 tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x x
π ∴ cos x = 1 − 2 sin2
Put x = 2
8 x 1 − cos x
π sin2 =
π 2 tan 2 2
∴ tan = 8
4 1 − tan2 π √
s
x 4+ 7
8 sin = ±
π π 2 8
1 − tan2 = 2 tan
8 8 = ±0.91
π
Let tan = x, π 3π
" # " #
3π x
8 as x ∈ π, ⇒ ∈ ,
∴ 1 − x2 = 2x 2 2 2 4
x
x2 + 2x − 1√= 0 ∴ sin = 0.91
−2 ± 4 + 4 2
x=
2
√
π
" #
= −1 ± 2 13 cos x = 0.9, x ∈ 0,
π π 2
as < ,
8√ 2 Since cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 then
x = 2 − 1√ x
π cos x = 2 cos2 − 1
∴ tan = 2 − 1 2
8 x 1 + cos x
cos2 =
2 2
" # r
12 sin x = −0.75, x ∈ π,
3π x 1 + 0.9
cos = ±
2 2 2
= ±0.97
π π
" # " #
x
as x ∈ 0, ⇒ ∈ 0,
2 2 4
x
∴ cos = 0.97
2

17
14 P Let tan x = z
12 2z
∴ =
5 1 − z2
∴ 6 − 6z2 = 5z
∴ 6z2 + 5z − 6 = 0
√
12 m −5 ± 25 + 144
∴ z=
12
T √
−5 ± 169
=
12
π
!
as x ∈ 0, ,
2
G A −5 + 13 8 2
z= = =
5m 12 12 3
Since ∴ ∠AGT = ∠TGP = x 2
∴ tan x =
∴ ∠AGP = 2x 3

a tan 2x =
opp 12
= c AT = GA tan x
adj 5 2
=5×
2 tan x 3
b tan 2x = 10
1 − tan2 x =
3
1
=3
3
1
Therefore the length of AT is 3
3
metres.

18
Solutions to Exercise 3C
1 a The graph of y = tan−1 (x − 1)
!
1
c The graph of y = 2 sin x +−1
is
is a translation of the graph of 2
y = tan−1 (x), one unit in the positive a dilation of factor 2 from the x!axis
1
direction of the x axis. The x axis of the graph of y = sin−1 x + .
2
intercept is at 1, the y axis intercept That is why the range of the
π
is at tan−1 (−1) = − , the asymptotes
!
1
4
π π function y = 2 sin x +
−1
is
remain the same: y = and y = − . 2
! 2 2 π π
" ! #
π π 2 × − ,2 × = [−π, π].
The range is − , and the domain 2 2
2 2 1
!
is R. The graph of y = sin x +−1

y
2
is a translation of the graph of
π
2 1
-1
y = tan (x – 1)
y = sin−1 (x), unit in the negative
2
π
direction of the x axis. There-
4
fore the domain of! the function
1
y = 2 sin−1 x + is
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x 2
" # " #
1 1 3 1
−1 − , 1 − = − , .
–π
2 2 2 2
4 !
3 3 1
When x = − , y = 2 sin − +−1
2 2 2
–π
2
= 2 sin−1 (−1)
b The graph of y = cos−1 (x + 1) π
=2×−
is a translation of the graph of 2
y = cos−1 (x) one unit in the negative = −π
direction of the x axis. The domain is !
1 1 1
[−2, 0], the range is [0, π] When x = , y = 2 sin−1 +
y
2 2 2
π = 2 sin−1 (1)
-1 π
y = cos (x + 1)
=2×
2
π
2 =π

-2 -1 1 x

–π
2

19
 1 π
x axis intercept is x = − 2 tan−1 (x) = −
2 2
π
∴ tan (x) = −
−1
!
1
y axis intercept is y = 2 sin −1
4
2
π
!
π ∴ x = tan − = −1
=2× 4
6 y
π
= 3π
3 2
y

π
π
y = 2tan (x) + π
-1
2
-1
y = 2sin  x + 12  2π
 
3
π
π 2
3

x
–3 -1 –1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
2 2 2

–π
3
–π
2
– 2π
3

–π e The graph of y = cos−1 (2x)

is obtained from the graph of
π 1
d The graph of y = 2 tan−1 (x) + y = cos−1 (x) by a dilation of factor
2 2
is obtained from the graph of from the y axis.
y = tan−1 (x), by a dilation of The domain of the
"function y = cos
factor 2 from the x axis followed −1
π # (2x)
" is #
by a translation of units in 1 1 1 1
2 −1 × , 1 × = − , .
the positive direction of the y 2 2 2 2
axis. Therefore the domain of The range is [0, π].
π y
the function y = 2 tan−1 (x) +
2 π
is R, and the range is !
π π π π π 3π
!
2 × − + ,2 × + = − , . -1
y = cos (2x)
2 2 2 2 2 2
π π
The asymptotes are at y = − and 2
2
3π
y=
2
π π x
y axis intercept is 2 tan−1 (0) + = –1
2
1
2
2 2
x axis intercept can be found from the
equation
–π
2

1 π
f The graph of y = sin−1 (3x) + is
2 4
a consequence of a dilation of the

20
 √ !
1 3
graph of y = sin−1 (x) of factor d Evaluating cos − −1
is equivalent
3 2
from the y axis, then a dilation of √
1 3
y = sin−1 (3x) of factor from the to solving the equation cos x = − .
2 √ 2
π π 3
x axis and then a translation units cos =
4 6 2
in the positive direction of the y axis. √
π
!
Therefore the domain of " the function 3
1 −1 π 1 1
# ∴ cos π − =−
y = sin (3x) + is − , and 6 2
2 4 3 3 ! √
5π 3
the
" range is ∴ cos =−
π 1 π π 1 π π 6 2
# " #
− × + , × + = 0, . √ !
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 3 5π
The y axis intercept is at ∴ cos−1 − =
2 6
1 −1 π π
sin (0) + = .
2 4 4 π π
y e cos−1 0.5 = because cos = 0.5
3 3
π
2
π π
y = 12 sin (3x) + π
-1
4
f tan−1 1 = because tan = 1
4 4
π
√ √
4 g tan−1 (− 3) = − tan √3 =
π π
− because tan = 3
3 3
√ ! √
–1 1 x
3 π π 3
3 3 h tan −1
= because tan =
3 6 6 3

–π
4
i cos−1 (−1) = π − cos−1 1 = π − 0 = π

! √
−1
2 a Evaluating sin 1 is equivalent to π 3
3 a sin(cos−1 0.5) = sin =
solving the equation sin x = 1. 3 2
π
sin = 1
π 5π
! !!
2 5π
π
−1
b sin cos = sin sin −
−1

∴ sin−1 1 = 6 2 6
2
π
!!
√ ! = sin−1 sin −
2 π π 3
−1
b sin − = − because sin
2 4 4 π
√ =−
3
2
= √ !!
2 π
!
2
√ −1
c tan sin − = tan − = −1
π
!
2 2 4
∴ sin − = −
4 2 ! √
π 2
π π d cos(tan −1
1) = cos =
c sin−1 0.5 = because sin = 0.5 4 2
6 6

21
 √ !
π π
! !! !
5π −3π 2
e tan −1
sin = tan sin 2π +
−1
l sin −1
cos = sin −
−1
=−
2 2 4 2 4
= tan−1 1
π π 3π
" #
= 4 f: , → R, f (x) = sin x
4 2 2
π √
f tan(cos−1 0.5) = tan = 3 a The range of f (x) = sin x is [−1, 1]
3
∴ the domain of f −1" is [−1,# 1]
π π 3π
! !!
7π
g −1
cos cos = cos cos 2π +
−1
The range of f −1 is , as it is a
3 3 2 2
given domain of f (x).
π
!
= cos−1 cos ∴ f −1 (x) = π − sin−1 (x)
3
π π
!
= b i f =1
3 2
π ! √
! !!
−2π
h −1
sin sin = sin sin −π +
−1 3π 2
3 3 ii f =
4 2
π
!!
= sin−1 sin − 7π
!
1
3 iii f =−
π 6 2
=−
3
iv f −1 (−1) = π − sin−1 (−1)
π
! !!
11π
−1
= tan tan 3π −
−1
π
!
i tan tan
4 4 =π− −
2
π
!!
= tan−1 tan − 3π
4 =
2
π
=−
4 v f −1 (0) = π − sin−1 (0) = π
√ !
π vi f −1 (0.5) = π − sin−1 (0.5)
!!
3
j −1
cos sin − = cos −−1
3 2 π
√ ! =π−
3 6
= π − cos −1
5π
2 =
π 6
=π−
6
5π 5 a The domain of sin−1 (x) is [−1, 1]
=
6 ∴ −1 ≤ 2 − x ≤ 1
π −3 ≤ −x ≤ −1
!!
k −1
cos tan − = cos−1 (−1) = π
4 1≤x≤3

22
 ∴ the domain of sin−1 (2 − x)
" is [1,#3] e The domain of cos x is [0, π]
π π π
The range is unchanged at − , . ∴0 ≤ x − ≤ π
2 2 6
π 7π
≤x≤
π π 6 6
" #
b The domain of sin x is − , π
!
2 2 ∴ the domain of cos x − is
π π π 6
∴ − ≤ x+ ≤
π 7π
" #
2 4 2
, , the range is [−1, 1].
3π π 6 6
∴ − ≤x≤
4 4
π f The domain of cos−1 (x) is [−1, 1]
!
Therefore the domain of sin x + is
4 ∴−1≤ x+1≤1
3π π
" #
− , −2≤ x≤0
4 4 ∴ the domain of cos−1 (x + 1) is
The range is unchanged at [−1, 1].
[−2, 0] The range is unchanged at
c As in a, the domain of sin−1 (2x + 4) [0, π].
can be defined from the inequality
g As in f, −1 ≤ x2 ≤ 1
−1 ≤ 2x + 4 ≤ 1
∴ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
−5 ≤ 2x ≤ −3 ∴ the domain of cos−1 (x2 ) is [−1, 1]
5 3 However, when x ∈ [−1, 1], x2 ∈
− ≤x≤− −1 2
2 2 "[0, 1],#so the range of cos (x ) is
The domain of sin−1 (2x" + 4) is# π
"
5 3
#
π π 0, .
− , − , the range is − , . 2
2 2 2 2
2π
h As in e, 0 ≤ 2x + ≤π
π
!
3
d As in b, the domain of sin 3x −
3 2π π
− ≤ 2x ≤
can be defined from the inequality 3 3
π π π π π
− ≤ 3x − ≤ − ≤x ≤
2 3 2 3 6
π π π π
!
2π
− + ≤ 3x ≤ + ∴ the domain of cos 2x + is
2 3 2 3 3
π π π
" #
5π
− ≤ 3x ≤ − , , the range is [−1, 1].
6 6 3 6
π 5π
− ≤x≤ i The domain of tan−1 (x) is R, so the
18 18
π
!
domain of tan−1 (x2 ) is also R.
So the domain of sin 3x − is
3 However when x ∈ R, x2 ∈ R+ ∪ {0},
π 5π
" #
−1 2
− , , the range is [−1, 1]. "therefore
! the range of tan (x ) is
18 18 π
0,
2

23
 y
therefore the range of tan x2 is
π
2
R+ ∪ {0}.
-1 2
y = tan (x )
π

π
4
" #
−1 4
6 a sin ∈ 0,
5 2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x

5
–π
4
4

π π x
!
j The domain of tan(x) is − , 3
2 2
π π π Using a trigonometirc ratio, sin x =
4
∴ − < 2x − <
2 2 2 5
−1 4
0 < 2x < π ⇒ x = sin
5
π
0<x<
!
4 3
2 ∴ cos sin−1 = cos(x) =
π
! 5 5
∴ the domain of tan 2x − is
2 5
"
π
#
π −1
!
b cos ∈ 0,
0, , the range is R. 13 2
2

k Both the domain and the range of 13

tan−1 (2x + 1) are the same as those of 12
tan−1 (x):
! the domain is R, the range is x
π π
− , 5
2 2
π
y " #
7
π
2
c tan−1 ∈ 0,
24 2

π
-1
y = cos (x )
2
25
4 7
x
24
-1 1 x
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
7
tan x =
–π
24
4 7
⇒ x = tan−1
24
π π
!
l The domain of tan x is − , , so
!
7 24
2 2 ∴ cos tan−1 = cos(x) =
π
r r !
π 24 25
2
the domain of tan x is − , .
2 2 40
"
π
#
−1
π
" !
d sin ∈ 0,
At the same time x2 ∈ 0, , 41 2
2

24
 y
1
x
x
41
2
40 5

x
9
Using a trigonometirc ratio, Using a trigonometirc ratio,
40 −2
sin x = tan x =
41 1
40 −2
⇒ x = sin−1 ⇒ x = tan−1
41 1
−2
sin(tan−1 (−2)) = sin(x) = √
!
40 40 ∴
∴ tan sin−1 = tan(x) = 5
41 9 √
−2 5
1
!
π √ =
e tan cos −1
= tan = 3 5
2 3
π
" #
−1 3
h sin ∈ 0,
π
" #
−1 2 7 2
f cos ∈ 0,
3 2
7
3 3
5
x
x
2 2 10
Using a trigonometirc ratio, 3
Using a trigonometirc ratio, sin x =
5 7
cos x =
−1 3
13 ⇒ x = sin
5 7
⇒ x = cos−1 √
13 !
−1 3 2 10
5
!
12 ∴ cos sin = cos(x) =
∴ tan cos−1 = tan(x) = 7 7
13 5
π
" #
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
2 i tan (0.7) ∈ − , 0
−1
cos x = 2
3
2
⇒ x = cos−1
3 149
! √ 7
2 5
∴ sin cos−1 = sin(x) =
3 3 x
10
π
" #
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
g tan−1 (−2) ∈ − , 0 7
2 tan x =
10

25
 7 8 a The domain of cos x is [0, π] and the
⇒ x = tan−1
10 range is [−1, 1]. As the domain of
7 sin−1 (x) is [−1, 1], the range of the
∴ sin(tan−1 0.7) = sin(x) = √
149 composite function is the same as it is
√
7 149 for sin−1 (x).
=
149 ∴ the domain" of sin#−1 (cos x) is [0, π],
π π
the range is − ,
2 2
π
" #
3 5
7 sin α = and sin β = , α ∈ 0, and
5 13 2 b The domain "of sin−1# (x) is [−1, 1] and
π
" #
β ∈ 0, π π
2 the range is − , . As the domain
2 2
r of cos(x) is [0, π], in this composite
p 9 function
a i cos α = 1 − sin2 α = 1− # it is only"
π π π
" #
25
0, = [0, π] ∩ − , . So the
4 2 2 2
=
5 domain of the composite function is
r [0, 1] and the range is [0, 1].
25 12
ii cos β = 1− =
π π
" #
169 13
c The domain of sin 2x is − , and
4 4
b i To prove the equality we have to the range is [−1, 1]. As the domain
16
prove that sin(α − β) = of cos−1 is [−1, 1], the range of the
65
sin(α − β) = sin α cos β composite function is the same as it is
for cos−1 (x).
− cos α sin β
∴
" the domain of cos−1 (sin 2x) is
3 12 4 5 π π
#
= × − × − , , the range is [0, π].
5 13 5 13 4 4
36 − 20
= d sin(− cos−1 (x)) = − sin(cos−1 x)
65
16 The domain of cos−1 (x) is [−1, 1], the
=
65 range is# [0, π]. The domain of sin x is
π π
"
ii As in i, − , . Therefore the domain of the
2 2
cos(α + β) = cos α cos β composite function is [0, 1] and the
− sin α sin β range is [−1, 0].
4 12 3 5
= × − × e cos(2 sin−1 (x))
5 13 5 13
The domain "of sin−1# (x) is [−1.1],
48 − 15
= π π
65 the range is − , . So the range of
2 2
33
= 2 sin (x) is [−π, π]. However, the
−1
65
domain of cos(x) is [0, π]. Therefore

26
 !
the domain of the composite function −1 −1 1
9 a tan tan 3 − tan
is [0, 1] and the range is [−1, 1]. 2
!
−1 1
f The domain of cos x is [0, π] and the −1
tan(tan 3) − tan tan
2
range is [−1, 1]. Since the domain = !
of tan−1 (x) is R, the domain of the 1
1+ tan(tan−1 3) × tan tan−1
2
composite # is [0, π] and the
" function
π π 1
range is − , . 3−
4 4 = 2
1
1+3×
g The domain of tan−1! (x) is R and 2
π π 2.5
the range is − , . However, the =
2 2 2.5
domain of cos x is [0, π]. Therefore
=1
the domain of the composite function π
Since tan is 1 and tan is a 1–1
is R+ ∪ {0} and the range is (0, 1]. 4
function, the equality is proven.
h Since the range of tan−1 (x) is the
same as the( domain b As in a,
) of( sin) x excluding x−1
π π x−
x+1 = x +x−x+1 =1
2
the points − and , the
2 2 x(x − 1) x + 1 + x2 − x
domain of the composite function is 1+
x+1
R and the range is (−1, 1).
π
10 a sin−1 (−0.5) = −
6
However, the domain of cos x is
π
!
[0, π], so cos − does not exist.
6

π π π
! " #
b cos (−0.2) ∈ , π < − , .
−1
2 2 2
−1
So sin(cos (−0.2)) does not exist.
π
c tan−1 (−1) = − < [0, π].
4
So cos(tan−1 (−1)) does not exist.

27
Solutions to Exercise 3D
√
1 a cosec x = −2 e cot x = − 3
1 1
∴ sin x = − ∴ tan x = − √
2 3
7π 11π 5π 11π
∴ x= or ∴ x= or
6 6 6 6
π
!
π
!
b cosec x − = −2 f cot 2x − = −1
4 3
π
!
1 π
!
∴ sin x − =− ∴ tan 2x − = −1
4 2 3
Now x ∈ [0, 2π] Now x ∈ [0, 2π]
π π 7π
" #
∴ x− ∈ − , ∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π]
4 4 4
π π 11π
" #
π π 7π ∴ 2x − ∈ − ,
∴ x− = − or 3 3 3
4 6 6
π π π 3π 7π 11π
∴ x= or
17π ∴ 2x − = − or or or
12 12 3 4 4 4 4
π 13π 25π 37π
√ ∴ 2x = or or or
c 3 sec x = 2 3 12 12 12 12
√ π 13π 25π 37π
2 3 ∴ x= or or or
∴ sec x = 24 24 24 24
3 for part f.
√
3 3 CAS: type
∴ cos x = √ = π
! !
2 3 2 solve cot 2x − = −1, x 0 ≤ x ≤

π 11π 3 
∴ x = or 2π
6 6

d cosec(2x) + 1 = 2
∴ cosec(2x) = 1
∴ sin(2x) = 1
Now x ∈ [0, 2π]
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π]
π 5π
∴ 2x = or
2 2
π 5π
∴ x = or
4 4

28
 √
2 a sin x = 0.5, x ∈ [0, 2π] f cosec x = − 2, x ∈ [0, 2π]
π π 1 √
∴ x = or π − ∴ =− 2
6 6 sin x
π 5π 1
∴ x = or ∴ sin x = − √
6 6 2
√ π π
− 3 ∴ x = π + or 2π −
b cos x = , x ∈ [0, 2π] 4 4
2
π π 5π 7π
∴ x = π − or π + ∴ x= or
6 6 4 4
5π 7π
∴ x= or
6 6 3 a In the interval [0, 2π], there
√ are
√ 2 π
c tan x = 3, x ∈ [0, 2π] two solutions to sin x = ,x=
2 4
π π and x =
3π
∴ x = or π + 4
. The period of sin x
3 3 is 2π, ∴ the solutions of the
π 4π π
∴ x = or equation are x = (−1)n + πn, n ∈ Z
3 3 4
Alternatively,
π
d cot x = −1, x ∈ [0, 2π] x = + 2nπ
4
1 3π
∴ = −1 or x = + 2nπ, n ∈ Z
tan x 4
∴ tan x = −1
b In the interval [0, 2π], sec x = 1
π π
∴ x = π − or 2π − when x = 0. The period of cos x is
4 4
2π. Therefore the solutions of the
3π 7π
∴ x= or equation are x = 2πn, n ∈ Z.
4 4
√
e sec x = 2, x ∈ [0, 2π] c In the interval [0, π], cot x = 3
π
when x = . The period of cot x
1 6
∴ =2 is π. Therefore the solutions of the
cos x π
1 equation are x = + πn, n ∈ Z.
∴ cos x = 6
2
π π (12n − 5)π (4n + 1)π
∴ x = or 2π − d x= or x = ,
3 3 12 4
n∈Z
π 5π
∴ x = or
3 3
(2n − 1)π 2(3n + 1)π
e x= or x = ,
3 9
n∈Z
2nπ (6n + 1)π
f x= or x = ,n∈Z
3 9

29
 (3n − 2)π ∴ cos x = 0 or cos x − sin x = 0
g x= ,n∈Z
6
∴ cos x = sin x
nπ
h x= ,n∈Z ∴ tan x = 1
2
π 3π π 5π
∴ x = or or x = or
(8n − 5)π 2 2 4 4
i x= ,n∈Z
8 π π 5π 3π
∴ x = or or or
2 4 4 2
4 a sec x = 2.5 b sin 2x = sin x
∴ cos x = 0.4 ∴ 2 sin x cos x = sin x
∴ x = ±1.16 ∴ 2 sin x cos x − sin x = 0

b cosec x = −5 ∴ sin x(2 cos x − 1) = 0

∴ sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
sin x = −0.2
∴ 2 cos x = 1
x = −0.20
1
or x = −3.14 + 0.20 = −2.94 ∴ cos x =
2
π 5π
∴ x = 0 or π or 2π or x = or
c cot x = 0.6 3 3
! π 5π
x = tan−1 1
= 1.03 ∴ x = 0 or or π or or 2π
0.6 3 3

or x = 1.03 − 3.14 = −2.11 c sin 2x = cos x

CAS: Type in as shown below ∴ 2 sin x cos x = cos x
∴ 2 sin x cos x − cos x = 0
∴ cos x(2 sin x − 1) = 0
∴ cos x = 0 or 2 sin x − 1 = 0
∴ 2 sin x = 1
1
∴ sin x =
2
π 3π π 5π
∴ x = or or x = or
2 2 6 6
π π 5π 3π
∴ x = or or or
6 2 6 2

5 a cos2 x − cos x sin x = 0 d sin 8x = cos 4x

∴ cos x(cos x − sin x) = 0 ∴ 2 sin 4x cos 4x = cos 4x
∴ 2 sin 4x cos 4x − cos 4x = 0
∴ cos 4x(2 sin 4x − 1) = 0

30
 ∴ cos 4x = 0 or 2 sin 4x − 1 = 0 1
∴ a=−
2
∴ 2 sin 4x = 1 1
1 ∴ cos x = − or cos x = 1
∴ sin 4x = 2
2 2π 4π
Now x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴ 4x ∈ [0, 8π] ∴ x= or or x = 0 or 2π
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 3 3
∴ 4x = , , , , , , 2π 4π
2 2 2 2 2 2 ∴ x = 0 or or or 2π
13π 15π 3 3
or
2 2 f cos 2x = sin x
π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π
or 4x = , , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6 ∴ 1 − 2 sin2 x = sin x
37π 41π
or ∴ 2 sin2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
6 6 Let a = sin x
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π
∴ x= , , , , , , ∴ 2a2 + a − 1 = 0
8 8 8 8 8 8
13π 15π ∴ (2a − 1)(a + 1) = 0
or ∴ 2a − 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0
8 8
π 5π 13π 17π 25π ∴ 2a = 1 ∴ a = −1
or x= , , , , ,
24 24 24 24 24 1
29π 37π 41π ∴ a=
, or 2
24 24 24 1
π π 5π 3π 13π 5π 17π ∴ sin x = or sin x = −1
∴ x= , , , , , , , 2
24 8 24 8 24 8 24 π 5π 3π
7π 25π 9π 29π 11π ∴ x = or or
, , , , , 6 6 2
8 24 8 24 8
37π 13π 41π 15π g sec2 x + tan x = 1
, , or
24 8 24 8 ∴ (1 + tan2 x) + tan x = 1
e cos 2x = cos x ∴ tan2 x + tan x = 0
∴ 2 cos2 x − 1 = cos x ∴ tan x(tan x + 1) = 0
∴ 2 cos2 x − cos x − 1 = 0 ∴ tan x = 0 or tan x = −1
Let a = cos x 3π 7π
∴ x = 0, π or 2π or x = or
∴ 2a2 − a − 1 = 0 4 4
3π 7π
∴(2a + 1)(a − 1) = 0 ∴ x = 0 or or π or or 2π
4 4
∴ 2a + 1 = 0 or a − 1 = 0
∴ 2a = −1 ∴a=1 h tan x(1 + cot x) = 0
!
1
∴ tan x 1 + =0
tan x
1
∴ + 1 = 0 or tan x = 0
tan x
Note that if tan x = 0 then cot x is

31
 undefined, thus we only consider the sin y = 0 gives y = 0, π
case when π
tan y = 1 gives y =
tan x = −1 4
Hence x = 2y, so solutions for
3π 7π π
∴ x= or x are 0, , 2π.
4 4 2

i cot x + 3 tan x = 5 cosec x

6 a −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
cos x 3 sin x 5
∴ + = ∴ 1 ≤ 2 + sin θ ≤ 3
sin x cos x sin x
3 sin x 5 − cos x
∴ = The maximum and minimum values
cos x sin x of 2 + sin θ are 3 and 1 respectively.
∴ 3 sin2 x = cos x(5 − cos x)
= 5 cos x − cos2 x b 1 ≤ 2 + sin θ ≤ 3
∴ 3(1 − cos2 x) = 5 cos x − cos2 x ∴
1
≤
1
≤1
3 2 + sin θ
∴ 3 − 3 cos2 x = 5 cos x − cos2 x
The maximum and minimum values
∴ 2 cos2 x + 5 cos x − 3 = 0 1 1
of are 1 and respectively.
Let a = cos x 2 + sin θ 3
∴ 2a2 + 5a − 3 = 0
c −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
∴ (2a − 1)(a + 3) = 0
∴ 0 ≤ sin2 θ ≤ 1
∴ 2a − 1 = 0 or a + 3 = 0
∴ 4 ≤ sin2 θ + 4 ≤ 5
∴ 2a = 1 or a = −3
The maximum and minimum values
1
∴ a= of sin2 θ + 4 are 5 and 4 respectively.
2
1 4 ≤ sin2 θ + 4 ≤ 5
∴ cos x = or cos x = −3 d
2
π 5π 1 1 1
∴ x = or ∴ ≤ ≤
3 3 5 sin θ + 4 4
2

The maximum and minimum

(as cos x , −3) 1 1 1
values of are and
j sin x + cos x = 1 sin2 θ + 4 4 5
respectively.
Let x = 2y and use double angle
formula. e cos2 θ + 2 cos θ
sin 2y + cos 2y = 1 = (cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1) − 1
2 sin y cos y + 1 − 2 sin2 y = 1 = (cos θ + 1)2 − 1
2 sin y(cos y − sin y) = 0 Now −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
2 sin y = 0 or tan y = 1
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π so 0 ≤ y ≤ π

32
 ∴ 0 ≤ cos θ + 1 ≤ 2
∴ 0 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 ≤ 4
∴ −1 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 − 1 ≤ 3
∴ −1 ≤ cos2 θ + 2 cos θ ≤ 3
The maximum and minimum values
of cos2 θ + 2 cos θ are 3 and −1
respectively.
f cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 6
= (cos θ + 2 cos θ + 1) + 5
2
= (cos θ + 1)2 + 5
Now −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
∴ 0 ≤ cos θ + 1 ≤ 2
∴ 0 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 ≤ 4
∴ 5 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 + 5 ≤ 9
∴ 5 ≤ cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 6 ≤ 9
The maximum and minimum values
of cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 6 are 9 and 5
respectively.
7 Using a CAS calculator sketch both
equations and change the Window
settings so that that all points of
intersections can be seen.
TI: Change the Document settings to
Fix2 and Approximate
Press Menu →6: Analyze
Graph →4: Intersection
CP: Change the Number Format to Fix2
and set the mode to Decimal.
Tap Analysis → G-Solve → Intersect
a y = 2x and y = 3 sin(2x)
Therefore the points of intersection
are
(−1.14, −2.28), (0, 0) and (1.14, 2.28)
33
b y = x and y = 2 sin(2x) d y = x and y = tan x x ∈ [0, 2π]

Therefore the points of intersection Therefore the points of intersection

are are (0, 0) and (4.49, 4.49)
(−1.24, −1.24), (0, 0) and (1.24, 1.24)

c y = 3 − x and y = cos x 8 cos x = a, a , −1, x ∈ [0, 2π]

Since cos q = cos(2π − q), 2π − q is
the second solution of the equation
cos x = a.

π
" #
9 sin α = a, α ∈ 0,
2

a Since sin α = − sin(π + α) and

sin α = − sin(2π − α), x = π + α
and x = 2π − α are solutions of the
Therefore the point of intersection is equation sin x = −a.
(3.79, −0.79) π
!
b Since sin α = cos − α and
2
π
!!
sin α = cos 2π − −α
2
!
3π
= cos +α ,
2
π
the solutions are x = − α and
2
3π
x= + α.
2

π
" #
10 sec β = b, β ∈ , π
2

34
 a Since sec(π − β) = − sec β and when 3π 3π π
π π When π ≤ γ ≤ ,0 ≤ −γ ≤
≤ β ≤ π, 0 ≤ π − β ≤ , then 2 2 2
2 2 5π 3π
x = π − β. and π ≤ −γ ≤ .
2 2
Also sec(β − π) = − sec β and when 3π 5π
π π So x = − γ and x = −γ
≤ β ≤ π, − ≤ β − π ≤ 0. 2 2
2 2
Therefore there are two solutions,
x = π − β and x = β − π. θ
12 sin2 θ = , θ ∈ [0, π]
π
π
!
CAS: Type
b Since cosec − β = sec β and when !
2 x
solve sin(x) = , x 0 ≤ x ≤ π
2 
π π π π
≤ β ≤ π, − ≤ − β ≤ 0, then 
2
π
2 2 ∴ θ = 0, 0.33 or 2.16,
x = − β. Also
2
cosec x = −cosec(π + x)
= cosec(−π − x).
π
!
3π
Therefore x = −π − − β = − + β
2 2
3π
is a solution if −π < − + β < π
2 13 tan−1 x = 4x − 5
π π 3π 3π
As ≤ β ≤ π, − ≤β− ≤ CAS: Type
2 2 2 2 solve(tan−1 (x) = 4x − 5, x)
3π
π− ∴ x = 1.50
2
3π π
∴ −π ≤ β − ≤−
2 2
Therefore there are two solutions:
π 3π
x = − β and x = β −
2 2
14
r
" #
3π
11 tan γ = c, γ ∈ π, 135 m
2
300 m θ°
θ°
a tan γ = − tan(2π − γ) 135 m
3π 3π
As π ≤ γ ≤ ,− ≤ −γ ≤ −π,
2 2
π a circumference = 2πr
and ≤ 2π − γ ≤ π.
2 360
So x = 2π − γ is the solution. Also, circumference = × 300
Also tan(x) = tan(π + x) 2θ
∴ x = π + 2π − γ = 3π − γ is the 54 000
=
second solution. θ
! !
3π 5π
b tan γ = cot − γ = cos −γ
2 2

35
 54 000 1
∴ 2πr = 18 = × 62 (θ − sin θ)
θ 2
∴r=
54 000 27 000
= = 18(θ − sin θ)
2πθ πθ
135 ∴ 1 = θ − sin θ
Now sin θ =
◦
r ∴ sin θ = θ − 1
1 CAS: Type
= 135 ×
r solve(sin(x) = x − 1, x)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
πθ ∴ θ = 1.93, correct to two decimal
= 135 ×
27 000 places.
π
= θ,
200
as required to show.
π
b sin θ◦ = θ, θ ∈ (0, 360)
200 17 a O
CAS: Set to Degree/Deg mode and θ
r
then type
πx A X
!
solve sin(x) = , x 0 < x < 360

Consider 4AOX.
200  1
∴ θ = 45.07 Area of 4AOX = base × height
2
1
= × AX × r
2
AX
and tan θ =
r
∴ AX = r tan θ
1 1
15 tan x = , x ∈ [0, π] ⇒ ∆AOX = (r tan θ) × r
x 2
CAS: Type 1
= r2 tan θ
!
1
solve tan(x) = , x 0 ≤ x ≤ π

2
x 
1
∴ x = 0.86, correct to two decimal Area AOBX = 2 × r2 tan θ
2
places.
= r tan θ
2

Now, area of remaining region of

circle !
2π − 2θ 2
= πr
2π
Ensure your calculator is set to Radian
mode. 2(π − θ)πr2
=
2π
1 = (π − θ)r2
16 A = r2 (θ − sin θ) ∴ r2 tan θ = (π − θ)r2
2
When A = 18, r = 6
∴ tan θ = π − θ, as required to show.

36
 π
!
Consider the sector OAP.
b tan θ = π − θ, θ ∈ 0,
2 AP = rα
CAS: Type
π π
!
solve(tan(x) = π − x, x)|0 < x < = 10 − θ
2 2
∴ θ = 1.113, correct to three decimal π
since ∴ ∠AOP + ∠POB0 =
places. 2
O B′
θ
10 cm
P
0
Consider 4OPB
0
.
PB
18 xA = 0.5 sin t and xB = 0.25t2 + 0.05t tan θ =
10
When xA = xB , 0.5 sin t = 0.25t2 + 0.05t AB − AP
=
∴ sin t = 0.5t2 + 0.1t 10
π
!
Using the CAS calculator procedure
20 − 10 − θ
outlined in question 7, the points of 2
intersection are (0, 0) and (1.29, 0.96). =
10
The positions of particles A and B are π
!
the same at the start (t = 0) at the origin 10 2 − + θ
2
(xA = xB = 0), and after 1.29 seconds =
10
when they are 0.48 cm from the origin, π
=2− +θ
correct to two decimal places. 2
π
∴ − θ + tan θ = 2, as required to
2
show.
π π
!
b − θ + tan θ = 2, θ ∈ 0,
2 2
CAS: Type
π
!
solve − x + tan(x) = 2, x 0 <

2 
π
x<
2
∴ θ = 0.94, correct to two decimal
places.

19 a O
α 10 cm
10 cm
P

37
Solutions to Technology-free questions
√
1 a sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ
r
16 3
= 1− =
25 5
cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
32 7
= −1=
25 25
24
b sin 2θ = 2 cos θ sin θ =
25
sin 2θ 24
c tan 2θ = =
cos 2θ 7
1 5
d cosec θ = =
sin θ 3
cos θ 4
e cot θ = =
sin θ 3

2 a 2 sin x cos x = sin x

∴ sin x (2 cos x − 1) = 0
Either sin x = 0
∴ x = 0, π, 2π
or 2 cos x = 1
1
∴ cos x =
2
π 5π
∴ x=± ,
3 3

b cos x − 1 = 2 cos2 x − 1
∴ cos x (2 cos x − 1) = 0
Either cos x = 0
π 3π
∴ x=± ,
2 2
or 2 cos x = 1
1
∴ cos x =
2
π 5π
∴ x=± ,
3 3

38
c 2 sin x cos x = 2 cos x
∴ cos x (sin x − 1) = 0
π 3π
Either cos x = 0, ∴ x=± ,
2 2
π
or sin x = 1, ∴ x=
2

d sin2 x cos3 x = cos x

cos x (sin2 x cos2 x − 1) = 0
π 3π
Either cos x = 0, ∴x=± ,
2 2
or sin2 x cos2 x = 1.
1
But sin2 x cos2 x = (sin 2x)2
4
and −1 ≤ sin 2x ≤ 1
∴ 0 ≤ (sin 2x)2 ≤ 1
1 1
∴ 0 ≤ (sin 2x)2 ≤
4 4
1
∴ 0 ≤ sin2 x cos2 x ≤
4
∴ sin2 x cos2 x , 1

1 1
e sin2 x − sin x − = 0
2 2
1 1
Let sin x = t, then t2 − t − = 0
2 2
2t − t − 1 = 0
2

√
1± 1+8 1±3
t= =
4 4
1
t=1 or t=−
2
1
∴ sin x = 1 or sin x = −
2
π π 5π 7π 11π
x= or x = − ,− , ,
2 6 6 6 6

39
 f Let cos x = t
then 2t2 − 3t + 1 = 0
√
3± 9−8 3±1
t= =
4 4
1
t=1 or t =
2
1
∴ cos x = 1 or cos x =
2
π 5π
x = 0, 2π or x = ± ,
3 3

3 a The equation 2 − sin θ = cos2 θ + 7 sin2 θ

is rearranged to the form
7 sin2 θ + 1 − sin2 θ + sin θ − 2 = 0
∴ 6 sin2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0
√
−1 ± 1 + 24 −1 ± 5
sin θ = =
12 12
1 1
sin θ = − , or sin θ =
2 3
1 7π 11π
If sin θ = − , θ= or θ =
2 6 6
1 1 1
or, if sin θ = , θ = sin−1 or θ = π − sin−1
3 3 3

b sec 2θ = 2
π 5π 7π 11π
2θ =, , ,
3 3 3 3
π 5π 7π 11π
θ= , , ,
6 6 6 6

40
 1
c (5 cos θ − 3 sin θ) = sin θ
2
5 cos θ − 3 sin θ = 2 sin θ
5 cos θ = 5 sin θ
cos θ = sin θ
sin θ
1=
cos θ
tan θ = 1
π 5π
θ= ,
4 4

d sec θ = 2 cos θ
2 cos2 θ = 1
1
cos2 θ =
2
1
cos θ = ± √
2
π 3π 5π 7π
θ= , , ,
4 4 4 4

π
! !
5π
4 a sin = sin 2π −
3 3
√
π
!
3
= − sin =−
3 2
!
−5π 1
b cosec =− !
3 5π
sin
3
√
2 2 3
= √ =
3 3

π
! !
7π
c sec = sec 2π +
3 3
π
!
1
= sec = ! =2
3 π
cos
3

41
 π
! !
5π
d cosec = cosec π −
6 6
π
!
1
= cosec = ! =2
6 π
sin
6

π
! ! !
3π 5π
e cot − = cot = cot =1
4 4 4

π π √
! !
1
f cot − = − cot =− ! =− 3
6 6 π
tan
6

5 a tan(−α) = − tan α
= −p

b tan(π − α) = − tan α
= −p

π
!
c tan − α = cot α
2
1
=
p
! !
3π 3π
d tan + α = tan + α − 2π
2 2
π
!
= tan α −
2
π
!
1
= − tan − α = −
2 p

e tan(2π − α) = − tan α = −p

√ ! √
3 π π 3
6 a sin−1 = , because sin =
2 3 3 2
!!
1 1
b cos cos −1
= under the definition.
2 2

42
 !!
2π 2π
c cos −1
cos = under the definition.
3 3
!! !
4π 1
d cos −1
cos = cos −1
−
3 2
!
2π 2π 1 2π
= since cos = − and ∈ [0, π]
3 3 2 3
! √
π
!!
1 3
e cos sin−1 − = cos − =
2 6 2
! √
π 2
f cos(tan (−1)) = cos − =
−1
4 2

7 a The graph of y = 2 tan−1 x is obtained from the graph of y

y = tan−1 x by a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis. π
The domain is R and the range is (−π, π).
Asymptotes are y = π and y = −π. 0 x
The graph intersects the origin.
−π

b The graph of y = sin−1 (3 − x) is a translation of the graph

π
of y = sin−1 (−x), three units in the positive direction of 2
the x axis. The graph of y = sin−1 (−x) is a reflection in
the y axis of the graph of y = sin−1 (x). The domain can be 0 2 3 4 x

obtained from the inequality π

−2
−1 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 1
∴ −1 ≤ x − 3 ≤ 1
2≤x≤4
π π
# "
The domain is [2, 4], the range is − , .
2 2
The x-axis intercept is at x = 3.

43
c The graph of y = 3 cos−1 (2x + 1) is obtained from the graph y
of y = cos−1 (2x + 1) by a dilation of factor 3 from the x axis. 3π
So the range is [0, 3π]. The graph touches the origin, so
y = 3 cos−1 (2 × 0 + 1) = 3 cos−1 1 = 0
The graph of y = cos−1 (2x + 1) is a translation of the graph of
y = cos−1 2x one unit in the negative direction of the x axis, −1 0 x
1
and the graph of y = cos−1 2x is a dilation of factor from the
2
y axis of the graph of y = cos−1 x.
The domain can be obtained from the inequality
−1 ≤ 2x + 1 ≤ 1
∴ −2 ≤ 2x ≤ 0
−1 ≤ x ≤ 0
The domain is [−1, 0].

d The graph of y = − cos−1 (2 − x) is a reflection in the x axis of y

the graph of y = cos−1 (2 − x), which is the reflection in the 0 1 2 3 x

y axis and translation two units in the positive direction of the

x axis, of the graph of y = cos−1 x.
The domain is [1, 3]. −π
The range is [−π, 0].

e The graph of y = 2 tan−1 (1 − x) is obtained from the graph of y = tan−1 (1 − x) by a

dilation of factor 2 from the x axis.
The range of the given function is (−π, π).
Asymptotes are y = π and y = −π.
π π
The y-axis intercept is 2 tan−1 (1) = 2 × = y
4 2 π
The graph of the function y = tan−1 (1 − x) is the
π
reflection in the y axis and translation, one unit in 2
the positive direction of the x axis, of the graph of 0 1 x

y = tan (x).
−1
−π
The x-axis intercept is at x = 1.
The domain is R.

44
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
√
1 C Recall that the graph of y = cos−1 (x) 1 3 11
∴ cot(x) = − ÷
has domain [−1, 1] and range [0, π] 10 10
π
When x = 0, y = cos−1 (0) = 1
∴ cot(x) = − × √
10
2 10 3 11
When y = 0, x = cos(0) = 1
√
Therefore response A, B and E are 11
∴ cot(x) = −
incorrect. 33
The graph of y = cos−1 (x) is the
π 7π
!
result of reflecting the graph of 4 D y = 2 + sec(3x), x ∈ − ,
6 6
y = cos(x) in the line y = x
The graph of y = sec(3x) has range
R\(−1, 1)
Thus the range of y = 2 + sec(3x)
is R\(1, 3). Which implies that
stationary points occur when y = 1
and y = 3
In this instance the CAS calculator
will be used to solve the following
equations
π 7π
!
for x over − ,
6 6
2 2 + sec(3x) = 1
2 C cos x = − , 2π < x < 3π 1
3
Since cosine is negative we are 2 + sec(3x) = 3 2
looking in the
s second quadrant.
!2
2
∴ sin x = + 1 − −
3
√
5
∴ sin x =
3
π
!
1
3 E cos(x) = − , x ∈ , π
10 2
As we are in the second quadrant
cot(x) will be
s negative.
!2
1 Therefore the stationary points are
sin(x) = + 1 − −
10 at:
√ π 2π
3 11 x = 0, , , π
sin(x) = 3 3
10
cos(x)
cot(x) =
sin(x)

45
 1
5 A sin x = −
3 s
!2
1
∴ cos x = ± 1 − −
3
√
2 2
∴ cos x = ±
3
6 A For y = cos−1 (1 − 5x) to be defined
−1 ≤ 1 − 5x ≤ 1
∴ −2 ≤ −5x ≤ 0
2 Use the right arrow key to view all
∴0≤x≤
5 solutions.
Therefore
" # the implied domain is Therefore there are 6 solutions.
2
0, sin(2θ)
5
tan(2θ) cos(2θ)
9 E =
7 E (1 + tan x)2 + (1 − tan x)2 1 + sec(2θ) 1
1+
= 1 + 2 tan x + tan2 x + 1 cos(2θ)
sin(2θ)
− 2 tan x + tan2 x = !
1
= 2 + 2 tan2 x cos(2θ) 1+
cos(2θ)
= 2(1 + tan2 x) sin(2θ)
=
= 2 sec2 x cos(2θ) + 1
2 sin θ cos θ
=
1 (2 cos2 θ − 1) + 1
8 D cos2 (3x) = , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
4 2 sin θ cos θ
=
⇒ 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 3π 2 cos2 θ
1 sin θ
∴ cos(3x) = + =
2 cos θ
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
∴ 3x = , , , , , = tan θ
3 3 3 3 3 3
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
∴x= , , , , , π π
9 9 9 9 9 9 10 E < A < π, 0 < B < ,
Using solve on CAS yields: 2 2
sin A = t and √
cos B = t
∴ cos A = − 1 − t2 and
√
sin B = 1 − t2
cos(B + A)
= cos B cos A − sin B sin A
√ √
= t × − 1 − t2 − 1 − t2 × t
√ √
= −t 1 − t2 − t 1 − t2
√
= −2t 1 − t2
46
Solutions to extended-response questions
√
1 a Consider 4AB1C as shown. AC = 1 − x2
x
i sin α = = x B1
1 1m
√ xm
1 − x2 √ α
ii cos α = = 1 − x2 A C
1
x
iii tan α = √
1 − x2
Now consider
√ 4AB2 D as shown.
AD = 1 − 4x2
2x
iv sin β = = 2x B2
1
√ 1m
1 − 4x2 √ (2x) m
v cos β = = 1 − 4x2
1 β
D
2x A
vi tan β = √
1 − 4x2

b i sin(β − α) = sin β cos α − cos β sin α

√ √
= 2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2

ii cos(β − α) = cos β cos α + sin β sin α

p
= (1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2

sin(β − α)
iii tan(β − α) =
cos(β − α)
√ √
2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2
= p
(1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2

47
 2 tan α
iv tan(2α) =
1 − tan2 α
!2 !
2x x
= √ ÷ 1− √
1 − x2 1 − x2
x2
!
2x
= √ ÷ 1−
1 − x2 1 − x2
2x 1 − x2 − x2
= √ ÷
1 − x2 1 − x2
√
2x 1 − x2 2x 1 − x2
= √ × 2
=
1 − x2 1 − 2x 1 − 2x2
√
v sin(2α) = 2 sin α cos α = 2x 1 − x2

vi cos(2α) = 1 − 2 sin2 α = 1 − 2x2

c ∠B2 AB1 = β − α
p
= cos−1 ( (1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2 )
p
= cos−1 ( (1 − 4(0.3)2 )(1 − 0.32 ) + 2(0.3)2 )
√
= cos−1 ( 0.5824 + 0.18)
= cos−1 (0.943 15 . . .) = 0.338 80
2α = cos−1 (1 − 2x2 )
= cos−1 (1 − 2(0.3)2 )
= cos−1 (0.82) = 0.609 38 . . .
∠B2 AB1 = 0.34 and 2α = 0.61, correct to two decimal places.

2 a y
i y = cosec x
y = cot x
ii
iii y = cosec x − cot x

0 π 2π

48
 1 cos x
cosec x − cot x = −
sin x sin x
!!
12
1 − 1 − 2 sin x !
1 − cos x 2 1
= = ! ! = tan x
sin x 1 1 2
2 sin x cos x
2 2

b i Given 0<x<π
1 π
then 0< x<
2 2
!
1
∴ tan x > 0
2
∴ cosec x − cot x > 0
∴ cosec x > cot x for all x ∈ (0, π)

ii Given π < x < 2π

π 1
then < x<π
2 2
!
1
∴ tan x < 0
2
∴ cosec x − cot x < 0
∴ cosec x < cot x for all x ∈ (π, 2π)
!
x
c y = cot y
2
or y = cosec x + cot x

0 π 2π x

49
 1 cos θ
d i cosec θ + cot θ = + , sin θ , 0
sin θ sin θ
1 + cos θ
=
sin θ
θ
!
1 + cos 2
2
=
θ
!
sin 2
2

2 θ
!
1 + 2 cos − 1
2
=
θ θ
2 sin cos
2 2
θ
2 cos2
= 2
θ θ
2 sin cos
2 2
θ
cos
= 2 = cot θ , as required to prove.
θ 2
sin
2
π π π π π π
ii cot = cosec + cot cot = cosec + cot
8 4 4 12 6 6
√ √
= 2+1 =2+ 3
π π
iii 1 + cot2 = cosec 2
8 8
√ 1
∴ 1 + ( 2 + 1)2 = π
sin2
8
√ 1
∴ 1+2+2 2+1= π
sin2
8
π 1
∴ sin2 = √
8 4+2 2
s
π 1
∴ sin = √
8 4+2 2
π
The negative square root is not appropriate since is in the first quadrant.
8
π 1
∴ sin = q
8 √
4+2 2

50
 θ
e cosec θ + cot θ = cot 1
2
∴ cosec 2θ + cot 2θ = cot θ 2
and cosec 4θ + cot 4θ = cot 2θ 3
Adding 1 , 2 and 3 yields
θ
cosec θ + cot θ + cosec 2θ + cot 2θ + cosec 4θ + cot 4θ = cot + cot θ + cot 2θ
2
θ
∴ cosec θ + cosec 2θ + cosec 4θ = cot − cot 4θ
2
CD
3 a i sin θ = ∴ CD = 10 sin θ
10
AD
cos θ = ∴ AD = 10 cos θ
10
Area of rectangle = AD × CD
= 100 sin θ cos θ
= 50 sin 2θ

ii R

50

0 π π θ
4 2

iii From the graph, the maximum value of R is 50 square units.

π
iv The maximum occurs when θ = (when the rectangle is a square).
4
AD CD θ CG
b i cos θ = , sin θ = and tan =
AC AC 2 AC
θ
∴ AD = AC cos θ CD = AC sin θ and CG = AC tan
2
θ
= 10 cos θ = 10 sin θ = 10 tan
2
Volume, V = AD × CD × CG
θ
= 1000 cos θ sin θ tan , as required.
2

51
 θ θ θ
! !
ii V = 1000 cos 2 × sin 2 × tan
2 2 2
θ
θ
!
θ θ sin
= 1000 1 − 2 sin2 × 2 sin cos × 2
2 2 2 θ
cos
2
θ θ
!
∴ V = 1000 1 − 2 sin2 × 2 sin2
2 2
θ θ
∴ V = 2000 sin2 − 4000 sin4
2 2
∴ a = 2000 and b = −4000

θ
iii Let p = sin2
2
then V = 2000p − 4000p2
π
iv For 0<θ<
2
θ π
0< <
2 4
√
θ 2
∴ 0 < sin <
2 2
θ 1
∴ 0 < sin2 <
2 2
1
∴ 0<p<
2
v V V
250 250

0 π π θ 0 1 1 p
3 2 4 2

vi From the graph of V against p, the axis of symmetry gives the maximum volume
1
as 250 cubic units when p = .
4

52
 1 θ 1
When p = , sin2 =
4 2 4
θ 1 θ
∴ sin = as sin >0
2 2 2
θ π θ π
∴ = as 0 < <
2 6 2 4
π
∴ θ=
3

c i If ∠CAD = ∠GAC = θ
then V = 1000 cos θ sin θ tan θ (from b i)
sin θ
= 1000 cos θ sin θ ×
cos θ
π
= 1000 sin θ, 0 < θ <
2
2
ii V
1000 ( π , 1000)
2

0 π θ
2

iii V is an increasing function. As the angle θ gets larger, so does the volume of the
π
cuboid. 0 < θ < for the cuboid to exist.
2
4 a Consider 4AOB. B
Let M be the midpoint of AB. 1
−
Consider 4AMO. 2
1 M θ
sin θ = 2 1
−
θ O
AO 2
1
∴ AO = A
2 sin θ
= radius of the circle.
Consider 4AOE. O
1 1 1
EO = AO = 2 sin θ 2(π − 4θ) 2 sin θ
2 sin θ
∠AOE = 2π − 4 × 2θ A E
= 2π − 8θ
= 2(π − 4θ)

53
 π
Note: π − 4θ > 0 which implies 0 < θ < .
4
Let N be the midpoint of AE. O
1
Consider 4ANO. 2 sinθ π − 4θ
AO
sin(π − 4θ) =
1
A N
2 sin θ
sin(π − 4θ) sin 4θ
∴ AN = =
2 sin θ 2 sin θ
Now AE = 2AN and AE = p
sin 4θ sin 4θ
∴ p=2× = , as required.
2 sin θ sin θ

sin 4θ
b p=
sin θ
2 sin 2θ cos 2θ
=
sin θ
2(2 sin θ cos θ)(2 cos2 θ − 1)
=
sin θ
= 4 cos θ (2 cos2 θ − 1)
= 8 cos3 θ − 4 cos θ

c i If x = cos θ, p = 8x3 − 4x
√ √
If p = 3, 3 = 8x3 − 4x
√
∴ 8x3 − 4x − 3 = 0, as required.
√
3 √
ii If x = , 8x3 − 4x − 3 becomes
√ !32 √ ! √ !
3 3 √ 3 3 √ √
8 −4 − 3=8 −2 3− 3
2 2 8
√ √
=3 3−3 3
=0
√ √
3 √ 3
Therefore x = is a solution to the equation 8x − 4x − 3 = 0 and x −
3
is
2 √ 2
a factor of 8x3 − 4x − 3
Dividing to find the quadratic√ factor yields
√ √
!
3
8x3 − 4x − 3 = x − (8x2 + 4 3x + 2)
2
√ 2
The discriminant 4 = (4 3) − 4(8)(2)
= 48 − 64, which is < 0

54
 √
3
Therefore the quadratic factor is irreducible and is the only solution.
2
√
√ 3
iii If p = 3, then x=
2
√
3
∴ cos θ =
2
π
∴ θ=
6
1
iv radius =
2 sin θ
1
= π
2 sin
6
=1

π
#
sin 4θ
d p= , θ ∈ 0, p
sin θ 4 4

0 π θ
4

e If A = E, then 4 × 2θ = 2π
π
∴ θ=
4

f i If AE = 1, then p = 8x3 − 4x
becomes 1 = 8x3 − 4x
∴ 8x3 − 4x − 1 = 0
Also 5 × 2θ = 2π
π
∴ θ=
5
π
!
sin 4 ×
5
∴ p= π =1
sin
5

55
 π
ii 8x3 − 4x − 1 = 0, x = cos
5
1 √
If x = ( 5 + 1)
4
!3
1 √ 1 √
!
then 8x − 4x − 1 = 8 ( 5 + 1) − 4 ( 5 + 1) − 1
3
4 4
√
8( 5 + 1)3 √
= − ( 5 + 1) − 1
43
√ √
8(5 5 + 15 + 3 5 + 1) √
= − 5−1−1
64
√
16 + 8 5 √
= − 5−2
8
√ √
=2+ 5− 5−2=0
1 √
∴ 8x3 − 4x − 1 = 0 when x = ( 5 + 1)
4
1 √ π
and ( 5 + 1) = cos
4 5
sin x cos x
5 a i tan x + cot x = + , cos x , 0, sin x , 0
cos x sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x
=
sin x cos x
1
=
1
(2 sin x cos x)
2
2
= = 2 cosec 2x
sin 2x
sin x cos x
ii tan x = cot x ∴ = , cos x , 0, sin x , 0
cos x sin x
∴ sin2 x = cos2 x
= 1 − sin2 x
∴ 2 sin2 x = 1
1
∴ sin2 x =
2
1
∴ sin x = ± √
2
π 3π 5π 7π
∴ x = ± ,± ,± ,± ,...
4 4 4 4
π
= nπ ± , n ∈ Z
4

56
 iii y
y = tan x
y = cot x
2
y = 2cosec (2x)
1

0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2
−1

−2

cos 2x sin x
b i cot 2x + tan x = + , sin 2x , 0, cos x , 0
sin 2x cos x
cos 2x cos x + sin x sin 2x
=
sin 2x cos x
cos(2x − x)
=
sin 2x cos x
1
= = cosec 2x, as required to prove.
sin 2x

ii cot 2x = tan x
cos 2x sin x
∴ = , sin 2x , 0, cos x , 0
sin 2x cos x
∴ cos 2x cos x = sin 2x sin x
∴ (1 − 2 sin2 x) cos x = (2 sin x cos x) sin x
∴ cos x − 2 sin2 x cos x = 2 sin2 x cos x
∴ cos x = 4 sin2 x cos x
∴ 4 sin2 x = 1
1
∴ sin2 x =
4
1
∴ sin x = ±
2
π 5π 7π 11π π
∴ x = ± ,± ,± ,± , . . . = nπ ± , n ∈ Z
6 6 6 6 6

57
 iii
y

y = cot 2x
1 y = tan 2x
3
3 y =2 cosec 2x

0 π π 2π x
3π
3 2 2
−
3
−1

cos(mx) sin(nx)
c i cot(mx) + tan(nx) = + , sin(mx) , 0, cos(mx) , 0
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos(mx) cos(nx) + sin(mx) sin(nx)
=
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos(mx − nx)
=
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos((m − n)x)
= , as required to prove.
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos((6 − 3)x)
ii From c i, cot(6x) + tan(3x) =
sin(6x) cos(3x)
cos(3x) 1
= =
sin(6x) cos(3x) sin(6x)
= cosec (6x), as required.

6 a i ∠BAE = ∠BEA (isosceles 4)

∴ 2∠BAE + 36◦ = 180◦
!◦
180 − 36
∴ ∠BAE = = 72◦
2
∠AEC = ∠BEA = ∠BAE = 72◦
∠ACE = ∠AEC = 72◦ (isosceles 4)

ii ∠BAC = ∠BAE − ∠CAE

= ∠BAE − (180◦ − 2∠AEC)
= 72◦ − (180 − 2 × 72)◦ = 36◦

58
b Consider 4ABC C
∠ABC = ∠BAC = 36◦ 1
72°
∴ 4ABC is isosceles with BC = AC = 1
Consider 4ACD
A D
∠CAD = 180◦ − (90 + 72)◦ = 18◦
CD
sin 18◦ =
1
Now BD = BC + CD
= 1 + sin 18◦ , as required.

c Consider 4ADE D
∠DAE = ∠CAE (isosceles 4ACE) = 18◦
DE
sin 18◦ = A E
1 1

Now BE = BD + DE
= (1 + sin 18◦ ) + sin 18◦
= 1 + 2 sin 18◦
Since 4ABE is isosceles, B
AB = 1 + 2 sin 18◦ also. 36°
1 + 2 sin 18°
Now consider 4ABD◦ 1 + sin 18°
1 + sin 18
cos 36◦ =
1 + 2 sin 18◦ A D
as required to prove.

1 + sin 18◦
d cos 36◦ =
1 + 2 sin 18◦
1 + sin 18◦
∴ 1 − 2 sin2 18◦ =
1 + 2 sin 18◦
∴ (1 − 2 sin2 18◦ )(1 + 2 sin 18◦ ) = 1 + sin 18◦
∴ 1 − 2 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 4 sin3 18◦ = 1 + sin 18◦
∴ 4 sin3 18◦ + 2 sin2 18◦ − sin 18◦ = 0
∴ sin 18◦ (4 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 1) = 0
∴ 4 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 1 = 0, as required.

e Let a = sin 18◦ ∴ 4 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 1 = 0

4a2 + 2a − 1 = 0
Using the general quadratic formula

59
 p
−2 ±22 − 4(4)(−1)
a=
2×4
√ √
−2 ± 20 −1 ± 5
= =
8 4
√
−1 + 5
∴ sin 18◦ = since sin 18◦ > 0
4
1
7 a i Volume of a pyramid, V = Ah, where A is the area of V
3
the base and h is the height of the pyramid, V X.
Since ABCD is a rectangle,
A = AD × CD = AC cos θ◦ × AC sin θ◦
= 10 cos θ◦ × 10 sin θ◦ θ°
A 5 X
= 100 cos θ sin θ
◦ ◦

1
Consider 4AV X AX = AC = 5
2
VX
tan θ◦ =
5
∴ V X = 5 tan θ◦
∴ h = 5 tan θ◦
1
Therefore V= × 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ × 5 tan θ◦
3
500 sin θ◦
= cos θ◦ sin θ◦ ×
3 cos θ◦
500 2 ◦
= sin θ , as required.
3

ii V
200 (90, 500 )
3

100

0
45 90 θ°

iii V is an increasing function. As the angle θ gets larger, so does the volume of the
pyramid. 0 < θ < 90 for the pyramid to exist.

60
 θ◦ V X
b i tan =
2 5
θ◦
θ ◦ 5 sin
∴ V X = 5 tan ∴h= 2
2 θ◦
cos
2
From a i, A = 100 cos θ sin θ
◦ ◦

2 θ θ◦ θ◦
◦
! !
= 100 1 − 2 sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2
θ◦ θ◦ θ◦
!
= 200 sin cos 1 − 2 sin2
2 2 2
1
Now V= Ah
3
θ◦
1 θ◦ θ◦ θ ◦
! 5 sin
= × 200 sin cos 1 − 2 sin 2 × 2
3 2 2 2 θ◦
cos
2
1000 2 θ ◦
θ ◦
!
= sin 1 − 2 sin2 , as required.
3 2 2

ii The maximal domain is θ ∈ (0, 90)

θ◦
iii Let a = sin2
2
1000 −2000 2 1000
∴ V= × a(1 − 20) = a + a
3 3 3
iv V is a concave down parabola with a local maximum tuming point at the axis of
symmetry, when !
−1000 −2000
a= ÷ 2×
3 3
−1000 −4000 −1000 −3 1
=
÷ = × =
3 3 3 4000 4
!2 !
1 −2000 1 1000 1
When a = , V = +
4 3 4 3 4
−2000 1000
= +
48 12
2000 125
= =
48 3

61
 1 θ◦ 1
When a = , sin2 =
4 2 4
θ ◦
1 θ
∴ sin = since 0 < < 45
2 2 2
θ
∴ = 30
2
∴ θ = 60
125
The maximum value of V is cubic units and the value of θ for which this
3
occurs is 60◦ .
1000 2 θ◦ 2 θ
◦
!
v V= sin 1 − 2 sin V
3 2 2 50 (60, 125 )
3
40

30

20

10

0 θ°
30 60 90

1
8 a i V= Ah Y
θ° X
3
As in 7 a i, A = 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ and h = vx
Consider 4AY X 5

∠AXY = ∠XAD = θ◦ (alternate angles)

A
XY
cos θ =
◦
5
∴ XY = 5 cos θ◦
Now consider 4VY X V
VX
tan θ◦ =
5 cos θ◦
∴ V X = 5 cos θ◦ tan θ◦
θ°
sin θ◦ Y
= 5 cos θ ×
◦
5 cos θ° X
cos θ◦
∴ h = 5 sin θ◦
1
∴ V= × 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ × 5 sin θ◦
3
500
= cos θ◦ sin2 θ◦
3

ii Using a CAS calculator to graph V against θ, 0 < θ < 90, the maximum volume

62
 is given as 64.15 cubic units when θ◦ = 54.74◦ (correct to two decimal places).
V

70 (54.74, 64.15)

50

30

10
0
90 θ°

1
b i V= Ah V
3
As in 7 a i, A = 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ and h = V X
As in 8 a i, XY = 5 cos θ◦ θ°
−
2
Consider 4VY X ◦ Y 5 cos θ° X
θ VX
tan =
2 5 cos θ◦
∴ h = VX
θ◦
∴ = 5 cos θ◦ tan
2
1 θ◦
Therefore V= × 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ × 5 cos θ◦ tan
3 2
θ◦
500 θ ◦
θ ◦ sin
= cos2 θ◦ × 2 sin cos × 2
3 2 2 θ◦
cos
2
500 θ ◦
= cos2 θ◦ × 2 sin2
3 2
500
= cos2 θ◦ (1 − cos θ◦ ), as required.
3

ii The implied domain is 0 < θ < 90 for the pyramid to exist.

c Let a = cos θ
Since 0 < θ < 90
0 < cos θ < 1
∴ 0<a<1
The CAS calculator gives a maximum volume of 24.69 cubic units when
a = 0.666 66 . . . ≈ 0.67

63
 i.e., cos θ = 0.666 66 . . .
∴ θ = 48.19 (correct to two decimal places)

a+b
9 a tan(θ + α) =
x
a+b
!
∴ θ + α = tan −1
x θ
α
b
tan α =
x
!
b
∴ α = tan −1
x
θ = (θ + α) − α
a+b
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan −1
− tan , as required.
x x

a+b
! !!
−1 b
b tan θ = tan tan −1
− tan
x x

−1 a + b
!! !!
−1 b
tan tan − tan tan
x x
=
a+b
!! !!
b
1 + tan tan−1 tan tan −1
x x
a+b b
−
= x x
a+b b
1+ ×
x x
a + b − b x2 + b(a + b)
= ÷
x x2
a x2
= × 2
x x + ab + b2
ax
= , as required.
x2 + ab + b2

64
 π ax
c i If θ = , tan θ =
4 + ab + b2
x2
π ax
becomes tan = 2
4 x + ab + b2
ax
∴ 1= 2
x + ab + b2
∴ x2 + ab + b2 = ax
∴ x2 − ax + ab + b2 = 0
Using the general quadratic formula
−(−a) ± (−a) − 4(1)(ab + b2 )
p
2
∴ x=
2(1)
a ± a2 − 4(ab + b2 )
p
=
2
a ± a2 − 4b(a + b)
p
=
2
√
ii If a = 2(1 + 2) and b = 1,
√ q √ √
2(1 + 2) ± (2(1 + 2))2 − 4(1)(2(1 + 2) + 1)
then x =
2
√ q √ √
2(1 + 2) ± 4(1 + 2)2 − 4(2(1 + 2) + 1)
=
2
√ q √ √
2(1 + 2) ± 2 (1 + 2)2 − (2(1 + 2) + 1)
=
2
√ √ √
q
= (1 + 2) ± 1 + 2 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 2 − 1
√
∴ x=1+ 2

65
 √
d If a = 2(1 +
2), b = 1 and x = 1

−1 a + b
! !
−1 b
then θ = tan − tan
x x
√
−1 2(1 + 2) + 1
! !
−1 1
= tan − tan
1 1
√
∴ θ = tan−1 (2 + 2 2 + 1) − tan−1 (1)
√
= tan−1 (3 + 2 2) − tan−1 (1)
π
= 1.400 87 . . . −
4
= 0.615 47 . . .
≈ 0.62

e i a = 1, x = 5
b+1
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan −1
− tan
5 5
5
∴ tan θ =
25 + b + b2
θ
−

tan θ

ii a = 1, x = 10
b+1
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan−1
− tan
10 10
10
∴ tan θ =
100 + b + b2

66
 θ
−

tan θ

iii a = 1, x = 20
b+1
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan−1
− tan
20 20
20
∴ tan θ =
400 + b + b2
θ
−

b+1
! !
−1 b
f In general, the graph of θ = tan −1
− tan has the b axis as a horizontal
x x
!!
+ −1 1
asymptote. The domain is R and the range is 0, tan . The graph approaches
x
!!
1
0, tan−1 as b → 0. The function is decreasing as b increases.
x
θ
−

x
In general, the graph of tan θ = has the b axis as a horizontal asymptote,
x2 + b + b2

67
 !
1
and approaches 0, on the vertical axis. The domain is R+ and the range is
x
!!
1
0, . The function is decreasing as b increases.
x
θ

All the graphs have the same shape.

10 a 4ACD and 4ACB have a common angle ∠CAD and each has a right angle, therefore
they are similar triangles.

b Consider 4OCD
OC = 1
since the hemisphere shown has radius 1
OD = x = cos 2θ
2θ
CD = y = sin 2θ
The coordinates of C are (cos 2θ, sin 2θ)

c i Consider 4ABC
AB = 2
as AB is a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
CA θ
cos θ = ∴ CA = 2 cos θ
2

CB
ii sin θ = ∴ CB = 2 sin θ
2
d Consider 4ACD
CD
sin θ = θ
2 cos θ
∴ CD = 2 sin θ cos θ θ

From b, CD = sin 2θ
∴ sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, as required.

AD
e From 4ACD, cos θ =
2 cos θ
∴ AD = 2 cos2 θ
and OD = AD − AO = 2 cos2 θ − 1

68
since AO is a radius of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
From b, OD = cos 2θ
∴ cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1, as required.

69
Chapter 4 – Complex numbers
Solutions to Exercise 4A
1 a Re(z) = 6 d x + iy = (2 + 3i) + 7(1 − i)
∴ x + iy = 9 − 4i
b Im(z) = −7
∴ x = 9, y = −4
c Re(z) − Im(z) = 13
e 2x + 3 + 8i = −1 + (2 − 3y)i
√ √ √
2 a −25 = 25 × −1 = 5i ∴ 2x + 3 + 8i = −1 + 2i − 3yi
√ √ √ √ ∴ 2x + 3yi = −4 − 6i
b −27 = 27 × −1 = 3 3i
∴ 2x = −4, 3y = −6
c 2i − 7i = −5i ∴ x = −2, y = −2
√
d 5 −16 − 7i = 20i − 7i = 13i f x + iy = (2y + 1) + (x − 7)i
√ √ √ √
e −8 + −18 = 2 2i + 3 2i = 2y + 1 + xi − 7i
√ ∴ (x − 2y) + (y − x)i = 1 − 7i
= 5 2i Equating corresponding components
√  √  √ gives:
f i −12 = i 2 3i = 2 3i2 x − 2y = 1 1
√ √
= 2 3 × −1 = −2 3 y − x = −7
2
1 +
2 gives
g i(2 + i) = 2i + i2 = −1 + 2i −y = −6
√ ∴ y=6
h Im(2 −4) = 4
Substituting y = 6 into
1
√ x − 2(6) = 1
i Re(5 −49) = Re(5 × 7i)
= Re(35i) = 0 ∴ x − 12 = 1
∴ x = 13

3 a x + iy = 5 + 0i
4 a z1 + z2 = (2 − i) + (3 + 2i) = 5 + i
∴ x = 5, y = 0
b z1 + z2 + z3 = (2 − i) + (3 + 2i)
b x + iy = 0 + 2i
+ (−1 + 3i)
∴ x = 0, y = 2
= 4 + 4i
c x = iy
∴ x − iy = 0 + 0i
∴ x = 0, y = 0

1
 c 2z1 − z3 = 2(2 − i) − (−1 + 3i) 6 a i z1 = 1 + 2i
= 4 − 2i + 1 − 3i
ii z2 = 2 − i
= 5 − 5i
iii 2z1 + z2 = 2 + 4i + (2 − i)
d 3 − z3 = 3 − (−1 + 3i) = 4 − 3i
= 4 + 3i
e 4i − z2 + z1 = 4i − (3 + 2i)
iv z1 − z2 = (1 + 2i) − (2 − i)
+ (2 − i)
= −1 + 3i
= −1 + i

f Re(z1 ) = Re(2 − i) = 2

g Im(z2 ) = Im(3 + 2i) = 2

h Im(z3 − z2 ) = Im((−1 + 3i)

− (3 + 2i))
= Im(−4 + i)
=1

i Re(z2 ) − iIm(z2 ) = 3 − i(2) = 3 − 2i

5
Im(z)

−2 + 3i

2 (1 + i )

( −3)
Re(z)

3−i

− ( 3 + 2i )

( −4i )

2
 Im(z)

z1 − z2 2 z1 + z 2

z1

Re(z)

z2

Im(z)
2z1

2z1 + z2
z1

Re(z)

z2

3
 Im(z)

z1 − z2

z1

− z2

Re(z)

z2

e (2 − i)2 = 4 − 4i + i2
= 4 − 1 − 4i
= 3 − 4i
7 a (5 − i)(2 + i) = 10 + 5i − 2i − i2
= 10 − (−1) + 3i f Recall (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
So,
= 11 + 3i
(1 + i)3 = 13 + 3 × 12 × i + 3 × i2 + i3
b (4 + 7i)(3 + 5i) = 12 + 20i = 1 + 3i + 3i2 + i3
+ 21i + 35i2 = 1 + 3i − 3 − i
= −23 + 41i = −2 + 2i
= 47 − i
g i4 = i2 × i2 = −1 × −1 = 1
c (2 + 3i)(2 − 3i) = 4 − 6i + 6i − 9i2 h i11 (6 + 5i) = i10 × i(6 + 5i)
= 4 − (−9) + 0i = −i(6 + 5i)
=4+9 = −6i − 5i2
= 13 = 5 − 6i
d (1 + 3i)2 = 1 + 6i + 9i2 i i70 = (i2 )35
= 1 − 9 + 6i = (−1)35
= −8 + 6i = −1

4
8 a 2x + (y + 4)i = (3 + 2i)(2 − i) 9
y=− [3]
x
∴ 2x + yi + 4i = 8 + i Substitute [3] into [1]:
81
∴ 2x + yi = 8 − 3i x2 = 2
x
∴ 2x = 8, y = −3 ∴ x4 = 81
∴ x = 4, y = −3 ∴ x = ±3
When x = 3, y = −3
b
and when x = −3, y = 3
(x + yi)(3 + 2i) = −16 + 11i
∴ x = 3, y = −3 or x = −3, y = 3
∴ 3x + 2xi + 3yi − 2y = −16 + 11i
e i(2x − 3yi) = 6(1 + i)
∴ (3x − 2y) + (2x + 3y)i = −16 + 11i
Equating corresponding components ∴ 3y + 2xi = 6 + 6i
gives: Equating components gives:
3x − 2y = −16 [1] 3y = 6 and 2x = 6
∴ x = 3, y = 2
2x + 3y = 11 [2]
2 × [1] − 3 × [2]:
∴ − 13y = −65 9 a i 1+i
∴ y=5
Substituting y = 5 into [2] yields ii (1 + i)2 = 2i
x = −2
iii (1 + i)3 = −2 + 2i
∴ x = −2, y = 5
iv (1 + i)4 = −4
c (x + 2i)2 = 5 − 12i Im(z)

∴ x + 4xi − 4 = 5 − 12i
2

∴ (x2 − 4) + 4xi = 5 − 12i (1 + i )

3

Equating components gives: (1 + i )

2

x2 − 4 = 5 [1]
1+ i
(1 + i )
4

4x = −12 [2] Re(z)

From [2], x = −3
From [1], x = ±3
∴ x = −3

d (x + iy)2 = −18i
∴ x2 + 2xyi − y2 = −18i
(x2 − y2 ) = 2xyi = −18i
Equating components gives:
x2 = y2 [1]
2xy = −18 [2]
From [2]:

5
 −−→ −−→ −−→
10 Im(z)
a PQ = −OP + OQ
P " # " #
Q 2 −1
=− +
3 2
" #
−3
=
Re(z) −1
−−→
R
= OR
−−→ −−→
b QP = −PQ
" #
−3
P = z1 = 2 + 3i =−
−1
Q = z2 = −1 + 2i " #
3
R = z2 − z1 =
1
√ √
= (−1 + 2i) − (2 + 3i) and |QP| = QP = 32 + 12 = 10
= −3 − i

6
Solutions to Exercise 4B
√ √ √ √ √
1 a 3= 3 + 0i = 3 3 + i ( 3 + i)(−1 + i)
e =
−1 − i 2
√ √
b 8i = −8i − 3 + 3i − i − 1
=
2
c 4 − 3i = 4 + 3i √ √
−1 − 3 3−1
= + i
d −(1 + 2i) = −1 − 2i = −1 + 2i 2 2
17 17(4 + i)
e 4 + 2i = 4 − 2i f =
4−i 16 + 1
68 + 17i
f −3 − 2i = −3 + 2i =
17
=4+i
2 + 3i (2 + 3i)(3 + 2i)
2 a =
3 − 2i 9+4
6 + 4i + 9i − 6 3 a z + w = a + bi + c + di
=
13
13i = (a + c) + (b + d)i
=
13 = (a + c) − (b + d)i
=i = (a − bi) + (c − di)
i i(−1 − 3i) =z+w
b =
−1 + 3i 1+9
3−i b zw = (a + bi)(c + di)
=
10 = ac + bdi2 + (ad + bc)i
3 1
= − i = ac + bdi2 − (ad + bc)i
10 10
= (a − bi)(c − di)
−4 − 3i −i(−4 − 3i)
c = = −3 + 4i = zw
i 1
3 + 7i (3 + 7i)(1 − 2i)
= (a + bi)(c − di)
!
d z
1 + 2i 1+4 c =
w c2 + d2
3 − 6i + 7i + 14
=
5 (a + bi)(c − di)
= (see b)
17 + i c2 + d2
=
5 (a − bi)(c + di)
=
17 1 c2 + d2
= + i
5 5 a − bi
=
c − di
z
=
w

7
 d |zw|2 = |(a + bi)(c + di)|2 e (z − i)2 = (2 − 2i)2
= |ac − bd + (ad + bc)i|2 = 4 − 8i + 4i2
= (ac − bd)2 + (ad + bc)2 = −8i
= (a2 c2 − 2acbd + b2 d2
f (z + 1 + 2i)2 = (3 + i)2
+ a b + 2adbc + b c )
2 2 2 2 2
= 9 + 6i + i2
= (a c + b d + a b + b c )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 8 + 6i
= ((a2 + b2 )(c2 + d2 ))2
= |z|2 |w|2
5 a zz = (a + ib)(a − ib)
= a2 − abi + abi − b2 i2
 2 
 z   (a + bi)(c − di) 2
e   = 
c2 + d2

w = a2 + b2
 |(a + bi)(c − di)| 2
= c z + z = (a + bi) + (a − bi) = 2a
c2 + d2
 |(a + bi)||(c − di)| 2
= d z − z = (a + bi) − (a − bi) = 2bi
c2 + d2
 |a + bi| 2 z a + bi
= e =
|c − di| z a − bi
(a + bi)(a + bi)
|z|2 =
= a2 + b2
|w|2
a2 + 2abi − b2
=
a2 + b2
4 a z(z + 1) = (2 − i)(3 − i) a2 − b2 2ab
= 2 + 2 i
= 6 − 2i − 3i + i2 a +b 2 a + b2
= 5 − 5i z a − bi
f =
z a + bi
b z+4=6−i=6+i (a − bi)(a − bi)
=
a2 + b2
c z − 2i = 2 − 3i = 2 + 3i a2 − 2abi − b2
=
z−1 1−i a2 + b2
d =
z+1 3−i a2 − b2 2ab
= 2 − 2 i
(1 − i)(3 + i) a +b 2 a + b2
=
9+1
3 + i − 3i − i2
=
10
4 − 2i
=
10
2−i
=
5

8
6 |z1 + z2 |2 = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= z1 z1 + z2 z1 + z1 z2 + z2 z2
= |z1 |2 + 2Re(z1 z2 )) + |z2 |2
≤ |z1 |2 + 2|z1 z2 | + |z2 |2
= |z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2
= (|z1 | + |z2 |)2

This implies |z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |

9
Solutions to Exercise 4C
1 a | − 3| = 3 and Arg(−3) = π −8
Then cos θ = √ ,
π 64 + 225
b |5i| = 5 and Arg(5i) = 15
2 sin θ = √
√ √ 64 + 225
c |i − 1| = 1 + 1 = 2 and π
!
Arg(i − 1) =
3π θ∈ , π
4 2
−8
√ √ so θ = cos−1 ≈ 2.06
d | 3 +√i| = 3 + 1 = 2 and 17
π
Arg ( 3 + i) = c Let z = −4 − 3i and θ = Arg z
6
−4
√ √ Then cos θ = √ ,
e |2 − 2 3i| =√ 4 + 12 = 4 and 16 + 9
π
θ = tan−1 (− 3) = − −3
3 sin θ = √
Since complex number is situated in 16 + 9
the fourth quadrant π
!
√ π θ ∈ −π, −
∴ Arg(2 − 2 3i) = − 2
3
−4
√ so θ = − cos−1 ≈ −2.50
f z = (2 − 2 3i)2 5
√ √
= 4 − 8 3i − 12 d Let z = 1 − 2i and θ = Arg z
√ 1
= −8 − 8 3i Then cos θ = √
√ √ 3
|z| = 64 + 192 = 256 = 16 √
2
Because z is situated sin θ = − √
in the third quadrant: 3
√ π 4π π
!
θ = π + tan−1 ( 3) = π + = θ ∈ − ,0
3 3 2
2π
Arg z = − ∵ −π < Arg(z) ≤ π
!
∴ −1 1
3 so θ = − cos √ ≈ −0.96
3
2 a Let z = 5 + 12i and θ = Arg z √ √
e Let z = 2 + √3i and θ = Arg z
5
Then cos θ = √ 2
25 + 144 Then cos θ = √ ,
5
12 √
sin θ = √ 3
25 + 144 sin θ = √
5 r 5!
θ = cos−1 ≈ 1.18 2
13 so θ = cos−1 ≈ 0.89
5
b Let z = −8 + 15i and θ = Arg z

10
 f Let z = −(3 + 7i) and θ = Arg z f Im (z)
−3
Then cos θ = √ ,
9 + 49
−7 0 Re (z)
sin θ = √
9 + 49
−3 3π
so θ = − cos−1 √ ≈ −1.98 ∴ θ=−
58 2

√ 5π 3π
1 3 4 a − 2π = − ∈ (−π, π]
3 a cos θ = , sin θ = − , 4 4
2 2
π 5π 17π 5π
∴ θ = 2π − = b − 2π = ∈ (−π, π]
3 3 6 6
b Im (z) 15π π
c − + 2π = ∈ (−π, π]
8 8
Re (z) 5π π
d − + 2π = − ∈ (−π, π]
3π 2 2
∴ θ=
2
√
−3−3 5 a |z| = | − 1 − i| = 2
c cos θ = √ = √
9+3 12 1
√ sin θ = − √
−3 3 2
= √ =− √  r
2 3 2 
√  1 3  1 3
b |z| =  − i = + =1
3 1 2 2 4 4
sin θ = √ =

12 2 √
3
5π sin θ = −
∴ θ= 2
6 1
Im (z) cos θ =
2
2 √ !
1 3 π
θ = Arg − i =−
2 2 3
0 2 Re (z)
π π
!
∴ θ= ∴ z = cis −
4 3
e Im (z)
1

0 3 Re (z)

π 11π
∴ θ = −2π + =−
6 6

11
 √ √ √ √
|z| = | 3 − 3i| = 3 + 3 = 6
!
c 3π 3π 3π
6 a 2cis = 2 cos + i sin
√ 4 4 4
3 1 √ √ !
sin θ = − √ = − √ 2 2
√
6 2 =2 − +i
2 2
3 1 √ √
cos θ = √ = √
6 2 = − 2 + 2i
√ √ π √ !
θ = Arg ( 3 − 3i) = −  −π  1 3
4 b 5cis =5 − i
√ π
! 3 2 2
∴ z = 6cis − √
4 5 5 3
= − i
  r 2 2
 1 1  1 1 2
d |z| =  √ + i = + = √ π √ π π
!
 3 3 3 9 3 c 2 2cis = 2 2 cos + i sin
4 4 4
1 √ √
sin θ =
2 2 2
√ sin θ = − √ = − √
3 8 8
cos θ = √ √
2 6 3
cos θ = √ =
π
!
1 1 8 2
θ = Arg √ + i =
3 3 6 π
θ=−
π 6
!
2
∴ z = cis √ π
!
3 6 ∴ z = 8cis −
√ √ √ 6
e |z| = | 6 − 2i| = 8 √ π
!
1 ∴ z = 2 2cis −
cos θ = − √ 6
2 ! !
3π 5π 5π
θ = Arg (−1 − i) = − d 3cis − = 3 cos −
4 6 6
√
! !!
3π 5π
∴ z = 2cis − + i sin −
4 6
√
√ √
!
3 1
f |z| = | − 2 3 + 2i| = 12 + 4 = 4 =3 − − i
2 2
1 √
sin θ = 3 3 3
2
√ =− − i
2 2
3
cos θ = −
π π π
!
2
e 6cis = 6 cos + i sin
5π 2 2 2
θ=
6
! = 6(0 + i)
5π
∴ z = 4cis = 6i
6

12
 f 4cis π = 4(cos π + i sin π) 3π
8 a Let z = 2cis ,
4
= 4(−1 + 0i)
!
3π
then z = 2cis −
= −4 4
!
2π
b Let z = 7cis − ,
7 a |z| = | cos θ + i sin θ| 3
2π
then z = 7cis
p
= cos2 θ + sin2 θ 3
=1 2π
√
√ ! c Let z = −3cis ,
√ 2 2 3
=2 2 + π
!
i 2π
2 2 then z = −3cis − = 3cis
3 3
= 2 + 2i
π
!
1 z d Let z = 5cis − ,
b = 2 = z since |z| = 1 4
z |z| π
If z = cis θ, z = cis(−θ) then z = 5cis
4
1
∴ = z = cis(−θ)
z

13
Solutions to Exercise 4D
π
!
1 π π π
 2π  4cis −
+ 6cis = 4 cos + 4 sin π 7π
!
cis i 4
6 3 6 6 d ! = 8cis − −
 2π   2π  1 7π 4 10
cis
+6 cos +6 sin i 2 10
3 3
√ √ 19π
!
= (2 3 + 2i) + (−3 + 3 3i) = 8cis −
√ √ 20
= (2 3 − 3) + (2 + 3 3i)
!
2π
4cis
2π π
!
3 1
2 4 e ! = cis +
π 8 3 3
2π 3π 32cis −
a 4cis × 3cis 3
3 4
1
= cis(π)
!
2π 3π
= 12cis + 8
3 4
1
17π
! = (cos π + i sin π)
= 12cis − 2π 8
12 1
=−
17π 8
Note : < (−π, π]
12
!
7π
= 12cis −
12
√ π
2cis
2 = 1 cis π − 5π
!
b √ 5π 2 2 6
8cis
6
π
! !!4
1 √
!
5π 7π
= cis − 3 a 2cis × 2cis
2 3 6 8
! !
!
π
! 5π 7π
c
1
cis −
2π 7
× cis = 2cis × 4cis
2 5 3 3 6 2
!
2π π
! 5π 7π
7
= cis − + = 8cis +
6 5 3 6 2
!
π
! 13π
7
= cis − = 8cis − 4π
6 15 3
π
!
= 8cis
3

14
 1 3π
!
π
!!3
b !!3 e 2cis × 3cis
3 5π 2 2
cis
2 8 !!3
3π π
!!−3 = 6cis +
3 5π 2 6
= cis
2 8 !!3
5π
8 15π
! = 6cis − 2π
= cis − + 2π 3
27 8 !!3
π
π = 6cis −
!
8
= cis 3
27 8
= 216cis(−π)
!!8 !!6
π √ π = 216cis(π)
c cis × 3cis
6 4
! ! = 216(cos(π) + i sin(π))
4π 3π
= cis × 27cis = −216
3 2
!!−6 !!2
π π
!
4π 3π 1
= 27cis + f cis × 4cis
3 2 2 8 3
!
17π
! !
6π 2π
= 27cis − 2π = 64cis − × 16cis
6 8 3
!
5π
!
2π 3π
= 27cis = 1024cis −
6 3 4
π
!
!!−5
1 π = 1024cis −
d cis 12
2 2
! !!3
5π 2π
= 32cis − + 2π 6cis
2 5
g
π
! !!−5
= 32cis − 1 π
2 cis
2 4
π π
! !! !!3 !!5
= 32 cos − + i sin − 2π 1 π
2 2 = 6cis × cis −
5 2 4
= −32i 6π
!
1 5π
!
= 216cis × cis −
5 32 4
!
27 6π 5π
= cis −
4 5 4
π
!
27
= cis −
4 20

15
 π π 7π
!
4 a Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = + = Z1
⇒ Arg = (θ1 − θ2 )
! 4 3 ! 12 Z2
π π 7π π π π π
z1 z2 = cis + = cis ⇒ − < θ1 < and − < −θ2 <
4 3 12 2 2 2 2
7π ∴ − π < θ1!− θ2 < π
Arg (z1 z2 ) = Z1
12 ∴ Arg = Arg (z1 ) − Arg (z2 ) = θ1 − θ2
∴ Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) Z2
2π 3π
b Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) = − −
3 4 6 a Arg (z) = Arg (1 + i)
17π 1
=− cos θ = √
! 12 2
2π 3π 1
z1 z2 = cis − − sin θ = √
3 4 2
17π
! π
= cis − + 2π ∴ θ=
12 4
π
7π
! ∴ Arg (1 + i) =
= cis 4
2
7π b Arg (−z) = Arg (−1 − i)
Arg (z1 z2 ) = 1
12 cos θ = − √
∴ Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) + 2π 2
1
2π π 7π sin θ = − √
c Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) = + = 2
! 3 2 6
2π π 3π
z1 z2 = cis + ∴ θ=−
3 2 4
3π
7π
! ∴ Arg (−1 − i) = −
= cis − 2π 4
6 ! !
1 1
= Arg
!
5π c Arg
= cis − z 1+i
6 !
5π 1 1
Arg (z1 z2 ) = − = Arg − i
6 2 2
∴ Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) − 2π
1 ! √
2
cos θ = 2 =
5 Let z1 = r1 cis θ1 and z2 = r2 cis θ2 1 2
√
Then, z1 z2 = r1 r2 cis(θ1 + θ2 ) 2
and Arg (z2 z2 ) = θ1 + θ2 1
π π π π −√ ! √
Since − < θ1 < and − < θ2 < 2 2
2 2 2 2 sin θ = =−
⇒ −π < θ1 + θ2 < π 1 2
∴ Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) = θ1 + θ2 2
π
Also, ∴ θ=−
z1 r1 4
= cis(θ1 − θ2 )
z2 r2

16
 π 8 a cos θ − i sin θ = cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ)
!
1
∴ Arg =−
1+i 4
= cis(−θ)

7 a sin θ + i cos θ b i (cos θ − i sin θ)5 = (cis(−θ))5

π
!
π
! = cis(−5θ)
= cos − θ + i sin − θ
2 2
ii (cos θ − sin θ)−3 = (cis(−θ))−3
π
!
= cis − θ = cis(3θ)
2
!!7 iii = cis(−θ) × cis(θ)
π
b i (sin θ + i cos θ) = cis − θ
7
= cis0
2
=1
!
7π
= cis − 7θ
2
! iv (cos θ − i sin θ)(sin θ + i cos θ)
3π
= cis − 7θ π
!
2 = cis(−θ) × cis − θ
2
ii (sin θ + i cos θ)(cos θ + i sin θ) (from question 5)
π
!
π
!
= cis − θ × cis θ = cis − 2θ
2 2
π
!
= cis
2
π
!
9 a sin θ − i cos θ = cos θ −
=i 2
π
!
iii (sin θ + i cos θ)
−4
+ i sin θ −
!!−4 2
π
= cis − θ π
!
2 = cis θ −
! 2
4π
= cis − + 4θ !!6
2 π
b i (sin θ − i cos θ) = cis θ −
6

= cis(−2π + 4θ) 2
!
6π
= cis(4θ) = cis 6θ −
2
iv (sin θ + i cos θ)(sin φ + i cos φ)
ii !!−2
π π π
! !
= cis − θ × cis − φ (sin θ − i cos θ)−2
= cis θ −
2 2 2
= cis (π − θ − φ) = cis (−2θ + π)
= cis (π − 2θ)

17
 iii (sin θ − i cos θ)2 (cos θ − i sin θ) 1 i
iii −
sin θ cos θ
= cis (2θ − π) × cis (−θ)
= cosec θ sec θcis(−θ)
(from question 6)
= cis (θ − π) √ √
11 a |1 + i 3|√= 1 + 3 = 2
3 1
π
!
sin θ = , cos θ =
cis θ − 2√ 2
sin θ − i cos θ 2 π
iv = ∴ Arg (1 + i 3) = θ =
cos θ + i sin θ cis (θ) 3!
√ 6 6π
π ∴ (1 + i 3) = 26 cis
!
= cis − 3
2
= 64cis(2π)
= −i
= 64cis 0
p √
10 a i |1 + i tan θ| = 1 + tan2 θ = sec θ b |1 − i| = 2
1 1
1 + i tan θ = sec θ(cos θ + i sin θ) sin θ = − √ , cos θ = √
2 2
π
= sec θcis θ ∴ Arg (1 − i) = θ = −
4
√ −5
!
5π
∴ (1 − i) = ( 2) cis
p −5
ii |1 + i cot θ| = 1 + cot2 θ − 2π
4
= cosec θ √ !
2 3π
= cis −
1 + i cot θ = cosec θ 8 4
× (sin θ + i cos θ) √ √
c | 3 − i| = 3 + 1 = √ 2
π
!
1 3
= cosec θ cis −θ sin θ = − , cos θ =
2
√ 2 2
π
∴ Arg ( 3 − i) = θ = −
1 i cos θ + i sin θ ! 6
iii + = √ π
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ ∴ 3 − i = 2cis −
cis θ 6
=
sin θ cos θ π
!
and i = cis
= cosecθ sec θ cis θ 2
√ 7π π
!
b i (1 + i tan θ)2 = sec2 θ cis 2θ ∴ i( 3 − i) = 2 cis − +
7 7
6 2
!
ii (1 + i cot θ)−3 4π
= 128cis −
! 6
3π
= sin θ cis 3θ −
3 !
2π
2 = 128cis −
3

18
 √ √ √ √ √ √
d (−3 + i 3)−3 = ( 3(− 3 + i))−3 (−1 + i 3)4 (− 2 − i 2)3
∴ √
√
!
5π −3 3 − 3i
= (2 3cis )
2π π
!
6
√ 128cis −
! 3 4
=
3
cis −
5π
) =
√ π
!
72 2 2 3cis −
(add II to argument in part c) 3
√
2π π π
!
√ π
! 64 3
e 1 + i 3 = 2cis = cis − +
3 3 3 4 3
√ !
π
! 64 3 3π
i = cis = cis
2 3 4
(see part
√ a and b)
√
!
(1 + i 3)3 3π
∴ =
8cis(π) g −1 + i = 2cis
4
5 √ π
!
i(1 − i) 5π
( 2)5 cis − + π
!!
5 1
4 2 ∴ (−1 + i) cis
2 4
√ 5π π
!
= 2cis π + √
!
− 1 15π 3π
4 2 = 4 2 × cis +
8 4 4
√
!
7π √
= 2cis − 2π
!
2 9π
4 = cis − 4π
2 2
√ π
!
√
= 2cis − 2 π
!
4 = cis
2 2
√
!
2π
f −1 + i 3 = 2cis √ π
!
3 h 1 − i 3 = 2cis −
3
√ 4
!
8π !!3
∴ (−1 + i 3) =16cis − 2π 2π
3 cis !
5 1 6π 2π
∴ √ = cis +
!
2π
= 16cis (1 − i 3)2 4 5 3
3 !
1 28π
√ √ = cis − 2π
!
3π
− 2 − i 2 = 2cis − 4 15
4 !
1 2π
√ √ 3 = cis −
!
9π
∴ (− 2 − i 2) = 8cis − + 2π 4 15
4
√ π
!
π
!
= 8cis − i 1 − i = 2cis −
4 4
√ π 2π
! !
2π
√ √ π = 2cis − +
!
∴ (1 − i)cis
3 − 3i = 2 3cis − 3 4 3
3
√
!
5π
= 2cis
12

19
 !!7
2π
∴ (1 − i)cis
3
√ 7
!
35π
= ( 2) cis
12
√
!
35π
= 8 2cis − 2π
12
√
!
11π
= 8 2cis
12

20
Solutions to Exercise 4E
1 a z2 + 16 = z2 − (4i)2 = (z − 4i)(z + 4i) 2 a x2 + 25 = 0
√ √ x2 = −25
b z2 + 5 = (z − i 5)(z + i 5) x = ±5i

c z2 + 2z + 5 = (z2 + 2z + 1) + 4 b x2 + 8 = 0
= (z + 1)2 − (2i)2 x2 = −8 √
x = ±2i 2
= (z + 1 − 2i)(z + 1 + 2i)
! c x2 − 4x + 5 = p
0
9 9
d z − 3z + 4 = z − 3z +
2 2
+4− −(−4) ± (−4)2 − 4 × 1 × 5
4 4 x=
√ ! 2×1
√
3 i 7 4 ± 16 − 20
= z− + =
2 2 2
√ ! 4 ± 2i
3 i 7 =
× z− − 2
2 2 x=2±i
" #
1 d 3x2 + 7x +√5 = 0
e 2z − 8z + 9 = 2 (z − 4z + 4) +
2 2
2 −7 ± 49 − 3 × 4 × 5
√ ! x=
i 2 6
=2 z−2− √
2 −7 ± −11
√ ! =
6
i 2 √
× z−2+ −7 ± i 11
2 x=
6
" #
1
f 3 (z + 2z + 1) +
2 e x2 = 2x − 3
3
√ ! √ ! ∴ x2 − 2x +√3 = 0
i 3 i 3 2 ± 4 − 12
=3 z+1+ z+1− x=
3 3 2
√
2 ± −8
"
2 1
!
5
# =
g 3 z + z+ 2
+ 2
3 9 9 √
√ ! √ ! x=1±i 2
1 i 5 1 i 5
=3 z+ + z+ − f 5x2 + 1 = 3x
3 3 3 3
∴ 5x2 − 3x + 1 = 0
" ! # √
1 1 3 1 3± 9−4×5
h 2 z − z+ 2
+ − x=
2 16 2 16 10
√ ! √ ! √
1 i 23 1 i 23 3 ± −11
=2 z− − z− + =
4 4 4 4 10
√
3 + i 11
x=
10

21
g z2 + (1 + 2i)z + (−1 + i) = 0 h z2 + z + (1 − i) = 0
√
−1 − 2i ± (1 + 2i)2 − 4(−1 + i)
p
−1 − 2i ± 1 − 4(1 − i)
z= z=
2 2
√ √
−1 − 2i ± −3 + 4i − 4(−1 + i) −1 − 2i ± −3 + 4i
z= z=
2 2
√ −1 − 2i ± (1 + 2i)
−1 − 2i ± 1 z=
z= 2
2
z = −i or z = −1 − i z = i or z = −1 − i

22
Solutions to Exercise 4F
1 a Let P(z) = z3 − 4z2 − 4z − 5
Possible factors are ±1, ±5
P(1) = 1 − 4 − 4 − 5 , 0
P(−1) = −1 − 4 + 4 − 5 , 0
P(5) = 125 − 100 − 20 − 5 = 0
∴ (z − 5) is a factor.
By long division
z2 + z + 1
(Only ± 2 needs to be tried because
of 3 of 4 odd coefficients.)
Use a CAS calculator to help find the
‘first’ factor.
P(2) = 8 − 4 − 2 + 10 , 0
P(−2) = −8 − 4 + 2 + 10 = 0
∴ (z + 2) is a factor.
By long division
 z2 + 3z + 5
z − 5z3 − 4z2 − 4z − 5 
z3 − 5z2 z + 2z3 − z2 − z + 10
z2 − 4z z3 + 2z2
z2 − 5z − 3z2 − z
z−5 − 3z2 − 6z
z−5 5z + 10
0 5z + 10
0

P(z) = (z − 5)(z2 + z + 1)
P(z) = (z + 2)(z2 − 3z + 5)
!
1 3
z +z+1= z +z+
2 2
+
4 4 9
!
!2 √ !2 z − 3z + 5 = z − 3z +
2 2
+5
1 i 3 4
= z+ − √ !2
2 2 3
!2
i 11
√ ! = z− −
1 i 3 2 2
= z+ − √ !
2 2 3 i 11
√ ! ∴ P(z) = (z + 2) z − −
1 i 3 2 2
× z+ + √ !
2 2 3 i 11
√ ! × z− +
1 i 3 2 2
∴ P(z) = (z − 5) z + −
2 2
√ ! c Using a CAS calculator, the graph of
1 i 3 the function of y = 3x3 − 13x2 + 5x − 4
× z+ +
2 2 is as shown. Therefore, the most
probable factor of the polynomial
b Let P(z) = z3 − z2 − z + 10 P(z) = 3z3 − 13z2 + 5z − 4 is (z − 4).
Possible factors are ±1, ±2, ±5

23
 y y

x
15

–3
x
A table of values also helps. A table of values also helps.
P(4) = 3 × 64 − 13 × 16 + 20 − 4 P(−3) = −2 × 27 + 3 × 9 + 4 × 3+15
= 192 − 208 + 20 − 4 = −54 + 27 + 12 + 15
=0 =0
∴ z − 4 is a factor. ∴ z + 3 is a factor.
By long division By long division
3z2 − z + 1 2z2 − 3z + 5

z + 32z3 + 3z2 − 4z + 15

z − 43z3 − 13z2 + 5z − 4
3z3 − 12z2 2z3 + 6z2
− z2 + 5z − 3z2 − 4z
− z2 + 4z −3z2 − 9z
z−4 5z + 15
z−4 5z + 15
0 0
P(z) = (z + 3)(2z2 − 3z + 5)
P(z) = (z − 4)(3z2 − z + 1) " !
3 9
2z − 3z + 5 = 2 z − z +
2 2
" !
1 1
3z − z + 1 = 3 z − z +
2 2
2 16
3 36 #
5 9
+ −
#
1 1
+ − 2 16
3 36 √ !2 #
√ !2 # " !2
!2 3 i 31
=2 z−
"
1 i 11 −
=3 z− − 4 4
6 6 √ !
√ ! 3 i 31
1 i 11 ∴ P(z) = 2(z + 3) z− −
∴ P(z) = 3(z − 4) z − − 4 4
6 6 √ !
√ ! 3 i 31
1 i 11 × z− +
× z− + 4 4
6 6

d Using a CAS calculator, the graph of e z3 − (2 − i)z2 + z − 2 + i

the function of y = 2x3 + 3x2 − 4x + 15 = z2 (z − 2 + i) + z − 2 + i
is as shown. Therefore, the most
(factorise by grouping)
probable factor of the polynomial
P(z) = 2z3 + 3z2 − 4z + 15 is (z + 3). = (z − 2 + i)(z2 + 1)
= (z − 2 + i)(z2 − i2 )
= (z − 2 + i)(z + i)(z − i)

24
2 a P(1 + i) = (1 + i)3 + 4(1 + i)2
− 10(i + 1) + 12
= 1 + 3i2 + 3i + i3
+ 4(1 + 2i + i2 )
− 10i − 10 + 12
= 7 + 7i2 + i + i3
=7−7+i−i=0
∴ z − (1 + i) = z − 1 − i is a factor.
b z − (1 − i) = z − 1 + i is another factor
because of the rule of conjugate pairs.
c (z + 2 − i)(z + 2 + i) = (z + 2)2 + 1 =
z2 + 4z + 5
∴ P(z) = (z2 + 4z + 5)(2z + 1) by
division.
∴ P(z) = (2z + 1)(z + 2 − i)(z + 2 + i)
4 a P(1 − 3i) = (1 − 3i)4 + 8(1 − 3i)2
+ 16(1 − 3i) + 20
= (1 − 3i)2 [(1 − 3i)2 + 8]
+ 16 − 48i + 20
= (1 − 6i − 9)(1 − 6i−9+8)

c (z − 1 − i)(z − 1 + i) = (z − 1)2 + 1 = + 36 − 48i

z2 − 2z + 2 = (−8 − 6i)(−6i) + 36−48i
By long division
= 48i − 36 + 36 − 48i = 0
z+6 ∴ z − (1 − 3i) = z − 1 + 3i is a factor.

z2 − 2z + 2z3 + 4z2 − 10z + 12

z3 − 2z2 + 2z b z − (1 + 3i) = z − 1 − 3i is another
6z2 − 12z + 12 factor because of the rule of
6z2 − 12z + 12 conjugate pairs.
0
P(z) = (z + 6)(z − 1 − i)(z − 1 + i)

3 a P(−2 + i) = 2(i − 2)3 + 9(i − 2)2

+ 14(i − 2) + 5
= 2(i3 − 6i2 + 12i − 8)
+ 9(i2 − 4i + 4)
+ 14i − 28 + 5
= 2i3 − 3i2 + (24−36+14)i
+ (−16 + 36 − 28 + 5)
= 2i3 − 3i2 + 2i − 3
= −2i + 3 + 2i − 3 = 0

b Another factor of P(z) can be

obtained by conjugate pairs rule
z − (−2 + i) = z − (−2 − i) = z + 2 + i

25
 c (z − 1 + 3i)(z − 1 − 3i) = (z − 1)2 + 9 z2 + z + 1

= z2 − 2z + 10 z − iz3 + (1 − i)z2 + (1 − i)z − i
z + 2z + 2 z3 − iz2
 z2 + (1 − i)z
z − 2z + 10z4 + 8z2 − 16z + 20
2
z2 − iz
z4 − 2z3 + 10z2
z−i
2z3 − 2z2 + 16z
z−i
2z3 − 4z2 + 20z
0
2z2 − 4z + 20
2z2 − 4z + 20 ∴ P(z) = (z − i)(z + z + 1)
2

!2
0
!
1 3
= (z − i) z + +
∴ P(z) = (z + 2z + 2)
2
2 4
√ !2 !
× (z2 − 2z + 10) 1
!2
3
= (z − i) z + − i
z2 + 2z + 2 = (z + 1)2 + 1 2 2
√ !
= (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 − i) 1 3
= (z − i) z + + i
2 2
∴ P(z) = (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 − i) √ !
× (z − 1 + 3i)(z − 1−3i) 1 3
× z+ − i
2 2

5 a z4 − 81 = (z2 − 9)(z2 + 9) b z2 + 2z − 1

= (z − 3)(z + 3)(z − 3i)(z+3i) z + iz3 − (2 − i)z2 − (1 + 2i)z − i
z3 + iz2
b z6 − 64 = (z3 − 8)(z3 + 8) − 2z2 − (1 + 2i)z
−2z2 − 2zi
= (z − 2)(z2 + 2z + 4)(z + 2)
−z−i
× (z2 − 2z + 4) −z − i
= (z + 2)(z − 2)[(z2 + 2z + 1) 0
∴ P(z) = (z + i)(z − 2z − 1)
2
+ 3][(z2 − 2z + 1) + 3] √
√ = (z + i)((z − 1)2 − ( 2)2 )
= (z + 2)(z − 2)(z + 1 + i 3) √
√ = (z + i)(z − 1 + 2)
× (z + 1 − i 3)(z − 1 √
√ √ × (z − 1 − 2)
+ i 3)(z − 1 − i 3)
c P(z) = z3 − (2 + 2i)z2 − (3 − 4i)z + 6i
6 a P(z) = z3 + (1 − i)z2 + (1 − i)z − i

26
 z2 + 2z − 3 7 a Let P(z) = z3 + 3z2 + pz + 12
P(−2) = 0 because z + 2 is a factor.

z − 2iz3 − (2 + 2i)z2 − (3 − 4i)z + 6i
z3 − 2z2 i P(−2) = −8 + 12 − 2p + 12 = −2p + 16
− 2z2 − (3 − 4i)z ∴ − 2p + 16 = 0
−2z2 + 4zi p=8
− 3z + 6i
−3z + 6i b Let P(z) = z3 + pz2 + z − 4
0 P(i) = 0 because z − i is a factor of
∴ P(z) = (z − 2i)(z − 2z − 3)
2 P(z).
P(i) = (i)3 + pi2 + i − 4 = −p − 4
= (z − 2i)((z − 1)2 − 4) ∴ − p−4=0
= (z − 2i)((z − 1)2 − 22 ) p = −4
= (z − 2i)(z − 1 + 2)(z − 1 − 2)
c Let P(z) = 2z3 + z2 − 2z + p
= (z − 2i)(z + 1)(z − 3) P(i − 1) = 0 because
z − (i − 1) = z + 1 − i is a
d P(z) = 2z3 + (1 − 2i)z2 − (5 + i)z + 5i factor.
2z2 + z − 5 P(i − 1) = 2(i − 1)3 + (i − 1)2

z − i2z3 − (1 − 2i)z2 − (5 − i)z + 5i
− 2(i − 1) + p
2z3 − 2z2 i
z2 − (5 + i) = (i − 1)2 (2i − 2 + 1)
z2 − zi − 2i + 2 + p
− 5z + 5i
= (−2i)(2i − 1)
−5z + 5i
0 − 2i + 2 + p
∴ P(z) = (z − i)(2z + z − 5)
2
= −4i2 + 2i − 2i + 2 + p
!
1 5 =6+ p
= 2(z − i) z + z −
2
2 2 ∴ 6+ p=0
!2 !
= 2(z − i) z +
1
−
41 p = −6
4 16
!2 √ !2 !
= 2(z − i) z +
1
−
41 8 a Let P(x) = x3 + x2 − 6x − 18
4 4 Possible factors are
√ !
1 41 ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18
= 2(z − i) z + + Using a CAS calculator, the graph of
4 4
√ ! the function of y = x3 + x2 − 6x − 18
1 41
× z+ − is as shown.
4 4
Therefore, the most probable real
solution of the equation
x3 + x2 − 6x − 18 = 0 is x = 3

27
 y y
3 x
P(3) = 33 + 32 − 6 × 3 − 18
= 27 + 9 − 18 − 18 = 0
∴ x = 3 is a solution of the equation
∴ x − 3 is a factor of the polynomial.
To find two other solutions, find the
quadratic polynomial
P1 (x) = P(x) ÷ (x − 3)
5 x
∴ x = 5 is a solution of the equation
x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 30
∴ x − 5 is a factor of P(x)
To find two other solutions, find the
quadratic polynomial
P1 (x) = P(x) ÷ (x − 5)
x2 − x + 6

x − 5 x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 30
x2 + 4x + 6 x3 − 5x2

x − 3 x3 + x2 − 6x − 18 −x2 + 11x
x3 − 3x2 −x2 + 5x
4x2 − 6x 6x − 30
4x2 − 12x 6x − 30
6x − 18 0
6x − 18 ∴ P1 (x) = x − x + 6
2

0 x2 − x + 6√= 0
P1 (x) = x + 4x + 6
2 1 ± 1 − 24
x=
∴ x2 + 4x + 6 = 0 2
√ √
−4 ± 16 − 4 × 6 1 ± i 23
x= =
2 2 √
√ 1 ± i 23
−4 ± −8 x = 5, are the solutions of
= 2
2 the equation x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 30 = 0
√
= −2 ± i 2
The solutions of the given
√ equation c The equation
are x = 3, x = −2 ± i 2 2x3 + 3x2 = 11x2 − 6x − 16
is rearranged to the form
b Let P(x) = x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 30 2x3 − 8x2 + 6x + 16 = 0
Using a CAS calculator, the graph of Using a CAS calculator, the graph of
the function of y = x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 30 the function of y = 2x3 − 8x2 + 6x + 16
is as shown. From the graph, the real is as shown. Therefore, x = −1 ap-
solution appears to be x = 5. pears to be a real solution of the
P(5) = 125 − 6 × 25 + 55 − 30 equation.
= 180 − 150 − 30
=0

28
 y y

16
–2 3 x
–1
x
–36
In fact, 2(−1)3 − 8(−1)2 + 6(−1) +
In fact, (−2)4 − 2(−2)3 + (−2)2 − 36 =
16 = −2 − 8 − 6 + 16 = 0
16 + 16 + 4 − 36 = 0
∴ x = −1 is a solution, so x + 1 is a
∴ x = −2 is a solution and x + 2
factor of the polynomial.
is a factor of the polynomial
To find two other solutions, use long
P(x) = x4 − 2x3 + x2 − 36
division as before.
Also 34 − 2 × 33 + 32 − 36 =
2x2 − 10x + 16
 81 − 54 + 9 − 36 = 0
x + 12x3 − 8x2 + 6x + 16
∴ x = 3 is a solution and x − 3 is a
2x3 + 2x2
factor of P(x)
−10x2 + 6x
∴ (x + 2)(x − 3) = x2 − x − 6 is a
−10x2 − 10x
quadratic factor of P(x)
16x + 16
Another quadratic factor of P(x) can
16x + 16
be obtained by long division.
0
x2 − x + 6
∴ 2x − 10x + 16 = 0
2 
x2 − 5x +√8 = 0 x2 − x − 6 x4 − 2x3 + x2 − 36
5 ± 25 − 32 x4 − x3 − 6x2
x= −x3 + 7x2
2
√ −x3 + x2 + 6x
5±i 7
= 6x2 − 6x − 36
2
The solutions
√ are x = −1, x = 6x2 − 6x − 36
5±i 7 0
2 ∴ x − x + 6√= 0
2

1 ± 1 − 24
d The equation x4 + x2 = 2x3 + 36 x=
2
is rearranged to the form √
1 ± i 23
x4 − 2x3 + x2 − 36 = 0 =
According to the graph (using a 2
The solutions of the given equation
√
CAS calculator), the equation of 1 ± i 23
y = x4 − 2x3 + x2 − 36 has two real are x = −2, x = 3, x =
2
solutions, x = −2 and x = 3
9 a If one of the solutions is 2i, the other
is −2i according to the conjugate
factor theorem. Therefore, the
polynomial P(z) = z2 + az + b can be

29
 factorised as also a solution (the conjugate factor
P(z) = (z − 2i)(z + 2i) = z2 + 4 theorem).
∴ z2 + az + b = z2 + 4 Then (z + 2 + i)(z + 2 − i) =
∴ a = 0, b = 4 (z + 2)2 + 1 = z2 + 4z + 5 is a
quadratic factor of the polynomial
b If one of the solutions is 3 + 2i, P(z) = z4 − 5z2 + 4z + 30
the other is 3 − 2i according to the Another quadratic factor is obtained
conjugate factor theorem. by long division.
Therefore, the polynomial z2 − 4z + 6
P(z) = z2 + az + b can be factorised as 
z2 + 4z + 5z4 − 5z2 + 4z + 30
P(z) = (z − 3 − 2i)(z − 3 + 2i) z4 + 4z3 + 5z2
= (z − 3)2 + 4 −4z3 − 10z2 + 4z
= z2 − 6z + 13 −4z3 − 16z2 − 20z
∴ z2 + az + b = z2 − 6z + 13 6z2 + 24z + 3
∴ a = −6, b = 13 6z2 + 24z + 3
0
c If one of the solutions is −1 + 3i, the ∴ z − 4z + 6 = 0
2

other is −1 − 3i √
4 ± 16 − 24
So z2 + az + b = (z + 1 − 3i) z=
2
√
× (z + 1 + 3i) =2±i 2
= (z + 1)2 + 9 Therefore the√solutions are z = −2 ± i
and z = 2 ± i 2
= z2 + 2z + 10
∴ a = 2, b = 10
11 P(0) = 10 ∴ d = 10
P(1) = 0
10 a If 1 + 3i is a solution of the equation
3z3 − 7z2 + 32z − 10 = 0 then 1 − 3i P(2 + i) = 0
is also a solution (the conjugate factor ∴ (z − (2 − i)) is also a factor
theorem). ∴ (z − (2 − i))(z − (2 + i)) is a factor
Then (z − 1 − 3i)(z − 1 + 3i) = i.e. z2 − 4z + 5 is a factor.
(z − 1)2 + 9 = z2 − 2z + 10 is a Also z − 1 is a factor.
quadratic factor of the polynomial ∴ P(z) = k(z − 1)(z2 − 4z + 5)
P(z) = 3z3 − 7z2 + 32z − 10 = k(z3 − 5z2 + 9z − 5)
The linear factor !of P(z) will be in
But P(0) = 10
1
this case 3 z − = 3z − 1 and the ∴ k = −2
3
1 ∴ P(x) = −2x3 + 10x2 − 18x + 10
third solution is z =
3 Since P(2 + i) = 0 and the coefficients
b If −2 − i is a solution of the equation are real, then P(2 − i) = 0
z − 5z + 4z + 30 = 0 then −2 + i is
4 2 Hence the solutions to the equation

30
 P(x) = 0 are x = 1 or x = 2 ± i 2z + (a + 8)

z − 4z + 52z3 + az2 + bz + 5
2

2z3 − 8z2 + 10z

12 P(1 + i) = 0 (a + 8)z2 + (b − 10)z + 5
∴ (1 + i)3 + a(1 + i)2 (a + 8)z2 − 4(a − 8)z + 5(a + 8)
(b − 10 + 4(a + 8))z + 5 − 5(a + 8)
+ b(1 + i) + 10 − 6i = 0 Now (b − 10 + 4(a + 8))z + 5 − 5(a +
∴ 1 + 3i + 3i2 + i3 + a(1 + 2i + i2 ) 8) = 0
∴ b − 10 + 4(a + 8) = 0 and
+ b + bi + 10 − 6i = 0
5 − 5(a + 8) = 0
∴ 1 + 3i − 3 − i + a(1 + 2i − 1) ∴ b − 10 + 4a + 32 = 0 5 = 5(a + 8)
+ b + bi + 10 − 6i = 0 ∴ b + 22 + 4a = 0 1=a+8
∴ 8 − 4i + 2ai + b + bi = 0 ∴ a = −7
∴ b + 22 + 4(−7) = 0
∴ (b + 8) + (2a + b − 4)i = 0
∴ b + 22 − 28 = 0
∴ b+8=0 ∴ b−6=0
∴ b = −8 ∴ b=6
∴ P(z) = 2z3 − 7z2 + 6z + 5
∴ 2a + b − 4 = 0
∴ 2a − 8 − 4 = 0 b P(z) = 0
∴ a=6 ∴ 2z3 − 7z2 + 6z + 5 = 0
∴ P(z) = z + 6z − 8z + 10 − 6i
3 2 ∴ (z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i))(2z + 1) = 0
since 2z + (a + 8)
= 2z + (−7 + 8)
13 a 2 + i is another zero of P(z) since the = 2z + 1
coefficients of P(z) are real and 2 − i 1
∴ z = 2 ± i or z = −
is a zero of P(z). 2
Hence a quadratic factor of P(z) is
given by 14 a P(1 + i) = a(1 + i)4 + a(1 + i)2
(z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i))
− 2(1 + i) + d
= z − (2 + i)z − (2 − i)z
2
= a(1 + 4i + 6i2 + 4i3 + i4 )
+ (2 + i)(2 − i)
+ a(1 + 2i + i2 )
= z − 2z − iz − 2z + iz + 4 − i
2 2
− 2 − 2i + d
= z − 4z + 5
2
= a(1 + 4i − 6 − 4i + 1)
Hence 2z3 + az2 + bz + 5 =
(z2 − 4x + 5)Q(z) where Q(z) is a + a(1 + 2i − 1)
linear factor. − 2 − 2i + d
Hence Q(z) = 2z + 1 and
= −4a + 2ai
2z3 + az2 + bz + 5 = 2z3 − 7z2 + 6z + 5
∴ a = −7 and b = 6 − 2 − 2i + d
Alternatively, consider: = (−4a + d − 2) + 2(a − 1)i

31
 b Given P(1 + i) = 0,
−4a + d − 2 = 0 and 2(a − 1) = 0
∴ d = 4a + 2 a=1
= 4(1) + 2
=6
P(z) = z + z − 2z + 6
4 2
c P(1 − i) = 0 as P(1 + i) = 0 and the
coefficients of P(z) are real.
Hence a factor of P(z) is given by
(z − (1 − i))(z − (1 + i))
= z2 − (1 − i)z − (1 + i)z
+ (1 − i)(1 + i)
= z2 − z + iz − z − iz + 1 − i2
= z2 − 2z + 2
z2 + 2z + 3
then P(z) = (z − (1 + i))(z − (4 + 3i))
= z2 − (1 + i)z − (4 + 3i)z
+ (1 + i)(4 + 3i)
= z2 − (1 + i + 4 + 3i)z + 4
+ 4i + 3i + 3i2
= z2 − (5 + 4i)z + 4 + 7i − 3
= z2 − (5 + 4i)z + (1 + 7i)
∴ p = −(5 + 4i) and q = 1 + 7i
16 Let P(z) = z3 − 4z2 + 6z − 4
Since the coefficients are all real, and
P(1 − i) = 0, then P(1 + i) = 0
∴ (z − (1 − i))(z − (1 + i))
= z2 − (1 − i)z − (1 + i)z + (1 − i)(1 + i)
= z2 − (1 − i + 1 + i)z + 1 − i2

z2 − 2z + 2z4 + z2 − 2z + 6
= z2 − 2z + 2
z4 − 2z3 + 2z2
z−2
2z3 − z2 − 2z 
2z3 − 4z2 + 4z z2 − 2z + 2z3 − 4z2 + 6z − 4
3z2 − 6z + 6 z3 − 2z2 + 2z
3z2 − 6z + 6 −2z2 + 4z − 4
0 −2z2 + 4z − 4
∴ P(z) = (z − 2z + 2)(z + 2z + 3)
2 2 0
∴ P(z) = (z − (1 − i))(z − (1 + i))(z − 2)
Hence for P(z) p = 0, z = 1 ± i When P(z) = 0, z = 1 ± i or z = 2
−2 ± 22 − 4(1)(3)
or z =
2
√
−2 ± 4 − 12 17 a For z2 − (6 + 2i)z + (8 + 6i) = 0, use
=
2 the general quadratic formula
√
−2 ± 8i2 where a = 1,pb = −(6 + 2i), c = 8 + 6i
= 6 + 2i ± (6 + 2i)2 − 4(8 + 6i)
2 ∴ z=
√ 2
−2 ± i2 2 √
= 6 + 2i ±36 + 24i − 4 − 32 − 24i
2 =
√ 2
= −1 ± i 2 √
6 + 2i ± 0
=
2
15 Since P(1 + i) = 0 and P(4 + 3i) = 0, =3+i
where P(z) = z2 + pz + q

32
 Alternatively, note (3 + i)2 Also observe
= 9 + 6i − 1 P(z)
= 8 + 6i = z3 − 8 − (z2 − 2z)
∴ z − (6 + 2i)z + (8 + 6i) = 0 implies
2
= (z − 2)(z2 + 2z + 4) − (z − 2)z
(z − (3 + i))2 = 0 = (z − 2)(z2 + z + 4)
∴ z=3+i 1 15 2
!
= (z − 2) z + z + − i
2
4 4
b z3 − 2iz2 − 6z + 12i = 0 √ !2 !
!2
Factorise by grouping 1 15
= (z − 2) z + − i
z2 (z − 2i) − 6(z − 2i) = 0 2 2
√ !
∴ (z2 − 6)(z
√ − 2i) √ =0 1 15
∴ z = − 6 or 6 or 2i = (z − 2) z + + i
2 2
√ !
c Let P(z) = z3 − z2 + 6z − 6 1 15
× z+ −i
P(1) = 0 ∴ z − 1 is a factor of P(z) 2 2
√
Also observe 1 15
If P(z) = 0, then z = 2 or − − i
P(z) = z2 (z − 1) + 6(z − 1) √ 2 2
1 15
= (z − 1)(z2 + 6) or − + i
√ √ 2 2
= (z − 1)(z + i 6)(z − i 6) √
√ e 6z2 − 3 √2z + 6 != 0
If√P(z) = 0, then z = 1 or −i 6 or 2
i 6 ∴ 6 z2 − z+1 =0
2
√ !
d Let P(z) = z3 − z2 + 2z − 8 2 1 72
∴ 6z −2
z+ − i =0
P(2) = 0 ∴ z − 2 is a factor of P(z) 2 8 8
√ !2 √ !2
2 i 7
∴ 6 z− − √ =0
4 2 2
√ !2 √ !2 !
2 i 14
∴ 6 z− − =0
4 4
√ √ ! √ √ !
2 i 14 2 i 14
∴ 6 z− + z− − =
4 4 4 4
0 √ √ √ √
2 i 14 2 i 14
∴ z= − or +
4 4 4 4
f z3 + 2z2 + 9z = 0
∴ z(z2 + 2z + 9) = 0
∴ z(z2 + 2z + 1 −√8i2 ) = 0
∴ z((z + 1)2 −√(2 2i)2 ) = 0 √
∴ z(z + 1 + 2 2i)(z√ + 1 − 2 2i)√= 0
∴ z = 0 or −1 − 2 2i or −1 + 2 2i

33
Solutions to Exercise 4G
1 az2 + 1 = 0 9π
When k = 2, z = 3cis
∴ z2 = −1 6
(rcis θ)2 = cis π where z = r cis θ 3π
∴ = 3cis
∴ r2 cis 2θ = cis π 2
π
!
∴ r2 = 1 and 2θ = π + 2πk, k ∈ Z = 3cis −
π 2
∴ r = 1 and θ = + πk, k ∈ Z
2! 13π π
π When k = 3, z = 3cis = 3cis
∴ z = cis + πk , k ∈ Z √
6
√
6
2 ! !
π z=3
3 i
+ or z = 3
− 3 i
+
When k = 0, z = cis ∴
2 2 2 2
2
or z = −3i
π
!
3π
When k = 1, z = cis = cis − Im(z)
2 2
5π π z = 3cis 5π 3
When k = 2, z = cis = cis 6
2
Note: There are, at most, two
2 z = 3cis π
6
solutions of a!quadratic equation. -3 3 Re(z)
π π
!
Also cis − and cis are π
2 2 -3 z = 3cis – 2
∴ z = ±i
conjugate
√
Im(z) c z2 = 1 + 3i
π
∴ (rcis θ)2 = 2cis where z = rcis θ
1 z = cis π 3
2 π
∴ r2 cis 2θ = 2cis
3
-1 1 Re(z) π
∴ r2 = 2 and 2θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z
3
π π
-1 z = cis – 2 √
∴ r = 2 and θ = + πk, k ∈ Z
6
b z3 = 27i √ π
!
∴ z = 2cis + πk , k ∈ Z
∴ (rcis θ)3 = 27cis where z = r cis θ 6
π
∴ r3 cis 3θ = 27cis √ π
2 When k = 0, z = 2cis
π 6
∴ r3 = 27 and 3θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z √ 7π
2 When k = 1, z = 2cis
π 2πk 6
∴ r = 3 and θ = + , k∈Z √ 5π
!
6 3 = 2cis −
π 6
When k = 0, z = 3cis √
6 13π
When k = 2, z = 2cis =
5π 6
When k = 1, z = 3cis √ π
6 2cis
6

34
 √
√ − 3 e z3 = i
!
i
∴ z= 2 + or π
2 2 ∴ (rcis θ)3 = cis where z = rcis θ
√ 2
√ − 3
!
i π
z= 2 − ∴ r3 cis 3θ = cis
2 2 2
Im(z) π
∴ r = 1 and 3θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z
3
2
2 π 2πk
∴ r = 1 and θ = + , k∈Z
z = 2 cis π 6 3
– 2 6
π 2πk
!
Re(z)
2 ∴ z = cis + , k∈Z
z = 2 cis – 5π 6 3
6 π
– 2 When k = 0, z = cis
6
√
d z2 = 1 − 3i When k = 1, z = cis
5π
π
!
6
∴ (rcis θ)2 = 2cis − where z = rcis θ 9π 3π
3 When k = 2, z = cis = cis
π
! 6 2
∴ r cis 2θ = 2cis −
2
π
!
3 = cis −
π 2
∴ r = 2 and 2θ = − + 2πk, k ∈ Z
2
3 13π π
√ π When k = 3, z = cis = cis
∴ r = 2 and θ = − + πk, k ∈ Z √ 6 6
6! 3 i
√ π Solutions are z = + or
∴ z = 2cis − + πk , k ∈ Z √ 2 2
6 − 3 i
z= + or z = −i
√ π
! 2 2
When k = 0, z = 2cis − Im(z)
6
√ 5π
When k = 1, z = 2cis z = cis 5π 1
6 6
√ 11π z = cis π
When k = 2, z = 2cis 6
6 -1 1 Re(z)
√ π
!
= 2cis − π
6 -1 z = cis – 2
√
√
!
3 i
Solutions are z = 2 − or
2 2 f z3 + i = 0
√
√ − 3 i ∴ z3 = −i
!
z= 2 + π
!
2 2 ∴ (rcis θ) = cis − where z = rcis θ
3
2
Im(z)
π
!
∴ r cis 3θ = cis −
3
z = 2 cis 5π 2 2
6
π
∴ r3 = 1 and 3θ = − + 2πk, k ∈ Z
Re(z) 2
– 2 2 π 2πk
∴ r = 1 and θ = − + , k∈Z
z = 2 cis – π 6 3
– 2 6

35
 π 2πk 15π
!
∴ z = cis − + , k∈Z When k = 2, z = 2cis =
6 3 ! 12
π
! 5π 3π
When k = 0, z = cis − 2cis = 2cis −
6 4 4
23π
3π π When k = 3, z = 2cis =
When k = 1, z = cis = cis 12
π
!
6 2
! 2cis −
7π 5π 12
When k = 2, z = cis = cis − √ √
6 6 Hence the cube! roots of 4 2 − 4 2i
11π π
! π 7π
When k = 3, z = cis = cis − are 2 cis − , 2 cis and
6 6 12 12
√ 3π
!
3 i 2 cis −
Solutions are z = − or z = i 4
√ 2 2
− 3 i
or z = − b Let z = rcis θ
2 2 √ √ 3π
Also −4 2 + 4 2i = 8cis
Im(z) 4
3π
π ∴ (rcis θ)3 = 8cis
1 z = cis 4
2 3π
∴ r cis 3θ = 8cis
3
4
Re(z) 3π
-1 1 ∴ r = 8 and 3θ =
3
+ 2πk, k ∈ Z
z = cis – π
4
z = cis – 5π 6 π 2πk
6 -1 ∴ r = 2 and θ = + , k∈Z
4 ! 3
π 2πk
∴ z = 2cis + , k∈Z
4 3
2 a Let z = rcis θ π
√ √ π
! When k = 0, z = 2cis
Also 4 2 − 4 2i = 8cis − 4
4 11π
When k = 1, z = 2cis
π 12
!
∴ (rcis θ)3 = 8cis − 19π
4 When k = 2, z = 2cis =
! 12
π 5π
!
∴ r cis 3θ = 8cis −
3 2cis −
12
4
π 9π π
∴ r3 = 8 and 3θ = − + 2πk, k ∈ Z When k = 3, z = 2cis = 2cis
4 4 4
Hence the cube roots of
π 2πk √ √ π 11π
∴ r = 2 and θ = − + , k∈Z −4 2 + 4 2i are 2cis , 2cis
12 3 ! 4 12
5π
π
!
2πk and 2cis −
∴ z = 2cis − + , k∈Z 12
12 3
π
!
When k = 0, z = 2cis − c Let z = r cis θ
√
!
12 5π
Also −4 3 − 4i = 8cis −
7π 6
When k = 1, z = 2cis 5π
!
12 ∴ (rcis θ)3 = 8cis −
6

36
 11π
!
5π When k = 1, z = 2cis
∴ r cis 3θ = 8cis −
3
6 18
5π 23π
∴ r3 = 8 and 3θ = − + 2πk, k ∈ Z When k = 2, z = 2cis =
6 ! 18
5π 2πk 13π
∴ r = 2 and θ = − + , k∈Z 2cis −
18 3 18
35π
!
5π 2πk When k = 3, z = 2cis =
∴ z = 2cis − + , k∈Z 18
18 3
π
!
!
5π 2cis −
When k = 0, z = 2cis − 18
18 √
Hence the! cube roots of 4 3 − 4i are!
7π π 11π 13π
When k = 1, z = 2cis 2cis − , 2cis and 2cis −
18 18 18 18
19π
When k = 2, z = 2cis =
18 e Let z = rcis θ
π
! !
17π
2cis − Also −125i = 125cis −
18 2
31π π
!
When k = 3, z = 2cis = ∴ (rcis θ)3 = 125cis −
! 18 2
5π ∴ r cis 3θ = 125cis(−)
3
2cis −
18
√ π
∴ r3 = 125 and 3θ = − + 2πk, k ∈ Z
Hence the cube! roots of −4 3 − 4i 2
5π 7π π 2πk
are 2cis − , 2cis and ∴ r = 5 and θ = − + , k∈Z
18 18 6 3
!
17π π 2πk
!
2cis − ∴ z = 5cis − + , k∈Z
18 6 3
π
!
d Let z = r cis θ When k = 0, z = 5cis −
√ π
!
6
Also 4 3 − 4i = 8cis − 3π π
6 When k = 1, z = 5cis = 5cis
π 6 2
!
∴ (rcis θ)3 = 8cis − 7π
6 When k = 2, z = 5cis =
! 6
π 5π
!
∴ r cis 3θ = 8cis −
3 5cis −
6
6
π 11π
∴ r3 = 8 and 3θ = − + 2πk, k ∈ Z When k = 3, z = 5cis =
6 6
π
!
π 2πk 5cis −
∴ r = 2 and θ = − + , k∈Z 6
18 3 Hence the of −125i are
! cube roots
π π π
! !
2πk 5π
∴ z = 2cis − + , k∈Z 5cis − , 5cis and 5cis −
18 3 6 2 6
π
!
When k = 0, z = 2cis − f Let z = rcis θ
18 1 3π
Also −1 + i = 2 2 cis
4

37
 1 3π ∴ a2 = −1 or 4
∴ (rcis θ)3 = 2 2 cis
4 ∴ a2 = 4 as a ∈ R
1 3π ∴ a = ±2
∴ r3 cis 3θ = 2 2 cis
4 2
When a = 2, b = = 1
1 3π 2
∴ r3 = 2 2 and 3θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z ∴ z=2+i
4 2
1 π 2πk When a = −2, b = = −1
∴ r = 2 6 and θ = + , k∈Z −2
4 3 ∴ z = −2 + (−1)i
π 2πk
!
1
∴ z = 2 6 cis + , k∈Z = −(2 + i)
4 3 ∴ z = ±(2 + i),
1 π the square roots of 3 + 4i
When k = 0, z = 2 6 cis
4
1 11π
When k = 1, z = 2 6 cis 4 aLet z = a + bi and z2 = −15 − 8i
12
1 19π ∴ z2 = (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi
When k = 2, z = 2 6 cis = ∴ a2 − b2 = −15 and 2ab = −8
12 −4
b=
!
1 5π ∴
2 6 cis − a !
12 −4
2

1 9π 1 π
2
∴ a − = −15
When k = 3, z = 2 6 cis = 2 6 cis a
4 4
Hence the cube roots of −l + i are ! ∴ a2 −
16
= −15
1 π 1 11π 1 5π a2
2 6 cis , 2 6 cis and 2 6 cis −
4 12 12 ∴ a4 − 16 = −15a2
∴ a4 + 15a2 − 16 = 0
Let x = a2 ∴ x2 + 15x − 16 = 0
3 a z2 = (a + ib)2
∴ (x + 16)(x − 1) = 0
= a2 + 2abi + b2 i2 ∴ x = 1 or −16
= (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi ∴ a2 = 1 or −16
Now z2 = 3 + 4i ∴ a = ±1 as a ∈ R
−4
∴ a2 − b2 = 3 and 2ab = 4 When a = 1, b = = −4
2 1
∴ b= ∴ z = 1 − 4i
a ! −4
2
2
When a = −1, b = =4
∴ 2
a − =3 −1
a ∴ z = −1 + 4i
4 Hence z = ±(1 − 4i)
∴ a2 − 2 = 3
a
∴ a4 − 4 = 3a2 b Let z = a + bi and z2 = 24 + 7i
∴ a4 − 3a2 − 4 = 0 ∴ z2 = (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi
∴ a2 − b2 = 24 and 2ab = 7
b Let x = a2 7
∴ x2 − 3x + 4 = 0 ∴ b=
2a
∴ (x − 4)(x + 1) = 0
∴ x = −1 or 4

38
 !2 !2
7 2
∴ 2
a − = 24 ∴ 2
a − = −3
2a a
4
∴ a2 −
49
= 24 ∴ a2 − 2 = −3
4a2 a
∴ a4 − 4 = −3a2
∴ 4a4 − 49 = 96a2 ∴ a4 + 3a2 − 4 = 0
∴ 4a4 − 96a2 − 49 = 0 Let x = a2 , ∴ x2 + 3x − 4 = 0
Let x = a2 ∴ 4x2 − 96x − 49 = 0 ∴ (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
!
49 ∴ x = −4 or 1
∴ 2
4 x − 24x − =0
4 ∴ a2 = −4 or 1
49
∴ x2 − 24x + 122 − − 122 = 0 ∴ a2 = 1 as a ∈ R
4
625 ∴ a = ±1
∴ (x − 12)2 − =0 2
4 When a = ±1, b = ± = ±2
625 1
∴ (x − 12)2 = Hence z = ±(1 + 2i)
4
25
∴ x − 12 = ± d Let z = a + bi and z2 = −7 + 24i
2
25 ∴ z2 = (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi
∴ x = 12 ± ∴ a2 − b2 = −7 and 2ab = 24
2
49 1 12
∴ x= or − ∴ b=
2 2 a !
2
49 1 12
∴ a2 = or − ∴ a2 − = −7
2 2 a
49 144
∴ a2 = as a ∈ R ∴ a2 − = −7
2 a2
√ ∴ a4 − 144 = −7a2
7 7 2
∴ a=±√ =± ∴ a4 + 7a2 − 144 = 0
2 2
√ ∴ (a2 + 16)(a2 − 9) = 0
7 2 7
When a = ± , b= √ != ∴ a2 = −16 or 9
2 7 2
2± ∴ a2 = 9 as a ∈ R
2
√ ∴ a = ±3
1 2 12
±√ =± When a = ±3, b = ± = ±4
2 2 3
√ √ ! Hence z = ±(3 + 4i)
7 2 2
Hence z = ± + i=
2 2
√
2 5Let x = z2 ∴ x2 − 2x + 4 = 0
± (7 + i)
2 ∴ x2 − 2x + 1 + 4 − 1 = 0
∴ (x − 1)2 + 3 = 0
c Let z = a + bi and z2 = −3 + 4i
∴ (x − 1)2 = √
−3
∴ z2 = (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi
∴ x − 1 = ± −3
∴ a2 − b2 = −3 and 2ab = 4
2 √
∴ b= = ± 3i
a √
∴ x = 1 ± 3i

39
 √
∴ z2 = 1 ± 3i Hence the solutions of z4 !− 2z2 + 4 = 0!
Let z = rcis θ √ √ π √ 5π √ π
are 2cis , 2cis − , 2cis −
When z2 √= 1 + 3i 6 6 6
π √ 5π
and 1 + 3i = 2cis and 2cis
3 6
π
(rcis θ) = 2cis
2
3
π 6 z2 = i
∴ r2 cis 2θ = 2cis
π
!
3
π ∴ (rcis θ) = cis
2
where
∴ r2 = 2 and 2θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z 2
π
!
3
√ π ∴ r2 cis 2θ = cis
∴ r = 2 and θ = + πk, k ∈ Z 2
6! π
√ π ∴ r2 = 1 and 2θ = + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
∴ z = 2cis + πk , k ∈ Z 2
6 π
∴ r = 1 and θ = + kπ, k ∈ Z
√ π 4
When k = 0, z = 2cis
π
!
6
√ 7π ∴ z = cis + kπ , k ∈ Z
When k = 1, z = 2cis = 4
6 π
!
√ When k = 0, z = cis
!
5π
2cis − 4
6 5π
!
3π
!
√ 13π √ π When k = 1, z = cis = cis −
When k = 2, z = 2cis = 2cis 4 4
√ 6 6 Hence !solutions !of z − i =!0 are:
2
When z = 1 − 3i
2
π π π
√ π
! cis = cos + i sin
and 1 − 3i = 2cis − 4 4 4
3 √ √
2 2
π = + i and
!
(rcis θ)2 = 2cis − ! 2 2 ! !
3 3π 3π 3π
cis − = cos − + i sin −
π 4 4 4
!
∴ r cis 2θ = 2cis −
2 √ √
3 2 2
π =− − i
∴ r2 = 2 and 2θ = − + 2πk, k ∈ Z 2 2 √ √ !
3 2 2
√ π Hence z − i = z −
2
− i
∴ r = 2 and θ = − + πk, k ∈ Z 2 2
6! √ √ !
√ π × z+
2
+
2
∴ z = 2cis − + πk , k ∈ Z 2 2
i
6
√ π
!
When k = 0, z = 2cis −
6 7 z8 = −1
√ 5π
When k = 1, z = 2cis ∴ (rcis θ)8 = cis (−π) where z = rcis θ
6
√ 11π ∴ r8 cis 8θ = cis (−π)
When k = 2, z = 2cis =
6 ∴ r8 = 1 and 8θ = −π + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
√ π π kπ
!
2cis − ∴ r = 1 and θ = − + , k ∈ Z
6 8 4

40
 π kπ 1
!
∴ z = cis − + , k∈Z ∴ b=
8 4 2a
π
! !2
1
When k = 0, z = cis − ∴ 2
a − =1
8 2a
π
!
When k = 1, z = cis ∴ a2 −
1
=1
8 4a2
4a4 − 1 = 4a2
!
3π ∴
When k = 2, z = cis
8 ∴ 4a4 − 4a2 − 1 = 0
5π
! Let x = a2 ∴ 4x2 − 4x − 1 = 0
When k = 3, z = cis 1
!
8 ∴ 2
4 x −x− =0
! 4
7π
When k = 4, z = cis !2 !2
8 1 1 1
∴ x2 − x + − − =0
9π
!
7π
! 2 4 2
When k = 5, z = cis = cis − 1
!2
1
8 8 ∴ x− − =0
! ! 2 2
11π 5π
When k = 6, z = cis = cis −
r
1 1
8 8 ∴ x− =±
2 2
1 1
! !
13π 3π
When k = 7, z = cis = cis − ∴ x= ± √
8 8 2 2
√
π
! !
15π 1 2
When k = 8, z = cis = cis − = ±
8 8 2 2
√
Hence solutions of z8 + 1 = 0 are: 1± 2
=
π
! ! ! !
3π 5π 7π 2√
cis , cis , cis , cis , 1 ± 2
8 8 8 8 ∴ a2 =
s2 √
! ! !
9π 11π 13π
cis , cis , cis and
8 8 8 1± 2
! ∴ a=±
15π 2
cis s √
8
1± 2
Factors are: but a ∈ R ∴ a = ±
π 2
! ! !
3π 5π
z − cis , z − cis , z − cis ,
8 8 8
! ! !
7π 9π 11π
z − cis , z − cis , z − cis ,
8 8 8
! !
13π 15π
z − cis and z − cis
8 8

8 a i Let z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R and

z2 = 1 + i
∴ z2 = (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi
∴ a2 − b2 = 1 and 2ab = 1

41
 When a 1 9π
When k = 1, z = 2 4 cis =
8
√
s !
1± 2
1 7π
=± , 2 4 cis −
2 8
1 17π
±1 When k = 2, z = 2 4 cis =
b= s 8
√ 1 π
1± 2 2 4 cis
2 8
2 Hence the square roots of! 1 +i are
±1 1 π 1 7π
= r √ 2 4 cis and 2 4 cis −
8 8
4(1 ± 2)
2 1 π
±1 b 2 cis
= q 4 8
√ 1 π π
!
2(1 ± 2) = 24 cos + i sin
s √ 8 8
1 1− 2 1 π 1 π
=± √ × √ = 2 4 cos + 2 sin i
2(1 + 2) 1 − 2 8 4 8
√ √ √
s s s
1− 2 1± 2 2−1
=± = + i
2(1 − 2) 2 2
√
s
(from part a)
1− 2 √ !1
=±
−2 1 π 1± 2 2
∴ 24 cos = and
s
√ 8 2
2−1 √ !1
=± 1 π 2−1 2
s 2 √ 2 4 sin =
s√ 8 2
1+ 2
!
2−1 √ !1
∴ z=± + i, 1± 2 2
2 2
the square roots of 1 + i π 2
∴ cos = 1
8
ii Let z = rcis θ√and z2 = 1 + i 24
π
Also 1 + i = 2cis
4
√ π
∴ (rcis θ)2 = 2cis
4
1 π
∴ r cis 2θ = 2 cis
2
2 4
1 π
∴ r = 2 and 2θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z
2 2
4
1 π
∴ r = 2 4 and θ = + πk, k ∈ Z
8!
1 π
∴ z = 2 4 cis + πk , k ∈ Z
8
1 π
When k = 0, z = 2 4 cis
8

42
 √ ! 12 √ √ !1
2−1 1± 2 2 2
= √ × √
π 2 2 2 2
and sin = 1
8 √ √ !1
24 2−1 2 2
√ √ = √ × √
1 ± 2 !1 2 − 1 !1 2 2 2
2 2
= 2 = 2 √ 1 √ 1
√
2 2 (2 ± 2) 2 (2 − 2) 2
√ = =
2 2 2
√ !1 √ !1
1± 2 2 2−1 2
= √ = √
2 2 2 2

43
Solutions to Exercise 4H
1 a Let z = x + yi d |z − i| = 4
then 2Im(z) = 2y a circle with centre (0, 1) and radius 4
Im(z)
and Re(z) = x
5
∴ 2y = x
–4 + i 1 4+i
x
∴ y= 0 Re(z)
2
Im(z) –3
5 √
10 + 5i
e |z − (1 + 3i)| = 2 √
0 10 a circle with centre (1, 3) and radius
Re(z)
2 Im(z) 1 + ( 3 + 2) i
b Let z = x + yi
then Im(z) = y –1 + 3 i 3+ 3i
1+ 3i
and Re(z) = x
0 Re(z)
∴ y+x=1 1 + ( 3 – 2)i

∴ y=1−x f |z − (1 − i)| = 6
Im(z) a circle with centre (1, −1) and radius
1 6 Im(z) 1 + 5i

Re(z)
0 1 Re(z)
–5 – i 0 1–i 7–i
c |z − 2| = 3
a circle with centre (2, 0) and radius 3 1 – 7i
Im(z) 2 + 3i

2 z = iz
–1 0 2 5 Re(z) Let z = x + yi
∴ z = x − yi
2 – 3i
∴ x + yi = i(x − yi)
= xi − yi2
= xi + y
∴ (x − y) + (y − x)i = 0
∴ x−y=0
∴ x=y

44
 Im(z) c Im z

1+i

0 Re(z) Re z
0

3 |z − 1| = |z + 1| 5 We are required to prove that

Let z = x + yi
∴ |x + yi − 1| = |x + yi + 1|
∴ |(x − 1) + yi| = |(x + 1) + yi|
q q
∴ (x − 1) + y = (x + 1)2 + y2
2 2
3|z − 1|2 = |z + 1|2 and |z − 2|2 = 3 are
equivalent statements.
i.e. 3|z − 1|2 = |z + 1|2 ⇔ |z − 2|2 = 3
Let z = x + yi
then 3|z − 1|2 = 3|x + yi − 1|2

∴ (x − 1)2 + y2 = (x + 1)2 + y2 = 3|(x − 1) + yi|2

q
∴ x2 − 2x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1 = 3( (x − 1)2 + y2 )2
∴ 0 = 4x = 3((x − 1)2 + y2 )
∴ x=0 = 3(x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 )
Im(z)
x=0
= 3x2 − 6x + 3 + 3y2
(the imaginary axis) and |z + 1|2 = |x + yi + 1|2
0 Re(z) = |(x + 1) + yi|2
q
= ( (x + 1)2 + y2 )2

Im z
= (x + 1)2 + y2
4 a
= x2 + 2x + 1 + y2
If 3|z − 1|2 = |z + 1|2
then 3x2 − 6x + 3 + 3y2 = x2 + 2x + 1 + y2
π ∴ 2x2 − 8x + 2 + 2y2 = 0
4
Re z
0 ∴ 2(x2 − 4x + 1 + y2 ) = 0

b Im z
∴ x2 − 4x + 1 + y2 = 0
2 ∴ x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 = 3
Re z
0
∴ (x − 2)2 + y2 = 3
Thus 3|z − 1|2 = |z + 1|2 represents a√
circle with centre (2, 0) and radius 3
and

45
 |z − 2|2 = 3 Im(z)
4
∴ |x + yi − 2| = 3
2

∴ |(x − 2) + yi|2 = 3 – 2 + 2i 2 2 + 2i
q
∴ ( (x − 2)2 + y2 )2 = 3
0 Re(z)
∴ (x − 2)2 + y2 = 3
Im(z)
Thus |z − 2|2 = 3 represents
√ a circle with
b
centre (2, 0) and radius 3
Hence 3|z − 1|2 = |z + 1|2 and |z − 2|2 = 3 0
Re(z)

are equivalent statements

−2
Im(z) 2+ 3 i

2– 3 2+ 3
c z+z=5
0 2 Re(z)
Let z = x + yi

2– 3i
then z = x − yi
∴ x + yi + x − yi = 5

6 a |z + 2i| = 2|z − i| ∴ 2x = 5

Let z = x + yi 5
∴ x=
2
∴ |x + yi + 2i| = 2|x + yi − i| Im(z)

∴ |x + (y + 2)i| = 2|x + (y − 1)i|

q q
∴ x + (y + 2) = 2 x2 + (y − 1)2
2 2
0 5 Re(z)
2
∴ x2 + (y + 2)2
= 4(x2 + (y − 1)2 ) d zz = 5
∴ x2 + y2 + 4y + 4 Let z = x + yi
= 4(x2 + y2 − 2y + 1) then z = x − yi
= 4x2 + 4y2 − 8y + 4 ∴ (x + yi)(x − yi) = 5
∴ 0 = 3x2 + 3y2 − 12y ∴ x2 + y2 = 5
a√circle with centre (0, 0) and radius
= 3(x2 + y2 − 4y) 5
= x2 + y2 Im(z)
5
− 4y + 4 − 4
∴ 4 = x2 + (y − 2)2
a circle with centre (0, 2) and radius 2 – 5 0 5 Re(z)

– 5

46
  
e Re (z2 ) = Im (z)  z − 2 
7 a =1
z 
Let z = x + yi
∴ z2 = (x + yi)2
= x2 + 2xyi + y2 i2
= (x2 − y2 ) + 2xyi
∴ Re (z2 ) = x2 − y2
∴ x2 − y2 = y
∴ |z − 2| = |z|
Let z = x + iy
∴ |x + iy − 2| = |x + iy|
∴ |(x − 2) + iy| = |x + iy|
q q
∴ (x − 2) + y = x2 + y2
2 2

∴ x2 = y2 + y ∴ (x − 2)2 + y2 = x2 + y2
1 1 ∴ x2 − 4x + 4 = x2
= y2 + y + −
4 4
!2 ∴ 4 = 4x
1 1
= y+ − ∴ x=1
2 4
!2 Im(z)
1 1
∴ y+ − x2 =
2 4
!2 0 1 Re(z)
1 1
y+ =x +
2
2 4
!2 !
1 1  
 z − 1 − i 
y+ = x 1+ 2
2
2 4x b  = 1
z

The equations of the asymptotes are
1 ∴ |z − 1 − i| = |z|
y = ±x −
2 ∴ |x + iy − 1 − i| = |x + iy|
Im(z)
1
0 y=x– 2 ∴ |(x − 1) + (y − 1)i| = |x + iy|
Re(z)
q q
∴ (x − 1) + (y − 1) = x2 + y2
2 2

–1 y = –x – 12
∴ (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = x2 + y2

π ∴ x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 − 2y + 1 = x2 + y2
f Arg (z − i) =
3 √ ∴ − 2x − 2y + 2 = 0
The equation is y = 3x + 1 for x > 0
∴ x+y=1
Im(z) Arg(z – i) = π
3 ∴ y = −x + 1
Im(z)

π 1
1
0 1 Re(z)
Re(z)

47
 z+1 ∴ 4((x − 2)2 + y2 ) = x2 + (y − 6)2
8 Let z1 = where z = x + yi
z−1
x + yi + 1 ∴ 4(x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 )
∴ z1 =
x + yi − 1
= x2 + y2 − 12y + 36
(x + 1) + yi
=
(x − 1) + yi ∴ 4x2 − 16x + 16 + 4y2
(x + 1) + yi (x − 1) − yi
= × = x2 + y2 − 12y + 36
(x − 1) + yi (x − 1) − yi
(x + 1)(x − 1) + (x − 1)yi − (x + 1)yi + y2 ∴ 3x2 − 16x + 3y2 + 12y = 20
=
(x − 1)2 + y2 !
16 64 64
x2 − 1 + xyi − yi − xyi − yi + y2 ∴ 3 x − x+
2
−
= 3 9 9
(x − 1)2 + y2
(x2 + y2 − 1) − 2yi + 3(y2 + 4y + 4 − 4) = 20
=
(x − 1)2 + y2 !2
Now Re (z1 ) = 0 8 64
∴ 3 x− − + 3(y + 2)2 − 12 = 20
x2 + y2 − 1 3 3
∴ =0
(x − 1)2 + y2 8
!2
160
∴ 3 x− + 3(y + 2)2 =
∴ x2 + y2 − 1 = 0 3 3
∴ x2 + y2 = 1
!2
8 160
a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 1 ∴ x− + (y + 2)2 =
3 9
!
8
a circle with centre , −2 and radius
9 Let z = x + yi 3
√
4 10
then 2|z − 2| = 2|x + yi − 2|
3
= 2| (x − 2) + yi|
Let z = x + yi
q
= 2 (x − 2)2 + y2 10
∴ z = x − yi
and |z − 6i| = |x + yi − 6i|
1 1
= |x + (y − 6)i| and =
q z x + yi
= x2 + (y − 6)2 =
1
×
x − yi
If 2|z − 2| = |z − 6i| x + yi x − yi
x − yi
= 2
q q
then 2 (x − 2)2 + y2 = x2 + (y − 6)2 x + y2
z
= 2
x + y2
Im(z) x
x2 + y2
O x Re(z)
y
y x2 + y2
Q

48
 Hence O,
q P and Q are collinear. Im(z)
OP = x2 + y2
1
= |z| 0 Re(z)
–1
s
!2 !2
x y
OQ = + 2 π
x2 + y2 x + y2 c Arg (z − 1) =
1
q 2
= 2 x2 + y2 ∴ x = 1, y > 0
x + y2
|z| Im(z)
= 2
x + y2 Arg(z – 1) = π
2
|z|
= 2
|z|
1
=
|z|
1
∴ OP : OQ = |z| : = |z|2 : 1 1 Re(z)
|z|
π
d Arg (z + i) =
11 a |z − (1 + i)| = 1 4
Im(z) ∴ y = x − 1, x > 0
1 + 2i Im(z)

1 2+i
Arg(z + i) = π
4
0 1 Re(z)
a circle of centre (1, 1) and radius 1
1
(x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 Re(z)
π
4
b |z − 2| = |z + 2i| -1

Let z = x + yi
then |x + yi − 2| = |x + yi + 2i|
12 If w = 2z then w describes a circle with
∴ |(x − 2) + yi| = |x + (y + 2)i| centre (2, 4) and radius 6.
q q
∴ (x − 2) + y = x2 + (y + 2)2
2 2 Im(z)
(2, 10)
| w – (2 + 4i) | = 6
∴ (x − 2) + y = x + (y + 2)
2 2 2 2
| z – (1 + 2i) | = 3
(1, 5)
∴ x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 = x2 + y2 + 4y + 4 (– 4, 4) (8, 4)
(– 2, 2) (4, 2)
∴ − 4x = 4y 0
(1, –1) Re(z)
∴ y = −x (2, – 2)

49
 √
13 a z2 + 2z + 4 = 0 then z = −1 ∓ 3i
∴ z2 + 2z + 1 + 3 = 0 and z + z = −2

∴ (z + 1)2 − 3i2 = 0 c |z| = 2

√ √ a circle with
∴ (z + 1 + 3i)(z + 1 − 3i) = 0 √ centre (0, 0) and radius 2
√ |z − 1| = 7
∴ z = −1 ± 3i
a√circle with centre (1, 0) and radius
q √ 7
b i |z| = (−1)2 + (± 3)2
√ z + z = −2
= 1+3 a straight line with equation x = −1
=2 Im(z)
√ z + z = –2 |z|=2
ii z − 1 = −1 ± 3i − 1
√ –1 + 3 i |z–1|= 7
= −2 ± 3 2
1– 7 Re(z)
q √
|z − 1| = (−2)2 + (± 3)2 –2 –1 0 1 2 1+ 7
√ –2
= 4+3
√
–1 – 3 i
= 7
√
iii If z = −1 ± 3i

50
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a 3 + 2i + 5 − 7i = (3 + 5) + (2i − 7i) 3i 3i 2−i
g = ×
2+i 2+i 2−i
= 8 − 5i 3i(2 − i)
=
(2 + i)(2 − i)
b i3 = i2 × i
6i − 3i2
= −1 × i = −i =
5
3 + 6i 3 6
c (3 − 2i)(5 + 7i) = or + i
5 5 5
= 3(5 + 7i) − 2i(5 + 7i)
h (1 − 3i)2 = (1 − 3i)(1 − 3i)
= 15 + 21i − 10i − 14i 2
= 1(1 − 3i) − 3i(1 − 3i)
= 29 + 11i
= 1 − 3i − 3i + 9i2
d (3 − 2i)(3 + 2i) = 32 − (2i)2 = −8 − 6i
= 9 − 4i = 13
2
(5 + 2i)2
i
2 2 3 + 2i 3−i
e = ×
3 − 2i 3 − 2i 3 + 2i 5(5 + 2i) + 2i(5 + 2i) 3 + i
= ×
2(3 + 2i) 3−i 3+i
=
(3 − 2i)(3 + 2i) 25 + 10i + 10i + 4i 2
3+i
= ×
6 + 4i 6 4 3−i 3+i
= or + i
13 13 13 (21 + 20i)(3 + i)
=
(3 − i)(3 + i)
5−i 5−i 2−i
f = × 21(3 + i) + 20i(3 + i)
2+i 2+i 2−i =
(5 − i)(2 − i) 32 − i2
= 63 + 21i + 60i + 20i2
(2 + i)(2 − i) =
5(2 − i) − i(2 − i) 10
= 43 + 81i 43 81
22 − i2 = or + i
10 10 10
10 − 5i − 2i + i2
=
5
9 − 7i 9 7 2 a (z − 2)2 + 9 = 0
= or − i
5 5 5 ∴ (z − 2)2 − 9i2 = 0
∴ (z − 2)2 − (3i)2 = 0
∴ ((z − 2) + 3i)((z − 2) − 3i) = 0
∴ (z − 2 + 3i)(z − 2 − 3i) = 0
∴ z − 2 + 3i = 0 or z − 2 − 3i = 0
∴ z = 2 − 3i or z = 2 + 3i

51
 z − 2i π
b =2 ∴ z = 3cis ,
z + (3 − 2i) 4
π
! !
z − 2i = 2(z + (3 − 2i)) 3π 3π
∴ cis , 3cis − or 3cis −
4 4 4
∴ = 2z + 6 − 4i !
1 1
∴ − 2i − 6 + 4i = 2z − z or z = 3 √ + √ i ,
2 2
∴ z = −6 + 2i 1 1
!
1 1
!
3 −√ + √ i , 3 −√ − √ i
2 2 2 2
c z2 + 6z + 12 = 0 !
1 1
∴ z2 + 6z + 9 + 3 = 0 or 3 √ − √ i
2 2
(z + 3)2 − 3i2 = 0
∴ √ √
3 2 3 2
√ = (1 + i), (−1 + i),
∴ (z + 3)2 − ( 3i)2 = 0 2 2
√ √ √ √
∴ ((z + 3) + 3i)((z + 3) − 3i) = 0 3 2 3 2
− (1 + i) or (1 − i)
√ √ 2 2
∴ (z + 3 + 3i)(z + 3 − 3i) = 0
√ √ e z3 − 27 = 0
∴ z + 3 + 3i = 0 or z + 3 − 3i = 0
√ √ ∴ z3 − 33 = 0
∴ z = −3 − 3i or z = −3 + 3i
∴ (z − 3)(z2 + 3z + 9) = 0
d z + 81 = 0
4 !
9 27
∴ (z − 3) z + 3z + +
2
=0
∴ z4 = −81 4 4
Let z = rcis θ, 3
!2
27 2
!
∴ (z − 3) z + − i =0
∴ (rcis θ)4 = 81cis π 2 4
!2 √ !2 !
∴ r4 cis 4θ = 34 cis π 3 3 3
∴ (z − 3) z + − i =0
∴ r4 = 34 and 4θ = π + 2kπ, k ∈ Z 2 2
√ !
= π(2k + 1) 3 3 3
∴ (z − 3) z + + i
π(2k + 1) 2 2
∴ r = 3 and θ = √ !
4 3 3 3
π z+ − i =0
When k = 0, θ = 2 2
4
√
3π 3 3 3
When k = 1, θ = ∴ z − 3 = 0 or z + + i=0
4 2 2
5π 3π √
When k = 2, θ = or − 3 3 3
4 4 or z + − i=0
2 2
7π π √
When k = 3, θ = or − 3 3 3
4 4 ∴ z = 3 or z = − − i
2 2
√
3 3 3
or z = − + i
2 2

52
 f 8z3 + 27 = 0 the equation z3 − 2z2 − 3z + 10 = 0.
∴ (2z)3 + 33 = 0 By the conjugate factor theorem, 2 + i
is also a root of P(z).
∴ (2z + 3)(4z2 − 6z + 9) = 0 Therefore two linear factors of P(z)
are z − (2 − i) and z − (2 + i).
!
3 9 27
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − z +
2
+ =0
2 16 16 Multiply these two factors
!2 ! to get the quadratic factor:
3 27 2
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − − i =0 (z − (2 − i))(z − (2 + i))
4 16
!2 √ !2 ! = z2 − (2 + i)z − (2 − i)z
3 3 3
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − − i =0 + (2 − i)(2 + i)
4 4
√ !
3 3 3 = z2 − (2 + i + 2 − i)z + 4 − i2
∴ 4(2z + 3) z − + i
4 4 = z2 − 4z + 5
√ ! By division, P(z) = (z2 − 4z + 5)(z + 2)
3 3 3
z− − i =0 Therefore P(z) = 0 implies
4 4
√ z = −2, 2 − i or 2 + i.
3 3 3
∴ 2z + 3 = 0 or z − + i=0
4 4 b Let P(x) = x3 − 5x2 + 7x + 13.
√
3 3 3 If 3 − 2i is a root of the equation
or z − − i=0
4 4 P(x) = 0, then P(3 − 2i) = 0.
√
3 3 3 3 P(3 − 2i)
∴ z = − or z = − i
2
√
4 4 = (3 − 2i)3 − 5(3 − 2i)2
3 3 3
or z = + i + 7(3 − 2i) + 13
4 4
3 √ 3 √ = 33 − 54i + 36i2 − (2i)3
= (1 − 3i) = (1 + 3i)
4 4 − 5(9 − 12i + 4i2 ) + 21 − 14i + 13
= 27 − 54i − 36 + 8i − 45 + 60i
3 a Let P(z) = z3 − 2z2 − 3z + 10.
+ 20 + 34 − 14i
If 2 − i is a root of the equa-
tion P(z) = 0, then P(2 − i) = 0 =0
P(2 − i) Since P(3 − 2i) = 0, 3 − 2i is a root of
the equation x3 − 5x2 + 7x + 13 = 0.
= (2 − i)3 − 2(2 − i)2 − 3(2 − i) + 10
By the conjugate factor theorem,
= 23 − 12i + 6i2 − i3 − 2(4 − 4i + i2 ) 3 + 2i is also a root of P(x).
− 6 + 3i + 10 Therefore two linear factors of P(x)
are x − (3 − 2i) and x − (3 + 2i).
= 8 − 12i − 6 + i − 8 + 8i
Multiply these two factors
+ 2 + 4 + 3i to get the quadratic factor:
=0
Since P(2 − i) = 0, 2 − i is a root of

53
 (x − (3 − 2i))(x − (3 + 2i)) 4 a 2x2 + 3x + 2
= x2 − (3 + 2i)x − (3 − 2i)x
!
3 9 9
=2 x + x+
2
+1−
+ (3 − 2i)(3 + 2i) 2 16 16
!2 !
= x2 − (3 + 2i + 3 − 2i)x + 9 − 4i2 3 7
=2 x+ +
4 16
= x2 − 6x + 13 √ ! √ !
By division, P(x) = 3 i 7 3 i 7
=2 x+ + x+ −
(x2 − 6x + 13)(x + 1) 4 4 4 4
Therefore P(x) = 0 implies
z = −1, 3 − 2i or 3 + 2i. b Let P(x) = x3 − x2 + x − 1
P(1) = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0
c Let P(z) = z3 − 4z2 + 6z − 4. ∴ x − 1 is a factor
If 1 + i is a root of the equation P(x) = (x − 1)(x2 + 1)
P(z) = 0, then P(1 + i) = 0. = (x − 1)(x + i)(x − i)
P(1 + i)
c Let x3 + 2x2 − 4x − 8 = P(x)
= (1 + i)3 − 4(1 + i)2 + 6(1 + i) − 4
Possible solutions of the equation
= 13 + 3i + 3i2 + i3 − 4(1 + 2i + i2 ) P(x) = 0 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8
+ 6 + 6i − 4 A check shows that
= 1 + 3i − 3 − i − 4 − 8i + 4 + 2 + 6i P(−2) = 0, ∴ x + 2 is a fac-
tor of P(x).
=0 By division, P(x) = (x + 2)(x2 − 4)
Since P(1 + i) = 0, 1 + i is a root of
∴ P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 2)(x − 2) or
the equation z3 − 4z2 + 6z − 4 = 0. By
(x + 2)2 (x − 2)
the conjugate factor theorem, 1 − i is
also a root of P(z).
Therefore two linear factors of P(z) 5 (a + ib)2 = 3 − 4i
are z − (1 + i) and z − (1 − i). ∴ a2 + 2iab − b2 = 3 − 4i
Multiply these two factors
∴ (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi = 3 − 4i
to get the quadratic factor:
By equating real and imaginary
(z − (1 + i))(z − (1 − i))
parts, a2 − b2 = 3 and 2ab = −4
= z − (1 − i)z − (1 + i)z
2 2
∴ b=−
a
+ (1 + i)(1 − i)
4
= z2 − (1 − i + 1 + i)z + 1 − i2 ∴ a2 − 2 = 3
a
= z2 − 2z + 2 ∴ a − 4 = 3a2
4

By division, P(z) = (z2 − 2z + 2)(z − 2) ∴ a4 − 3a2 − 4 = 0

Therefore P(z) = 0 implies z = 2, 1 + i
∴ (a2 − 4)(a2 + 1) = 0
or 1 − i.
∴ a2 = 4 since a ∈ R
∴ a = ±2

54
 When a = 2, b = −1 and when a = −2, 5
∴ b=−
b=1 a
25
∴ a2 − = −24
a2
6 a z̄ = x − iy a4 − 25 = −24a2
∴ (iv) take the conjugate
a4 + 24a2 − 25 = 0
∴ (a2 − 1)(a2 + 25) = 0
∴ a2 = 1 since a ∈ R
−
a = ±1
When a = 1, b = −5 and when a = −1,
b i(x + iy) = ix − y b=5
∴ (ii) multiply by i

8 If z = −1 − 2i is a solution of the
−
equation f (z) = 0, then −1 + 2i is also a
θ
θ solution (conjugate factor theorem).
Therefore f (z) = z2 + az + b
= (z + 1 + 2i)(z + 1 − 2i)
c −1(x + iy) = −x − iy
∴ (i) multiply by −l = (z + 1)2 + 4
= z2 + 2z + 5
∴ a = 2, b = 5

√ √
1 1−i 3 1−i 3
− − 9 √ × √ =
1+i 3 1−i 3 1+3
√
d Anticlockwise rotation about O 1 3
through 270◦ is a sequence of = − i
4 4
anticlockwise rotation about O by r
1 3 1
90◦ and then 180◦ (see b and c). ∴ r= + = ,
16 16 2
Therefore it is equivalent to sequence 1
of multiplication by i and −l cos θ = ,
2
∴ (iii) multiply by −i √
3
sin θ = −
2
7 (a + ib)2 = −24 − 10i π
∴ θ =−
3
∴ a2 + 2iab − b2 = −24 − 10i
π
!
1 1
∴ (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi = −24 − 10i ∴ √ = cis −
1+i 3 2 3
By equating real and imaginary parts,
a2 − b2 = −24 and 2ab = −10

55
 −−→ −−→ −−→
10 |OP| = |OQ| = |PQ|
−−→
and |OP|2 = 12 + 32
= 10 °
−−→
|QO|2 = a2 + b2
−−→
∴ |PQ|2 = (a − 3)2
+ (b − 1)2 11 a 2 × (1 + i) = 2(1 + i)

a2 + b2 = 10, = 2 + 2i
−−→ −−→ 1 1 1+i
because |OP| = |OQ| b = ×
1−i 1−1 1+i
(a − 3)2 + (b − 1)2 = 10,
1+i 1 1
−−→ −−→ = = + i
because |OP| = |PQ| 1+1 2 2
a2 + b2 = 10
1 √ π
!
c 1 − i = 2cis − ,
a2 − 60 + 9 + b2 − 2b + 1 = 10 4
∴ a2 − 6a + b2 − 2b = 0 √ 7
!

2 7π
∴ (1 − i) = ( 2) cis −
7

1 − 2 gives 4
6a + 2b = 10 √ π
= 8 2cis
∴ b = −30 + 5 4
√
Substitute in
1 ∴ |z | = 8 2
7

a + (−3a + 5)2 = 10
2
π
d Arg (z7 ) =
10a2 − 30a + 15 = 0 4
a2 − 3a + 1.5 = 0
√ √ √
3 ± 9 − 4×1.5 12 a i |1 + i| = 1 + 1 = 2
a= √ √
2
√ ii |1 − i 3| = 1 + 3 = 2
3 3
= ± √ √
2 2 2 2
√ √ iii cos θ1 = , sin θ1 =
3 3 9 3 3 2 2
When a = + , b=− +5− π
2 2 2 2 ∴ θ1 =
√ 4
1 3 3
= − √
2 2 1 3
but b > 0 so this√is not a solution. √ iv cos θ2 = , sin θ2 = −
3 3 9 3 3 2 2
When a = − , b=− +5+ π
2 2 2 2 ∴ θ2 = −
√ 3
1 3 3   √
= +  w  2 π π −π
2 2 b   = , Arg (wz) = − =
z 2 4 3 12

56
 √
√ π √
! !
3 1 9π
13 3+i=2 + i = 2cis (1 − i) = ( 2) cis −
9 9
2 2 6 4
√ 7π √ π
!
( 3 + i)7 = 27 cis = 16 2cis −
6 4
!
5π √ 1 1
!
= 128cis − = 16 2 √ − √ i
6
√ ! 2 2
3 1 = 16 − 16i
= 128 − − i
2 2
√
= −64 3 − 64i
16 k3 (i)3 + (2 + i)k2 (i)2 + (2 + 2i)ki + 4 = 0
∴ (−k3 − k2 + 2k)
4 4 3 3
14 r (i) − 2r (i)
+ (−2k2 − 2k + 4)i = 0 + 0i
+ 11r (i) − 18ri + 18 = 0
2 2
By equating real and imaginary parts,
∴ (r4 − 11r2 + 18) + (2r3 − 18r)i = 0 + 0i −k3 − k2 + 2k = 0 and −2k2 − 2k + 4 = 0
∴ k2 + k − 2 = 0
By equating real and imaginary parts,
k = −2, k = 1
r4 − 11r2 + 18 = 0 and 2r3 − 18r = 0 Therefore z = −2i and z = i are the
∴ r = ±3 and roots of the given equation, and
∴ z = ±3i are solutions. (z + 2i)(z − i) = z2 + iz + 2 is a quadratic
factor of the polynomial.
(z − 3i)(z + 3i) = z2 + 9 By division, P(z) = (z + 2i)(z − i)(z + 2)
By division (z2 + 9)(z2 − 2z + 2) are Therefore the three roots are −2i, i, −2.
factors,
∴ (z − 3i)(z + 3i)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i) are
factors, and the solutions of the equation 17 a P(z) = z − 2z + 4
3

z4 − 2z3 + 11z2 − 18z + 18 = 0 are Now P(−2) = 0, ∴ z + 2 is a factor

z = ±3i, 1 ± i of P(z).
By division,
√ 1
! P(z) = (z + 2)(z2 − 2z + 2)
1
15 1 − i = 2 √ − √ i ∴ P(z) = (z + 2)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i)
2 2
√ π
!
= 2cis − b P(3) = 27 − 6 + 4
4
= 25
∴ 25 is a remainder when P(z) is
divided by z − 3

57
18 a = x + 2i, b = −1 + iy
a + b = x − 1 + (2 + y)i
ab = (x + 2i)(−1 + iy)
= −x − 2y − 2i + ixy
x − 1 + (2 + y)i = x + 2y + 2i − ixy
20 |z + i| = |z − i|
Let z = x + iy
then |x + iy + i| = |x + iy − i|
∴ |x + (y + 1)i| = |x + (y − 1)i|
q q
∴ x + (y + 1) = x2 + (y − 1)2
2 2

since a + b = −ab
∴ x2 + (y + 1)2 = x2 + (y − 1)2
x − 1 = x + 2y
∴ x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 + y2 − 2y + 1
1
therefore y = − ∴ 2y = −2y
2
2 + y = 2 − xy ∴ 4y = 0
therefore x = −1 ∴ y=0
So the set describes the Re(z) axis.
∴ a = −1 + 2i
1
b = −1 − i π
( )
2 21 a S = z : z = 2cis θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤
2
Im(z)
19 a |z − (1 + i)| ≤ 1 can be represented by
a disc with centre (1, 1) and radius 1,
2
i.e., (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1
Re(z)
b 0 2

b w = z2
= (2cis θ)2
= 22 cis 2θ
= 4cis 2θ
π
Now 0 ≤ θ ≤
2
∴ 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ π
Im(z)

Re(z)
−4 0 4

58
 2 5
c v= Substituting h = into 4 yields
Z 6
2 5
= 3 + 4k + 2 × = 0
2cisθ 6
1 5
= ∴ 3 + 4k + = 0
cisθ 3
14
= cis(−θ) ∴ 4k + =0
3
π
Now 0 ≤ θ ≤ 14
2 ∴ 4k = −
π 3
∴ − ≤ −θ ≤ 0 7
2 ∴ k=−
Im(z) 6 !
5 7
The centre of the circle is , − .
6 6
1
Re(z)
0

−1
23 a i(a − b) = i((5 + 2i) − (8 + 6i))
= i(−3 − 4i)
= −3i − 4i2
22 (0, −2), (1, 0) and (2, −1) are all points
on the circle with cartesian equation = −3i + 4
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 = 4 − 3i
i.e. (0 − h) + (−2 − k) = r
2 2 2 Let Z be the point 4 − 3i.
The triangles in the diagram are
∴ h2 + 4 + 4k + k2 = r2
1
congruent since they are both
(1 − h)2 + (0 − k)2 = r2 right-angled and have two pairs of
∴ 1 − 2h + h2 + k2 = r2
2 side lengths the same, ∴ OZ = AB.
and (2 − h)2 + (−1 − k)2 = r2 •
∴ 4 − 4h + h + 1 + 2k + k = r
2 2 2

3

Subtracting
2 from
1 yields

3 + 4k + 2h = 0
4 •

Subtracting
3 from
1 yields

2k + 4h − 1 = 0
∴ 4k + 8h − 2 = 0
5
• −
Subtracting
4 from
5 Using Pythagoras’ theorem,
yields 6h − 5 = 0
∴ 6h = 5
5
∴ h=
6

59
 −−→ −−→
|OZ| = |AB| d = 1 + 5i, it can be shown that CD
√ is parallel to AB and that ABCD is a
= 32 + 42
square.
=5
−−→ 4
Now gradient of AB = = m1 24 a z3 = −8
3
−−→ −3 Let z = rcis θ
and gradient of OZ = = m2
−−→
4 ∴ z3 = r3 cis 3θ
Since m1 m2 = −1, AB is perpendi-
−−→ Now − 8 = 8cis π
cular to OZ, the vector that represents
the point i(a − b) and is the same ∴ r3 cis 3θ = 8cis π
−−→
length as AB. ∴ r3 = 8 and 3θ = π + 2πk,

b Since OZ is perpendicular to AB, k∈Z

let d = a ± z π 2πk
∴ r = 2 and θ = +
3 3
and c = b ± z where z = 4 − 3i π
= (1 + 2k)
∴ d = (5 + 2i) ± (4 − 3i) 3
Therefore the solutions are in the
and c = (8 + 6i) ± (4 − 3i) π
form z = 2 cis (1 + 2k), k ∈ Z
3
= 9 − i or 1 + 5i π
When k = 0, z = 2cis
3
= 12 + 3i or 4 + 9i
Now AD and BC are both perpen- k = 1, z = 2cis π
dicular to AB, and using 5π
√ Pythagoras’ k = 2, z = 2cis
theorem AD = 32 + 42 = 5 3
√ π
!
and BC = 32 + 42 = 5 = 2cis −
Hence CD is parallel to AB and 3
ABCD is a square. 7π
k = 3, z = 2cis
3
π
= 2cis as before.
3
π
The three solutions are 2cis , 2cis π
3
π
!
and 2cis −
3

Similarly, for c = 4 + 9i and

60
 √ !2 !2
b z2 = 2 + 2 3i 1 1
x −x+1= x −x+
2 2
+1 −
√ π 2 2
and 2 + 2 3i = 4cis
3 !2
π 1 1
∴ z2 = 4cis = x− +1−
3 2 4
!2
Now if z = rcis θ, 1 3
= x− +
z2 = r2 cis 2θ 2 4
π
! !2
and r cis 2θ = 4cis + 2πk , k ∈ Z
2 1 3
3 = x− − i2
2 4
π √ !2
∴ r = 4 and 2θ = + 2πk
2 !2
3 1 3
π = x− − i
∴ r = 2 and θ = + πk 2 2
6 √ !
π 1 3
= (1 + 6k) = x− + i
6 2 2
Therefore the solutions are in the √ !
π 1 3
form z = 2 cis (1 + 6k), k ∈ Z × x− − i
6 2 2
π
When k = 0, z = 2cis !2
6 1
7π x +x+1= x +x+
2 2

k = 1, z = 2cis 2
6 !2
1
+1−
!
5π
= 2cis − 2
6
π 1
!2
3
The two solutions are 2cis and = x+ +
! 6 2 4
5π
2cis − !2 √ !2
6 1 3
= x+ − i
2 2
√ !
25 a x6 − 1 = (x3 + 1)(x3 − 1) = x+ +
1 3
i
2 2
= (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1) √ !
1 3
× (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) × x+ − i
2 2
The discriminant of x2 − x + 1 is √ !
1 3
(−1)2 − 4(1)(1) = −3 < 0 ∴ x − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1) x − +
6
i
Similarly, the discriminant of 2 2
√ !
x2 + x + 1 is (1) −4(1)(1) = −3 < 0 1 3
× x− − i
So the factors (x2 − x + 1) and 2 2
(x2 + x + 1) are irreducible for R. √ !
1 3
× x+ + i
2 2
b (x2 − x + 1) and (x2 + x + 1) √ !
can be further factorised for C. 1 3
× x+ − i
2 2

61
 c Let x6 = 1 where x represents the c Let z = rcis θ
sixth roots of unity, 1 1
then x6 − 1 = 0 then = cis(−θ)
√ ! z r
1 3
∴ (x + 1)(x − 1) x − + i 1
∴ Arg z + Arg = θ − θ
2 2 z
√ !
× x− −
1 3
i =0
2 2
√ !
1 3 27
× x+ + i
2 2 π
Arg (z − 3) = 2
√ !
1 3
× x+ − i =0 π
Arg z = 4
2 2 •
√ √
1 3 1 3
∴ x = −1 or 1 or ± i or − ± i
2 2 2 2 π

26 Let z = x + iy
From the diagram, z = 3 + 3i
   
 z   x − iy  therefore z − 6i = 3 + 3i − 6i
a Then   = 
 z   x + iy 
= 3 − 3i
|(x − iy)2 |
= 2 Arg (z − 6i) = Arg (3 − 3i)
x + y2 !
|(x − iy)|2 −1 −3
= 2 = tan
x + y2 3
x2 + y2 = tan−1 (−1)
=
x2 + y2 π
=−
=1 4
or |z| = x 2 + y2 and |z| = x2 + y2 ,
p p
 z  |z|
therefore   = =1 π
 z  |z|
or let z = rcis θ
− •
then z = rcis(−θ) −
 
z z
= cis 2θ and   = 1
z z
π
i(Re (z) − z) i(x − (x + iy)) 28 a From the diagram, y = 2 tan
b = 3
Im (z) y √
=2 3
i × (−iy)
= √
y ∴ z = −2 + 2 3i
=1

62
 √
b i a2 = 22 + (2 3)2
π = 4 + 12
Arg (z + 2) = 2

2π • = 16
Arg z = 3
Therefore a = 4
π
Therefore a − r = 4 − 2
− =2
b From the diagram, z = −3 − 6i The least possible value of |z| is 2

−
π

−π − −3π
Arg (z + 3) = 2 Arg (z − 3) = 4

• −
•

√
29 a |z + 2 − 2 3i| ≤ 2 −
√
|z − (−2 + 2 3i)| ≤ 2 ii
The distance between z and the √
point with coordinates (−2, 2 3)
is less than or equal to 2. This may
be represented
√ by a disc with centre
(−2, 2 3) and radius 2.

θ
θ

−
−
2
sin θ =
4
1
=
2
π
Therefore θ =
6
The maximum value of Arg (z) is
π π π 5π
+ + =
2 6 6 6

63
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
π 3π u=1−i
!
4 E
1 E ∴ z1 z2 = 10cis +
3 4 1 1
! =
13π 3 − u 3 − (1 − i)
= 10cis
12 1
=
11π
! 2+i
= 10cis − 2−i
12 =
4+1
− π < Arg (z) ≤ π 2−i
=
2 C 5
2 1
z = −3 + 4i = − i
5 5
Using the TI-nspire CAS calculator Alternatively, using a CAS calculator
to convert −3 + 4i into polar form to determine
1
we have:
∴ z = 5e2.21i = 5cis(2.21) 3−u

3 D (x + iy)2 = −32i 5 D The linear factors of z2 + 6z + 10

∴ (x2 − y2 ) + 2xyi = −32i can be obtained by using the cFactor
∴ x2 − y2 = 0 (1) and command on the TI-nspire CAS
calculator.
2xy = −32 (2)
16
From (2): y = −
x
!2
16
∴ x2 − − =0
x 6 B z3 = −8i
π
!
256 ∴ (rcis θ) = 8cis − where z = rcis θ
3
∴ x2 = 2 2
x
π
∴ x = 256
4 ∴ r = 8 and 3θ = − + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
3
2
π 2kπ
∴ x = ±4 ∴ r = 2 and θ = − + , k∈Z
When x = 4, y = −4 6 ! 3
π 2kπ
When x = −4, y = 4 ∴ z = 2cis − + , k∈Z
6 3
When k = 0,

64
 π
!
as a response. Look for an al-
z = 2cis −
6 ternate form
! for the argument.
√ π √
!
π
!
π
!! 7π
= 2 cos − + i sin − ∴ 3cis = 3cis −
6 6 4 4
√ !
3 1
=2 − i
2 2
√
= 3−i
When k = 1, 8 C If z = 1 + i is a solution to the equa-
tion z4 = a then a = (1 + i)4 = −4.
π 2π
!
z = 2cis − + Hence solutions to the equation
6 3
z4 = −4 using the TI-nspire CAS
π
!
= 2cis calculator are
2
= 2i
When k = 2,
π 4π
!
z = 2cis − + 9 B
6 3 √
! z2 = −2 − 2 j 3 √
7π
= 2cis ∴ (rcis θ)2 = −2 − 2i !3
6 2π
! ∴ r2 cis 2θ = 4cis −
5π 3
= 2cis − 2π
6 ∴ r2 = 4 and 2θ = − + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
√ 3
π
!
3 1
=2 − − i ∴ r = 2 and θ = − + kπ, k ∈ Z
2 2 3!
√ π
=− 3−i ∴ z = 2cis − + kπ , k ∈ Z
3
√ roots of z + 8i = 0
3
Hence
√ the cube π
!
are 3 − i, − 3 − i and 2i When k = 0, z = 2cis −
3
(Alternatively, use the cSolve 2π
!
command To solve the equation with When k = 1, z = 2cis
3
√
a TI-Nspire CAS calculator) Hence the square roots of −2 − 2i 3
π
! !
2π
7 B are 2cis − and 2cis
3 3
Using
√ a CAS calculator to convert
6 10 A Using a CAS calculator to calculate
(1 + i) into polar form we have
√2 |α − β| where α and β are the roots
√ πi √ π
!
6 of the equation 2x2 + 6x + 7 = 0 we
∴ (1 + i) = 3e 4 = 3cis
2 4 have
√ π
!
Note that 3 cis is not listed
4

65
 √
∴ |α − β| = 5

66
Solutions to extended-response questions
!7
5π
1 a z = 4cis
7
6
!
5π
= 4 cis 7 ×
7
6
35π
= 16 384cis
6
!
−π
= 16 384cis
6
|z7 | = 16 384
∴
−π
and Arg(z7 ) =
6
b Im (z)

π
0 6 Re (z)

z7 = 8192 3 − 8192i

5π
z 4cis
c = √ 6
w π
2cis
4
5π π √
!
4 7π
= √ cis − = 2 2cis
2 6 4 12

5π
d z = 4cis
6
!
5π 5π
= 4 cos + i sin
6 6
√
√
!
− 3 1
=4 + i = −2 3 + 2i
2 2
√ π
w = 2cis
4
√ 1
!
1
= 2 √ + √ =1+i
2 2

67
 √
z −2 3 + 2i
=
w 1+i
√
−2 3 + 2i 1 − i
= ×
1+i 1−i
√ √
−2 3 + 2i + 2 3 + 2
=
2
√ √
2((1 − 3) + i(1 + 3))
=
2
√ √
= (1 − 3) + (1 + 3)i

z √ 7π √ 7π √ 7π
e = 2 2cis = 2 2 cos + 2 2 sin i
w 12 12 12
√ 7π √ √ 7π √
∴ 2 2 cos = 1 − 3 and 2 2 sin =1+ 3
12 12
√ √
7π 1 − 3 7π 1 + 3
∴ cos = √ ∴ sin = √
12 2 2 12 2 2
7π
7π sin
Now tan = 12
12 7π
cos
12
√ √
1+ 3 1− 3
= √ ÷ √
2 2 2 2
√ √
1+ 3 1+ 3
= √ × √
1− 3 1+ 3
√
1+2 3+3
=
−2
√
2(2 + 3) √
= = −2 − 3
−2

68
 !
7π 7π
f tan = tan 2 ×
6 12
7π
2 tan
= 12
7π
1 − tan2
12
√
−4 − 2 3
= √
1 − (−2 − 3)2
√
−4 − 2 3
= √
1 − (7 + 4 3)
√
4+2 3
= √
6+4 3
√ √ √
2+ 3 3−2 3 3
= √ × √ =
3+2 3 3−2 3 3

2 a P(2 + i) = (2 + i)3 − 7(2 + i)2 + 17(2 + i) − 15

= 8 + 12i + 6i2 + i3 − 7(4 + 4i + i2 ) + 34 + 17i − 15
= 8 + 12i − 6 − i − 7(4 + 4i − 1) + 17i + 19
= 11i + 2 − 7(3 + 4i) + 17i + 19
= 28i + 21 − 21 − 28i = 0

b Since the coefficients of P(z) are real and 2 + i is a solution then so must 2 − i be a
solution.
(z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i)) = z2 − (2 + i)z − (2 − i)z + (2 + i)(2 − i)
= z2 − 2z − iz − 2z + iz + 4 − i2
= z2 − 4z + 5
By division, P(z) = (z2 − 4z + 5)(z − 3)
∴ P(z) = (z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i))(z − 3)
and z = 3, 2 ± i are solutions of P(z) = 0. The other two roots are 2 − i and 3.

c Multiply 1 − 2i by i to produce a complex number that is a rotation of B anticlock-

π
wise by about the origin
2
∴ (1 − 2i)i = i − 2i2 = 2 + i
−−→ −−→
This corresponds to A, and hence OA is perpendicular to OB.

d A polynomial P(z) with real coefficients and with 3, 1 − 2i, and 2 + i as roots must
have 1 + 2i and 2 − i as other roots (by the conjugate factor theorem).

69
 ∴ P(z) = (z − 3)((z − (1 − 2i))(z − (1 + 2i))(z − (2 + i))(z − (2 − i))
= (z − 3)(z2 − (1 − 2i)z − (1 + 2i)z + (1 − 2i)(1 + 2i))
× (z2 − (2 + i)z − (2 − i)z + (2 + i)(2 − i))
= (z − 3)(z2 − (1 − 2i + 1 + 2i)z + 1 − 4i2 ) × (z2 − (2 + i + 2 − i)z + 4 − i2 )
= (z − 3)(z2 − 2z + 5)(z2 − 4z + 5)
= (z − 3)(z4 − 4z3 + 5z2 − 2z3 + 8z2 − 10z + 5z2 − 20z + 25)
= (z − 3)(z4 − 6z3 + 18z2 − 30z + 25)
= (z5 − 6z4 + 18z3 − 30z2 + 25z − 3z4 + 18z3 − 54z2 + 90z − 75
= z5 − 9z4 + 36z3 − 84z2 + 115z − 75
√
3 a z2 − 2 3z + 4 = 0
√ √ √
∴ z2 − 2 3z + ( 3)2 + 4 − ( 3)2 = 0
√
∴ (z − 3)2 + 4 − 3 = 0
√
∴ (z − 3)2 + 1 = 0
√
∴ (z − 3)2 − i2 = 0
√ √
∴ (z − 3 + i)(z − 3 − i) = 0
√
∴ z= 3±i

b i Im (z)
1 z= 3+i

0 3 Re (z)

–1 z= 3−i
q √
ii r = ( 3)2 + 12 Im (z)
√
= 3+1 ( 3 , 1)
r
=2
0 Re (z)
∴ x2 + y2 = 4 r
( 3 , −1)

70
iii a = r Im (z) (0, ai)

∴ a=2

0 Re (z)

(0, −ai)

iv Q(z)P(z) = z6 + 64
z6 + 64
∴ P(z) =
Q(z)
z6 + 64
= √
(z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)
z4 − 4z2 + 16

z2 + 4z6 + 64
z + 4z
6 4

−4z4 + 64
4 2
−4z − 16z
16z2 + 64
16z2 + 64
0
(z + 4)(z − 4z + 16)
2 4 2
∴ P(z) = √
(z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)
z4 − 4z2 + 16
= √
z2 − 2 3z + 4√
z2 + 2 3z
√ 
z2 − 2 3z + 4z4 − 4z2 + 16
√
z − 2 3z + 4z
4 3 2
√
2 3z3 − 8z2 + 16
√ 3 √
2 3z − 12z + 8 3z
2
√
4z2 − 8 3 + 16
√
4z2 − 8 3 + 16
0
√
∴ P(z) = z2 + 2 3z + 4
√ √
So z6 + 64 = (z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)(z2 + 2 3z + 4)
When z6 + 64 = 0
√ √
(z2 + 4)(z2 − 2 3z + 4)(z2 + 2 3z + 4) = 0
√ √ √ √
∴ (z + 2i)(z − 2i)(z − 3 + i)(z − 3 − i)(z + 3 + i)(z + 3 − i) = 0

71
 √ √
∴ z = ±2i, 3 ± i, − 3 ± i
On an Argand diagram, these solutions are equally spaced around the circumfer-
ence of the circle x2 + y2 = 4, and represent the sixth roots of −64. Three of these
solutions are the conjugates of the other three solutions.
Im (z)
2i

− 3+i 3+i

0 Re (z)
− 3–i 3–i

–2i

4 a Let z = x + yi
√ √
Also z = −4 3 − 4i ∴ x = −4 3, y = −4
y
When z = r cis θ, r = x2 + y2 and tan θ =
p
x
q √
∴ r = (−4 3)2 + (−4)2
√
= 48 + 16
√
= 64 = 8
−4 1
and tan θ = √ = √
−4 3 3
−5π √
∴ θ= since − 4 3 − 4i is in the third quadrant
6
!
−5π
∴ z = 8cis
6

√
!
−5π
b Now let z = −4 3 − 4i = 8cis
3
6
!
−5π
If z = r cis θ, then (r cis θ) = 8cis
3
6
!
−5π
∴ r cis 3θ = 8cis
3
6

72
 −5π
∴ r3 = 8 and 3θ = + 2πk, k ∈ Z
6
−5π 2πk
∴ r = 2 and θ = + , k∈Z
18 3
!
−5π 2πk
∴ z = 2cis + , k∈Z
18 3
!
−5π
When k = 0, z = 2cis
18
7π
When k = 1, z = 2cis
18
!
−17π
When k = 2, z = 2cis
18
√
! !
−5π 7π −17π
Hence the cube roots of −4 3 − 4i are 2cis , 2cis , 2cis
18 18 18

c Im (z) 7π
2 cis 18

–2 2
0 Re (z)
−17π
2 cis ( 18 )
−5π
2 cis ( 18 )
–2

d i (z − w)3 = z3 − 3z2 w + 3zw2 − w3 =

√ z3 − 3wz2 + 3w
√
2
z − w3
Let (z − w)3 = z3 − 3 3iz2 − 9z + 3 3i
√
Equating coefficients 3w = 3 3i
√
∴ w = 3i
3w2 = −9
∴ w2 = −3
√
∴ w = 3i
√ √
and − w3 = 3 3i = −3 3i3
√
∴ w3 = 3 3i3
√
∴ w = 3i
√ √
So (z − 3i)3 = −4 3 − 4i
√ √ √
ii z3 − 3 3iz2 − 9z + (3 3 + 4)i + 4 3 = 0
√ √ √
∴ z3 − 3 3iz2 − 9z + 3 3i = −4 3 − 4i

73
 √ 3 √
∴ (z − 3i) = −4 3 − 4i
√
!
−5π
∴ z − 3i = 2cis
18
√
! ! !
−5π −5π
∴ z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18
√ 7π
or z − 3i = 2cis
18
7π √
!
7π
∴ z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18
√
!
−17π
or z − 3i = 2cis
18
√
! ! !
−17π −17π
∴ z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18

5 a Let i be the unit vector in the positive direction Im (z)

4 Z
of the Re(z) axis and let j be the unit vector in the
3
positive direction of the Im(z) axis. 2 X
−−→ √
∴ OX = 4 3i + 2j 1 Y
−−→ √
OY = 5 3i + j O 4 3 5 3 6 3 Re (z)
−−→ √
OZ = 6 3i + 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
XY = OY − OX
√ √ √
= (5 3i + j) − (4 3i + 2j) = 3i − j
−−→ −−→ −−→
XZ = OZ − OX
√ √
= (6 3i + 4j) − (4 3i + 2j)
√
= 2 3i + 2j

74
 √
b z1 = 3−i
√
z2 = 2 3 + 2i
z2
z3 =
z1
√ √
2 3 + 2i 3+i
= √ × √
3−i 3+i
√ √
6 + 2 3i + 2 3i − 2
=
4
√
4 + 4 3i √
= = 1 + 3i
4

c Let z3 = r cis θ
q √
then |z3 | = 12 + ( 3)2
=2
√
3
tan θ =
1
π
∴ θ=
3
π
∴ z3 = 2cis
3
−−→
The geometric interpretation is an enlargement of XY by a Z
→
−−→ π 2 XY
factor of 2 and a rotation of XY, units anticlockwise about
3
−−→ X
π
X, to produce the vector XZ. 3
Y
π
Hence ∠ZXY = and XZ = 2XY, so XYZ is half Im (z)
3 2 3
an equilateral triangle. 2 X
−−→ −−→
Now XW = 2XY –2
√
so 2z1 = 2( 3 − i) W
√ 0 4 3 6 3 Re (z)
= 2 3 − 2i
The
√ complex number to which W corresponds is
6 3.

75
 d Let X 0 be the new position of X.
−−→ −−→
The vector Y X = −√XY can be represented by the complex X
number −z1 = −( 3 − i)
√ π
=− 3+i 3
! X′ Y
−π
= 2cis
6
−−→0 π
Y X is produced by rotating Y X, anticlockwise about Y, and can be represented by
3
the complex number
π π π π
! !! !
−π
cis 2cis = 2cis − = 2cis
3 6 3 6 6
√
= − 3 − i as X 0 is below and to the left of Y.
Im (z)
− 3
1 Y
–1

X′
0 4 3 5 3 Re (z)
√
The new position of X can be represented by the complex number 4 3.

π π
( )
6 a First sketch S = {z : Re(z) ≤ 2} ∩ {z : Im(z) < 2} ∩ z : < Arg(z) <
6 3
Im (z)

2
S
π
6 π
6
0 2 Re (z)

Now |z + i| = |z − 1|
Let z = x + yi
∴ |x + yi + i| = |x + yi − 1|
∴ |x + (y + 1)i| = |(x − 1) + yi|

76
 q q
∴ x2 + (y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
∴ x + (y + 1)2 = (x − 1)2 + y2
∴ x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 − 2x + 1 + y2
∴ 2y = −2x
∴ y = −x
Im (z)
2

π
6 π
6
–2 0 2 Re (z)
T
y = −x
–2

( )
−5π −2π
b T = {z : Re(z) > −2} ∩ {z : Im(z) ≥ −2} ∩ Z : < Arg(z) <
6 3

7 x2 + 4x − 1 + k(x2 + 2x + 1) = 0
∴ x2 + 4x − 1 + kx2 + 2kx + k = 0
∴ (k + 1)x2 + 2(k + 2)x + (k − 1) = 0
1
The discriminant is given by
4 = (2(k + 2))2 − 4(k + 1)(k − 1)
= 4(k2 + 4k + 4) − 4(k2 − 1)
= 4(k2 + 4k + 4 − k2 + 1)
= 4(4k + 5)

a For real and distinct roots 4 > 0

∴ 4(4k + 5) > 0
∴ 4k + 5 > 0
∴ 4k > −5
5
∴ k>−
4
b For real and equal roots 4 = 0
5
∴ k=−
4

77
 c For complex roots 4 < 0
5
∴ k<−
4
Using the generalpquadratic formula in 1
−2(k + 2) ± (2(k + 2))2 − 4(k + 1)(k − 1)
x=
2(k + 1)
√
−2(k + 2) ± 4k2 + 16k + 16 − 4k2 + 4
=
2(k + 1)
√
−2(k + 2) ± 2 4k + 5
=
2(k + 1)
−(k + 2) ± −(4k + 5)i2
p
=
k+1
√
−(k + 2) −(4k + 5) 5
= ± i, with k < − for complex solutions
k+1 k+1 4
−(k + 2) 5
∴ Re(x) = , k<−
k+1 4
√
± −(4k + 5) 5
Im(x) = , k<−
k+1 4
If Re(x) > 0
−(k + 2)
then >0
k+1
∴ k + 2 > 0, as k + 1 < 0
∴ k > −2
5
∴ Re(x) > 0 for − 2 < k < −
4
5
Hence for complex roots with positive real part, −2 < k < − .
4

8 a If z = cos θ + i sin θ
1+z 1 + cos θ + i sin θ
=
1 − z 1 − (cos θ + i sin θ)
2 θ θ θ
!
1 + 2 cos − 1 + 2i sin cos
2 2 2
=
θ θ θ
!
1 − 1 − 2 sin2 − 2i sin cos
2 2 2

78
 θ θ θ
!
2 cos cos + i sin
1+z 2 2 2
∴ =
θ θ θ
!
1−z
2 sin sin − i cos
2 2 2
θ θ θ
!
cos cos + i sin θ θ
2 2 2 sin + i cos
= 2 2
! ×
θ θ θ θ θ
sin sin − i cos sin + i cos
2 2 2 2 2
θ θ θ θ θ θ θ
!
cos cos sin + i sin2 + i cos2 + i2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
θ θ θ
!
sin sin2 − i2 cos2
2 2 2
θ θ θ 2 θ θ θ θ
! !
cos cos sin + i sin + cos2 − cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
θ θ θ
!
sin sin2 + cos2
2 2 2
θ
cos × i
= 2
θ
sin
2
θ
= i cot
2
b Im (z)
sin θ Z P

j
i
θ A
O 1 − cos θ cos θ 1 1 + cos θ Re (z)

−sin θ Q

−−→ −−→
c OP · OQ = ((1 + cos θ)i + sin θj)((1 − cos θ)i − sin θj)
= 1 − cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= 1 − (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
=1−1
=0
Hence OP is perpendicular to OQ.

79
 π
∴ ∠POQ = , as required.
2
q
Now |OP| = (1 + cos θ)2 + sin2 θ
√
= 2 + 2 cos θ
= 2(1 + cos θ)
p
q
Also |OQ| = (1 − cos θ)2 + sin2 θ
√
= 2 − 2 cos θ
= 2(1 − cos θ)
p
√
|OP| 2(1 + cos θ)
= √
|OQ| 2(1 − cos θ)
√
1 + cos θ
= √
1 − cos θ
r
1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
= ×
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
s
(1 + cos θ)2
=
1 − cos2 θ
s
(1 + cos θ)2
=
sin2 θ
1 + cos θ
=
sin θ
= cosec θ + cot θ
θ
= cot
2
9 a Im (z)
N M

π
P 3 L
−4 −2 O −π 2 4
3
Re (z)

Q R
|z| ≥ 2 is the set of all points for which the distance from (0, 0) is greater than or
equal to 2.

80
 b 4OLM and 4OLR are equilateral, therefore LM, LO and LR are radial lengths of the
circle with centre (4, 0) and radius 4.
Hence |z − 4| = 4 is the required equation.
2π
c N is the point corresponding to 4cis .
3 !
−2π
Q is the point corresponding to 4cis .
3

d Let N 0 and Q0 be the new positions of N and Q respectively.

π
ON 0 and OQ0 are a rotation of ON and OQ respectively, clockwise about O, and
4
can be represented by the! complex number
2π π
∴ N 0 = 4cis −
3 4
5π
= 4cis
12
2π π
!
and Q = 4cis − −
0
3 4
!
−11π
= 4cis
12
5π
Hence the new positions of N and Q correspond with the complex numbers 4cis
! 12
−11π
and 4cis respectively.
12

10 a z = a + bi
√
|z| = a2 + b2 and |z| = 1
√
∴ a2 + b2 = 1
∴ a2 + b2 = 1
1 1
=
z a + bi
1 a − bi
= ×
a + bi a − bi
a − bi
= 2
a + b2
= a − bi, since a2 + b2 = 1
= z, as required.

81
 s
!2 √ !2
1 − 3
b |z1 | = +
2 2
r
1 3
= +
4 4
√
= 1
=1
1
∴ = z1 from a above.
z1
√
1 3
= + i
2 2
s √
!2 !2
3 1
|z2 | = +
2 2
r
3 1
= +
4 4
√
= 1
=1
1
∴ = z2 from a above.
z2
√
3 1
= − i
2 2
1 1
Now z3 = +
z1 z2
√ ! √ !
1 3 3 1
= + i + − i
2 2 2 2
√ √
3+1 3−1
= + i
2 2
Let z3 = r cos θ

82
 q
where r = x2 + y2
s √ √
!2 !2
3+1 3−1
= +
2 2
√ √
s
3+2 3+1 3−2 3+1
= +
4 4
r
8
=
4
√
= 2
√ √
y 3−1 3+1
and tan θ = = ÷
x 2 2
√
3−1
= √
3+1
√ √
3−1 3−1
= √ × √
3+1 3−1
√
4−2 3
=
2
√
=2− 3
√
∴ θ = tan−1 (2 − 3)
√ √
∴ z3 = 2cis(tan−1 (2 − 3))
√ π
Note: tan−1 (2 − 3) =
12
1
c z4 =
z3
1
= √ √
3+1 3−1
+ i
2 2
√ √
2 ( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i
= √ √ × √ √
( 3 + 1) + ( 3 − 1)i ( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i
√ √
2(( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i)
= √ √
( 3 + 1)2 − ( 3 − 1)2
√ √
2(( 3 + 1) − ( 3 − 1)i)
= √ √
4+2 3+4−2 3
√ √
3+1 3−1
= − i
4 4

83
 Im (z)
1
2 z2
3−1 z3
2
3−1 3+1
4 4
0 1 3 3+1 Re (z)
2
1
3−1 2 2
−( 4 ) z4

−1
2

− 3
z1
2
–1

11 a i P(z) = (z − k)2 (z − a)
= (z2 − 2kz + k2 )(z − a)
= z3 − 2kz2 + k2 z − az2 + 2akz − ak2
= z3 − (a + 2k)z2 + (2ak + k2 )z − ak2
Also P(z) = z3 + 3pz + q
Equating coefficients a + 2k = 0
∴ a = −2k
2ak + k2 = 3p
∴ 2(−2k)k + k2 = 3p
∴ −4k2 + k2 = 3p
∴ −3k2 = 3p
∴ p = −k2 , as required.

ii and −ak2 = q
∴ −(−2k)k2 = q
∴ q = 2k3

iii 4p3 + q2 = 4(−k2 )3 + (2k3 )2

= −4k6 + 4k6 = 0, as required.

84
 b From a 3p = −6i and q = 4 − 4i
∴ p = −2i
Also p = −b2
1

and q = 2b3
2

2b3 q
Dividing
2 by
1 = , b,0
−b2 p
4 − 4i
∴ − 2b =
−2i
−2 + 2i i
= ×
i i
−2 − 2i
=
−1
= 2 + 2i
∴ b = −1 − i
From a ii −cb = q2

∴ − c(−1 − i)2 = 4 − 4i
−2ic = 4 − 4i
−2 + 2i i
∴ c= ×
i i
−2 − 2i
=
−1
= 2 + 2i

12 a i |(1 + i)z| = |1 + i| |z|

√
= 2×6
√
=6 2

ii |(1 + i)z − z| = |z + iz − z|
= |iz|
= |i| |z|
=1×6
=6

iii Since |z| = 6, the distance

√ from the origin O √
to a point A is 6 units.
Since |(1 + i)z| = 6 2, the distance OB is 6 2 units.
Since |(1 + i)z − z| = 6, the distance AB is 6 units.

85
 Now |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2 .
Hence, OAB is an isosceles right triangle.

b i z21 − 2z1 z2 + 2z22 = 0

∴ (αz2 )2 − 2(αz2 )z2 + 2z22 = 0, since z1 = αz2
∴ α2 z22 − 2αz22 + 2z22 = 0
∴ z22 (α2 − 2α + 2) = 0
∴ z22 (α2 − 2α + 1 + 1) = 0
∴ z22 ((α − 1)2 − i2 ) = 0
∴ z22 (α − 1 + i)(α − 1 − i) = 0
∴ z2 = 0 or α = 1 ± i, but z2 , 0
∴ α=1±i

ii Let A and B be the points represented by z2 and z1 respectively.

OA = |z2 |
If α = 1 + i, then OB = |z1 |
= |(1 + i)z2 |
√
= 2|z2 |
and AB = |z1 − z2 |
= |(1 + i)z2 − z2 |
= |z2 |
∴ |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2
Hence, OAB has two sides the same length and is a right isosceles triangle.
If α = 1 − i, then OB = |z1 |
= |(1 − i)z2 |
= |(1 − i| |z2 |
p
= 12 + (−1)2 |z2 |
√
= 2|z2 |

86
 and AB = |z1 − z2 |
= |(1 − i)z2 − z2 |
= |z2 − iz2 − z2 |
= | − iz2 |
= | − i| |z2 |
= |z2 |
∴ |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2
Again, OAB has two sides the same length and is a right isosceles triangle.
p
13 a i |z| = (−12)2 + 52
√
= 144 + 25
√
= 169
= 13

ii Let Arg z = φ
y
tan φ =
x
5
=
−12
!
5
∴ φ = tan −1
−12
!
5
∴ Arg (z) = tan −1
−12
≈ 2.75c , since z is in the second quadrant.
= 157.38◦ correct to decimal places.

−12
b i cos α = Im (z)
13 w2
5
sin α = 5
13
13
α
–12 0 α Re (z)

87
ii r2 (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ) = |w2 |(cos α + i sin α)
!
−12 5
= 13 +i
13 13
−12 5
∴ r2 = 13, cos 2θ = and sin 2θ =
13 13
√
∴ r = 13

−12
iii cos 2θ = from b ii above.
13
−12
2 cos2 θ − 1 =
13
1
cos2 θ =
26
r
1
cos θ = ±
26
√
1 26
=±√ =±
26 26
5
Now sin 2θ = from b ii above.
13
5
∴ 2 sin θ cos θ =
13
5
∴ sin θ =
26 cos θ
√
5 5 26
=±√ =±
26 26

iv From b, w2 = z
= |z|cis φ
= r2 cis 2θ
∴ w = rcis θ
√
= 13(cos θ + i sin θ)
√
!
1 5
= ± 13 √ + i √
26 26
! √
1 5 2
=± √ +i√ =± (1 + 5i)
2 2 2

88
c Let w = a + bi, a, b ∈ R and w2 = −12 + 5i
∴ (a + bi)2 = −12 + 5i
∴ a2 + 2abi + b2 i2 = −12 + 5i
∴ (a2 − b2 ) + 2abi = −12 + 5i
Equating coefficients, a2 − b2 = −12 and 2ab = 5
5
∴ a=
1
2b
!2
5
∴ − b2 = −12
2b
25
∴ 2
− b2 = −12
4b
∴ 25 − 4b4 = −48b2
∴ 4b4 − 48b2 − 25 = 0
∴ (2b2 + 1)(2b2 − 25) = 0
−1 25
or ∴ b2 =
but b2 > 0 since b ∈ R
2 2
25
∴ b2 =
2
√
5 5 2
∴ b=±√ =±
2 2
5 5
1 a=
From =± √
2b 5 2
2×
2
√
1 2
=±√ =±
2 2
√
2
∴ w=± (1 + 5i)
2

d Let v2 = 12 + 5i where v = c + di, c, d ∈ R

∴ (c + di)2 = 12 + 5i
∴ (c2 − d2 ) + 2cdi = 12 + 5i
Equating coefficients
c2 − d2 = 12 and 2cd = 5
5
∴ c=
1
2d

89
 !2
5
∴ − d2 = 12
2d
25
∴ − d2 = 12
4d2
∴ 25 − 4d4 = 48d2
∴ 4d4 + 48d2 − 25 = 0
∴ (2d2 + 25)(2d2 − 1) = 0
−25 1
∴ or but d2 > 0 since d ∈ R
d2 =
2 2
1
∴ d2 =
2
√
1 2
∴ d=±√ =±
2 2
√
5 5 2
From 1 c=± √ =±
2 2
2×
2
√
2
∴ v=± (5 + i)
2 √
2
Hence the square roots of 12 + 5i are ± (5 + i)
2
Im (z) 2
8 2 (1 + 5i) Re (z) = Im (z)
6
4
2
2 2 (5 + i)
−8 −6 −4 −2 0
2 4 6 8 Re (z)
− 2 −2
2 (5 + i)
−4
−6
− 2 −8
2 (1 + 5i)
Geometrically the square roots of 12 + 5i are the reflection of the square roots of
−12 + 5i, in the line Re(z) = Im(z).

14 Let z = x + yi, a, b ∈ R ∴ z = x − yi

90
a 2zz + 3z + 3z − 10 = 0
∴ 2(x + yi)(x − yi) + 3(x + yi) + 3(x − yi) − 10 = 0
∴ 2(x2 + y2 ) + 3x + 3yi + 3x − 3yi − 10 = 0
∴ 2x2 + 6x + 2y2 − 10 = 0
∴ x2 + 3x + y2 − 5 = 0
!2 !2
3 3
∴ x + 3x +
2
− + y2 − 5 = 0
2 2
!2
3 9
∴ x+ − + y2 − 5 = 0
2 4
!2
3 29
∴ x+ + y2 =
2 4
! √
3 29
a circle with centre − , 0 and radius .
2 2

b 2zz + (3 + i)z + (3 − i)z − 10 = 0

∴ 2(x + yi)(x − yi) + (3 + i)(x + yi) + (3 − i)(x − yi) − 10 = 0
∴ 2(x2 + y2 ) + 3x + xi + 3yi − y + 3x − xi − 3yi − y − 10 = 0
∴ 2x2 + 2y2 + 6x − 2y − 10 = 0
∴ x2 + y2 + 3x − y − 5 = 0
!2 !2 !2 !2
3 3 1 1
∴ x + 3x +
2
− +y −y+
2
− −5=0
2 2 2 2
!2 !2
3 1 9 1
∴ x+ + y− − − −5=0
2 2 4 4
!2 !2
3 1 15
∴ x+ + y− =
2 2 2
! r √
3 1 15 30
a circle with centre − , and radius = .
2 2 2 2

91
c αzz + βz + βz + γ = 0
∴ α(x + yi)(x − yi) + β(x + yi) + β(x − yi) + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + βx + βyi + βx − βyi + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + 2βx + γ = 0
2βx γ
∴ x2 + y2 + x+ =0
α α
!2 !2
2β β β γ
∴ x + x+
2
− + y2 + = 0
α α α α
!2
β β2 γ
∴ x+ + y2 − 2 + = 0
γ α α
!2
β β2 − αγ
∴ x+ + y2 =
α α2
β2 − αγ
p
β
!
a circle with centre − , 0 and radius .
α α

d Let β = a + bi ∴ z = a − bi
αzz + βz + βz + γ = 0
∴ α(x + yi)(x − yi) + (a + bi)(x + yi) + (a − bi)(x − yi) + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + ax + bxi + ayi − by + ax − bxi − ayi − by + γ = 0
∴ α(x2 + y2 ) + 2ax − 2by + γ = 0
2a 2b γ
∴ x2 + y2 + x− y+ =0
α α α
!2 !2 !2 !2
2a a a 2b b b γ
∴ x2 + x + − + y2 − y + − + =0
α α α α α α α
!2 !2
a b a2 b2 γ
∴ x+ + y− − 2 − 2 + =0
α α α α α
!2 !2
a b a2 + b2 − αγ
∴ x+ + y− =
α α α2
a2 + b2 − αγ
! p
a b
a circle with centre − , and radius .
α α α

92
15 a (cos θ + i sin θ)5
! ! !
5 5 5
= (cos θ) (i sin θ) +
5 0
(cos θ) (i sin θ) +
4 1
(cos θ)3 (i sin θ)2
0 1 2
! ! !
5 5 5
+ (cos θ) (i sin θ) +
2 3
(cos θ) (i sin θ) +
1 4
(cos θ)0 (i sin θ)5
3 4 5
= cos5 θ + 5 cos4 θ sin θ i + 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ i2 + 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ i3
+ 5 cos θ sin4 θi4 + sin5 θi5
= cos5 θ + 5 cos4 θ sin θ i − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ i
+ 5 cos θ sin4 θ + sin5 θi
= (cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ)
+ (5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ)i
1

b (cos θ + i sin θ)5 = (cis θ)5

= cis 5θ = cos 5θ + i sin 5θ
From
1 in a

i cos 5θ = cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ

= cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ (1 − cos2 θ) + 5 cos θ (sin2 θ)2
= cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ + 10 cos5 θ + 5 cos θ (1 − cos2 θ)2
= 11 cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ (1 − 2 cos2 θ + cos4 θ)
= 11 cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ − 10 cos3 θ + 5 cos5 θ
= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ, as required.

ii sin 5θ = 5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ

= sin θ (5 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ sin2 θ + sin4 θ)
sin 5θ
∴ = 5 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ(1 − cos2 θ) + (sin2 θ)2 , if sin θ , 0
sin θ
= 5 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ + 10 cos4 θ + (1 − cos2 θ)2
= 15 cos4 θ − 10 cos2 θ + 1 − 2 cos2 θ + cos4 θ
= 16 cos4 θ − 12 cos2 θ + 1, as required.

93
16 a (1 + i)z + (1 − i)z = −2
∴ (1 + i)(x + iy) + (1 − i)(x − iy) = −2 since z = x + iy and z = x − iy
∴ x + ix + iy − y + x − ix − iy − y = −2
∴ 2x − 2y = −2
∴ x − y = −1
y= x+1
∴
π
( )
z : (1 + i)z + (1 − i)z = −2, Arg z ≤ Im (z)
2

−1 0 Re (z)

√ √
b i |z −√(2 √2 + i2 2)| ≤ 2 is the set of all points for which the distance
√ 2from
(2√ 2, 2 2) is less than or equal √
2
√ is represented by (x − 2 2) + (y −
to 2. It
2 2) ≤ 4, a disc√ with √centre (2 2, 2 2) and radius 2.
S = {z : |z − (2 2 + i2 2)| ≤ 2} Im (z)
2 2+2

S
2 2

2 2−2

0 2 2−2 2 2 2 2+2 Re (z)

ii The minimum and maximum values of |z| occur along the line y = x, at z1 and z2
respectively on the diagram below.
Im (z)
y=x
2 2+2
z2

2 2

2 2−2 z1

0 2 2−2 2 2 2 2+2 Re (z)

94
 π
Along the line y = x, z = rcis
4
√ √
At the centre of the circle z = 2 2 + i2 2
q √ √
and r = (2 2)2 + (2 2)2
√
= 8+8=4
∴ |z1 | = 4 − 2 = 2 and |z2 | = 4 + 2 = 6
The minimum and maximum values of |z| are 2 and 6.

iii The minimum and maximum values √ of2 Arg(z) occur

√ 2at the points of intersection
of the tangents to the circle (x − 2 2) + (y − 2 2) = 4 that also go through the
origin as shown in the following diagram by z3 and z4 .
Im (z)

E
D z
4 A

4 2

z3 B
O C Re (z)
By Pythagoras’ theorem, OA = 4 and AB = 2
1
∴ ∠AOB = sin−1
2
π
=
6
π
Now ∠AOC =
4
π
∴ ∠BOC =
12
π
By symmetry, ∠DOE =
12
π π
∴ ∠DOC = −
2 12
5π
=
12
π 5π
The minimum and maximum values of Arg(z) are and .
12 12

17 a z2 + 2z + 4 = 0
z2 + 2z + 1 + 3 = 0
√
(z + 1)2 − ( 3i)2 = 0
√ √
(z + 1 − 3i)(z + 1 + 3i) = 0
√
z = −1 ± 3i

95
 √
θ = tan−1 3 α −
π •
=
3
q √ θ
r = 12 + ( 3)2
=2
! !
2π −2π
Therefore α = 2cis or α = 2cis •
3 3 β − −
! !
−2π 2π
β = 2cis or β = 2cis
3 3
!!3
−2π
β = 2cis
3
3
!
−2π
= 2 cis 3 ×
3
3
= 8cis(−2π)
= 8cis 0
=8

!!3
2π
b α = 2cis
3
3
!
2π
= 2 cis 3 ×
3
3
= 8cis 2π
= 8cis 0
=8
Therefore α3 = β3
√ √
c α + β = (−1 + 3i) + (−1 − 3i)
= −2
√ √
α − β = (−1 + 3i) − (−1 − 3i)
√
= 2 3i

96
 (z − (α + β))(z − (α − β)) = 0
√
(z − (−2))(z − (2 3i)) = 0
√
(z + 2)(z − 2 3i) = 0
√ √
z2 + 2z − 2 3iz − 4 3i = 0
√ √
z2 + (2 − 2 3i)z − 4 3i = 0
! !
−2π 2π
Alternatively, if α = cis and β = cis ,
3 3
√
then α + β = −2 and α − β = −2 3i. √ √
In this case, the quadratic equation is z2 + (2 + 2 3i)z + 4 3i
√ √ √ √
d αβ + βα = (−1 + 3i)(−1 + 3i) + (−1 − 3i)(−1 − 3i)
√ √
= 1 − 2 3i + 3i2 + 1 + 2 3i + 3i2
=2−6
= −4

1
18 a i z=w+
w
1
= 2cis θ +
2cis θ
1
= 2cis θ + cis(−θ)
2
1
ii z = 2(cos θ + i sin θ) + (cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ))
2
1 1
= 2 cos θ + 2i sin θ + cos θ − i sin θ
2 2
5 3
= cos θ + i sin θ = x + iy
2 2
5 3
where x = cos θ and y = sin θ
2 2
25 9
x2 = cos2 θ y2 = sin2 θ
4 4
2 2
x 1 y 1
= cos2 θ = sin2 θ
25 4 9 4
2 2
x y 1 1
+ = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
25 9 4 4
1 1
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) =
4 4
x2 y2 1
Therefore z lies on the ellipse with equation + = .
25 9 4

97
  2
 5 3
iii |z − 2| =  cos θ + i sin θ − 2
2 
2 2 
 ! 2
 5 3
=  cos θ − 2 + i sin θ

 2 2 
!2 !2
5 3
= cos θ − 2 + sin θ
2 2
25 9
= cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4 + sin2 θ
4 4
9
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= − 2 cos θ , as required.
2
 
 5
|z − 2| =  − 2 cos θ

iv
2 
Since − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
−2 ≤ −2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ − 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore − 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2
 
 5  5
Therefore  − 2 cos θ = − 2 cos θ
2  2
5
and hence |z − 2| = − 2 cos θ
1
2

98
  2
 5 3
Now |z + 2| =  cos θ + i sin θ + 2
2 
2 2 
 ! 2
 5 3
=  cos θ + 2 + i sin θ

 2 2 
!2 !2
5 3
= cos θ + 2 + sin θ
2 2
25 9
= cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4 + sin2 θ
4 4
9
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= + 2 cos θ
2
 
 5
|z + 2| =  + 2 cos θ

2 
Since − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ + 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore + 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2  
 5  5
Therefore  + 2 cos θ = + 2 cos θ
2 2
5
and hence |z + 2| = + 2 cos θ
2
2
From 1 and 2
5 5
|z − 2| + |z + 2| = − 2 cos θ + + 2 cos θ
2 2
= 5, as required.

1
b i z=w−
w
1 1
= 2icis θ − = 2icis θ + icis(−θ)
2icis θ 2

99
 1
ii z = 2i(cos θ + i sin θ) + i(cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ))
2
1 1
= 2i cos θ − 2 sin θ + i cos θ + sin θ
2 2
3 5
= − sin θ + i cos θ
2 2
= x + iy
3 5
where x = − sin θ and y = cos θ
2 2
9 25
x2 = sin2 θ y2 = cos2 θ
4 4
2 2
x 1 y 1
= sin2 θ = cos2 θ
9 4 25 4
2 2
y x 1 1
+ = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
25 9 4 4
1 1
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) =
4 4
y2 x2 1
Therefore z lies on the ellipse with equation + =
25 9 4
 2
3 5
iii |z − 2i|2 = − sin θ + i cos θ − 2i
 
 2 2 
 !2
 3 5
= − sin θ + i cos θ − 2 

 2 2 
!2 !2
3 5
= − sin θ + cos θ − 2
2 2
9 2 25
= sin θ + cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4
4 4
9
= (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ − 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= − 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= − 2 cos θ , as required.
2

100
  
 5
|z − 2i| =  − 2 cos θ

2 
Since −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
−2 ≤ −2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ − 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore − 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2
 
 5  5
Therefore  − 2 cos θ = − 2 cos θ
2  2
5
and hence |z − 2i| = − 2 cos θ 1
2
 2
3 5
|z + 2i|2 = − sin θ + i cos θ + 2i
 
Now
 2 2 
 !2
 3 5
= − sin θ + i cos θ + 2 

 2 2 
!2 !2
3 5
= − sin θ + cos θ + 2
2 2
9 2 25
= sin θ + cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4
4 4
9
= (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) + 4 cos2 θ + 10 cos θ + 4
4
9
= + 4 + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
25
= + 10 cos θ + 4 cos2 θ
4
!2
5
= + 2 cos θ
2
 
 5
|z + 2i| =  + 2 cos θ

2 

101
Since −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
−2 ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 2
1 5 9
≤ + 2 cos θ ≤
2 2 2
5
Therefore + 2 cos θ > 0 for all θ
2
 
 5  5
Therefore  + 2 cos θ = + 2 cos θ
2  2
5
and hence |z + 2i| = + 2 cos θ
2
2
From 1 and
2
5 5
|z − 2i| + |z + 2i| = − 2 cos θ + + 2 cos θ
2 2
= 5, as required.

102
Chapter 5 – Revision of Chapters 1 to 4
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a + b = −i + k and c = mi + nj 4 − x = 5 ⇒ x = −1
m
Therefore by inspection if = −1 they 5 − y = −1 ⇒ y = 6
n
are linearly dependent.
−2 − z = −3 ⇒ z = 1
Suppose that there exists real numbers p
This second parallelogram does not
and q such that
have the vertices in alphabetical
c = pa + qb
cyclic order.
mi + nj = p(−2i + 3j − k) + q(i − 3j + 2k)
m = −2p + q . . . (1) b Diagonals of a parallelgram
n = 3p − 3q . . . (2) bisect each other. (Using first
parallelogram)
0 = −p + 2q . . . (3)
Midpoint E of AC is (3, 3, 0)
From (3), p = 2q
Substitute in (1) and (2) c Let ∠BAC = θ
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
AB · AC = |AB||AC| cos θ
m = −4q + q = −3q −−→ −−→
AB · AC = (−5i + j + 3k) · (2i + 4j − 4k)
n = 6q − 3q = 3q
m = −10 + 4 − 12
∴ = −1
n = −18
The three vectors are linearly depen- √
m −−→
dent if = −1. They are linearly |AB| = 35
n
m −−→
independent if , −1. |AC| = 6
n √
3 35
∴ cos θ = −
2 a A(2, 1, 2), B(−3, 2, 5) and C(4, 5, 2). 35
Consider the point D(x, y, z)
ABCD will form a parallelogram if 3 a π π
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
CD = AB or CD = BA cos2 + sin2 =1
−−→ 12 12
CD = (4 − x)i + (5 − y)j + (−2 − z)k  −1 + √3 2
2 π
−−→  
AB = −5i + j + 3k cos =1− √
−−→ −−→ 12 2 2
Therefore, if CD = AB √
4 − x = −5 ⇒ x = 9 1−2 3+3
=1−
5−y=1⇒y=4 8
√
2+ 3
−2 − z = 3 ⇒ z = −5 =
−−→ −−→ 4
Therefore, if CD = BA
 π  1 + √5
b cos =
5 4

1
 π √ √
4 1− 5 3−i
i sec =√ × √ 7 z=
5 1+ 5 1− 5 1 − i
π
√ 2cis −
= 5−1 6 √ π
z= √  π  = 2cis
π π 12
2cis −
ii tan 2
= sec2
−1 4
5 5 π
√ ∴ Arg z =
=5−2 5 12

4 z4 − z2 − 12 = 0 8 P(z) = z3 − 6z3 − 2z2 + 17z − 10

P(1) = 0 ⇒ z − 1 is a factor.
(z2 − 4)(z2 + 3) = 0 P(2) = 0 ⇒ z − 2 is a factor.
z2 = 4 or z2 = −3 ∴ P(z) = (z − 1)(z − 2)Q(z) =
√ (z2 − 3z + 2)Q(z) where Q(z) is a cubic
z = ±2, ± 3i
factor.
By inspection or long division or by us-
5 Let a = 3i + 2j − k and b = 2i + j + 2k ing the method of equating coefficients
a·b
Vector resolute = b Q(z) = z3 + 3z2 + z − 5
b·b
Also Q(z) = (z − 1)(z2 + 4z + 5) =
2
= (2i + j + 2k) (z − 1)((z + 2)2 + 1)
3
Hence
4 2 4
= i+ j+ k P(z) = 0
3 3 3
Vector resolute perpendicular to b ⇔ (z − 1)2 (z − 2)((z + 2)2 + 1) = 0
4 2 4
= 3i + 2j − k − ( i + j + k) ⇔ z = 1 or z = 2 or z = −2 ± i
3 3 3
5 4 7
= i+ j− k −−→
3 3 3 9 a OA = 2i + 2j + k
−−→
OB = i + 2j + k
6 f (x) = 3 arcsin(2x + 1) + 4 −−→ −−→ −−→
AB = OB + AO = i + 2j + k = −i
For maximal domain
−1 ≤2x + 1 ≤ 1 b Let ∠AOB = θ
−2 ≤2x ≤ 0 The scalar product gives that
−−→ −−→
OA · OB
−1 ≤x ≤ 0 cos θ = −−→ −−→
Maximal domain = [−1, 0] |OA||OB √
Range: 7 7 6
∴ cos θ = √ =
3π 3 6 18
f (−1) = 3 arcsin(−1) + 4 = 4 −
2
3π c Area 4AOB =
f (0) = 3 arcsin(1) + 4 = 4 +  7 √6 
−−→ −−→

 8 − 3π 8 + 3π  2 |OA||OB sin arccos
Range = , 18
2 2

2
  7 √6   7 √6 2 c −2b + 3c = (−2i + 3j − 4k) + (6i +
s

sin arccos = 1− 3j − 3k) = 4i + 6j − 7k
18 18
√
5
Area 4AOB = d From (c), −2b + 3c = 4i + 6j − 7k =
2 7
−2a if m =
2
 πx 
10 sec 2
=2 0<x<6
3 12
 πx  √
sec2 =± 2 4 cos x = 2 cot x
3 cos x
 πx  1 4 cos x − 2 =0
cos =±√ sin x
3 2 4 cos x sin x − 2 cos x = 0
First consider
 πx  cos x(2 sin x − 1) = 0
1
cos = √ 1
3 2 cos x = 0 or sin x =
2
πx π 7π π π 5π
= or x = (2n + 1) , + 2nπ, + 2nπ, n ∈ Z.
3 4 4 2 6 6
3 21
x = or
4 4
13 a z3 − 2z2 + 2z − 1 = (z − 1)(z2 − z + 1)
Next consider
z3 − 2z2 + 2z − 1 = 0
 πx  1
cos = √ (z − 1)(z2 − z + 1) = 0
3 2
πx 3π 5π z = 1 or z2 − z + 1 = 0
= or √
3 4 4 1 ± 3i
9 15 z = 1 or z =
x = or 2
4 4 π  π
Points of intesection are:
b z = cis0, cis , cis −
 3   9   15   21  3 3
,2 , ,2 , ,2 , ,2
4 4 4 4 c
Im z
√
11 a |a| = 4 + 9 + m√
2
1 π
p
4 + 9 + m2 = 38 cis
3
13 + m2 = 38
m2 = 25 cis 0
Re z
m = ±5 −1 0

b a perpendicular to b ⇒ a · b = 0
9 −π
⇒ −2 + + 2m = 0 cis
3
2 −1
5
m=−
4

3
 √ π
x y 3
14 z = 3 + i = 2cis = =
π 6 y + 12 x + 8 5
z = 4cis
2
Therefore
3
π
z3 = 8cis 5x − 3y = 36 . . . (1)
2
Im z −3x + 5y = 24 . . . (2)
z3
Solving for x
x = 15.75 cm
4 z2
2
z
Re z
16 a sin(4x) = cos(2x)
−8 −4 −2 0 2 4 8
2 sin 2x cos 2x − cos 2x = 0
−2

−4 cos 2x(2 sin 2x − 1) = 0

1
cos 2x = 0 or sin 2x =
−8 2
π 3π π 5π
2x = or or 2x = or
2 2 6 6
15 a Case 1 Chords on same side of π 3π π 5π
centre Let x cm be the perpendicular x = or or x = or
4 4 12 12
distance from the centre to the chord
b i cosec(4x) = sec(2x) ⇒ sin(4x) =
AB. Then 16 + x2 = 400
cos(2x)
x2 = 384 The equation components are not
√ π 3π
x=8 6 defined at x = or
Let y cm be the perpendicular 4 4
Therefore x values of points of
distance from the centre to the chord π 5π
intersection are x = or
AB. 12 12
Points of
√ intersection√are
Then  π 2 3   5π 2 3 
36 + x2 = 400 , , ,−
12 3 12 2
√
x = 2 91
Therefore
√ distance between =
√
8 6 − 2 91
Case 2 Chords on different side of
centre √ √
Distance between = 8 6 + 2 91

b 4PAC ∼ 4PDB (AAA)

PA PC
∴ =
PD PB
Let PA = x cm and PC = y cm

4
 −−→ √
ii 18 a Let a = OA = i + 3j
y −−→
and b = OB = 3i − 4k
If P is a point on AB the there exists
λ ∈ R such that
−−→ −−→
AP = λAB
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 ∴ OP = OA + λAB
x
0 π π 3π π
−1 4 2 4
= a + λ(b − a)
= (1 − λ)a + λb
√
= (1 − λ)(i + 3j) + λ(3i − 4k)
√
y = (1 + 2λ)i + 3(1 − λ)j − 4λk
c
2π −−→
b Let OA0 = â be the unit vector in the
dirction of a
π −−→
Let OB0 = b̂ be the unit vector in the
dirction of b
x
0 4 The 4A0 OB0 is isosceles.
Let M be the midpoint of A0 B0 then
17 a OM bisects angle ∠AOB.
−−→ 1
f (1 + i) OM = (â + b̂)
2
= (1 + i)3 − (5 + i)(1 + i)2 + (17 + 4i)(1 + i) − 13 − 13i 1 1 √ 1
= ( (i + 3j) + (3i − 4k))
Now (1 + i) = 2i
2
2 2 5
√
(1 + i)3 = −2 + 2i 11 3 2
= i+ j− k
f (1 + i) = −2 + 2i − 2i(5 + i) + (17 + 4i)(1 + i) − 13 − 13i 20 4 5
Let OM extended meet AB at P
=0
∴ z − 1 − i is a factor. Then for some real√number
 11 3 2 
−−→
µ, OP = µ i+ j− k
b f (z) = (z − 1 − i)(z + az + b) for some 20 4 5
From (a) √
a, b −−→
OP = (1 + 2λ)i + 3(1 − λ)j) − 4λk
We can see that 4
−13 − 13i 1+i Hence λ =
b= = 13 × = 13 7
−1 − i 1+i
Similarly a = −4
Finally, 19 a f (z) = z2 + aiz + b, a , 0
f (z) = (z − 1 − i)(z2 − 4z + 13)
= (z − 1 − i)(z2 − 4z + 4 + 9)
= (z − 1 − i)((z − 2)2 − (3i)2 )
= (z − 1 − i)(z − 2 − 3i)(z − 2 + 3i)

5
 z2 + aiz + b = 0
 1 − d 1 − d  πb πb 
21 a − , , a − ,a +
√ c c 2 2
−ai ± a2 i2 − 4b
z= b y
2
√ 4π
−ai ± −a2 − 4b
= 3π
2 2π
√
−ai ± i a2 + 4b π
=
2 x
a2 −2
3
−1
3
0
Imaginary solutions b ≥ −
4
√
b i z2 + 2iz + 1 = 0 13
a = 2, b = 1√ 22 a (3i + 2 j)
13
−2i ± i 22 + 4 √
∴z= = (−1 ± 2)i 10
2
b i − (3i + 2 j)
13
ii z2 − 2iz − 1 = 0 √
a = −2, b =p −1 10 13
2i ± i (−2)2 − 4 ii
∴z= =i 13
2

iii z2 + 2iz − 2 = 0 23 a −4i + 2j − 3k = m(2i − 2j + 5k) +

a = 2, b = −2
√ n(−i + 2j − 6k)
∴z=
−2i ± i −4i
= ±1 − i −4 = 2m − n . . . (1)
2
2 = −2m + 2n . . . (2)
20 a −3 = 5m − 6n . . . (3)
f (z) = (z + 1)(z + (1 − i))(z + (1 + i)) Add (1) and (2)
= (z + 1)(z + z(1 − i + 1 + i) + 2)
2
n = −2
= (z + 1)(z + 2z + 2)
2
From (1)m = −3
= z + 2z + 2z + z + 2z + 2
3 2 2
−−→
b OP = λc
= z3 + 3z2 + 4z + 2
Therefore a = 3, b = 4 and c = 2. −−→
∴ OP = −4λi + 2λj − 3λk
b The solutions have the same modulus P is a point on AB
and there Arguments differ by
2π There is a real number µ such that
−−→
3  OP = (1 − µ)a + µb
π −−→
The two given solutions are 2cis ∴ OP = (2 − 3µ)i + (4µ − 2)j + (5 −
 π 6
11µ)k
and 2cis − . The third solution is
 5π  2 √ Hence
2cis =− 3+i
6

6
 2 − 3µ = −4λ . . . (1)
4µ − 2 = 2λ . . . (2)
5 − 11µ = −3λ . . . (3)
1
λ=−
5

7
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 3π By hand: √
1 A sin x = − where π ≤ x ≤
5 2 tan x = ± 3
y
π π π π
-2 6
x
∴ x = , π − , π + , 2π −
x 3 3 3 3
π 2π 4π 5π
-1 ∴ x= , , ,
5 3 3 3 3
5 E The given graph has an x-intercept
2π
√ at . Thus to determine the correct
−1 6 3
∴ tan x = √ = rule a substitution technique will be
−2 6 12
used on a CAS calculator.
π For responses A, B and C
2 D cos x = a where ≤ x ≤ π
√ 2
sin x = ± 1 − cos2 x
√ π
= + 1 − a2 as ≤ x ≤ π
√2
∴ sin(x + π) = − sin x = − 1 − a2
√
 π 3
3 E sin 2x + =− , −π ≤ x ≤ π
3 2
The quickest way to determine the
number of solutions to the above
equation is to use solve on CAS
calculator. For responses D and E

There are four solutions. Since the rule of response E is the

2π
4 E tan2 x = 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π only rule that has a root at , it is
3
Using CAS the correct rule for the given graph.
!
5π
6 C y = 3 tan 2x +
6
The y-intercept occurs when x = 0.

8
 b
!
5π
∴ y = 3 tan y = ± (x − h) + k.
6 a
Here, a = 3, b = 4, h = −1, k = 2
π
!
= 3 tan π − Therefore the asymptotes are:
6 4
y = ± (x + 1) + 2
3
π
!
= −3 tan 4 4
y = (x + 1) + 2 and y = − (x + 1) + 2
6 3 3
3 4 10 4 2
=−√ ∴ y= x+ and y = − x +
3 3 3 3 3
√
=− 3 10 D y
√
∴ The y-intercept is (0, − 3)

! when y = 0.
7 D x-intercept occurs x
x
∴ − 2 cos π − =0 (-2 , – 2)
3 (4 , – 2)
!
x
∴ cos π − =0
3
!
x Since the endpoints are (−2, −2) and
∴ − cos =0
3 (4, −2), the diameter is 6 implying
x
! that the radius of the circle is 3.
∴ cos =0 Also, the centre of the circle is the
3
x π midpoint of the two endpoints.
= −2 + 4 −2 − 2
!
∴
3 2 M= , = (1, −2)
2 2
3π
∴ x= Therefore the equation of the circle
2
must have radius 3 and centre
π π π
!
(1, −2).
8 C y = 2 tan 3x − , − ≤ x ≤
3 2 2
π
!! 11 B Response A and C are both incorrect
∴ y = 2 tan 3 x − as the given graph does not have its
9
Asymptotes occur when: centre at (−2, 0).
(2k + 1)π π Response E is also incorrect as
x= +
2n 9 represents the graph of a hyperbola.
(2k + 1)π π
∴ x= + Since the centre is on the x-axis the
6 9
7π π 5π length of the major axes is 6 units.
∴ x = − ,− , Half of this is 3 which implies that
18 18 18
a = 3.
(x + 1)2 (y − 2)2
9 C − =1
9 16
The equations of asymptotes of a
hyperbola are given by the equation

9
 14 D x2 + y2 − 6x + 8y = 0
b
∴ (x2 − 6x + 9) + (y2 + 8y + 16) = 25
3
∴ (x − 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 25
Centre is (3, −4)
6 √ 15 E (x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 1
For response D, a = 3. Thus
y
response D is incorrect.
For response B, a = 3.
Also, by using a CAS calculator x
it is clear that response B has a
y-intercept
√ of
4 5
and response B does not.
3 (1 , – 2)
Since tangent lines are of the form
x = k, from the sketch above this
implies that x = 0 or x = 2.

16 B x2 − 2x = y2
∴ (x2 − 2x + 1) − y2 = 1
∴ (x − 1)2 − y2 = 1
i.e. a hyperbola with centre (1, 0)

17 C a = 2i + 3j − 4k, b = −i + 2j − 2k
12 A Since two sides and the and c = −3j + 4k
included angle are given, the a − 2b − c = (2, 3, −4)
cosine rule should be used.
i.e. l2 = 72 + 82 − 2(7)(8) cos(130◦ ) − (−2, 4, −4)

∴ l2 = 49 + 64 − 2(7)(8) cos(180 − 50) − (0, −3, 4)

∴ l2 = 49 + 64 − 2(7)(8) × − cos(50◦ ) = (4, 2, −4)
∴ l2 = 49 + 64 + 2(7)(8) cos(50◦ ) = 4i + 2j − 4k

x2 y2 18 D Let u = i − 2j + 2k
13 D + =1 1
9 25 ∴ û = (i − 2j + 2k)
When y = 0: 3
Opposite direction:
x2 = 9 1
∴ x = ±3 ⇒ (−i + 2j − 2k)
3
Therefore the x-axis intercepts are Magnitude of 6:
6
(−3, 0) and (3, 0). ⇒ (−i + 2j − 2k)
3
∴ − 2i + 4j − 4k
Therefore −2i + 4j − 4k is a vector

10
 of magnitude 6 and with direction ∴ b = 2a − 6
opposite to i − 2j + 2k. So, for u and v to be perpendicular to
each other the equation b = 2a − 6
19 B a = 2i − 3j − k, b = −2i + 3j − 6k must be satisfied.
|b| = 7 Testing all responses with this
a · b = −4 − 9 + 6 = −7 equation reveals that C is the correct
(a · b)
∴ (a · b̂) · b̂ = b response.
|b|2
−7 24 E u = i + aj − 4k, v = bi − 2j + 3k
= b
49 u and v are parallel to each other
1
=− b when u = kv, where k ∈ R\{0}
7
∴ (1, a, −4) = k(b, −2, 3)
1
= − (−2i + 3j − 6k) ⇒ 1 = kb 1
7
1 a = −2k 2
= (2i − 3j + 6k)
7 −4 = 3k 3
20 A a = 3i − 5j + k 4
From 3 , k = −
By inspection, response A is in the 3
8 3
form ka and is therefore a vector that ∴ a = and b = −
3 4
is parallel to a. Hence response A is
a vector which is not perpendicular 25 A a = i − 5j + k, b = 2i − j + 2k
to a. |b| = 3
a·b=2+5+2=9
21 E a = i − 3j + 5k Perpendicular component is
√ a·b
a − (a · b̂)b̂ = a − 2 b
p
∴ |a| = 12 + (−3)2 + 52 = 35 |b|
√ √ 9
!
22 D u = 2i√− 2j + k, v = i + 2j − k =a− b
9
|u| = 7 and |v| = 2
=a−b
u · v = 2 − 2 − 1 = −1
u·v = (1, −5, 1) − (2, −1, 2)
∴ cos θ =
|u||v|
= (−1, −4, −1)
1
∴ cos θ = − √ = −i − 4j − k
2 7
!
1 −−→ −−→
∴ θ = cos − √−1
26 C AB · BC = 0
2 7
∴ θ = 100.89◦ C

23 C u = 2i − aj − k, v = 3i + 2j − bk
u and v are perpendicular to each
other when u · v = 0 A B
∴ 6 − 2a + b = 0

11
 −−→ −−→ −−→
For this situation to be true the vector PQ = OQ − OP = −2i − 3j + 2k
−−→ −−→
resolute of AC in the direction of AB −−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ QR = OR − OQ = i + (p + 2)j
must be AB.
+ (q − 1)k
27 C u = i − j − k, v = 4i + 12j − 3k Applying PQ = nQR, we have
u · v = (i − j − k) · (4i + 12j − 3k) −2 = n 1

= 1 × 4 + −1 × 12 + −1 × −3 −3 = n(p + 2) 2

= 4 − 12 + 3 2 = n(q − 1) 3
Substituting 1 into 2 gives
= −5
−3 = −2(p + 2)
3
28 B a = 3i + 2j − k, b = 6i − 3j + 2k ∴ = p+2
2
The scalar resolute is a · b̂
1 1
∴ a · b̂ = (3i + 2j − k) · (6i − 3j + 2k) ∴ p=−
7 2
1 Substituting 1 into 3 gives
= (18 − 6 − 2) 2 = −2(q − 1)
7
10 ∴ −1=q−1
=
7 ∴ q=0
29 C a = 3i − 5j − 2k, b = 2i − 3j − 4k 3 4
32 E tan α = and tan β =
a − b = i − 2j + 2k 4 3
Let u = a − b
Then, α
1 5
û = (i − 2j + 2k) 4
3
Thus a unit vector in the direction of
1
a − b is (i − 2j + 2k) β
3 3
From the above triangle:
30 C (2i + 3j + k) · (i − 4j + k) 3 4 4
sin α = , cos α = , sin β = and
= 2 × 1 + 3 × −4 + 1 × 1 5 5 5
3
= 2 − 12 + 1 cos β =
5
sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= −9
3 3 4 4
−−→ −−→ = × + ×
31 C OP = 3i + j − k, OQ = i − 2j + k and 5 5 5 5
−−→ 9 16
OR = 2i + pj + qk = +
Since P, Q and R are collinear then 25 25
PQ = nQR, where n ∈ R\{0}. 25
=
25
=1

33 C a = 3i + 4j, b = 2i − j, x = i + 5j

12
 and x = sa + tb
!
1 2
q−p=k p+ q−q
∴ i + 5j = (3s + 2t)i + (4s − t)j 3 3
Equating components gives: 1 1
!
3s + 2t = 1 1 =k p− q
3 3
4s − t = 5 2 k
= (p − q)
2× 2 + 1: 3
∴ k = −3
11s = 11
For response E:
∴ s=1 q − p = k(2p − q − q)
Substituting s = 1 into 1 gives
= k(2p − 2q)
2t = −2
∴ t = −1 = 2k(p − q)
1
−−→ −−→ ∴ k=−
34 C OP = p, OQ = q and O, P and Q are 2
Response C contains the vector that
not collinear.
is not collinear with P and Q.
Let R be the vector for each
response. 35 E cos2 θ + 3 sin2 θ
We are required to find the response
that is not collinear with P and Q. = cos2 θ + 3(1 − cos2 θ)
i.e. there is no such k such that = 3 − 2 cos2 θ
PQ = kQR 1
!
For response A: = 3 − 2 (cos 2θ + 1)
! 2
1 1
q−p=k p+ q−q = 3 − cos 2θ − 1
2 2
= 2 − cos 2θ
!
1 1
=k p− q You may also sketch the graph of
2 2
cos θ + 3 sin2 θ against the graph of
2
k
= (p − q) all of the responses to confirm this
2
∴ k = −2 answer.
For response B: √ ! √ !
3 3
q − p = k(3p − 2q − q) 36 E cos −−1 −1
− sin −
2 2
= k(3p − 3q) The restricted"domain # sin x
of
π π
= 3k(p − q) and cos x are − , and [0, π]
2 2
1
∴ k=− respectively. √ √
3 5π
!
3 π
!
3
For response C: cos =− , sin − = −
q − p = k(p − q − q) 6 2 3 2

= k(p − 2q)
No k exists
For response D:

13
 √ ! √ !
−1 3 −1 3 Or using CAS
∴ cos − − sin −
2 2
π
!
5π
= − −
6 3
5π π
= + √
6 3
40 A z = −1 − i 3
7π
= Im z
6
Re z
θ
−−→ −−→ −−→
37 B PQ = 2QR, OQ = 3i − 2j and
−−→
OR = i + 3j
Let P be the position vector xi + yj √ π
−−→ θ = tan−1 ( 3) =
QR = −2i + 5j and 3
−−→ π π
PQ = (3 − x)i − (2 + y)j ∴ Arg(z) = − − = −
2π
Since PQ = 2QR and PQR is a 2 6 3
Or using CAS
straight line
3 − x = −4 and 2 + y = −10
∴ x=7 and y = −12
−−→
∴ OP = 7i − 12j
−−→ −−→
38 E OP = 2i − 2j + k, PQ = 2i + 2j − k 41 C (pi + 2j − 3pk) · (ρi + k) = p2 − 3p
−−→ −−→ −−→ For the two vectors to be perpendic-
OQ = OP + PQ = 4i
−−→ √ 2 ular to each other the dot product of
∴ OQ = 4 = 4 the two vectors must equal zero.
∴ p2 − 3p = 0
39 B z1 = 2 − i, z2 = 3 + 4i
z2 3 + 4i ∴ p(p − 3) = 0
=
z1 2−i
∴ p = 0 or p = 3
(3 + 4i)(2 + i)
=
22 + 12 42 B 2 + 3i is a root and since all the
2 + 11i coefficients of the polynomial are
=
5 real this implies that 2 − 3i is also a
2 11 root.
= + i
5 5 ∴ (z − 2 − 3i)(z − 2 + 3i)
 2 " s !2 !2 #2
 z2  2 11
∴   = + = z2 − 2z + 3zi − 2z
 z1  5 5
4 121 + 4 − 6i − 3zi + 6i + 9
= +
25 25 = z2 − 4z + 13
125
=
25
=5

14
 z−1 Y

z − 4z + 13 z3 − 5z2 + 17z − 13
2
Z
z3 − 4z2 + 13z
−z2 + 4z − 13
−z2 + 4z − 13 O X
−−→ −−→ −−→
0 XZ = OZ − OX
Therefore the other two roots are 1 −−→ −−→ −−→
2 − 3i and 1 = (3OX + 4OY) − OX
7
Or using the TI-nspire CAS 1 −−→ −−→
calculator = (4OY − 4OX)
7
1 −−→ −−→
= (OY − OX)
7
−−→ −−→ −−→
ZY = OY − OZ
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→
= OY − − (3OX + 4OY)
(cos 60◦ + i sin 60◦ )4 7
43 A 3 −−→ 3 −−→
(cos 30◦ + i sin 30◦ )2 = OY − OX
7 7
(cis 60◦ )4
= 3 −−→ −−→
(cis 30◦ )2 = (OY − OX)
7
cis(4 × 60◦ ) −−→ 4 −−→
= Hence XZ = ZY, so that
cis(2 × 30◦ ) 3
−−→ 4 −−→
cis 240◦ |XZ| = |ZY|
= 3
cis 60◦ −−→
XZ 4
= cis(240◦ − 60◦ ) i.e. −−→ =
ZY 3
= cis 180◦
π π 1
= −1 45 C tan = 1 and sin = √
4 4 2!!
Or using CAS 1
∴ cos tan−1 (1) + sin−1 √
2
π π
!
= cos +
4 4
π
!
= cos
2
=0

1
46 A Let x + iy =
3 + 4i
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 3 − 4i
44 D 3OX + 4OY = 7OZ =
3 + 4i 32 + 42
1 3 4
∴ = − i
3 + 4i 25 25

15
 3 4 51 D The restricted
∴ x= and y=− " domain
# and range
25 45 π π
of sin x are − , and [−1, 1]
47 B a = 2i + 3j + 4k, b = i + pj + k 2 2
respectively.
If a and b are perpendicular to each
Thus the restricted domain of sin−1 x
other then a · b = 0
is [−1, 1]. Therefore sin−1 (2x − 1) is
a · b = 2 + 3p + 4 = 3p + 6
defined when
⇒ 3p + 6 = 0
−1 ≤ 2x − 1 ≤ 1
∴ p = −2
∴ 0 ≤ 2x ≤ 2
1 ∴ 0≤x≤1
48 E z=
1−i
π π
! !
=
cis 0 52 E u = 3 cis , v = 2cis
4 2
√ π
!
π π
!
2cis −
4 ∴ uv = (3 × 2) cis +
4 2
π
!!
1
= √ cis 0 − −
!
3π
2 4 = 6 cis
4
π
!
1
= √ cis 53 A The restricted domain of cos x is
2 4
1 π [0, π] !
∴ r = √ and θ = 2π 1
2 4 cos =−
3 2
3 3π 1
!
2π
49 A cos x = − , π < x < ∴ cos−1 − =
5 2 2 3
y " !# !
-3 1 2π
x ∴ sin cos −−1
= sin
x 2 3
-4 π
!
5 = sin π −
3
π
!
= sin
3
−4 4 √
∴ tan x = = 3
−3 3 =
2
50 C "The restricted domain of sin x is
π π
#
54 C |12√− 5i| = 122 + (−5)2
p
− ,
2 2 = 169 = 13
√
π
!
3
sin − = − √ π
!
3 2 55 C 3 − j = 2 cis −
√ !
3 π 6
∴ sin−1 − =−
√
!
2 3 3π
−1 − i = 2 cis −
4

16
 π 1
!
√ 2 cis − 58 C tan θ =
3−i 6 3
∴ = 2 tan θ
−1 − i √ 3π
! tan 2θ =
2 cis − 1 − tan2 θ
4 1
√ 2×
π 3π
!
3−i 2 3
∴ = √ cis − + = !2
−1 − i 2 6 4 1
√
! 1−
7π 3
= 2cis
12 2 9
Or using CAS = ×
3 8
3
=
4
59 E
cos4 θ − sin4 θ
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)(cos2 θ − sin2 θ)
= cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= cos 2θ
Response A is identical to
56 D x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 response C.
∆ = b2 − 4ac = 9 − 4 = 5 Recall that cos(2kθ) = 2 cos2 (kθ) − 1
1
Since ∆ > 0 there are two real roots. Putting k = gives:
2 !
√ π
! θ
57 B 1 − i = 2cis − cos θ = 2 cos2 −1
4 2
2 θ
!
√ π ∴ 1 + cos θ = 2 cos
!
3 + j = 2cis 2
6 Response D is identical to B.
√
1−i 3+i Therefore response E is not identical
∴ √ ×
2 2 to any of the others.
√ π π
! !
2cis − 2cis π
4 6 60 C 1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ, 0 < θ <
= × 2
√ 1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
2 2
π π = 1 + 2 cos2 θ − 1 + i 2 sin θ cos θ
! !
= cis − × cis
4 6 = 2 cos2 θ + i 2 sin θ cos θ
π π
!
= cis − +
4 6
π
!
= cis −
12

17
 ∴ |1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ|
p
= (2 cos2 θ)2 + (2 sin θ cos θ)2
p
= 4 cos4 θ + 4 sin2 θ cos2 θ
q
= 4 cos2 θ(cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
Therefore response B is the quadratic
√
= 4 cos2 θ with roots 2 + 3i and 2 − 3i.
= 2 cos θ, since cos θ > 0 1 1
63 A tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 x
2 3
= 1 + cos θ + i sin θ
!
61 D Let z q 1 −1 1
∴ x = tan tan −1
+ tan
|z| = (1 + cos θ)2 + sin2 θ 2 3
! !
−1 1 −1 1
p
= 1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ + sin2 θ tan tan + tan tan
√ 2 3
= 2 + 2 cos θ = ! !
−1
1 −1
1
1 − tan tan tan tan
= 2(1 + cos θ)
p
2 3
From question 59: 1 1
θ
! +
2 cos2 = 1 + cos θ = 2 3
2 1
s 1−
θ 6
!
∴ |z| = 4 cos 2 5 6
2 ∴ x= × =1
6 5
θ
!
∴ |z| = 2 cos 64 D cosec2 θ − cot2 θ
2
= 1 + cot2 θ − cot2 θ = 1
62 B Using a CAS calculator Response B is identical to
for each response we have: response C.
sin θ cos θ
tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ
1
=
cos θ sin θ
2
=
2 cos x sin x
2
=
2 sin θ
= 2cosec 2θ
Response A is identical to
response E.
Therefore response D is not identical
to any of the others.

18
65 C |z − 2| − |z + 2| = 0 ∴ x = 0 ∴ x2 + (y2 − 2y + 1) = 1
∴ x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1
66 B A relation in the form Circle with centre (0, 1) and radius 1.
|z − (a + bi)| = r Response D
defines a circle with centre (a, b) and |z − 1| = 2 is a circle with centre
radius r. (1, 0) and radius 2.
∴ |z − (2 − i)| = 6 is a circle with centre Response E
(2, −1) and radius 6. |z| = 2i
67 D z = x + iy q z = x + iy
Let
The given graph appears to be the ∴ x2 + y2 = 2i
equation y = −x (in Cartesian form). ∴ x2 + y2 = 4i2
So, using complex relations,
∴ x2 + y2 = −4
Im(z) = −Re(z)
Not a circle
∴ Im(z) + Re(z) = 0
70 D Let z = x + iy
68 C |z − 2| − |z − 2i| = 0
Response A
∴ |z − 2| = |z − 2i|
Im(z) = 0 ⇒ y = 0 i.e. a line
Let z = x + iy
Response B
∴ |(x − 2) + iy| = |x + (y − 2)i|
Im(z) + Re(z) = 1
Applying the modulus
⇒ y + x = 1 i.e. a line
(x − 2) + y2 = x2 + (y − 2)2
p p
∴ 2
Response C
Squaring both sides gives:
z+z=4
(x − 2)2 + y2 = x2 + (y − 2)2
⇒ (x + iy) + (x − iy) = 4
∴ x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 = x2 + y2 − 4y + 4 ∴ 2x = 4 i.e. a line
∴ y=x Response D
i.e. a straight line π
Arg(z) =
4
69 E Response A Is a ray (not a line) starting from
|z| = 2 is a circle with centre (0, 0) the point (0, 0) following the
π
and radius 2. direction .
4
Response B Im(z)

|z − i| = 2 is a circle with centre (0, 1)

and radius 2.
Response C
π
Let z = x + iy 4
Re(z)
iZ = ix − y
Response E
∴ 2Re(iz) = −2y
Re(z) = Im(z)
zz = (x + iy)(x − iy) = x2 + y2
⇒ x = y i.e. a line
∴ zz + 2Re(iz) = 0 becomes
x2 + y2 − 2y = 0 71 C
−−→ −−→ −−→
PQ = 5i, PR = i + j + 2k, RM = λi

19
 For the angle RQM to be a right iz = i(2 − i) = 1 + 2i = Q
−−→ −−−→
angle RQ · QM = 0 Response C
−−→ −−→ −−→ −z = −(2 − i) = −2 + i , Q
RQ = RP + PQ
Response D
= −i − j − 2k + 5i
−iz = −i(2 − i) = −1 − 2i , Q
= 4i − j − 2k Response E
−−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
QM = QP + PR + RM zz = (2 + i)(2 − i) = 5 , Q

= −5i + i + j + 2k + λi 74 E Let z = x + iy
= (λ − 4)i + j + 2k −z = −x + iy
−−→ −−−→ 1 x − iy
RQ · QM = 4(λ − 4) − 1 − 4 z−1 = = 2
z x + y2
∴ 4(λ − 4) − 5 = 0 −x − yi
−z−1 = 2
5 x + y2
∴ λ−4=
4
21
∴ λ=
4
−−→ −−→
72 D OA = 6i − j + 8k, OB = −3 + 4j − 2k
and AP:PB = 1:2
−−→ 2 −−→
⇒ BP = BA
3
−−→
BA = 9i − 5j + 10k
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ OP = OB + BP
= −3i + 4j − 2k z−1 and −z−1 run along the dotted
lines but never move past z and −z
2
+ (9i − 5j + 10k) respectively. Hence the points make
3
2 14 a trapezium.
= 3i + j + k
3 3
75 B
73 B P = 2 + i = z and Q = 1 + 2i
Response A 76 B
z=2−i, Q
77 D
Response B

20
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 P

B
b

A a
O

−−→ 3 −−→
a i AP = AB
2
3 −−→ −−→
= (OB − OA)
2
3
= (b − a)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OP = r and OP = OA + AP
3
∴ r = a + (b − a)
2
1
= (3b − a)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
b i AB = OB − OA
= (2i + 2j) − i
= i + 2j
−−→ −−→ −−→
BC = OC − OB
= (4i + j) − (2i + 2j)
= 2i − j
−−→ √
ii |AB| = 12 + 22
√
= 5
−−→ p
| BC| = 22 + (−1)2
√
= 5
−−→ −−→
Hence AB and BC have the same magnitude.
−−→ −−→
iii AB · BC = (i + 2j) · (2i − j)
= 1 × 2 + 2 × (−1)
=0

21
 −−→ −−→
Since the scalar product AB · BC = 0, AB is perpendicular to BC.

iv Method 1:
Plot the points A, B, C using their Cartesian coordinates.

Since CD is parallel to AB its gradient is 2.

For C, move 2 down and 1 back.
1
This gives D(3, −1) and checking shows the gradient of AD is − , The
2
same as BC.
−−→
So OD = 3o − j
Method 2:
−−→
As in given solution, CD = (x − 4)i + (y − 1)j
And the dot product gives y = 2x − 7 1
−−→
Similarly, AD = (x − 1)i + yj and
−−→
The dot product with CD gives (x − 1)(x − 4) + y(y − 1) = 0 2
Substituting 1 into 2 and simplifying gives
x2 − 7x + 12 = 0
(x − 3)(x − 4) = 0
x = 3 or x = 4
−−→
But x = 4 corresponds to point D, which would make CD = 0.
So x = 3 and then y = −1.
−−→
Hence CD = 3i − j.
−−→ −−→ −−→
c AP = OP − OA
= (xi + yj + zk) − (8i)
= (x − 8)i + yj + zk
−−→ −−→ −−→
BP = OP − OB
= (xi + yj + zk) − (10j)
= xi + (y − 10)j + zk
P is equidistant from O, A and B,
∴ OP = AP = BP

22
 −−→
q
OP = |OP| = x2 + y2 + z2 1
−−→
q
AP = |AP| = (x − 8)2 + y2 + z2 2
−−→
q
BP = | BP| = x2 + (y − 10)2 + z2 3
Equating
q 1 and 2 yields
q
x2 + y + z2 = (x − 8)2 + y2 + z2
∴ x2 + y2 + z2 = (x − 8)2 + y2 + z2
∴ x2 = x2 − 16x + 64
∴ 16x = 64
∴ x=4
Equating
q 1 and 3 yields
q
x2 + y2 + z2 = x2 + (y − 10)2 + z2
∴ x2 + y2 + z2 = x2 + (y − 10)2 + z2
∴ y2 = y2 − 20y + 100
∴ 20y = 100
∴ y=5
Since ∆OAB is in the i–j plane, and P is at a distance of 2 above the triangle, the k
−−→
component of OP is 2, i.e., z = 2.

2 a i |z| ≤ 2 is represented by a disc with centre (0, 0) and radius 2,

i.e. x2 + y2 ≤ 2
Let z = x + iy, x, y ∈ R
Re(z) = x, Im(z) = y
∴ Im(z) + Re(z) = y + x
∴ Im(z) + Re(z) ≥ 4
becomes y + x ≥ 4
∴ y≥4−x
∴ S 1 = {(x, y) : x + y2 ≤ 2} and T 1 = {(x, y) : y ≥ 4 − x}
2

23
 Im(z)

4
2 T1

S1
–2 0 2 4 Re(z)

–2

ii d is the distance between z1 ∈ S 1 and z2 ∈ T 1

The minimum distance is represented on the above diagram by the smallest gap
between the shaded areas S 1 and T 1 .
In ∆OAB,√ using Pythagoras’ theorem,
Im(z)
4
OB = 22 + 22
√
= 8 B
√ 2 dmin (2, 2)
=2 2
2
and the minimum
√ value of d is π
dmin = 2 2 − 2 O
4
4 A (2, 0) Re(z)

b i |z − 1 − i| ≤ 1 is represented by a disc with Im(z)

(1, 2)
centre (1, 1) and radius 1, 2
T2
i.e. (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1
S2
∴ S 2 = {(x, y) : (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1} 1
Now |z − 2 − i| ≤ |z − i|

0 1
Re(z)
∴ |x + iy − 2 − i| ≤ |x + iy − i| where z = x + iy
∴ |(x − 2) + i(y − 1)| ≤ |x + i(y − 1)|
q q
∴ (x − 2) + (y − 1) ≤ x2 + (y − 1)2
2 2

∴ (x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ x2 + (y − 1)2

∴ x2 − 4x + 4 ≤ x2
∴ 4 ≤ 4x
∴ x≥1
∴ T 2 = {(x, y) : x ≥ 1}

24
 ii In the diagram above, the maximum |zmax | and Im (z)
minimum |zmin | values of |z| are represented, zmax
1
respectively, by the greatest and least straight
1
line distances from the point (0, 0) to the S2 ∩ T2
2
intersecting shaded area. π
From the diagram, 4
0 1 zmin Re (z)
zmin = 1 + 0i = 1
√
∴ |zmin | = 12 + 02 = 1
The point zmax lies on the circle with equation
(x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 and the line with equation
y = x. √
By inspection, |zmax | = 1 + 2
√ π
∴ zmax = (1 + 2)cis
4
√
Hence the maximum and minimum values of |z| are 1 + 2 and 1 respectively.
−−→ −−→ −−→
3 a i BC = OC − OB b
B
O
−−→ −−→ −−→
= (OA + AC) − OB a D
−−→ −−→ −−→
= (OA + 2OB) − OB
A C
−−→ −−→
= OA + OB
=a+b

−−→ −−→ −−→

ii BD = OD − OB
1 −−→ −−→
= OC − OB
3
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
= (OA + 2OB) − OB
3
1
= (a + 2b) − b
3
1
= (a − b)
3
−−→ −−→ −−→
iii DA = OA − OD
1
= a − (a + 2b)
3
2
= (a − b)
3

25
 −−→ 2
b DA = (a − b)
3
1
= 2 × (a − b)
3
−−→
= 2 BD
Hence, A, B and D are collinear.

4 a i a · b = |a||b| cos θ
a·b
∴ cos θ =
|a||b|
(i − 2 j + 2k) · (0i + 12 j − 5k)
= p
12 + (−2)2 + 22 × 02 + 122 + (−5)2
p

1 × 0 + (−2) × 12 + 2 × (−5)
= √ √
9 × 169
−34
=
3 × 13
−34
=
39
!
−1 −34
∴ θ = cos
39
= 150.66788 . . .◦
The angle between a and b has magnitude 151◦ , to the nearest degree.

ii The vector resolute of b perpendicular to a is given by

a·b −34
b− a = (12j − 5k) − (i − 2j + 2k)
a·a (i − 2j + 2k) · (i − 2j + 2k)
34
= 12j − 5k + 2 (i − 2j + 2k)
1 + (−2)2 + 22
34
= 12j − 5k + (i − 2j + 2k)
9
34 40 23
= j+ j+ k
9 9 9

iii xa + yb = x(i − 2j + 2k) + y(12j − 5k)

= xi + (12y − 2x)j + (2x − 5y)k
If xa + yb = 3i − 30j + zk
then xi + (12y − 2x)j + (2x − 5y)k = 3i − 30j + zk

26
 Equating coefficients
x=3
and 12y − 2x = −30
∴ 12y − 2(3) = −30
∴ 12y = −24
∴ y = −2
and 2x − 5y = z
∴ 2(3) − 5(−2) = z
∴ z = 16
−−→ −−→ −−→
b i AQ = OQ − OA A

3 −−→ −−→ Q
= OP − OA a
2 P
3 −−→ −−→ −−→
= (OA + AP) − OA B
2 O
! b
3 −−→ 2 −−→ −−→
= OA + AB − OA
2 3
!
3 −−→ 2 −−→ −−→ −−→
= OA + (OB − OA) − OA
2 3
!
3 2
= a + (b − a) − a
2 3
!
3
= a+b−a −a
2
1
=b− a
2

−−→ −−→ −−→

ii BQ = OQ − OB
1
= a+b−b
2
1 −−→
= OA
2
−−→ −−→
i.e. OA = 2 BQ
−−→ −−→
Hence, OA is parallel to BQ, as required.

27
5 a 2a + b − c = 0 1
a − 4b − 2c = 0 2
Multiply 2 by 2 2a − 8b − 4c = 0 3
Subtract 3 from 1 9b + 3c = 0
∴ c = −3b
Substitute in 1 2a + b + 3b = 0
∴ a = −2b
∴ a : b : c = 2 : −1 : 3

b (xi + yj + zk) · (2i + j − 3k) = 0

and (xi + yj + zk) · (i − j − k) = 0
⇒ 2x + y − 3z = 0 1
and x−y−z=0 2
Add 1 and 2 3x − 4z = 0
4
∴ x= z
3
4
Substitute in 2 z−y−z=0
3
z
∴ =y
3
∴ x = 4y
∴ x:y:z=4:1:3

c (4i + j + 3k) · (2i + j − 3k) = 8 + 1 − 9

=0
and (4i + j + 3k) · (i − j − k) = 4 − 1 − 3
=0
i.e. 4i + j + 3k is perpendicular to both vectors.

d (4i + 5j − 7k) · (4i + j + 3k) = 16 + 5 − 21

=0
∴ 4i + 5j − 7k is perpendicular to v.

e 4i + 5j − 7k = s(2i + j − 3k) + t(i − j − k)

28
 implies 4 = 2s + t 1
5= s−t 2
−7 = −3s − t 3
Add 1 and 2 9 = 3s
∴ s = 3 and t = −2, and these satisfy 3 .

f r = t(2i + j − 3k) + s(i − j − k)

r · v = (t(2i + j − 3k) + s(i − j − k)) · (4i + j + 3k)
= 4(2t + s) + (t − s) + 3(−3t − s)
= 8t + 4s + t − s − 9t − 3s = 0
∴ r⊥v

6 a a · b = |a||b| cos θ
a·b
∴ cos θ =
|a||b|

b sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
!2
a·b
∴ sin θ = 1 −
2
|a||b|
(a · a)(b · b) − (a · b)2
=
|a|2 |b|2
p
(a · a)(b · b) − (a · b)2
∴ sin θ =
|a||b|
1
c Area of triangle = |a||b| sin θ
2
p
1 (a · a)(b · b) − (a · b)2
= |a||b|
2 |a||b|
1 p
= (a · a)(b · b) − (a · b)2
2
7 a B C
X
Y
A

D
X and Y are the midpoints of AC and BD respectively. We are required to show
−−→ −−→ −−→
BA + BC = 2 BX

29
 −−→ −−→ −−→
Now BX = BA + AX
−−→ −−→ −−→
and BX = BC + CX
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ 2 BX = BA + AX + BC + CX
−−→ −−→
but AX = −CX as X is the midpoint
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ 2 BX = BA + BC + 0
−−→ −−→ −−→
i.e. 2 BX = BA + BC
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b Now Y X = Y B + BC + CX and Y X = Y D + DA + AX
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Also Y X = Y B + BA + AX and Y X = Y D + DC + CX
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Adding gives 4Y X = BC + DA + BA + DC
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
(as Y B + Y D = 0 and CX + AX = 0)

8 B AP : PB = 1 : 2

P
AQ : QC = 2 : 1
A R PR : RQ = 2 : 1
M Q C
a b

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

a OR = OA + AP + PR
1 −−→ 2 −−→
= a + AB + PQ
3 3
1 2 −−→ −−→
= a + (b − a) + (PA + AQ)
3 3 !
−−→ 1 2 1 −−→ 2 −−→
∴ OR = a + (b − a) + BA + AC
3 3 3 3
1 1 2 4
= a + b − a + (a − b) + (c − a)
3 3 9 9
4 1 4
= a+ b+ c
9 9 9

30
 −−→ −−→ −−→
b BM = BA + AM
−−→ 1 −−→
= BA + AC
2
1
= a − b + (c − a)
2
1 1
= a+ c−b
2 2
−−→ −−→ −−→
BR = BP + PR
2 −−→ 2 4
= BA + (a − b) + (c − a)
3 9 9
2 2 4
= (a − b) + (a − b) + (c − a)
3 9 9
4 8 4
= a− b+ c
9 9 9
!
8 1 1
= a+ c−b
9 2 2
−−→ 8 −−→
∴ BR = BM, and R lies on BM.
9
c BM : RM = 8 : 1

9 AC : CB = 2 : 1
−−→ −−→ −−→
a i OC = OA + AC A

2 −−→ a
= a + AB
3
O D
2 C
= a + (b − a) b
3 E
1 B
= (a + 2b)
3

−−→ 1 −−→
ii OD = OC
2
1
= (a + 2b)
6
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ AD = AO + OD
1 1
= −a + a + b
6 3
1
= (2b − 5a)
6

31
 −−→
b i OE = λb
−−→ −−→ −−→
also OE = OA + k AD
k
= a + (2b − 5a)
6
k 5k
∴ λb = a + b − a
3 6
!
5k k
= 1− a+ b
6 3
k
∴ λ=
3
5k
and 0 = 1 −
6
6
i.e., k =
5
2
and λ =
5
−−→ 2 −−→
∴ OE = OB
5
∴ OE : EB = 2 : 3
−−→ −−→
ii AE = k AD
6 −−→
AD =
5
−−→ 5 −−→
and AD = AE
6
∴ AE : ED = 6 : 1

10 B
X

A Y C

a b
c
D
O

−−→ −−→ −−→

a i OD = OC + CD
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
= OC + BC as CD = BC
= c + (c − b)
= 2c − b

32
 −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OX = OA + AX
−−→ 2 −−→
= OA + AE
3
2
= a + (b − a)
3
1
= (a + 2b)
3
−−→ −−→ 4 −−→
iii OY = OA + AC
5
4
= a + (c − a)
5
1
= (a + 4c)
5
→
− −−→ −−→
b X Y = XO + OY
−1 1
= (a + 2b) + (a + 4c)
3 5
−5 3
= (a + 2b) + (a + 4c)
15 15
−2
= (a + 5b − 6c)
15
−−→ −1
XD = (a + 2b) + 2c − b
3
−1
= (a + 5b − 6c)
3
−−→ 5 −−→
∴ XD = XY
2
∴ X, D and Y are collinear.
−−→ −−→ −−→
11 a AB = OB − OA
= (−i − j) − (j + 2k)
= −i − 2j − 2k
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = OC − OA
= (4i + k) − (j + 2k)
= 4i − j − k

33
 −−→ −−→ −−→
BC = OC − OB
= (4i + k) − (−i − j)
= 5i + j + k
−−→ −−→
AB · BC = −5 − 2 − 2
,0
−−→ −−→
AC · AB = −4 + 2 + 2
=0
∴ AC ⊥ AB
−−→ √
b |AB| = 9
=3
−−→ −−→ −−→
AD = OD − OA
= 3i
−−→ √
∴ |AD| = 9
=3
∴ 4ABD is isosceles.
−−→ −−→ −−→
c BD = OD − OB
= 4i + 2j + 2k
E is the midpoint of AC
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→
∴ BE = BA + AC
2
1
= i + j + j + 2k + (−j − 2k + 4i + k)
2
3 3
= 3i + j + k
2 2
3
= (4i + 2j + 2k)
4
3 −−→
= BD
4
∴ E lies on BD.
The ratio BE : ED = 3 : 1

34
 √
12 a α=1− 3i
√
α = 1 + 3i
(z − α)(z − α) = z2 − (α + α)z + αα
√ √
= z2 − 2z + (1 − 3i)(1 + 3i)
= z2 − 2z + 4
 −π 
b i α = 2 cis Im (z)
3
0 Re (z)
 −2π 
ii α2 = 4 cis 1– 3i
3
 −2π   −2π !
= 4 cos + i sin
3 3
√
= −2 − 2 3i
α3 = 8 cis(−π) = −8

√ √
iii α3 − α2 + 2α + 4 = −8 + 2 + 2 3i + 2(1 − 3i) + 4 = 0
∴ α is a root.
Since α is a root, α is also a root (conjugate root theorem)
∴ z2 − 2z + 4 is a factor.
By division, z3 − z2 + 2z + 4 = (z2 − √ 2z + 4)(z + 1)√
∴ z − z + 2z + 4 = (z + 1)(z − (1√− 3i))(z −√(1 + 3i))
3 2

and the three roots are −1, 1 − 3i and 1 + 3i

√
c i AB = 4 + 3 Im (z) A (1 + 3 i)
√
= 7 B
√ –1 0
BC = 4 + 3 Re (z)
√
= 7 C (1 – 3 i)

ii 4ABC is isosceles.

35
 √
13 a z=1+i 2
√
1 1 1−i 2
= √ × √
z 1+i 2 1−i 2
√
1−i 2
=
3
√
1 √ 1−i 2
z+ =1+i 2+
z 3
√ √
3 + 3 2i + 1 − i 2
=
3
√
4 2 2i
= +
3 3
1 √
i.e. p = (4 + 2 2i)
3
√
1 √ 1−i 2
z− =1+i 2−
z 3
√ √
3 + 3 2i − 1 + i 2
=
3
1 √
= (2 + 4 2i)
3
1 √
i.e. q = (2 + 4 2i)
3
−−→ 2 −−→
b OG = OM
3
−−→ −−→ −−→
i PQ = PO + OQ Im (z)
Q
= −a + b
b M
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→
ii OM = OP + PQ G
P
2 a
1 1 O
=a+ b− a Re (z)
2 2
1
= (a + b)
2

−−→ 2 −−→ 1
iii OG = OM = (a + b)
3 3

36
 −−→ −−→ −−→
iv GP = GO + OP
−1
= (a + b) + a
3
2 1 1
= a − b = (2a − b)
3 3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→
v GQ = GO + OQ
−1
= (a + b) + b
3
2 1 1
= b − a = (2b − a)
3 3 3
s
!2 √ √ !2
4 2 2 2 4 2
c From a, PQ = − + −
3 3 3 3
r
4 8
= +
9 9
√
2 3
=
√ 3
3
∴ PM = MQ =
3 √ √
4
+ 2 2 2
+ 4 2!
√
M represents the point 3 3 , 3 3
= (1, 2)
2 2
q √ √
∴ OM = 12 + ( 2)2 = 3
√ √
2 3 3
∴ OG = and GM =
3 3
Since PM = MQ = GM, G, P and Q √ represent points on the circumference of a
3
circle with centre at M and radius . PQ is a diameter of the circle, and the angle
3
in a semicircle is a right angle. Hence ∠PGQ is a right angle.

14 a z2 + 4 = (z − 2i)(z + 2i)

b z4 + 4 = (z2 − 2i)(z2 + 2i)

c i (1 + i)2 = 1 + 2i − 1 = 2i

ii (1 − i)2 = 1 − 2i − 1 = −2i

d z2 − 2i = (z − (1 + i))(z + (1 + i)) as 2i = (1 + i)2

z2 + 2i = (z − (1 − i))(z + (1 − i)) as − 2i = (1 − i)2
z4 + 4 = (z − (1 + i))(z − (1 − i))(z + (1 + i))(z + (1 − i))

37
 e z4 + 4 = (z − (1 + i))(z − (1 − i))(z + (1 + i))(z + (1 − i))
= (z2 − z(1 + i + 1 − i) + 2)(z2 + z(1 + i + 1 − i) + 2)
= (z2 − 2z + 2)(z2 + 2z + 2)

15 a z1 = 1 + 3i and z2 = 2 − i Im (z) 1 + 3i 1

|z1 − z2 | = |1 + 3i − 2 + i|
= | − 1 + 4i| 17 4
√ √
= 1 + 16 = 17 0 Re (z)
√
b |z − (2 − i)| = 5 2–i
√
⇒ |x + iy − 2 + i| = 5
√
⇒ |x − 2 + (y + 1)i| = 5
q √
⇒ (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5
⇒ (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5
√ √
Circle centre (2, −1) and radius 5. The set of all points a distance of 5 from the
point 2 − i.

c |z − (1 + 3i)| = |z − (2 − i)|
⇒ |x + iy − 1 − 3i| = |x + iy − 2 + i|
q q
⇒ (x − 1) + (y − 3) = (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2
2 2

⇒ x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 − 6y + 9 = x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 + 2y + 1
⇒ 2x − 8y = −5
This equation represents the set of all points equidistant from 1 + 3i and 2 − i, i.e.,
the perpendicular bisector of the line connecting 1 + 3i and 2 − i.

16 a Let z = 2 + i
∴ z3 = (2 + i)(2 + i)(2 + i)
= (4 + 4i − 1)(2 + i)
= (3 + 4i)(2 + i)
= 2 + 11i

38
 b i z=2+i
= r cis(α)
∴ 2 + 11i = r3 cis 3α
√
= ( 5)3 cis 3α
√
= 5 5(cos 3α + i sin 3α)
Equating real and imaginary parts
2
∴ cos 3α = √
5 5
√
2 5
=
25
11
ii sin 3α = √
5 5
√
11 5
=
25
17 a i Im (z)
i
−1 3
2
+ 2 i

1 + 0i
0 Re (z)

−1 3
2
− 2 i

ii (w2 )2 = w3 × w
= w since w3 = 1

b z3 − 1 = (z − 1)(z2 + z + 1)
As w3 = 1, 0 = w3 − 1
= (w − 1)(w2 + w + 1)
and as w , 1, w2 + w + 1 = 0

c i (1 + w)(1 + w2 ) = 1 + w2 + w + w3
= 0 + w3 from b above
= 1 since w3 = 1

39
 ii (1 + w2 )3 = (1 + 2w2 + w4 )(1 + w2 )
= 1 + 2w2 + w4 + w2 + 2w4 + w6
= 1 + 3w2 + 3w4 + w6
= 1 + 3w2 + 3w + 1 since w3 = 1
= 2 + 3(w2 + w)
= 2 + 3(−1) since w2 + w + 1 = 0
= −1
√
3 3
d i 2+w= + i
2 2
√
3 3
2 + w2 = − i
2 2 √   √ 
 3 3 3 3
so the required equation is z − + i z− − i =0
2 2 2 2
 3 √3 3
√  
3 3
√ 
3 3
√ 
3
∴ z −z +
2
i+ − i + + i − i =0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z2 − 3z + 3 = 0
 1 √3  1 √ 3 √
ii 3w − w = 3 − +
2
i + + i = −1 + 2 3i
2 2 2 2
√ √
3 3 3 1 3 √
3w2 − w = − − i+ − i = −1 − 2 3i
2 2 2 2
Required equation is (z − (3w − w2 ))(z − (3w2 − w)) = 0
√ √
∴ (z − (−1 + 2 3i))(z − (−1 − 2 3i)) = 0
√ √ √ √
∴ z2 − z(−1 + 2 3 + −1 − 2 3i) + (−1 + 2 3i)(−1 − 2 3i) = 0
∴ z2 + 2z + 13 = 0
 2π n  4π n
e 1 + w + w = 1 + cis
n 2n
+ cis
3 3
2πn 4πn
= 1 + cis + cis
3 3
If n = 3k, i.e., a multiple of 3,
1 + wn + w2n = 1 + cis(2kπ) + cis(4kπ)
=1+1+1=3

40
  2π   4π 
If n = 3k + 1, 1 + wn + w2n = 1 + cis (3k + 1) + cis (3k + 1)
3 3
 2π   4π 
= 1 + cis 2πk + + cis 4πk +
3 3
 1 √3   1 √3 
=1+ − + i + − − i =0
2 2 2 2
 2π   4π 
If n = 3k + 2, 1 + w + w = 1 + cis
n 2n
(3k + 2) + cis (3k + 2)
3 3
 4π   8π 
= 1 + cis 2πk + + cis 4πk + =0
3 3

18 a z5 − 1 = (z − 1)P(z)
z5 − 1
∴ P(z) =
z−1
By division,
z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1

z − 1 z5 + 0z4 + 0z3 + 0z2 + 0z − 1
z5 − z4
z4 + 0z3
z4 − z3
z3 + 0z2
z3 − z2
z2 + 0z
z2 − z
z−1
z−1
0
∴ P(z) = z + z + z + z + 1
4 3 2

 2π 
b If z = cis
5
z5 = cis 2π
=1
 2π 
∴ z − 1 = 0 has z = cis
5
as a solution.
5
 2π 
c By the conjugate root theorem, cis − is also a solution.
5
  4π 5
d We note cis = cis 4π
5
=1

41
  4π   4π 
Therefore the other two solutions are cis and cis − .
 4π   4π  5
 2π  2π  5
The solutions are cis , cis − , cis , cis − and 1.
5 5 5 5
  4π    4π    2π    2π 
e ∴ P(z) = z − cis × z − cis − × z − cis × z − cis −
5 5 5 5
   4π   4π   4π   4π 
= z2 − z cis + cis − + cis × cis −
5 5 5 5
   2π   2π   2π   2π 
× z2 − z cis + cis − + cis × cis −
5 5 5 5
  4π    2π  
= z2 − 2 cos z + 1 z2 − 2 cos z+1
5 5
az + b
19 a w =
z+c
When z = −3i, w = 3i,
a(−3i) + b
∴ 3i = 1
(−3i) + c
and when z = 1 + 4i, w = 1 − 4i,
a(1 + 4i) + b
∴ 1 − 4i = 2
(1 + 4i) + c
1 becomes
3i(−3i + c) = a(−3i) + b
i.e. 9 + 3ci = b − 3ai
Equating real and imaginary parts,
b = 9 and a = −c
2 becomes
(1 − 4i)((1 + 4i) + c) = a(1 + 4i) + b
17 + c(1 − 4i) = a(1 + 4i) + b
∴ (17 + c) − 4ci = (a + b) + 4ai
Equating real and imaginary parts,
17 + c = a + b and − c = a
As b = 9 and a = −c, 17 + c = a + b
becomes 17 − a = a + 9
∴ 2a = 8
which implies a = 4, b = 9, c = −4

4z + 9
b w=
z−4
If w = z where z = x + iy,

42
 4(x + iy) + 9
then = x − iy
(x + iy) − 4
4(x + iy) + 9 = (x − iy)((x + iy) − 4)
4x + 9 + 4iy = x2 + y2 − 4(x − iy)
∴ x2 − 8x + y2 = 9
x2 − 8x + 16 + y2 = 25
(x − 4)2 + y2 = 25
Circle centre (4, 0), radius 5
!5
sin θ
20 a (1 + i tan θ) = 1 + i
5
cos θ
!5
1
= (cos θ + i sin θ)
cos θ
1
= × cis(5θ) De Moivre’s theorem
cos5 θ
cis 5θ
=
cos5 θ
1
b (1 + i tan θ)5 = (cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)
cos5 θ
Note: (a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4 b + 10a3 b2 + 10a2 b3 + 5ab4 + b5
∴ (1 + i tan θ)5 = 1 + 5i tan θ − tan2 θ − 10i tan3 θ + 5 tan4 θ + i tan5 θ
Equating real and imaginary parts gives
cos 5θ
= 1 − 10 tan2 θ + 5 tan4 θ
cos5 θ
i.e. cos 5θ = cos5 θ(1 − 10 tan2 θ + 5 tan4 θ)
sin 5θ
and = (5 tan θ − 10 tan3 θ + tan5 θ)
cos5 θ
sin 5θ = cos5 θ (5 tan θ − 10 tan3 θ + tan5 θ)

sin 5θ
c tan 5θ =
cos 5θ
cos5 θ(5 tan θ − 10 tan3 θ + tan5 θ)
=
cos5 θ(1 − 10 tan2 θ + 5 tan4 θ)
Let t = tan θ,
5t − 10t3 + t5
∴ tan 5θ =
1 − 10ι2 + 5t4
π
d Let θ = , 5θ = π and tan 5θ = 0
5

43
 ∴ 0 = 5t − 10t3 + t5
⇒ 0 = 5 − 10t2 + t4 as t , 0
⇒ t4 − 10t2 + 5 = 0
∴ t4 − 10t2 + 25 − 20 = 0
∴ (t2 − 5)2 = 20
√
∴ t2 − 5 = ±2 5
√
∴ t2 = 5 ± 2 5
√
q
∴ t =± 5±2 5
π √
q
i.e. tan = ± 5 ± 2 5
5
π π
but 0 < < ,
5 4
π
∴ 0 < tan < 1
5
π √ 1
tan = (5 − 2 5) 2
5
1
21 a z+ = 2 cos θ
z
∴ z2 + 1 = 2z cos θ
∴ z2 − 2z cos θ + 1 = 0
√
2 cos θ ±4 cos2 θ − 4
∴ z=
2
√
2 cos θ ± cos2 θ − 1
=
2
p
= cos θ ± i sin2 θ
= cos θ ± i| sin θ|
= cis θ or cis(−θ)
Also note: cis θ + cis(−θ) = 2 cos θ
Hence the roots are cis θ and cis (−θ).

b P is the point representing αn + βn

Q is the point representing αn − βn

44
 PQ = |αn + βn − (αn − βn )| = 2|βn |
Let β = cis θ
Then PQ = 2|(cis θ)n | = 2|cis nθ|
q
= 2 cos2 (nθ) + sin2 (nθ) = 2
(The same result is valid if β = cis(θ).)

22 a i,ii π y
2
g (x)

1
− π π
–π −
π 0 π
π x
2 2

(–π, −1) –1 f (x) (π, −1)

π
−
2

π
b i tan −1
= 0.67
4
ii cos(1) = 0.54

c tan−1 (0) = 0 and cos(0) = 1

π 1 π
cos = √ ≈ 0.7071 > tan−1
4 2 4
π
tan−1 (1) = ≈ 0.7853 > cos(1)
4 π 
∴ solution in the interval , 1 .
4
d By using a CAS calculator, f (x) = g(x) for x = 0.82
π
e tan−1 (x) > tan−1 (a) for x > a and tan−1 = 1.004
2  π
No other solution for x > a where f (a) = g(a). tan−1 − = −1.004, and thus it
2
becomes clear there is only one point of intersection.

45
23 a i,ii y
(–1, π) π

y = f (x)
g (x) π
2
π
( 2 , 1)
1

π –1 0 1 π x
−
2 2
(− π2 , −1) –1

b i sin(0.5) = 0.48

−1 π
 
ii cos = 0.67
4
π
c cos−1 (0.5) =
3
≈ 1.041 97
i.e., cos (0.5) > sin(0.5)
−1
π 1
sin = √
4 2
≈ 0.7071
π
−1 π
 
∴ sin > cos
4 4
d The point of intersection is (0.768, 0.695), correct to three decimal places.
π 
24 a f (x) = a sec x +d
15
π
period = 2π ÷ = 30
15
when x = 0, f (x) = −5,
π 
∴ − 5 = a sec ×0 +d
15
−5 = a + d 1
when y =a, x = ±5,
π
∴ 0 = a sec ± + d
3
0 = 2a + d 2
subtract 1 from 2

46
 5=a
∴ d = −10
π 
∴ f (x) = 5 sec x − 10
15
b i When width is7 m, x = 3.5,
π
∴ f (3.5) = 5 sec × 3.5 − 10
15
= −3.2718
∴ depth is −3.2718 − (−5) = 1.728 metres, or 1.73 m, correct to two decimal
places.

ii When depth is2.5 metres, y = −2.5,

π 
∴ − 2.5 = 5 sec x − 10
15
7.5 π 
= sec x
5 15
π 
1.5 = sec x
15
2 π 
= cos x
3 15
π 2
x = ± cos−1
15 3
= ±4.0158
∴ width is 8.0316 metres, or 8.03 m (correct to two decimal places).

25 a i Consider 4ABX B
AX
cos x =
c
∴ AX = c cos x c a

ii Consider 4BCX
CX x° y°
cos y = A C
a X
∴ CX = a cos y

iii AC = AX + CX
= c cos x + a cos y

47
b i ∠AOC = 2∠ABC O

= 2z 2z°
Consider 4AOC
4AOC is isosceles since AO = CO, the radius of A
Y
C
the circumcircle.
Hence Y is the midpoint of AC,
OY ⊥ AC and ∠AOY = ∠COY = z

ii Consider 4AOC
AY
sin z =
AO
∴ AY = AO sin z
CY
and sin z =
CO
∴ CY = CO sin z
Now AC = AY + CY
= AO sin z + CO sin z
= 2AO sin z since AO = CO

c sin(x + y) = sin(180 − z) since x + y + z = 180

= sin z, as required.

d i Consider 4OBC, isosceles with OC = OB B

∠COB = 2∠CAB
= 2x Z
Let Z be the midpoint of CB x°
x°
∴ ∠COZ = ∠BOZ O

=x C
and OZ ⊥ CB
CZ BZ
sin x = and sin x =
OC OB
CZ + BZ
∴ 2 sin x = as OC = OB
OC
CB
=
OC
a
= 1 =2
2

∴ sin x = a, as required.

48
 ii Consider 4OAB, isosceles with OA = OB B
∠BOA = ∠BCA
= 2y
M y°
Let M be the midpoint of AB
∴ ∠BOM = ∠AOM y° O

=y A
and OM ⊥ AB
BM AM
sin y = and sin y =
OB OA
BM + AM
∴ 2 sin y = as OB = OA
OA
AB
=
OB
c
= 1 =2
2

∴ sin y = c, as required.

e From c, sin(x + y) = sin z

From b ii, AC = 2AO sin z and AC = b
1
=2× sin z = sin z
2
∴ sin z = b
Hence sin(x + y) = b 1
From d i, sin x = a
AX CX
From a, cos x = and cos y =
c a
From d ii, sin y = c
CX AX
∴ sin x cos y + cos x sin y = a × + ×c
a c
= CX + AX
= AC = b
= sin(x + y) from 1 , as required.

49
26 a Im(z)

S
√2
3π
4
Re(z)
0

√ in a, x <√0, y > 0.
b From the diagram
As 2 ≤ |z| ≤ 3, 2 ≤ |x + iy| ≤ 3
√ q
∴ 2 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 3
∴ 2 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 9
π 3π
Also, as < Arg z ≤ , −∞ < tan(Arg z) ≤ −1
2 4
y
∴ ≤ −1
x
∴ y ≥ −x (x < 0)
Different values of x and y can be tested systematically to find z.
x(< 0) y(≥ −x) x2 + y2 2 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 9 z
−1 1 2 yes −1 + i
−1 2 5 yes −1 + 2i
−1 3 10 no
−2 2 8 yes −2 + 2i
−2 3 13 no
−3 3 18 no
The solutions are {z : z = −1 + i, −1 + 2i or − 2 + 2i}

c zz + 2 Re(iz) ≤ 0
∴ (x + iy)(x − iy) + 2 Re(i(x + iy)) ≤ 0
∴ x2 − i2 y2 + 2 Re (ix + i2 y) ≤ 0
∴ x2 + y2 + 2 Re(−y + ix) ≤ 0
∴ x2 + y2 + 2(−y) ≤ 0
∴ x2 + y2 − 2y ≤ 0
∴ x2 + y2 − 2y + 1 − 1 ≤ 0
∴ x2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1, a disc with centre (0, 1) and radius 1.

50
 For the circle x2 + y2 = 2, when x = −1, y = 1(y > 0) Im(z)
For the circle x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1, when x = −1, y = 1 3
S ∩ T is represented by the shaded region. 2
2
(–1, 1) 1

0 Re(z)

27 a A ∩ B = {2 + 2i} Im(z)

B 4 A

A∩B (2, 2)
π 3π
4 4
Re(z)
0

b Let z = x + iy
 
z − z 
Then  ≤1
z + z
(x + iy) − (x − iy) 
 
becomes  ≤1
(x + iy) + (x − iy) 

 
2yi
∴   ≤ 1
2x
s
y2
∴ ≤1
x2
∴ y2 ≤ x2
∴ C = {(x, y) : y2 ≤ x2 }
Now z2 + z2 ≤ 2
becomes (x + iy)2 + (x − iy)2 ≤ 2
∴ x2 + 2xyi + i2 y2 + x2 − 2xyi + i2 y2 ≤ 2
∴ 2(x2 − y2 ) ≤ 2
∴ x2 − y2 ≤ 1
∴ D = {(x, y) : x2 − y2 ≤ 1}

51
 C ∩ D is represented by the shaded region. Im (z)

(1, 1)

–1 1 Re (z)
0

(–1, –1)

−−→ −−→ −−→

28 a OA = OB + BA
√
= i + λk
−−→ −−→ −−→
CA = OA − OC
√
= (i + λk) − (−i + 3j)
√
= 2i − 3j + λk
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b BC · BO = | BC|| BO| cos ∠CBO
−−→ −−→
BC · BO
∴ cos ∠CBO = −−→ −−→
| BC|| BO|
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Now BC = OC − OB and BO = −OB
= (−i + 3j) − i = −i
= −2i + 3j
−−→ p −−→ p
∴ | BC| = (−2)2 + 32 and | BO| = (−1)2
√
= 13 =1
(−2i + 3j) · (−i + 0j)
Hence cos ∠CBO = √
13 × 1
1 2
= √ ((−2) × (−1) + 3 × 0) = √
13 13
 2 
∴ ∠CBO = cos−1 √ = 56.309 93 . . . ◦
13
The magnitude of angle CBO is 56◦ , to the nearest degree.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c AO · AC = |AO||AC| cos ∠OAC

52
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Now AO = −OA and AC = −CA
√ √
= −(i + λk) = −(2i − 3j + λk)
√ √
= −i − λk) = −2i + 3j − λk
−−→
q
−−→
q √
|AO| = (−1)2 + ( −λ)2 ) and |AC| = (−2)2 + 32 + (− λ)2
p
∴
√ √
= 1+λ = 13 + λ
√
3
and as ∠OAC = 30◦ , cos ∠OAC = .
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Hence AO · AC = |AO||AC| cos ∠OAC becomes √
√ √ √ √ 3
(−i + 0j − λk) · (−2i + 3j − λk) = 1 + λ 13 + λ ×
2
√
√ √ 3(1 + λ)(13 + λ)
∴ (−1) × (−2) + 0 × 3 + (− λ)(− λ) =
2
3(13 + 14λ + λ2 )
p
∴ 2+λ=
2
∴ 4(2 + λ) = 3(13 + 14λ + λ2 )
2

∴ 16 + 16λ + 4λ2 = 39 + 42λ + 3λ2

∴ λ2 − 26λ − 23 = 0
Using the general
p quadratic formula
−(−26) ± (−26)2 − 4(1)(−23)
λ=
2×1
√ √
26 ± 676 + 92 26 ± 768
= =
2 2
√
26 ± 16 3 √
= = 13 ± 8 3
2
√
∴ λ = 13 + 8 3, as λ > 0
−−→ −−→ −−→
29 a AB = OB − OA = b − a
−−→ −−→ −−→
and CD = OD − OC = d − c
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
Now AB ⊥ CD ∴ AB · CD = 0
∴ (b − a)(d − c) = 0
∴ b·d−a·d−b·c+a·c=0 1
−−→ −−→ −−→
Also AD = OD − OA = d − a
−−→ −−→ −−→
and BC = OC − OB = c − b

53
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
AD ⊥ BC ∴ AD · BC = 0
∴ (d − a)(c − b) = 0
∴ c·d−a·c−b·d+a·b=0 2
−−→ −−→
For AC to be perpendicular to BD, AC · BD = 0
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = OC − OA
=c−a
−−→ −−→ −−→
and BD = OD − OB
=d−b
−−→ −−→
∴ AC · BD = (c − a)(d − b)
=c·d−a·d−b·c+a·b
From 1 a·d =b·d−b·c+a·c
From 2 c · d = a · c + b · d − a · b
−−→ −−→
∴ AC · BD = (a · c + b · d − a · b) − (b · d − b · c + a · c) − b · c + a · b
=0
−−→ −−→
Hence AC ⊥ BD, as required.

b A

C
B ,D

i Consider face ABC. A

For an equilateral triangle, the perpendicular bisectors
of the triangle coincide with the medians. It has been C′ B′
proved earlier that
−−→ 2 −−→0 X
BX = BB
3 B C
A′
−−→0 −−→ −−→0
BB = BO + OB
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→
= BO + OA + AC
2

54
 −−→0 1
∴ BB = −b + a + (c − a)
2
1 1
= −b + a + c
2 2
−−→ 2  1 1 
∴ BX = −b + a + c
3 2 2
2 1 1
=− b+ a+ c
3 3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→
and OX = OB + BX
 2 1 1 
=b+ − b+ a+ c
3 3 3
1
= (a + b + c)
3
−−→ 1 −−→ 1
Similarly OY = (a + c + d), OZ = (a + b + d)
3 3
−−→ 1
and OW = (b + c + d)
3
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii DX = DO + OX BY = BO + OY
1 1
= −d + (a + b + c) = −b + (a + c + d)
3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
CZ = CO + OZ AW = AO + OW
1 1
= −c + (a + b + d) = −a + (b + c + d)
3 3
−−→ 3 −−→
iii DP = DX
4
3 1 
= −d + (a + b + c)
4 3
3 1 
=− d+ a+b+c
4 4
−−→ −−→ −−→
∴ OP = OD + DP
3 1
= d + − d + (a + b + c)
4 4
1
= (a + b + c + d)
4
−−→ −−→ −−→
iv OQ = OR = OS
1
= (a + b + c + d)
4

55
 v Hence P = Q = R = S .
This point is the centre of the sphere passing through each of the vertices.
 π π
30 Start with the graph of f (x) = sec x, x ∈ − , .
3 3
( − π3 , 2) y
( π3 , 2)

0 x
Apply the following sequence of transformations.
6 9
1 A dilation from the y axis of factor =
2π π
π  3
∴ y = sec x
9
(–3, 2) y (3, 2)

0 x
2 A dilation
 π from
 the x axis of factor 4
∴ y = 4 sec x
9
(–3, 8) y (3, 8)

0 x
3 A reflection
 π in
 the x axis
∴ y = −4 sec x
9
y

0 x

−4

(–3, –8) (3, –8)

4 A translation
 π of 8 units in the positive direction of the y axis
∴ y = −4 sec x + 8
9

56
 y

−3 0 3 x
5 A translation
 π of 3 units
 in the positive direction of the x axis
∴ y = −4 sec (x − 3) + 8
9
π π
= −4 sec x − +8
9 3
y
(3, 4)

0 6 x
π π
Therefore g(x) = −4 sec x − +8
9 3
π π
and a = −4, b = , c = − and d = 8.
9 3

57
Chapter 6 – Differentiation and rational
functions
Solutions to Exercise 6A
1 a Let f (x) = x5 sin x ∴ f 0 (x) = e x tan x + e x sec2 x
Then by the product rule = e x (tan x + sec2 x)
∴ f 0 (x) = 5x4 sin x + x5 cos x
= x4 (5 sin x + x cos x) b Let f (x) = x4 tan x
Then by the product rule
√
b Let f (x) = x cos x ∴ f 0 (x) = 4x3 tan x + x4 sec2 x
Then by the product rule = x3 (4 tan x + x sec2 x)
1 1 √
∴ f 0 (x) = x− 2 cos x + x(− sin x),
2 c Let f (x) = tan x loge x
x,0 Then by the product rule
cos x √ 1
= √ − x sin x ∴ f 0 (x) = sec2 x loge x + tan x , x , 0
2 x x
tan x
= sec2 x loge x +
!
√ cos x
= x − sin x x
2x
d Let f (x) = sin x tan x
c Let f (x) = e cos x
x
Then by the product rule
Then by the product rule ∴ f 0 (x) = cos x tan x + sin x sec2 x
∴ f 0 (x) = e x cos x + e x (− sin x) sin x
= cos x + sin x sec2 x
= e (cos x − sin x)
x
cos x
= sin x (1 + sec2 x)
d Let f (x) = x3 e x
√
Then by the product rule e Let f (x) = x tan x
∴ f 0 (x) = 3x2 e x + x3 e x Then by the product rule
1 1 √
= x2 e x (3 + x) ∴ f 0 (x) = x− 2 tan x + x sec2 x,
2
e Let f (x) = sin x cos x x,0
Then by the product rule tan x √
∴ f 0 (x) = cos x cos x + sin x(− sin x) = √ + x sec2 x
2 x
= cos2 x − sin2 x
!
√ tan x
= x + sec x
2
= cos 2x 2x

x
2 a Let f (x) = e x tan x 3 a Let f (x) =
loge x
Then by the product rule Then by the quotient rule

1
 1 sin x
loge x × 1 − x × e Let f (x) = 2
∴ f 0 (x) = x,x , 0 x
(loge x)2 Then by the quotient rule
x2 cos x − sin x × 2x
loge x − 1 ∴ f 0 (x) =
= x4
(loge x)2 cos x 2 sin x
√ = 2 −
x x x3
b Let f (x) = or =
x cos x − 2 sin x
tan x x3
Then by the quotient rule
1 1 √ tan x
tan x × x− 2 − x sec2 x f Let f (x) =
∴ f 0 (x) = 2 cos x
tan2 x Then by the quotient rule
√ cos x sec2 x − tan x(− sin x)
tan x x sec2 (x) ∴ f 0 (x) =
= √ − cos2 x
2 x tan2 x tan2 (x)
√ sec2 x tan2 x
1 x cos2 x = +
= √ − cos x cos x
2 x tan x cos2 x sin2 x
√ √ = sec x(sec2 x + tan2 x)
x x
= − 2
2x tan x sin x cos x
g Let f (x) = x
√ cot x
! e
= x − cosec x 2 Then by the quotient rule
2x e x (− sin x) − cos x e x
∴ f 0 (x) =
(e x )2
ex
c Let f (x) = −(sin x + cos x)
tan x =
Then by the quotient rule ex
tan x e x − e x sec2 x cos x
∴ f 0 (x) = h Let f (x) =
tan2 x sin x
ex e x cos2 x Then by the quotient rule
= − sin x(− sin x) − cos x cos x
tan x cos2 x sin2 x ∴ f 0 (x) =
sin2 x
= e x (cot x − cosec2 x)
−(sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
tan x sin2 x
d Let f (x) =
loge x = −cosec2 x
Then by the quotient rule d
1 ⇒ [cot x] = −cosec2 x
loge x sec2 x − tan x × dx
∴ f 0 (x) = x,
(loge x)2
4 a Let f (x) = tan(x2 + 1)
x,0
Then by the chain rule with
sec2 x tan x g(x) = x2 + 1
= −
loge x x(loge x)2
2
∴ f 0 (x) = sec2 (x2 + 1) × 2x
x loge x sec x − tan x
or f 0 (x) = = 2x sec2 (x2 + 1)
x(loge x)2

2
b Let f (x) = sin2 x 1
g(x) =
Then by the chain rule with x
!
g(x) = sin x ∴ f (x) = − sin
0 1
× −1x−2
x
∴ f (x) = 2 sin x cos x
0
!
1
= sin 2x sin
x
=
c Let f (x) = etan x x 2

Then by the chain rule with h Let f (x) = sec2 x = (cos x)−2
g(x) = tan x Then by the chain rule with
∴ f 0 (x) = etan x sec2 x g(x) = cos x
∴ f 0 (x) = −2(cos x)−3 (− sin x)
d Let f (x) = tan5 x
Then by the chain rule with = 2 tan x sec2 x
g(x) = tan x !
x
∴ f 0 (x) = 5 tan4 x sec2 x i Let f (x) = tan
4
√ Then by the chain rule with
e Let f (x) = sin( x) x
g(x) =
Then by the chain rule with 4
√
g(x) = x
!
2 x 1
∴ f (x) = sec
0
×
√ 1 1 4 4
∴ f 0 (x) = cos( x) x− 2 , x , 0
2
!
1 x
√ √ = sec2
x cos( x) 4 4
=
2x
π
!
√
f Let f (x) = tan x j Let f (x) = cot x = tan − x
2
Then by the chain rule with Then by the chain rule with
g(x) = tan x π
g(x) = − x
2
1 1
f 0 (x) = (tan x)− 2 sec2 x 2 π
!
∴
2 ∴ f (x) = sec
0
− x × −1
2
sec2 x
= √
2 π
!
2 tan x = − sec −x
1 √ 2
= sec2 x cot x
2 = −cosec2 x
!
1
g Let f (x) = cos
x 5 a Let f (x) = tan(kx), k ∈ R
Then by the chain rule with Then by the chain rule with
g(x) = kx
∴ f 0 (x) = sec2 (kx) × k
= k sec2 (kx)

3
b Let f (x) = etan(2x) cos xg0 (x) − e3x+1 (− sin x)
∴ f 0 (x) =
Then by the chain rule with cos2 x
g(x) = tan(2x) cos x e3x+1 × 3 + sin x e3x+1
=
∴ f 0 (x) = etan(2x) g0 (x) cos2 x
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x))
= etan(2x) × sec2 (2x) × 2 = e3x+1 sec2 x (3 cos x + sin x)
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x))
= 2 sec2 (2x) etan(2x) g Let f (x) = e3x tan(2x) where
g(x) = e3x and h(x) = tan(2x)
c Let f (x) = tan2 (3x) Then by the product rule
Then by the chain rule with ∴ f 0 (x) = g0 (x) tan(2x) + e3x h0 (x)
g(x) = tan(3x) = e3x × 3 tan(2x)
∴ f 0 (x) = 2 tan(3x) × g0 (x) + e3x sec2 (2x) × 2
= 2 tan(3x) sec2 (3x) × 3 (using the chain rule to find g0 (x) and
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x)) h0 (x))
= 6 tan(3x) sec2 (3x) = e3x (3 tan(2x) + 2 sec2 (2x))
√ √
d Let f (x) = loge xesin x where h Let f (x) = x tan x where
√ √
g(x) = loge x and h(x) = esin x g(x) = x and h(x) = tan x
Then by the product rule Then by the product rule
1 1 1 √ √
∴ f 0 (x) = esin x + loge x × h0 (x), ∴ f 0 (x) = x− 2 tan x + xh0 (x),
x 2
x,0 x,0
√
1 tan x √ √ 1 1
= esin x + loge xesin x cos x = √ + x sec2 ( x) x− 2
x 2 x 2
(using the chain rule to find h0 (x)) (using the √
chain rule to find h 0
(x))
! √ √ √
sin x 1 x sec2 x
=e + loge x cos x =
x tan x
+
x √
2x 2 x
√ √ √
e Let f (x) = sin3 (x2 ) x tan x sec2 x
= +
Then by the chain rule with 2x 2
g(x) = sin(x2 ) tan2 x
i Let f (x) = where
∴ f (x) = 3 sin (x ) × g (x)
0 2 2 0
(x + 1)3
g(x) = tan2 x and h(x) = (x + 1)3
= 3 sin2 (x2 ) cos(x2 ) × 2x
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x)) Then by the quotient rule
(x + 1)3 g0 (x) − tan2 xh0 (x)
f 0 (x) =
= 6x sin2 (x2 ) cos(x2 ) ∴
(x + 1)6
(x + 1)3 2 tan x sec2 x − tan2 x × 3(x + 1)2 × 1
=
e3x+1 (x + 1)6
f Let f (x) = where g(x) = e3x+1 (using the chain rule to find g0 (x) and
cos x
and h(x) = cos x h0 (x))
Then by the quotient rule 2(x + 1) tan x sec2 x − 3 tan2 x
=
(x + 1)4

4
 j Let f (x) = sec2 (5x2 ) g(x) = cos x
where g(x) = sec(5x2 ) = (cos(5x2 ))−1 dy
Then by the chain rule ∴ = ecos x × g0 (x)
dx
∴ f 0 (x) = 2 sec(5x2 )g0 (x) = ecos x × − sin x
= 2 sec(5x2 ) × −(cos(5x2 ))−2 = − sin x ecos x
× − sin(5x2 ) × 10x
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x)) e y = cos3 (4x)
20x sec(5x2 ) sin(5x2 ) Then by using the chain rule with
=
cos2 (5x2 ) g(x) = cos 4x
dy
= 20x sec3 (5x2 ) sin(5x2 ) ∴ = 3 cos2 (4x) × g0 (x)
dx
= 3 cos2 (4x) × − sin(4x) × 4
6 a y = (x − 1)5 (using the chain rule to find g0 (x))
Then by the chain rule with = −12 cos2 (4x) sin(4x)
g(x) = x − 1
f y = (sin x + 1)4
dy
∴ = 5(x − 1)4 × g0 (x) Then by the chain rule with
dx
g(x) = sin x + 1
= 5(x − 1)4 × 1
dy
= 5(x − 1)4 ∴ = 4 × (sin x + 1)3 × g0 (x)
dx
b y = loge (4x) = 4(sin x + 1)3 × cos x
Then by the chain rule with = 4 cos x(sin x + 1)3
g(x) = 4x
g y = sin(2x) cos x
dy 1
∴ = × g0 (x) where g(x) = sin(2x) and h(x) = cos x
dx 4x
Then by the product rule
1
= ×4 ∴
dy
= cos x × g0 (x) + sin(2x) × h0 (x)
4x dx
1
= = cos x × 2 cos(2x)
x
+ sin(2x) × − sin x
c y = e x tan(3x)
Then by the product rule with = − sin x sin(2x) +2 cos(2x) cos x
g(x) = e x and h(x) = tan(3x)
dy x2 + 1
∴ = e x tan(3x) + e x × h0 (x) h y=
dx x
= e x tan(3x) + e x × sec2 (3x) × 3 1
= x+
(using the chain rule to find h0 (x)) x
= e x (tan(3x) + 3 sec2 (3x)) = x + x−1
dy
∴ = 1 − x−2
d y = ecos x dx
Then by the chain rule with 1
=1− 2
x

5
 x3
!
du
i y= using the chain rule to find
sin x dx
where g(x) = x3 and h(x) = sin x = sin(2x)e sin2 x
Then by the quotient rule
dy sin x × 3x2 − x3 × cos x d
∴ = e (1 − tan2 z) = −2 tan z sec2 z
dx sin2 x dz
(using the chain rule)
x2 (3 sin x − x cos x)
=
sin2 x f
d d
(cosec2 y) = (sin y)−2
or
dy dy dy
= x2 cosec x(3 − x cot x)
dx = −2(sin y)−3 × cos y
1 (using the chain rule)
j y= =
−2 cos y
x loge x
where g(x) = 1 and h(x) = x loge x sin3 y
Then by the quotient rule = −2 cos y cosec3 y
dy x loge x × 0 − 1 × h0 (x)
∴ =
dx (x loge x)2
8 Recall that
−h0 (x) d f 0 (x)
= [loge f (x)] = for f (x) > 0
(x loge x)2 dx f (x)
! It is possible to show that
1
− 1 × loge x + x × d f 0 (x)
x [loge | f (x)|] = for f (x) , 0
= dx f (x)
(x loge x)2 This result will be used throughout this
(using the product rule to find h0 (x))
−(1 + loge x) question.
=
(x loge x)2
a Let y = loge |2x + 1|
Put f (x) = 2x + 1 ⇒ f 0 (x) = 2
d 3
7 a (x ) = 3x2 dy 2 1
dx ∴ = for x,−
dx 2x + 1 2
d
b (2y2 + 10y) = 4y + 10
dy b Let y = loge | −2x + 1|

d Put f (x) = −2x + 1

c (cos2 (z)) = 2 cos(z) × − sin(z)
dz ⇒ f 0 (x) = −2
(using the chain rule)
dy −2
= −2 sin(z) cos(z) ∴ =
dx −2x + 1
= − sin(2z) 2 1
= for x,
2x − 1 2
d sin2x 2x du
d (e ) = esin ·
dx dx
(using the chain rule where
u = sin2 x)
2
= esin x 2 sin x cos x

6
c Let y = loge | sin x| sin2 x − cos3 x
dy 2 2
Put f (x) = sin x ⇒ f 0 (x) = cos x ∴ = sin x cos 2x
dx cos x + sin x
dy cos x
∴ = sin x cos x
dx sin x
sin2 x − cos3 x
= cot x for sin x , 0 =
sin2 x cos2 x
d sin x cos x
×
Let y = loge | sec x + tan x| cos x + sin2 x
Put f (x) = sec x + tan x sin2 x − cos3 x
=
sin x cos x(cos x + sin2 x)
= (cos x)−1 + tan x
 
∴ f 0 (x) = −(cos x)−2 − sin x + sec2 x  1 
f Let y = loge tan x
 2 
sin x
= + sec2 x 1
cos2 x Put f (x) = tan x
2
= sec x tan x + sec2 x
1 1
= sec x(tan x + sec x) ∴ f 0 (x) = sec2 x
2 2
dy sec x(tan x + sec x)
!
1 1
∴ = sec2 x
dx sec x + tan x dy 2 2
∴ =
= sec x for sec x , − tan x
!
dx 1
tan x
2
e Let y = loge | cosec x + tan x| !
1
Put f (x) = cosec x + tan x sin x
1 2
1 = !÷ !
= + tan x 1 1
sin x 2 cos2 x cos x
2 2
= (sin x)−1 + tan x !
1
∴ f 0 (x) = −(sin x)−2 cos x + sec2 x cos x
1 2
cos x = !× !
= − 2 + sec2 x 2
1 1
sin x 2 cos x sin x
2 2
cos x 1
=− 2 + 1
sin x cos2 x = ! !
1 1
sin2 x − cos3 x 2 cos x sin x
= 2 2
sin2 x cos2 x Using the fact that
Re-writing f (x) in terms of sine and
sin(2kx) = 2 cos(kx) sin(kx) and
cosine: 1
f (x) = cosec x + tan x putting k = , we have:
2 ! !
1 sin x 1 1
= + sin(x) = 2 cos x sin x
sin x cos x 2 2
cos x + sin2 x dy
=
1
= cosec x
= ∴
dx sin x
sin x cos x

7
 √
g Let y = loge |cosec x − cot x| i Let y = loge | x + x2 + 4|
Put f (x) = cosec x − cot x 1
It was established in question 3 part h Put f (x) = x + (x2 + 4) 2
d 1 1
that cot x = −cosec2 x ∴ f 0 (x) = 1 + (x2 + 4)− 2 × 2x
dx 2
and that x
=1+ √
d cos x x2 + 4
cosec x = − 2 =
dx sin x x
− cot x cosec x from question 8 1+ √
dy x2 + 4
part e. ∴ = √
dx x + x2 + 4
∴ f 0 (x) = − cot x cosec x + cosec2 x √
x2 + 4 x
= cosec x(cosec x − cot x) √ + √
x +4
2 x +4
2
dy cosec x(cosec x − cot x) = √
∴ = x + x2 + 4
dx cosec x − cot x √
x + x2 + 4
= cosec x √
x2 + 4
 √  = √
h Let y = loge  + x − 4
 2 x + x2 + 4
x √
1 x + x2 + 4
Put f (x) = x + (x2 − 4) 2 = √  √ 
x +4 x+ x +4
2 2
1 1
∴ f 0 (x) = 1 + (x2 − 4)− 2 × 2x
2 1
x = √
=1+ √ x2 + 4
x2 − 4
x
1+ √
dy x2 − 4 9 The gradient !of the graph of
∴ = √ x
dx x + x2 − 4 f (x) = tan is given by f 0 (x)
√ 2
x2 − 4 x !
√ + √ By the chain rule f (x) = sec
0 x
×
1 2
x2 − 4 x2 − 4 2 2
= √
x + x2 − 4 1 x
!
√ = sec2
x + x2 − 4 2 2
√
x2 − 4
= √ a When x = 0,
x + x2 − 4 1
√ f 0 (0) = sec2 0
x + x2 − 4 2
= √ √ 1
( x2 − 4)(x + x2 − 4) = ×1
2
1
= √ where x , ±2 1
x2 − 4 =
2
The gradient at the point where x = 0
1
is
2

8
 π
b When x = , The coordinates of the points on the
3
graph where
! the gradient! is 4 are
0 π 2 π
! !
1
f = sec π √ π √
3 2 6 − , − 3 and , 3
!2 3 3
1 2
= √ π √
!
2 3 b At the point − , − 3 where the
2 3
= gradient is 4, the equation of the
3
π tangent is given by
The gradient at the point where x =  √  π
!!
3
2 y− − 3 =4 x− −
is 3
3
4π √
π ∴ y = 4x + − 3
c When x = , !3
2 π √
0 π 2 π
At the point , 3 where the
! !
1
f = sec 3
2 2 4 gradient is 4, the equation of the
1 √ 2
  tangent is given by!
= 2 √ π
2 y− 3=4 x−
=1 3
π 4π √
The gradient at the point where x = ∴ y = 4x − + 3
2 3
is 1.

π π
!
π π 11 f : − , → R, f (x) = tan x − 8 sin x
!
10 f : − , → R, f (x) = tan x 2 2
2 2
a i f 0 (x) = sec2 x − 8 cos x
a f 0 (x) = sec2 x
The stationary points occur where
When f 0 (x) = 4, f 0 (x) = 0
sec2 x = 4 i.e. sec2 x − 8 cos x = 0
∴ sec2 x = 8 cos x
1
∴ cos2 x = 1
4 ∴ = cos3 x
1 8
∴ cos x = ± 1
!2 ∴ cos x =
π π
!
2
but x ∈ − , ∴ cos x > 0 π π
2 2 ∴ x=− or , since
1 3 3
∴ cos x =
π π
!
2
π π x∈ − ,
∴ x=− or 2 2
3 ! 3
π π π π
! !
f − = tan − and f = tan
3 3 3 3
√ √
=− 3 = 3

9
 π π π
! ! ! ! ! !
5π 2 5π 5π
f − = tan − − 8 sin − f 0
= sec − 8 cos
3 3 3 6 6 6
√ !
2 π π
√
! !
3
=− 3−8 − = − sec + 8 cos
2 6 6
√ √ 4 √
=− 3+4 3 =− +4 3
√ 3
=3 3 >0
and ! 5π π π 5π
π π π x − − 0
f = tan − 8 sin 6 3 3 6
3 3 3
√ ! f 0 (x) > 0 0 < 0 0 > 0
√ 3 Slope / — \ — /
= 3−8
π √
!
2
√ √ Hence − , 3 3 is a local
= 3−4 3 3
π √
!
√ maximum and , −3 3 is a
= −3 3 3
Stationary! points are found
! at local minimum turning point.
π √ π √
− , 3 3 and , −3 3
π π
!
3 3
b f (x) = tan x − 8 sin x, x ∈ − ,
2 2
ii Consider the gradient on either π
π As x → − , f (x) → −∞
side of the points where x = − 2
π
3 π
and x = As x → , f (x) → ∞
2
!3 ! There are vertical asymptotes at
5π 5π π π
0
f − = sec −
2
x = − and x =
6 6 2 2
5π
! f (0) = tan(0) − 8 sin(0)
− 8 cos −
6 =0−8×0

2 π π =0
! !
= − sec + 8 cos The y-axis intercept is 0
6 6
!2 √ ! Let f (x) = 0
2 3
=− √ +8 ∴ tan x − 8 sin x = 0
3 2
4 √ ∴ tan x = 8 sin x
=− +4 3>0
3 sin x
f 0 (0) = sec2 (0) − 8 cos(0) ∴ = 8 sin x
cos x
=1−8 1
∴ cos x =
8
= −7 !
1
<0 ∴ x = cos −1
or
8
!
1
− cos −1
,
8

10
 π π
!
The coordinates of the point
as x ∈ − ,
2 2 where the
√ gradient is zero are
π π
!
2 −
− ,− e 4
y = tan(x) – 8sin(x) 4 2
-1 1
cos
– π ,3 3 8
3
π π
!
13 f : − , → R, f (x) = tan(2x)
π π π π π π
4 4
By the chain rule
π, –3 3
– cos
-1 1
8
3 f 0 (x) = 2 sec2 (2x)
The tangent to the graph of f (x) that
makes an angle of 70◦ with the positive
direction of the x-axis intersects with
f (x) at x = a where
π π
!
7π
12 f : − , → R, f (x) = e x sin x f 0 (a) = tan 70◦ = tan
2 2 18
7π
a By the product rule ∴ 2 sec2 (2a) = tan
18
f 0 (x) = e x cos x + e x sin x 1 7π
∴ sec2 (2a) = tan
= e x (cos x + sin x) 2 18
v
π π π
u
π 7π
! ! t
f0
= e cos + sin
4 tan
18
4 4 4 ∴ sec(2a) = ±
2
π
!
1 1
= e4 √ + √
v
u
t 2
u
2 2 ∴ cos(2a) =
√ π 7π
tan
= 2e 4 18
π √ π π π
!!
The gradient when x = is 2e 4 cos 2x > 0 for x ∈ − ,
4 4 4
v !
b When f 0 (x) = 0,
u
t 2
u
∴ 2a = cos−1
e x (cos x + sin x) = 0 tan
7π
18
∴ cos x + sin x = 0 v !
since e x > 0 for all x
u
t 2
u
−1
or − cos
∴ sin x = − cos x tan
7π
18
∴ tan x = −1, cos x , 0 v
u !
1 t 2
u
π π π ∴ a = ± cos −1
!
∴ x = − , since x ∈ − , 2 7π
4 2 2 tan
  18
π
π π
! ! r
−4
f − =e sin − 7π
4 4 2 tan !
1 18
∴ a = ± cos−1
√
 
π 2 7π
− 2 −4 tan
= e 18
2

11
 π 2 π
! !
(by rationalising the denominator) 1
b f (π) = sin
0
sec
4 4 4
x 1 1  √ 2
14 a f (x) = sec = × √ × 2
4 4 2
!!−1 √
x x 2
= cos , cos ,0 =
4 4 4
!
x
By the chain rule with g(x) = cos π
!
√
4 c f (π) = sec = 2
x
!!−2 4
f 0 (x) = −1 cos × g0 (x) The equation of the tangent to √
4  √  2
! !
1 y = f (x) at π, 2 with gradient
2 x x 4
= − sec × − sin × is given by √
4 4 4
(using the !chain rule to find g 0
(x)) √ 2
! y− 2= (x − π)
1 x 2 x 4
= sin sec √ √
4 4 4 2 2π √
∴ y= x− + 2
4 4
√
2
= (x − π + 4)
4

12
Solutions to Exercise 6B
1 a x = 2y + 6 g x = tan y
dx dx
=2 = sec2 y
dy dy
dy 1 dy
∴ = ∴ = cos2 y
dx 2 dx

b x = y2 h x = y3 + y − 2
dx dx
= 2y = 3y2 + 1
dy dy
dy 1 dy 1
∴ = ∴ = 2
dx 2y dx 3y + 1

c x = (2y − 1)2 i x=
y−1
=1−
1
dx y y
= 4(2y − 1) dx 1
dy = 2
dy 1 dy y
∴ = dy
dx 4(2y − 1) ∴ = y2
dx
d x = ey
j x = yey
dx
= ey dx
dy = yey + ey = ey (y + 1)
dy
dy
∴ = e−y dy 1
dx ∴ = y
dx e (y + 1)
e x = sin 5y
dx 2 a x = y3
= 5 cos 5y
dy
dx
dy 1 = 3y2
∴ = dy
dx 5 cos 5y
1 dx 3
At y = , =
f x = loge y 8 dy 64
dy 64
dx 1
= ∴ =
dy y dx 3
dy
∴ =y
dx

13
b x = y3 dx
∴ = ±8 since
dy
dx
= 3y2 dx
dy = −4(1 − 2y)
dy
1 1 dx 3
At x = , y = and = dy 1
8 2 dy 4 ∴ =±
dx 8
dy 4
∴ =
dx 3 g x = cos 2y
c x = e4y dx
= −2 sin 2y
dy
dx √
= 4e4y π dx 3 √
dy At y = , = −2 × =− 3
dx 6 dy 2
At y = 0, =4 √
dy dy 1 3
∴ =−√ =−
dy 1 dx 3 3
∴ =
dx 4
h x = cos 2y
d x = e4y ,
At x = 0,
dx
= 4e4y cos 2y = 0
dy
π
= 4x 2y = + πk, k ∈ Z
2
1 dx dx dx
As x = , =1 ∴ = ±2 since = −2 sin 2y
4 dy dy dy
dy dy 1
∴ =1 ∴ =±
dx dx 2
e x = (1 − 2y)2
dx 3 a x = (2y − 1)3
= −4(1 − 2y) dx
dy = 6(2y − 1)2
dx dy
At y = 1, =4 dy 1
dy ∴ =
dy 1 dx 6(2y − 1)2
∴ =
dx 4
b x = e2y+1
f x = (1 − 2y)2 dx
= 2e2y+1
At x = 4, dy
dy 1
(1 − 2y)2 = 4 ∴ = 2y+1
dx 2e
1 − 2y = ±2

14
 c x = loge (2y − 1) d x = loge 2y − 1
dx 2 ∴ x + 1 = loge 2y
=
dy 2y − 1
∴ e x+1 = 2y
dy 1
∴ = (2y − 1) 1
dx 2 ∴ y = e x+1
2
d x = loge (2y) − 1 dy 1 x+1
∴ = e
dx 1 dx 2
=
dy y
dy 5 x = 2 − 3y2
∴ =y
dx When x = −1,
−1 = 2 − 3y2
4 a x = (2y − 1) 3
∴ 3y2 = 3
1
∴ x3 = 2y − 1 ∴ y2 = 1
1
∴ 2y = x 3 + 1 ∴ y = ±1
1 1 1 dx
∴ y=
x3 + Now = −6y
2 2 dy
dy 1 − 2 1 dy −1
∴ = x 3 or √3 =
dx 6 6 x2 dx 6y
dy 1
When y = −1 =
b x=e 2y+1
,x>0 dx 6
loge x = 2y + 1 dy 1
∴ When y = 1, =−
dx 6
∴ 2y = loge x − 1 The equation of the tangent at (−1, −1)
1
1 1 with gradient is given by
∴ y= loge x − 6
2 2 1
dy 1 1 y − (−1) = (x − (−1))
∴ = × 6
dx 2 x 1 1
1 ∴ y= x+ −1
= 6 6
2x 1 5
= x−
6 6
c x = loge (2y − 1) The equation of the tangent at (−1, 1)
1
∴ e x = 2y − 1 with gradient − is given by
6
∴ 2y = e x + 1 1
y − 1 = − (x − (−1))
1 1 6
∴ y = ex + 1 1
2 2 ∴ y=− x− +1
dy 1 x 6 6
∴ = e 1 5
dx 2 =− x+
6 6

15
6 a x = y2 − 4y and x = y + 6 1 c The gradient of the tangent is
At the points of intersection −1
= −1
y2 − 4y = y + 6 1
dy
∴ = −1
∴ y2 − 5y − 6 = 0 dx
1
∴ (y − 6)(y + 1) = 0 ∴ = −1
2y − 4
∴ y = −1 or 6
∴ 2y − 4 = −1
Substituting into 1
When y = −1, ∴ 2y = 3
x = −1 + 6 = 5 3
∴ y=
2
When y = 6, 3
When y = ,
x = 6 + 6 = 12 2
The points of intersection are (5, −1) 3
!2
3
and (12, 6) x= −4×
2 2
b x = y2 − 4y 9 12 15
= − =−
4 2 4
dx The coordinates of the point are
= 2y − 4 !
dy 15 3
− ,
dy 1 4 2
∴ =
dx 2y − 4
The gradient of the tangent is that of
7 a
the line y = x − 6, i.e. the gradient is 1
x = y2 − y and x=y−1
1 2
dy
∴ = 1 where the tangent meets the ∴ x = 2y − 2 1
dx
curve x = y2 − 4y At the points of intersection
1 y2 − y = 2y − 2
∴ =1
2y − 4 ∴ y2 − 3y + 2 = 0
∴ 2y − 4 = 1
∴ (y − 2)(y − 1) = 0
5
∴ y= ∴ y = 1 or 2
2
5 Substituting into 1
When y = , When y = 1,
2
5
!2
5 x=2×1−2=0
x= −4×
2 2 When y = 2,
25 20 15 x=2×2−2=2
= − =−
4 2 4 The points of intersection are (0, 1)
The coordinates of the point are
15 5
! and (2, 2).
− ,
4 2

16
 Hence it is shown that the graphs dy 1 1
= =
intersect where x = 2 at the point dx 2 × 2 − 1 3
i.e. the tangent to the curve x = y2 − y
(2, 2) 1
at (2, 2) has gradient , and
3
b Let θ be the angle between the line 1
1 tan α = where α is the angle
y = x + 1 and the positive direction 3
2 between the tangent and the positive
of the x-axis. direction of the x-axis.
1
∴ tan θ =
!
−1 1
2 ∴ α = tan
! 3
−1 1
∴ θ = tan ! !
−1 1 −1 1
2 ∴ θ − α = tan − tan
Consider x = y − y
2 2 3
dx
= 2y − 1 = (8.13010 . . .)◦
dy Therefore the angle between the line
dy 1 1
∴ = y = x + 1 and the tangent is 8.13◦ ,
dx 2y − 1 2
At the point (2, 2), correct to two decimal places.

17
Solutions to Exercise 6C
1
!
x f 0 (x) =
1 a Let f (x) = sin −1 ×5
2 1 + (5x)2
1 5
then f 0 (x) = √ , x ∈ (−2, 2) =
1 + 25x2
22 − x2
1
!
= √ −1 3x
g Let f (x) = sin
4 − x2 4
! then by the chain rule
−1 x 1 3
b Let f (x) = cos f 0 (x) = s × ,
4 !2 4
3
−1 1−
then f 0 (x) = √ , x ∈ (−4, 4) 4
42 − x2 3x
−1 ∈ (−1, 1)
= √ 4
16 − x2
!
3 4 4
= r ,x∈ − ,
!
9x2 3 3
−1 x
c Let f (x) = tan 4 1−
3 16
3 3
then f 0 (x) = = √
32 + x2 16 − 9x2
3
=
!
−1 3x
9 + x2 h Let f (x) = cos
2
d Let f (x) = sin−1 (3x) then by the chain rule
−1 3
then by the chain rule f 0 (x) = s × ,
1 !2 2
f 0 (x) = p × 3, 3x ∈ (−1, 1) 3x
1−
1 − (3x)2 2
!
3 1 1 3x
= √ ,x∈ − , ∈ (−1, 1)
1 − 9x2 3 3 2
!
−3 2 2
e Let f (x) = cos−1 (2x) = r ,x∈ − ,
9x2 3 3
then by the chain rule 2 1−
−1 4
f 0 (x) = p × 2, 2x ∈ (−1, 1)
1 − (2x)2 −3
= √
−2 1 1
! 4 − 9x2
= √ ,x∈ − ,
2 2
!
1 − 4x2 −1 2x
i Let f (x) = tan
5
f Let f (x) = tan−1 (5x) then by the chain rule
then by the chain rule

18
 1 2 −2
f 0 (x) = !2 × 5 = √
2x −4x2 − 4x
1+
5 −2
= √
2 2 −x2 − x
= −1
4x2
!
5 1+ = √
25 −x(x + 1)
10 c Let f (x) = tan−1 (x + 2)
=
25 + 4x2 then by the chain rule
1
f 0 (x) =
!
x ×1
j Let f (x) = sin (0.2x) = sin
−1 −1
1 + (x + 2)2
5
1
1 =
f 0 (x) = √ , x ∈ (−5, 5) 1 + x + 4x + 4
2
52 − x2 1
1 = 2
= √ x + 4x + 5
25 − x2
d Let f (x) = sin−1 (4 − x)
then by the chain rule
2 a Let f (x) = sin−1 (x + 1) 1
f 0 (x) = p × −1,
then by the chain rule 1 − (4 − x)2
1
f 0 (x) = p × 1, 4 − x ∈ (−1, 1)
1 − (x + 1)2
−1
x + 1 ∈ (−1, 1) = √ , x ∈ (3, 5)
−x2 + 8x − 15
1
= p , x ∈ (−2, 0)
1 − (x2 + 2x + 1) e Let f (x) = cos−1 (1 − 3x)
1 then by the chain rule
= √ −1
−x2 − 2x f 0 (x) = p × −3,
1 − (1 − 3x)2
1
= √ 1 − 3x ∈ (−1, 1)
−x(x + 2)
!
3 2
b Let f (x) = cos−1 (2x + 1) = √ , x ∈ 0,
−9x2 + 6x 3
then by the chain rule
−1 f Let f (x) = 3 tan−1 (1 − 2x)
f 0 (x) = p × 2,
1 − (2x + 1)2 then by the chain rule
1
2x + 1 ∈ (−1, 1) f 0 (x) = 3 × × −2
1 + (1 − 2x)2
−2
= p , −6
1 − (4x2 + 4x + 1) =
1 + (1 − 4x + 4x2 )
x ∈ (−1, 0) −6
=
2 − 4x + 4x2
−3
= 2
2x − 2x + 1

19
 3x + 1
! !
1−x
g Let f (x) = 2 sin
−1
i Let f (x) = 5 tan −1
2 2
then by the chain rule then by the chain rule
1 3 1 1
f 0 (x) = 2 × s × , f 0 (x) = 5 × !2 × − 2
!2 2
3x + 1 1+
1−x
1− 2
2
3x + 1 −5
∈ (−1, 1) = !
2 1
2 1 + (1 − 2x + x2 )
3 4
= r ,
1 2 −10
1 − (9x + 6x + 1) =
4 x2 − 2x + 5
!
1 j Let f (x) = − sin−1 (x2 )
x ∈ −1,
3 then by the chain rule
6 1
= √ f 0 (x) = − p × 2x,
4 − 9x2 − 6x − 1 1 − (x2 )2
6 x2 ∈ (0, 1)
= √
−9x2 − 6x + 3 −2x
6 = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
= p 1 − x4
−3(3x2 + 2x − 1)
!
! 3
−1 5x − 3 3 a y = cos −1
,x>3
h Let f (x) = −4 cos x
2
then by the chain rule By the chain rule
−1 5 dy −1
f 0 (x) = −4 × s × , = s × −3x−2
!2 2 dx !2
5x − 3 3
1− 1−
2 x
5x − 3 3
∈ (−1, 1) = r
2 9
x2 1−
10 x2
= r ,
1 3
1 − (25x2 − 30x + 9) = √
4 x x2 − 9
!
1
x ∈ ,1
5
20
= √
4 − 25x2 + 30x − 9
20
= √
−25x2 + 30x − 5
20
= p
−5(5x2 − 6x + 1)

20
 1
!
5 f 0 (x) =
b y = sin −1
, x>5 ×a
x 1 + (ax)2
By the chain rule a
1 =
dy
= s × −5x−2 1 + a2 x2
dx !2
5
1− !
x x
5 f (x) = 3 sin −1

−5 2
= r
25 x
! "
π π
#
x2 1− 2 a i sin −1
∈ − ,
x 2 2 2
dy −5 x
∴ = √ ∴ ∈ [−1, 1]
dx x x2 − 25 2
! ∴ x ∈ [−2, 2]
−1 3 3
c y = cos ,x> The maximal domain of f is
2x 2
By the chain rule [−2, 2]
dy −1 3
= s × − x−2 π π
! " #
−1 x
dx ! 2 2 ii sin ∈ − ,
3 2 2 2
1−
2x ! "
3π 3π
#
−1 x
3 ∴ 3 sin ∈ − ,
= 2 2 2
r " #
9 3π 3π
2x2 1− The range of f is − ,
4x2 2 2
3
=
!
√ x
x 4x2 − 9 b f (x) = 3 sin −1
2
By the chain rule
4 a Let f (x) = sin−1 (ax), a > 0 1 1
f 0 (x) = 3 × s × ,
then by the chain rule
!2 2
x
1 1−
f 0 (x) = p × a, ax ∈ (−1, 1) 2
1 − (ax)2 x
! ∈ (−1, 1)
a 1 1 2
= √ ,x∈ − ,
1 − a2 x2 a a 3
= r , x ∈ (−2, 2)
x2
b Let f (x) = cos−1 (ax), a > 0 2 1−
4
then by the chain rule
−1 3
f 0 (x) = p × a, ax ∈ (−1, 1) = √
1 − (ax)2 4 − x2
! The domain for which the derivative
−a 1 1 exists is (−2, 2).
= √ ,x∈ − ,
1 − a2 x2 a a

c Let f (x) = tan−1 (ax), a > 0

then by the chain rule

21
 3
" #
c f 0 (x) = √ , x ∈ (−2, 2) 1 1
− ,
4 − x2 3 3
1
= 3(4 − x2 )− 2 ii cos−1 (3x) ∈ [0, π]
As x → ±2, f 0 (x) → ∞
There are vertical asymptotes at ∴ 4 cos−1 (3x) ∈ [0, 4π]
The range of f is [0, 4π]
x = −2 and x = 2
The ‘gradient function of f 0 (x)’ b f (x) = 4 cos−1 (3x)
3 3
= − (4 − x2 )− 2 By the chain rule
2 −1
× −2x f 0 (x) = 4 × p × 3,
1 − (3x)2
3x
= p 3x ∈ (−1, 1)
(4 − x2 )3 !
−12 1 1
3x = √ ,x ∈ − ,
When p = 0, 1 − 9x2 3 3
(4 − x2 )3 The domain for !which the derivative
3x = 0 1 1
exists is − ,
3 3
∴ x=0
!
3 −12 1 1
f (0) = √
0 c f (x) = √
0
,x∈ − ,
4−0 1 − 9x2 3 3
1
3 = −12(1 − 9x2 )− 2
=
2 1
As x → ± , f (x) → −∞
!
3
There is a stationary point at 0, 3
2 There are vertical asymptotes at
1 1
y x = − and x =
3 3
The ‘gradient function of f 0 (x)’
3 1 3
f ′(x) = = −12 × − (1 − 9x2 )− 2 × −18x
4 – x2 2
3 −108x
= p
2 (1 − 9x)3
–2 0 2 x −108x
When p = 0,
(1 − 9x)3
−108x = 0
6 f (x) = 4 cos−1 (3x)
∴ x=0
a i cos (3x) ∈ [0, π]
−1
−12
f 0 (0) = √
∴ 3x ∈ [−1, 1] 1−0
"
1 1
# = −12
∴ x∈ − , There is a stationary point at (0, −12)
3 3
The maximal domain of f is

22
 4
y c f 0 (x) =
+ 2x + 5
x2
–1 0 1 x
3 3 = 4(x2 + 2x + 5)−1
The ‘gradient function of f 0 (x)’
–12
–12 = −4(x2 + 2x + 5)−2 × (2x + 2)
f ′(x) =
1 – 9x2 −8(x + 1)
=
+ 2x + 5)2
(x2
−8(x + 1)
When 2 = 0,
(x + 2x + 5)2
x+1
! −8(x + 1) = 0
7 f (x) = 2 tan−1
2 ∴ x+1=0

x+1
!
π π
! ∴ x = −1
a i tan−1
∈ − , 4
2 2 2 f 0 (−1) =
x+1 (−1)2 + 2(−1) + 5
∈ (−∞, ∞) 4
2 =
∴ x ∈ (−∞, ∞) 1−2+5
The maximal domain of f is R. =1
There is a stationary point at (−1, 1)
−1 x + 1 π π
! !
ii tan ∈ − , f 0 (x) , 0 for all x ∈ R so there is a
2 2 2 horizontal asymptote at y = 0, (the
x+1 x-axis.)
!
∴ 2 tan−1 ∈ (−π, π) 4
2 f 0 (0) = 2
The range of f is (−π, π) 0 + 2(0) + 5
4
=
−1 x + 1
!
b f (x) = 2 tan 5
2 4
The y-axis intercept is
By the chain rule 5
y
1 1
f 0 (x) = 2 × !2 × 2
x+1
1+ ( -1 , 1 )
2
1
=
1 0 , 45
1 + (x2 + 2x + 1)
4
4
= Horizontal As
x

4 + x + 2x + 1
2 y = 0

4
=
4 + (x + 1)2
4
= 2
x + 2x + 5

23
8 a Let f (x) = (sin−1 x)2 1
f 0 (x) = × ex
then by the chain rule 1 + (e x )2
1 ex
f 0 (x) = 2 sin−1 x × √ , =
1 − x2 1 + e2x
x ∈ (−1, 1)
!
−1 x
2 sin x
= √ 9 a f (x) = sin −1
3
1 − x2 By the chain rule
1 1 x
b Let f (x) = sin−1 x + cos−1 x f 0 (x) = s × , ∈ (−1, 1)
!2 3 3
1 −1 x
then f 0 (x) = √ + √ , 1−
3
1 − x2 1 − x2
1
x ∈ (−1, 1) = r , x ∈ (−3, 3)
x2
=0 3 1−
9
c Let f (x) = sin(cos−1 x) 1
= √
then by the chain rule 9 − x2
−1 Note: This answer could be obtained
f 0 (x) = cos(cos−1 x) × √ , directly from the rule.
1 − x2 1
x ∈ (−1, 1) f 0 (1) = √
9 − 12
−x 1
= √ = √
1 − x2 8
√
d Let f (x) = cos(sin−1 x) 2
=
then by the chain rule 4
1 = 0.35355 . . .
f 0 (x) = − sin(sin−1 x) × √ ,
1 − x2 The gradient of f (x) at x = 1 is 0.35,
x ∈ (−1, 1) correct to two decimal places.
−x
= √ b f (x) = 2 cos−1 (3x)
1 − x2 By the chain rule
Note: This answer is the same as 8 c. −1
f 0 (x) = 2 × p × 3,
−1
e Let f (x) = esin x 1 − (3x)2
then by the chain rule 3x ∈ (−1, 1)
−1 x 1
f 0 (x) = esin × √ , x ∈ (−1, 1) −6 1 1
!
1 − x2 = √ ,x ∈ − ,
−1 1 − 9x2 3 3
esin x
= √
1 − x2
f Let f (x) = tan−1 (e x )
then by the chain rule

24
 −6 3
f 0 (0.1) = p ∴ a2 =
1 − 9(0.1)2 4
√
−6 3
= √ ∴ a=±
1 − 0.09 2
−6 x
= √ b f (x) = 3 cos−1
0.91 2
−3
−60 ∴ f 0 (x) = √ , x ∈ (−2, 2)
= √ 22 − x2
91
−3
= −6.28970 . . . = √
The gradient of f (x) at x = 0.1 is 4 − x2
Now f (a) = −10
0
−6.29, correct to two decimal places.
−3
∴ √ = −10
c f (x) = 3 tan (2x + 1)
−1
4 − a2
By the chain rule √ 3
1 ∴ 4 − a2 =
f 0 (x) = 3 × ×2 10
1 + (2x + 1)2 9
6 ∴ 4 − a2 =
= 100
1 + 4x + 4x + 1
2
391
6 ∴ a2 =
= 2 100
4x + 4x + 2 √
391
3 ∴ a=±
= 2 10
2x + 2x + 1
3 c f (x) = tan−1 (3x)
f 0 (1) =
2(1) + 2(1) + 1
2
1
3 ∴ f 0 (x) = ×3
= 1 + (3x)2
5 3
The gradient of f (x) at x = 1 is
3 =
5 1 + 9x2
Now f 0 (a) = 0.5

f (x) = 2 sin−1 x 3
10 a ∴ = 0.5
1 + 9a2
2
∴ f 0 (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1) 3
1 − x2 ∴ 1 + 9a2 =
0.5
Now f 0 (a) = 4 ∴ 9a = 5
2

2 5
∴ √ =4 ∴ a2 =
1 − a2 9
√ √
1 5
∴ 1 − a2 = ∴ a=±
2 3
1
∴ 1 − a2 =
4

25
 x+1
! !
2x
d f (x) = sin −1
e f (x) = 2 cos −1
2 3
1 1 −1 2
∴ f 0 (x) = s × , ∴ f 0 (x) = 2 × s × ,
!2 2 !2 3
x+1 2x
1− 1−
2 3
x+1 2x
∈ (−1, 1) ∈ (−1, 1)
2 3
1
!
= r , −4 3 3
= r ,x∈ − ,
1 2 4x2 2 2
2 1 − (x + 2x + 1) 3 1−
4 9
x ∈ (−3, 1) −4
= √
1 9 − 4x2
= √ Now f (a) = −8
0
4 − x2 − 2x − 1
1 −4
= √ ∴ √ = −8
−x2 − 2x + 3 9 − 4a2
Now f 0 (a) = 20 p 1
∴ 9 − 4a2 =
1 2
∴ √ = 20 1
−a2 − 2a + 3 ∴ 9 − 4a2 =
√ 4
1
∴ −a2 − 2a + 3 = 35
20 ∴ 4a2 =
4
1
∴ − a2 − 2a + 3 = 35
400 ∴ a2 =
16
1199 √
∴ − a2 − 2a + =0 35
400 ∴ a=±
1199 4
∴ a2 + 2a − =0
400 f f (x) = 4 tan−1 (2x − 1)
1199
∴ a2 + 2a + 1 − 1 − =0 1
400 ∴ f 0 (x) = 4 × ×2
1599 1 + (2x − 1)2
∴ (a + 1)2 − =0 8
400 =
1599 1 + 4x − 4x + 1
2
∴ (a + 1)2 =
400 8
√ = 2
1599 4x − 4x + 2
∴ a+1=± 4
20 = 2
√ 2x − 2x + 1
1599 4
∴ a = −1 ± Now f (a) = 2
0
=1
20 2a − 2a + 1

26
 ∴ 2a2 − 2a + 1 = 4 2
= r
∴ 2a2 − 2a − 3 = 0 1
1−
4
3
∴ a2 − a − =0 2
2 = r
1 1 3 3
∴ a2 − a + − − = 0 4
4 4 2 √
!2 4 3
1 7 =
∴ a− − =0 3
2 4 Hence the equation of the tangent is
!2
1 7 given by √
∴ a− = π 4 3 1
!
2 4 y− = x−
√ 6 3 4
1 7 √ √
∴ a− =± 4 3 3
2 2 = x−
√
1 7 3 3
∴ a= ± √ √
2 2 4 3 3 π
∴ y= x− +
1 √ 3 3 6
∴ a = (1 ± 7)
2
b y = tan−1 (2x)
dy 1
11 The gradient of the tangent is given by ∴ = ×2
dy dx 1 + (2x)2
dx 2
=
1 + 4x2
a y = sin−1 (2x) 1
When x = ,
dy 1 2
∴ = p × 2, π
dx 1 − (2x)2 y = tan−1 (1) =
4
2x ∈ (−1, 1) dy 2
! and = !2
2 1 1 dx 1
= √ ,x∈ − , 1+4
1 − 4x2 2 2 2
1 2
When x = , =
4 1+1
π
!
1 =1
y = sin −1
=
2 6 Hence the equation of the tangent is
dy 2 given by
and = s π 1
!
dx !2
y− =1 x−
1
1−4 4 2
4
1
= x−
2
1 π
∴ y= x− +
2 4

27
c y = cos−1 (3x) 1
When x = √ ,
dy −1 2 3
∴ = p × 3, √ !
dx 1 − (3x)2 3 π
y = cos −1
=
2 6
3x ∈ (−1, 1)
dy −3
−3 1 1
! and = s
= √ ,x∈ − , dx !2
1
1 − 9x2 3 3 1−9 √
1 2 3
When x = , −3
6 = r
π
!
1 9
y = cos−1
= 1−
2 3 12
dy −3 = −6
and = s Hence the equation of the tangent is
dx !2
1
1−9 given by
6 π 1
!
y − = −6 x − √
−3 6 2 3
= r √
1 = −6x + 3
1−
4 √ π
−3 ∴ y = −6x + 3 +
= r 6
3
4 6
!
√ 12 f (x) = cos −1
= −2 3 x
Hence the equation of the tangent is !
given by 6
a cos −1
∈ [0, π]
π √
!
1 x
y − = −2 3 x −
3 6 6
√ ∴ ∈ [−1, 1] \ {0}
√ 3 x
= −2 3x +
3 ∴ x ≤ −6 or x ≥ 6
√ The maximal domain is
√ 3 π
∴ y = −2 3x + + {x : x ≤ −6} ∪ {x : x ≥ 6}
3 3
√
√ 3+π
∴ y = −2 3x +
3

d y = cos−1 (3x)
dy −1
∴ = p × 3,
dx 1 − (3x)2
3x ∈ (−1, 1)
!
−3 1 1
= √ ,x∈ − ,
1 − 9x2 3 3

28
 −1 c
b f 0 (x) = s × −6x−2 , !
!2 6
6 f (x) = cos−1
, x ≤ −6 or x≥6
1− x
x
6 6 f (−6) = cos−1 (−1)
∈ [−1, 1], , 0
x x =π
6 f (6) = cos−1 (1)
= r
36
x2 1 − 2 =0
x π
6 As x → +∞, f (x) → from below.
= √ , 2
π
x x2 − 36 As x → −∞, f (x) → from above.
2
x < −6 or x > 6 π
Hence y = is a horizontal
2
for x > 6, x2 > 36 asymptote.
√ (-6 , π)
∴ x2 − 36 > 0 π

6
and √ >0 π
x x2 − 36
∴ f 0 (x) > 0 π

(6,0)

29
Solutions to Exercise 6D
1 a Let f (x) = 2x + 5 h Let f (x) = loge x
Then f 0 (x) = 2 Then f 0 (x) =
1
= x−1
x
and f 00 (x) = 0
−1
and f 00 (x) = −x−2 =
b Let f (x) = x8 x2

Then f 0 (x) = 8x7 1

i Let f (x) = = (x + 1)−1
x+1
and f 00 (x) = 56x6
Then f 0 (x) = −1(x + 1)−2 × 1
√ 1
= −(x + 1)−2
c Let f (x) = x = x2
1 1 and f 00 (x) = 2(x + 1)−3 × 1
Then f (x) = x− 2
0
2 2
=
1 3 −1 (x + 1)3
and f 00 (x) = − x− 2 = √
4 4 x3
j Let f (x) = tan x
d Let f (x) = (2x + 1) 4
Then f 0 (x) = sec2 x = (cos x)−2
Then f 0 (x) = 4(2x + 1)3 × 2 and f 00 (x) = −2(cos x)−3 × − sin x
= 8(2x + 1)3 = 2 sin x sec3 x
and f 00 (x) = 24(2x + 1)2 × 2
= 48(2x + 1)2 √ 5
2 a Let y = x5 = x 2
e Let f (x) = sin x dy 5 3
Then = x2
dx 2
Then f 0 (x) = cos x √
d2 y 15 1 15 x
and f 00 (x) = − sin x and 2 = x =
2
dx 4 4
f Let f (x) = cos x b Let y = (x2 + 3)4
Then f 0 (x) = − sin x dy
Then = 4(x2 + 3)3 × 2x
and f 00 (x) = − cos x dx
= 8x(x2 + 3)3
g Let f (x) = e x and
d2 y
Then f 0 (x) = e x 2
= 8x × 3(x2 + 3)2 × 2x
dx
and f 00 (x) = e x + 8(x2 + 3)3
= 48x2 (x2 + 3)2 + 8(x2 + 3)3
= 8(x2 + 3)2 (7x2 + 3)

30
 x
c Let y = sin h Let y = 4 sin−1 (x)
2
dy 4
Then
dy 1
= cos
x Then = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
dx 2 2 dx 1 − x2
2 1
d y 1 x = 4(1 − x2 )− 2
and 2 = − sin
dx 4 2
d2 y 3
and = −2(1 − x 2 −2
) × (−2x)
d Let y = 3 cos(4x + 1) dx2
dy 4x
Then = −3 sin(4x + 1) × 4 = p
dx (1 − x2 )3
= −12 sin(4x + 1)
i Let y = tan−1 (x)
2
d y
and = −12 cos(4x + 1) × 4 dy 1
dx2 Then = = (1 + x2 )−1
dx 1 + x2
= −48 cos(4x + 1) and
d2 y −2x
= −(1 + x2 )−2 × 2x =
1 dx 2 (1 + x2 )2
e Let y = e2x+1
2
dy 1 2x+1 j Let y = 2(1 − 3x)5
Then = e × 2 = e2x+1
dx 2 dy
Then = 10(1 − 3x)4 × (−3)
d2 y dx
and 2 = e2x+1 × 2 = 2e2x+1
dx = −30(1 − 3x)4

f Let y = loge (2x + 1) d2 y

and = −120(1 − 3x)3 × (−3)
dx2
dy 1
Then = × 2 = 2(2x + 1)−1 = 360(1 − 3x)3
dx 2x + 1
d2 y
and 2 = −2(2x + 1)−2 × 2
dx 3 a f (x) = 6e3−2x
−4
= f 0 (x) = 6e3−2x × (−2) = −12e3−2x
(2x + 1)2
f 00 (x) = −12e3−2x × (−2) = 24e3−2x
g Let y = 3 tan(x − 4)
2
dy b f (x) = −8e−0.5x
Then = 3 sec2 (x − 4)
dx 2
f 0 (x) = −8e−0.5x × (−x) = 8x e−0.5x
2

= 3(cos(x − 4))−2 2 2
f 00 (x) = 8x e−0.5x × (−x) + 8e−0.5x
d2 y
and = −6(cos(x − 4))−3 = −8x2 e−0.5x + 8e−0.5x
2 2
dx2
2
× (− sin(x − 4)) = 8e−0.5x (1 − x2 )
= 6 sin(x − 4) sec3 (x − 4)

31
 f (x) = eloge x = x
!
c 2x
g f (x) = 2 tan −1
3
f 0 (x) = 1
2 2
f 00 (x) = 0 f 0 (x) = !2 × 3
2x
1+
d f (x) = loge (sin x) 3
1 4
f 0 (x) = × cos x = (tan x)−1 =
4x2
!
sin x
3 1+
f 00 (x) = −(tan x)−2 × sec2 x 9

− cos2 x 12
= =
9 + 4x2
sin2 x cos2 x
= 12(9 + 4x2 )−1
= −cosec2 x
! f 00 (x) = −12(9 + 4x2 )−2 (8x)
x
e f (x) = 3 sin−1 =
−96x
4 (9 + 4x2 )2
3
f 0 (x) = √ , x ∈ (−4, 4) 1 1
16 − x2 h f (x) = √ = (1 − x)− 2
1 1−x
= 3(16 − x2 )− 2 1 3
f 0 (x) = − (1 − x)− 2 × (−1)
3 3 2
f 00 (x) = − (16 − x2 )− 2 × −2x 1 3
2 = (1 − x)− 2
3x 2
= p 3 5
(16 − x2 )3 f 00 (x) = − (1 − x)− 2 × (−1)
4
f f (x) = cos−1 (3x) 3
= p
−1 4 (1 − x)5
f 0 (x) = p × 3,
1 − (3x)2
i f (x) = 5 sin(3 − x)
3x ∈ (−1, 1)
! f 0 (x) = 5 cos(3 − x) × (−1)
−3 1 1
= √ ,x∈ − , = −5 cos(3 − x)
1 − 9x2 3 3
1 f 00 (x) = −5 × (− sin(3 − x)) × (−1)
= −3(1 − 9x2 )− 2
= −5 sin(3 − x)
3 3
f (x) = (1 − 9x2 )− 2 × (−18x)
00
2
−27x
= p
(1 − 9x2 )3

32
 !!−1
f (x) = tan(1 − 3x)
!
j x x
l f (x) = cosec = sin
f 0 (x) = sec2 (1 − 3x) × (−3) 4 4
!!−2 !!
= −3 sec2 (1 − 3x) f (x) = − sin
0 x
× cos
x
×
1
4 4 4
= −3(cos(1 − 3x))−2
! !!−2
1 x x
f 00 (x) = 6(cos(1 − 3x))−3 = − cos sin
4 4 4
× (− sin(1 − 3x)) × (−3) ! !!−3
1 x x
= 18 sin(1 − 3x) sec3 (1 − 3x) f (x) = − cos
00
× −2 sin
4 4 4
! !!−1 1 x
!
x x
k f (x) = sec = cos × cos
4 4
3 3
!!−2 !!−2 !
x x
!! 1 x 1 x
f (x) = − cos
0
× − sin + sin × sin
3 3 4 4 4 4
!!−3
1
!
1 x x
× = cos2 sin
3 8 4 4
! !
1 x 2 x
!−1
= sin sec 1 x
3 3 3 + sin
16 4
! !!−3
1 x x ! !
f (x) = sin
00
× −2 cos 2 cos 2 x
+ sin 2 x
3 3 3 4 4
x
!
1 = !
× − sin × x
3 3 16 sin3
4
! !
1 x 1 2 x x
!
+ cos × × sec 1 + cos2
3 3 3 3 4
! ! =
2 x x
!
= sec3 sin2 3 x
9 3 3 16 sin
4
!
1 x
+ sec
9 3 4 a Let f (x) = esin x
! ! !
1 x 2 x
= sec 2 tan +1 Then f 0 (x) = cos x esin x
9 3 3 and
f 00 (x) = − sin x × esin x + cos x
× esin x × cos x
= esin x (cos2 x − sin x)
f 00 (0) = e0 (1 − 0) = 1

33
 1
!
Let f (x) = e− 2 x
2 1
b d Let f (x) = tan −1

1 2
x−1
Then f 0 (x) = e− 2 x × (−x) = tan−1 ((x − 1)−1 )
1 2
= −x e− 2 x −(x − 1)−2
Then f 0 (x) =
and 1 2 1 2 1 + ((x − 1)−1 )2
f 00 (x) = −1 × e− 2 x − x × e− 2 x × −x −1
=
1 2 1 2 (x − 1) (1 + (x − 1)−2 )
2
= x2 e− 2 x − e− 2 x
−1
1 =
(x − 1)2 + 1
2
= e− 2 x (x2 − 1)
−1
f 00 (0) = e0 (0 − 1) = −1 = 2
x − 2x + 2
√ 1 = −(x2 − 2x + 2)−1
c Let f (x) = 1 − x2 = (1 − x2 ) 2
and
1 1
f 00 (x) = (x2 − 2x + 2)−2 × (2x − 2)
Then f 0 (x) = (1 − x2 )− 2 × (−2x)
2
2x − 2
1 =
= −x(1 − x2 )− 2 − 2x + 2)2
(x2
and 1 −2 1
f 00 (x) = −(1 − x2 )− 2 f 00 (0) = =−
4 2
1 3
+ x(1 − x2 )− 2 × −2x
2 −1
5 y = esin x
1 x2 Let u = sin−1 x .Then y = eu
=−√ − p
1 − x2 (1 − x2 )3 dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
f 00 (0) = −1 − 0 = −1 −1
1 esin x
=e √u
= √
1 − x2 1 − x2
√ −1
d2 y ( 1 − x2 + x)esin x
= (Calc used)
dx2 3
(1 − √x2 ) 2
sin−1 x −1
2 ( 1 − x + x)e esin x
2 −1
LHS = (1 − x ) 3
−x√ − esin x
(1 − x2 ) 2 1 − x2
√ −1 −1
( 1 − x2 + x)esin x esin x −1
= 1
−x√ − esin x
(1 − x2 ) 2 1 − x2
=0

34
Solutions to Exercise 6E
dy d2 y f 00 (x) = 6x − 2
1 a Since > 0 and 2 > 0 at x = a 1
dx dx f 00 (x) < 0 for x < and f 00 (x) > 0
The small portion of graph surround- 3
ing x = a is a rising curve (concave for x >
1
upwards) 3 1 2
Point of inflection , − ;
 1 3  27
Concave up on , ∞
3
dy d2 y c f 0 (x) = 2x − 3x2
b Since < 0 and 2 < 0 at x = a
dx dx f 00 (x) = 2 − 6x
The small portion of graph surround- 1
ing x = a is a falling curve (concave f 00 (x) < 0 for x > and f 00 (x) > 0
3
downwards) 1
for x <
3 1 2 
Point of inflection , ;
 3 127

Concave up on −∞,
dy d2 y 3
c Since > 0 and 2 < 0 at x = a
dx dx
The small portion of graph surround- d f 0 (x) = 4x3 − 3x2
ing x = a is a rising curve (concave f 00 (x) = 12x2 − 6x = 6x(2x − 1) 
1 1
downwards) Points of inflection (0, 0), , − ;
2 16
1 
Concave up on (−∞, 0) ∪ , ∞
2
dy d2 y
d Since < 0 and 2 > 0 at x = a
dx dx 1
The small portion of graph surround- 3 y= = (1 + x + x2 )−1
1+x+x 2
ing x = a is a falling curve (concave
upwards)

2 a f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 1
f 00 (x) = 6x
f 00 (x) < 0 for x < 0 and f 00 (x) > 0 for
x>0
Point of inflection (0, 0);
Concave up on (0, ∞)

b f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 2x

35
 dy dy −(1 + 2x)
a = −(1 + x + x2 )−2 b =
dx dx (1 + x + x2 )2
× (1 + 2x) When x = −1,
= (−1−2x)(1 + x + x2 )−2 dy
=1
d2 y dx
= −2(1 + x + x2 )−2 The equation of the tangent at the
dx2 point (−1, 1) is
+ (−1 − 2x) y − 1 = 1(x − (−1))
× (1 + x + x2 )−3 ∴ y= x+2
× −2 × (1 + 2x) When x = 0,
dy
= −1
2(1 + 2x)2 dx
= The equation of the tangent at the
(1 + x + x2 )3
2 point (0, 1) is
− y − 1 = −1(x − 0)
(1 + x + x2 )2
d2 y ∴ y=1−x
=0
For The two tangents will intersect when
dx2
x+2=1−x
2(1 + 2x)2 2
∴ = 1
(1 + x + x )
2 3 (1 + x + x2 )2 ∴ x=−
2
∴ 2(1 + 2x)2 = 2(1 + x + x2 ) 1 3
When x = − , y =
∴ 8x2 + 8x + 2 = 2x2 + 2x + 2 2 2
Therefore the tangents at the point
∴ 6x2 + 6x = 0 of inflection intersect at the point
!
1 3
∴ 6x(x + 1) = 0 − ,
2 2
∴ x = −1 or x = 0

 y(−1) = 1 and y(0) = 1

2  4 a
2
i (2x2 + 1)e x (By calc in this case)
dy  4
2
= and
dx  x=−2 9 ii 2x(2x2 + 3)e x (By calc in this
2

d2 y  32 case)
2
=−
dx x=− 1 9

2
Hence there is a point of inflection at b y

(−1, 1).
d2 y  4
2  = y ! f ''!x"

dx x=1 9
y ! f '!x"

Hence there is a point of inflection at "1

0
1
x

y ! f !x"
(0, 1).

36
 2
c 2x2 + 1 ≥ 1 for all x ∈ R and e x > 0 b f 00 (x) = 0,
for all x ∈ R 3
4− x=0
5
d f 00 (0) = 0 and f 00 (x) > 0 for x > 0 3
∴ 4= x
and f 00 (x) < 0 for x < 0 5
20
e i f 00 (x) > 0 ⇒ x > 0. Concave up ∴ x=
! 3 !2 !3
for x ∈ (0, ∞) 20 20 1 20
f =2 −
3 3 10 3
ii f 00 (x) < 0 ⇒ x < 0. Concave up 800 800
for x ∈ (−∞, 0) = −
9 27
1600
=
x2 27
5 f : [0, 20] → R, f (x) = (20 − x) 3 20
10 f 00 (x) > 0 ⇔ 4 − x > 0 ⇔ x <
5 3
x2 3 20
a f (x) = (20 − x) f (x) < 0 ⇔ 4 − x < 0 ⇔ x >
00

10 5 3
20 1600 
1 Point of inflection ,
= 2x2 − x3 3 27
!2
10 ! !
0 20 20 3 20
3 f =4 −
f 0 (x) = 4x − x2 3 3 10 3
10 80 40
3 = −
f 00 (x) = 4 − x 3 3
5 40
When f (x) = 0,
0
=
3
3
4x − x2 = 0 c y 40 , 3200
10 ! 3 27
3
∴ x 4− x =0
10 20 , 40 40 ,
3 3 0
40 3
∴ x = 0 or x = 4
x
3 O 20
20 , (20, −8)
! !2 !3 0
40 40 1 40 3
f =2 − (20, −40)
3 3 10 3
3200 6400
= −
9 27 6 f (x) = 2x3 + 6x2 − 12
3200
= a i f 0 (x) = 6x2 + 12x
27
40
f (0) = 4 > 0 and f 00 ( ) = −4 < 0
00
ii f 00 (x) = 12x + 12
3
Therefore,
 40 3200 local min (0, 0); local max
,
3 27

37
 b f 0 (x) = 0 f (0) = −12 and ∴ − sin x = 0
6x2 + 12x = 0 ∴ sin x = 0
6x(x + 2) = 0 ∴ x=π
x = 0 or x = −2 f (π) = sin π
f (−2) = −4
=0
Second derivative test. Concavity changes at x = π
f 00 (x) = 12x + 12 Point of inflection at (π, 0).
f 00 (0) = 12 > 0 and
f 00 (−2) = −12 < 0.
Local min (0, −12); local max 7 part b
(−2, −4)
a f : R → R, f (x) = x e x
c For inflection point.
i f 0 (x) = x e x + e x = e x (x + 1)
f 00 (x) = 0 and concavity changes.
12x + 12 = 0 ii f 00 (x) = e x × 1 + (x + 1)e x
∴ x = −1 = e x (x + 2)
f (−1) = 2(−1)3 + 6(−1)2 − 12
b f 0 (x) = 0 implies x = −1
= −2 + 6 − 12 Therefore stationary point at
= −8 (−1, −e−1 )
f 00 (x) > 0 ⇔ 12x + 12 > 0 ⇔ x > −1 f 00 (−1) > 0. Therefore local
f 00 (x) < 0 ⇔ 12x + 12 < 0 ⇔ x < −1 minimum.
Point of inflection is (−1, −8)
c f (x) has a point of inflection where
f 00 (x) = 0 and concavity changes.
7 Part a ∴ e x (x + 2) = 0
a f : [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = sin x. ∴ x + 2 = 0 (e x > 0 for all x)
∴ x = −2
i f 0 (x) = cos x
f (−2) = −2e−2
ii f 00 (x) = − sin x Concavity changes at x = −2.
There is an inflection point
b Stationary points where cos x = 0  (−2, −2e−2 ) for the graph of y = f (x).
π 3π
Stationary points , 1 and , −1
π 2 2
f 00 ( = −1 Therefore local max. 8 f (x) has a local minimum at x = a and
2 
 3π no other stationary point ‘close’ to a
f 00 ( = 1 Therefore local min.
2
a f 0 (x) is the gradient function of f (x).
c f (x) has point of inflection where
f 00 (x) = 0 and concavity changes. i f 0 (a − h) < 0 since a point on the

38
 left of a minimum turning point iii f (x) = x4
has a negative gradient. f 0 (x) = 4x3
ii f 0 (a) = 0 since the turning point f 00 (x) = 12x2
has zero gradient. f 00 (0) = 12(0)2 = 0

iii f 0 (a + h) > 0 since a point on the e If the graph of y = f (x) has a

right of a minimum turning point stationary point at x = a, then
has a positive gradient. f 0 (a) = 0.
y If f 00 (a) < 0, then f 0 (a − h) > 0 and
f 0 (a + h) < 0, and (a − h, f (a − h))
y = f (x) is a point of positive gradient and
(a + h, f (a + h)) is a point of negative
gradient.
Therefore (a, f (a)) would be a local
0 a–h a a+ h x
maximum turning point.
b The gradient of the graph of y = f 0 (x) Hence f 00 (a) can never be less than
for x ∈ [a − h, a + h] is always zero if the graph of y = f (x) has a
non-negative. local minimum at x = a.
y

y = f ′ (x) 9 Consider the interval x ∈ [a − h, a + h]

where the graph of y = f (x) has a local
0 a–h a a +h x maximum at x = a.
x a−h a a+h
f (x) > 0
0
0 <0
00
c f 00 (a) ≥ 0 f (x) ≤ 0 ≤ 0 ≤ 0
f 00 (a) ≤ 0 if the graph of y = f (x) has a
d i f (x) = x2 local maximum at x = a.
f 0 (x) = 2x y
y = f(x)
f (x) = 2
00

f 00 (0) = 2 > 0

ii f (x) = − cos x 0 a–h a a+ h x

f 0 (x) = sin x y
f (x) = cos x
00
y = f′ (x)
f (0) = cos 0 = 1 > 0
00
0 a–h a a+h x

39
10 f : [0, 10] → R, f (x) = x(10 − x)e x c Gradient is a maximum when √
f 00 (x) =√0, i.e. x = 3 + 3 3
a f (x) = x(10 − x)e x f (3 + 3 3)
= (10x − x2 )e x √ √ √
= (3 + 3 3)(10 − (3 + 3 3))e3+3 3
f 0 (x) = (10x − x2 )e x + (10 − 2x)e x √ √ √
= (3 + 3 3)(7 − 3 3))e3+3 3
= e x (10 + 8x − x2 ) √ √ √
= (21 + 21 3 − 9 3 − 27)e3+3 3
f 00 (x) = e x (8 − 2x) + e x (10 + 8x− x2 ) √ √
= (12 3 − 6)e3+3 3
= e x (18 + 6x − x2 )
√ √
= 6(2 3 − 1)e3+3 3
b f (0) = 0
≈ 53 623
f 00 (0) = 18
The point
√ of maximum
√ gradient,
√
i.e.
f (10) = 0
(3 + 3 3, 6(2 3 − 1)e 3+3 3
) is marked
f 00 (10) = e10 (18 + 6(10) − 102 ) on the graph in b.
= −22e10
≈ −484 582 11 y = x − sin x, x ∈ [0, 4π]
When f 00 (x) = 0
dy
e x (18 + 6x − x2 ) = 0 = 1 − cos x
dx
∴ 18 + 6x − x2 = 0 ∵ ex , 0 d2 y
√ = sin x
−6 ± 36 + 4 × 18 dx2
∴ x=
−2 d2 y
√ For 2 = 0
−6 ± 108 dx
=
−2
√ sin x = 0, x ∈ [0, 4π]
=3±3 3
√ ∴ x = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π
= 3 + 3 3 since x > 0
√ √ √
y(0) = 0, y(π) = π, y(2π) = 2π,
f (3 + 3 3) = 6(2 3 − 1)e3+3 3
y(3π) = 3π, y(4π) = 4π
≈ 53 623 2

d y 
= −1 and
dx2  x=− π

3+3 3
3 + 3 3 , 6(2 3 – 1)e
2
2 

d y
=1
dx2  x= π

(3 + 3 3 , 0) 2
Hence the point (0, 0) is a point of
( 10 , 0 )
inflection.

d2 y 
= −1
dx2  x= 3π

2
10
(10 , – 22e )
Hence the point (π, π) is a point of
inflection.

40
 
d2 y  c y = sin−1 x
=1
dx2  x= 5π

dy 1 1
2
Hence the point (2π, 2π) is a point of = √ = (1 − x2 )− 2
dx 1 − x2
inflection.

d2 y  d2 y 1 3
= −1 2
= − (1 − x2 )− 2 × −2x
dx2  x= 7π
 dx 2
2 2
d y x
Hence the point (3π, 3π) is a point of ∴ 2
= p
inflection. dx (1 − x2 )3
The point (4π, 4π) is a point of d2 y
For 2 = 0
inflection. dx

2 
d y
=1
dx2  x= 9π

12 a y = sin x 2
Hence the point (4π, 4π) is a point of
dy
= cos x inflection.
dx x
=0
d2 y
p
= − sin x (1 − x2 )3
dx2
∴ x=0
d2 y Therefore the points of inflection will
For 2 = 0
dx occur when x = 0.
−sin x = 0
d y = sin(2x)
∴ x = kπ, k ∈ Z
Therefore the points of inflection will dy
= 2 cos(2x)
occur when x = kπ, k ∈ Z dx
d2 y
b y = tan x = −4 sin(2x)
dx2
dy d2 y
= sec2 x = (cos x)−2 For 2 = 0
dx dx
d2 y −4 sin(2x) = 0
= −2(cos x)−3 × − sin x
dx2
∴ 2x = kπ, k ∈ Z
= 2 sin x sec3 x
1
d2 y ∴ x = kπ, k ∈ Z
For 2 = 0 2
dx Therefore the points of inflection will
1
2 sin x occur when x = kπ, k ∈ Z
= 0, cos x , 0 2
cos3 x
∴ 2 sin x = 0
∴ x = kπ, k ∈ Z
Therefore the points of inflection will
occur when x = kπ, k ∈ Z.

41
13 y = ax2 + bx + c d2 y
b For < 0,
dy dx2
= 2ax + b 12x − 18 < 0
dx
d2 y 3
= 2a i.e. constant ∴ x<
dx2 2
dy d2 y
d2 y ∴ for < 0 and 2 < 0
For 2 = 0 dx dx
dx 3
1<x<
∴ 2a = 0 but a , 0 2
Since the variable x does not appear in
the second derivative there are no points
15 a y = x3 − 6x
of inflection.
dy
= 3x2 − 6
dx
14 y = 2x3 − 9x2 + 12x + 8 d2 y
= 6x
dy dx2
= 6x2 − 18x + 12
dx d2 y
For 2 = 0, x = 0
d2 y dx
= 12x − 18
dx2 y(0) = 0

dy d2 y 
a For < 0, = −6 and
dx dx2  x=−1

6x2 − 18x + 12 = 0 
d2 y 
∴ x2 − 3x + 2 = 0  =6
dx2  x=1
∴ (x − 1)(x − 2) = 0 Therefore the point (0, 0) is a point of
inflection.
∴ x = 1 or x = 2
dy The gradient when x = 0 is −6.
∴ < 0 when 1 < x < 2
dx
b y = x4 − 6x2 + 4
d2 y
For 2 > 0, dy
dx = 4x3 − 12x
dx
12x − 18 > 0
d2 y
3 = 12x2 − 12
∴ x> dx2
2 d2 y
dy d2 y For 2 = 0, x = ±1
∴ for < 0 and 2 > 0 dx
dx dx
3
<x<2 y(−1)
 = −1 and y(1)
 = −1
2 2 
d y 2 
d y
2
= 36, 2  = −12
dx x=−2 dx  x=0

d2 y 
and 2  = 36
dx  x=2
Therefore the points (−1, −1) and
(1, −1) are the points of inflection.

42
 The gradient when x = −1 is 8. x = 0 are the same sign.
The gradient when x = 1 is −8 Hence there are no points of
inflection.
c y = 3 − 10x3 + 10x4 − 3x5
dy e
= −30x2 + 40x3 − 15x4 x+1 2
dx y= =1+
x−1 x−1
d2 y dy
= −60x + 120x2 − 60x3 = −2(x − 1)−2
dx2 dx
d2 y d2 y
For 2 = 0, −x(x2 − 2x + 1) = 0 = 4(x − 1)−3
dx dx2
∴ − x(x − 1)2 =0 4
= ,x,1
∴ x = 0 or x = 1 (x − 1)3
d2 y 4
y(0) = 3 and y(1) = 0 For = 0, =0
 dx (x − 1)3
d2 y 
= 240 and ∴ 4 = 0 which is a false statement.
dx2  x=−1

d2 y  15 Hence there are no points of
= − inflection.
dx2  x= 1 2

2 √
Therefore the point (0, 3) is a point of f y= x x+1
inflection.
dy √ 1
 1
d2 y  = x + 1 + x(x + 1)− 2 ×
 = −120 dx 2
dx2  x=2
Therefore the point (1, 0) is not a √ x 1
= x + 1 + (x + 1)− 2
point of inflection since the value of 2
2
the second derivative on either side of d y 1 1 1
= √ + (x + 1) −2
x = 1 are the same sign. dx2 2 x + 1 2
The gradient when x = 0 is 0. x 3 1
+ (x + 1)− 2 × −
2 2
d y = (x2 − 1)(x2 + 1) = x4 − 1 1 x
= √ − p ,
dy
= 4x3 x + 1 4 (x + 1)3
dx
x > −1
d2 y
= 12x2 d2 y
dx2 For = 0,
d2 y dx2
For 2 = 0, x = 0 1 x
dx √ = p
x + 1 4( (x + 1)3 )
y(0) = −1
4(x + 1) = x
2 

d y d2 y  ∴
= 12 and 2  = 12
dx2  x=−1 dx  x=1 3x = −4

∴
Therefore the point (0, −1) is not a
4
point of inflection since the value of ∴ x=−
3
the second derivative on either side of

43
 d2 y √ 1
But x > −1 for to exist. The gradient when x = − 3 is − .
dx2 4
Therefore a point of inflection does The gradient when x = 0 is 2.
4 √ 1
not exist when x = − . The gradient when x = 3 is −
3 4
Hence there are no points of
inflection. h y = sin−1 x
dy 1 1
g y= 2
2x
= 2x(x2 + 1)−1 = √ = (1 − x2 )− 2
x +1 dx 1 − x2
dy d2 y 1 3
= 2(x2 +1)−1 +2x(x2 +1)−2 = − (1 − x 2 −2
) × −2x
dx dx2 2
× −1 × 2x d2 y x
∴ 2
= p
= 2(x2 + 1)−1 dx (1 − x2 )3

− 4x2 (x2 + 1)−2 d2 y

For =0
d2 y dx2
= −4x(x2 + 1)−2 x
dx 2 p =0
(1 − x2 )3
− 8x(x2 + 1)−2
∴ x=0
− 4x2 (x2 + 1)−3
y(0) = sin−1 0 = kπ, k ∈ Z
× −2 × 2x −1
However, # since the range of sin x is
16x3 π π
"
12x
= − 2 − , ⇒ y(0) = 0
(x + 1)
2 3 (x + 1)2 2 2
 √
d2 y d2 y  4 3
For = 0, 16x3 = 12x(x2 + 1) =− and
2 dx2  x=− 1 9

dx
 2 √
∴ 16x3 = 12x3 + 12x d2 y  4 3
=
4x3 − 12x = 0 dx2  x= 1 9

∴ 2
Therefore the point (0, 0) is a point of
∴ 4x(x2 − 3) = 0
√ inflection.
∴ x = 0 or x = ± 3 The gradient when x = 0 is 1.
√
√ 3
y(0) = 0, y(− 3) = − and
2
√
√ 3
y( 3) =
2

2 

d y 8 d2 y 
=− and 2  =1
dx2  x=−2 125 dx  x=−1

 
d2 y  d2 y  8
2  = −1 and 2  =
dx x=1 dx x=2 125
Therefore√the points of inflection √ are;
√ √
! !
3 3
− 3, − , (0, 0) and 3,
2 2

44
 x−2 16 y = e−x sin x
i y=
(x + 2)2
dy a
= (x + 2)−2 dy
dx = e−x cos x − e−x sin x
dx
+ (x − 2)(x + 2)−3 × −2 = e−x (cos x − sin x)
= (x + 2)−2 dy
= 0 for stationary points.
dx
+ (4 − 2x)(x + 2)−3
∴ e−x (cos x − sin x) = 0
dy2
= −2(x + 2)−3 − 2(x + 2)−3 ∴ cos x − sin x = 0 ∵ e−x , 0
dx2
∴ tan x = 1
+ (4 − 2x)(x + 2)−4 × −3 π
∴ x = + kπ, k ∈ Z
4 6x − 12 4
=− + Therefore stationary points will occur
(x + 2) 3 (x + 2)4
when
2x − 20 π
= x = + kπ, k ∈ Z.
(x + 2)4 4
d2 y
For 2 = 0, 2x − 20 = 0 d2 y
dx b 2
= −e−x (cos x − sin x)
dx
∴ x = 10
+ e−x (− sin x − cos x)
1
y(10) = = −2 cos x e−x
 18
d2 y  2
2  = − and d2 y
For 2 = 0, −2 cos x = 0
dx  x=9 14 641
dx
d2 y  2
2
= (since e−x , 0)
dx x=11 28 561

∴ cos x = 0
!
1
Therefore the point 10, is a Therefore points of inflection will
18
point of inflection. occur when
π
The gradient when x = 10 is −
1 x = + kπ, k ∈ Z.
432 2

45
17 f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx and b2 > 3c Thus the point of
! inflection occurs at
3
b 2b − 9bc
− ,
a 3 27
dy
= 3x2 + 2bx + c Stationary point occur when
dx 3x2 + 2bx + c = 0
dy
= 0 for stationary points.
p
−2b ± 4(b2 − 3c)
dx ∴ x=
6
∴ 3x2 + 2bx + c = 0 √
−2b ± 2 b2 − 3c
=
∆ = (2b)2 − 4 × 3 × c 6
√
−b ± b2 − 3c
= 4b2 − 12c =
3
√
= 4(b − 3c)
2
−b − b2 − 3c
When x = ,
> 0 (since b2 > 3c) 3
2 (b2 − 3c)3 + 2b3 − 9bc
p
Since the discriminant is greater than f (x) =
zero, there are two real solutions. 27
√
Thus there are two stationary points. −b + b − 3c
2
When x = ,
3
d2 y −2 (b2 − 3c)3 + 2b3 − 9bc
p
b = 6x + 2b f (x) =
27
dx2
Thus, the stationary
√ points are:
d2 y 2
For 2 = 0, 6x + 2b = 0 −b − b − 3c
,
dx 3
b
∴ x=− 2 (b2 − 3c)3 + 2b3 − 9bc
p !
3
27

2 
d y
= −6 and √
dx2  x=− b −1 −b + b2 − 3c

3 and ,

2  3
d y
=6
−2 (b2 − 3c)3 + 2b3 − 9bc
p !
dx2  x=− b +1

3
Therefore the point of inflection 27
b The midpoint of the two stationary
occurs when x = − . Thus there is
3 points can be calculated by evaluating
one point of inflection. 1
π (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
∴ x = + kπ, k ∈ Z 2
2 1 −2b 2(2b3 − 9bc)
!
∴ ,
c From part b, when 2 3 27
2b3 − 9bc 3
!
b b 2b − 9bc
x = − , f (x) = ∴ − , is the midpoint of
3 27 3 27
the two stationary points.
Therefore the point of inflection is the
midpoint of the interval joining the
two stationary points.

46
 1
18 f (x) = 2x2 loge (x) Stationary point at(e− 2 , −e−1 )
1 When f 00 (x) = 0,
a f 0 (x) = 4x loge (x) + 2x2 ×
x 3 + 2 loge x = 0
= 4x loge (x) + 2x 3
∴ loge x = −
= 2x(1 + 2 loge (x)) 2
3
∴ x = e− 2
2
b f 00 (x) = 2(1 + 2 loge x) + 2x × 3
x When x = e− 2
= 2(1 + 2 loge x) + 4 3
f (x) = 2 × e−3 × − = −3e−3
= 2(3 + 2 loge x) 2
!
1
c When f 0 (x) = 0, f 00 = 6 − 4 loge (10) < 0
10
2x(1 + 2 loge (x) = 0 !
00 1
1 f = 6 − 4 loge (2) > 0
x = 0 or loge (x) = − 2
2 Therefore the point of! inflection
1
x = 0 or x = e− 2 3
occurs at e− 2 , −3e−3
f (x) is not defined when x = 0

47
Solutions to Exercise 6F
4 dy dy dx
1 V = πr3 ∴ =
3 dt dx dt
dV dV dr = 13 × 3
a =
dt dr dt = 39 units/s
dV dr
= 4πr2
dt dt
dV 1
When = 0.1 m3 /min, r = 2.5 m 4 V = πx2 (18 − x)
dt 3
dr 0.1 !
∴ = dV 2 1 2 dx
dt 4π × (2.5)2 = πκ × (18 − x) − πx
dt 3 3 dt
1 dV
= When x = 2 cm, = 3 cm3 /s
250π dt !
≈ 0.00127 m/min 2 4 dx
∴ 3 = π × 2 × 16 − π
3 3 dt
dA dA dr
b A = 4πr2 ; = = (20π)
dx
dt dr dt dt
dA dr
∴ = 8πr ∴
dx
=
3
≈ 0.048 cm/s
dt dt dt 20π
8π × 2.5
=
250π
1500
= 0.08 m2 /min 5 p=
v
d p −1500
=
3 dv v2
2 V = 4x 2 1500
When p = 60, v = = 25
dV dV dx 60
= dv dv d p
dt dx dt ∴ =
√ dx dt d p dt
dV
=6 x −625
dt dt = ×2
dV 1500
When x = 9 cm, = 10 cm3 /s
dt −5
So = units/min
dx 10 5 6
= √ = ≈ 0.56 cm/s
dt 6 9 9
6 A = πr2
3 y = 2x2 + 5x + 2 dA dA dr
=
dt dr dt
dy
= 4x + 5 dr
dx = 2πr
dx dy dt
When x = 2, = 3 and = 13
dt dx

48
 dA 9 x = 2t + sin 2t and y = cos 2t
∴ = 2π × 4 × 0.01
dt dx
= 2 + 2 cos 2t
= 0.08π cm2 /h dt
dy
≈ 0.25 cm2 /h = −2 sin 2t
dt
dy dy dt
∴ = ×
dx dt dx
7 A = πr2 and C = 2πr
−2 sin 2t
dA dA dr =
= 2 + 2 cos 2t
dt dr dt −4 sin t cos t
dA dr =
∴ = 2πr 2(1 + cos 2t)
dt dt −2 sin t cos t
dC dC dr =
and = · 2 cos2 t
dt dr dt
= − tan t
dC dr
∴ = 2π using cos 2t = 2 cos2 t − 1
dt dt
dC dA 4 1
∴ = ÷ r = = cm/s
dt dt 8 2
10 x = t − cos t and y = sin t
π
1 t When t = ,
8 x= and y = 6
1+t 2 1 + t2 √
π 3 1
dx x= − and y =
a = −(1 + t2 )−2 × 2t 6 2 2
dt √
π
!
3 1
−2t ⇒ − ,
= 6 2 2
(1 + t2 )2
dx dy
dy = 1 + sin t and = cos t
= (1 + t2 )−1 − t(1 + t2 )−2 × 2t dt dt
dt
dy cos t
1 2t2 ∴ =
= − dx 1 + sin t √ √
1 + t2 (1 + t2 )2 π dy 3 3 3
When x = , = ÷ =
(1 + t2 ) − 2t2 6 dx 2 2 3
= The equation
1 + (1 + t2 )2 √ of the tangent √ !!is given by
1 3 π 3
1 − t2 y− = x− −
= 2 3 6 2
(1 + t2 )2 √ √
3 π 3 3 1
dy dy dt ∴ y= x− + +
b = × √
3 18
√
6 2
dx dt dx
3 π 3
1 − t2 (1 + t2 )2 ∴ y= x+1−
= × 3 18
(1 + t2 )2 −2t
1 − t2
=
−2t
2
t −1
=
2t

49
11 y = x2 −10
= √
dy dy dx 25 − x2 + 10x − 25
= −10
dt dx dt = √
dy dx x(10 − x)
= 2x
dt dt dy dy dx
∴ =
dt dx dt
dy
a = 2 × 3 × 2 = 12 cm/s −30
dt = √
x(10 − x)
b When y = 16, x = ±4 When x = 6,
dy
∴ = 2 × ±4 × 2 = ±16 cm/s dy −30
dt = √
dt 6(10 − 6)
√
2x − 6 −30 −5 6
12 y= = √ =
x 24 2
dy 6 dx 6
! The velocity parallel
√ to the y-axis,
= 2 y=2− −5 6
dt x dt x when x = 6, is cm/s.
Given x = f (t) and y = g(t), then 2
6
∴ g0 (t) = 2 f 0 (t) b When y =
10π
,
x 3
x2 g0 (t) !
∴ f (t) =
0
10 cos−1 x − 5
=
10π
6 5 3
6
When y = 1, 1 = 2 −
π
!
x −1 x − 5
∴ cos =
6 5 3
−1 = −
x x−5 π
x=6 ∴ = cos
5 3
∴ f 0 (t) = 6g0 (t) = 6 × 0.4 = 2.4 1
=
2
5
x−5
! ∴ x−5=
13 y = 10 cos −1 2
5 15
∴ x=
2
dx 15 dy −30
a =3 When x = , = s
dt 2 dt !
15 15
dy −1 1 10 −
= 10 × s × 2 2
dx !2 5
x−5
1− −30
5 = r
75
−10
= r 4
1 2 √
5 1− (x − 10x + 25) −12 3
25 =
3
√
= −4 3

50
 The velocity parallel to the y-axis, 1
√ b V = h2 + 2h
10π 2
when y = , is −4 3 cm/s.
3 dV
=h+2
dh
dr dh dh dV
14 =2 =
dt dt dV dt
4 1
V = πr3 = × 12
3 h+2
dV 12
= 4πr2 =
dr h+2
When V = 16, h = 4 and
dV dV dr dh 12
= × = 8πr2 = =2
dt dr dt dt 4+2
The rate at which h is increasing,
When V = 36π,
when V = 16, is 2 cm/s.
4 3
πr = 36π
3
∴ r3 = 27 16 Let A = the area of the inkblot (cm2 )
r = the radius of the inkblot (cm)
∴ r=3
and t = time (seconds)
dV
When r = 3, = 8π(3)2 = 72π dA
= 3.5
dt dt
The rate at which the volume is increas-
ing, at the instant when the volume is A = πr2
36π cm3 , is 72π cm3 /s. dA
= 2πr
dr
1 dr dr dA
15 V = (h2 + 4h) =
2 dt dA dt
dV 1
= 12 = × 3.5
dt 2πr
7
a When V = 16, =
4πr
dr 7 7
1 2 When r = 3, = =
(h + 4h) = 16 dt 4π × 3 12π
2 The rate of increase of the radius, when
∴ h2 + 4h = 32 7
the radius is 3 cm, is cm/s.
12π
∴ h2 + 4h − 32 = 0
∴ (h + 8)(h − 4) = 0 17 V = Ah
∴ h + 8 = 0 or h − 4 =0
dV
∴ h = −8 or 4 but h >0 =A
dh
∴ h=4 dV dV dh
∴ =
dt dh dt
dh
=A
dt

51
18 Let V = volume of water (m3 ) dy cos t
∴ =
√ dx −2 sin t
dV √
=− h π dy 2 1
dt When t = , = √ =−
4 dx −2 2 2
V = πr2 h = π(2)2 h = 4πh
The equation of the tangent is given
dV by √
a = 4π 2 1 √
dh y− = − (x − 2)
dh dh dV 2 2
∴ = 1 √
dt dV dt ∴ y=− x+ 2
1 √ 2
= ×− h
4π b At the point (2 cos t, sin t) the
√
− h equation of the tangent is given by
= cos t
4π y − sin t = − (x − 2 cos t)
2 sin t
b i When V = 10π, 4πh = 10π cos t cos2 t
∴ y=− x+ + sin t
5 2 sin t sin t
∴ h=
2 cos t cos2 t + sin2 t
∴ y=− x+
5 2 sin t sin t
When h = ,
2 cos t 1
r √ ∴ y=− x+
dV 5 − 10 3 2 sin t sin t
=− = m /h or
dt 2 2 x
y = − cot t + cosec t
2
5
ii When V = 10π, h =
2
r 20 x = 2 sec θ and y = tan θ
5 √
− dx
dh 2 − 10 = −2(cos θ)−2 × − sin θ
and = = m/h dt
dt 4π 8π
= 2 sin θ sec2 θ
19 x = 2 cos t and y = sin t dy
= sec2 θ
√ ! dt
√ 2
a At 2, dy sec2 θ 1
2 ∴ = =
√ dx 2 sin θ sec θ 2 sin θ
2
√ 2 √
2 cos t = 2 and sin t = π dy 2
2 a When θ = , = ,
√ √ 4 dx 2
2 2 √
∴ cos t = and sin t = x = 2 2 and y = 1
2 2
π The equation of the tangent is given
∴ t=
4 by √
dx dy 2 √
= −2 sin t and = cos t y−1= (x − 2 2)
dt dt 2
√
2
∴ y= x−1
2

52
 b The gradient of the normal is equal to
 π π  √
2 sec , 4 tan + 2 = (2 2 − 3, 6)
2 √ 4 4
− √ or more simply − 2.
2 Equation√of tangent
√
Thus the equation of the normal is y − 6 = 2 2(x − 2 2 + 3)
given by √ √ √ √
y − 1 = − 2(x − 2 2) ∴ y = 2 2x − 2 + 6 2
√
∴ y = − 2x + 5
22 a x = sec t, y = tan t
c At the point (2 sec θ, tan θ) the dy dy dx
= ÷
equation of the tangent is given by dx dt dt
1 sec2 t
y − tan θ = (x − 2 sec θ) =
2 sin θ sec t tan t
1 1 = cosec t
∴ y= x−
2 sin θ sin θ cos θ Therefore, gradient of normal= − sin t
+ tan θ Equation of normal
1 sin2 θ − 1 y − tan t = − sin t(x − sec t)
∴ y= x+ Therefore
2 sin θ sin θ cos θ
1 1 − sin2 θ y = − sin(t)x + 2 tan t
∴ y= x−
2 sin θ sin θ cos θ
b When x = 0, y = 2 tan t
1 cos2 θ
∴ y= x− When y = 0, x = 2 sec t
2 sin θ sin θ cos θ
Therefore 4OAB is right-angled at O
1 cos θ
∴ y= x− and has vertices:
2 sin θ sin θ
or O(0, 0), A(2 sec t, 0), B(0, 2 tan t)
x 1
y = cosec θ − cot θ The area = |4 sec t tan t|
2 2
= |2 sec t tan t|
21 a x = 2 sec t, y = 4 tan t + 2
dx | sin t|
= 2 tan t sec t =2
dt cos2 t
dy
= 4 sec2 t
dt
dy dy dt
= ×
dx dt dx
4 sec2 t
=
2 tan t sec t
2
= = 2cosec t
sin t
π
b Gradient of the tangent when t = is
4
2 √
π =2 2
sin
4
The point on the curve is

53
 c 1 1 5
| sin t| √ x = e 2 loge 2
+ 1 = e loge 4
+ 1 =
2 2 =4 3 4
1
cos t y = 2e e 2 + 1 = 2
log
π
Assume 0 ≤ t < Equation of tangent
2 1
√ y = 2x −
sin t = 2 3(1 − sin )
2
2
√ √
2 3 sin2 t + sin t − 2 3 = 0
−1 ± 7 24 x = t2 + 1, y = t(t − 3)2 = t3 − 6t2 + 9t
∴ sin t = √
4 3 dy dy dx
√ a = ÷
3 dx dt dt
∴ sin t = 3t2 − 12 + 9
2 = ,t , 0
π 2t
t=
3 3(t − 3)(t − 1)
= ,t , 0
2t
23 x = e2t + 1, y = 2et + 1 dy
b =0
dy dy dx dx
a = ÷ ⇒ 3(t − 3)(t − 1) = 0
dx dt dt
2et t = 3 or t = 3
= 2t
2e Stationary points are (2, 4), (10, 0)
= e−t dy 3(t − 3)(t − 1)
c =
b Domain = (1, ∞) since e2t + 1 > 1 for dx 2t
3
all x. = (t − 4 + 3t−1 )
2
2
c d y d 3
= ( (t − 4 + 3t−1 ))
y dx2 dx 2
d 3 dx
= ( (t − 4 + 3t−1 )) ÷
dt 2 dt
2
3(t − 3)
=
4t3
1
d2 y
=0
dx2
x √
0 1 ⇒t=± 3
1 d Points√of inflection are √
d When t = loge (4, 12 3 − 18) and (4, −12 3 − 18)
2
Gradient= eloge 2 = 2

54
Solutions to Exercise 6G
1 a Here use the reciprocals of ordinates dy 4x3 × x2 − 2x(x4 + 1)
=
approach, using the graph y = x2 − 2x dx x4
1 4x5 − 2x5 − 2x
As y = 0 + 2 , y = 0 is a =
x − 2x x4
horizontal asymptote.
When x2 − 2x = 0 2x(x4 − 1)
=
x4
x(x − 2) = 0 2(x4 − 1)
∴ x = 0 and x = 2 are the vertical =
x3
asymptotes. dy
= 0 when x = ±1, y = 2
From the parabola y = x2 − 2x using dx
the reciprocal of ordinates, obtain the Turning points are (−1, 2), (1, 2)
y 4
graph of the given function. y = x +2 1
x
y y = x 2 – 2x
(–1, 2) (1, 2)
2
y = x2
0 1 2 x
–1 –1 0 1 x
(1, –1)
y y = 1
x 2 – 2x c The graph of the function
1
y= does not have
(x − 1)2 + 1
0 (1, –1) 2 x vertical asymptote.
Because (x − 1)2 + 1 > 0, y = 0 is a
horizontal asymptote.
y-axis intercept is at
x4 + 1 1 1 1
b y= = x2 + 2 y= =
x 2 x (−1) + 1 2
2
So asymptotes are x = 0 and y = x2 dy −2(x − 1)
Turning point =
Add ordinates of the graphs of y = x2 dx ((x − 1)2 + 1)2
1 dy
and y = 2 = 0 when x = 1, y = 1. It is
x dx
y obviously a maximum.
y = x2 y
(1, 1)
1
2
y = 12
x 0 1 x
0 x
There are no y or x-axis intercepts. x2 − 1 1
d = x−
Only turning points need to be found. x x
Add ordinates of the graphs of y = x

55
 1 dy 2 x3 + 2
and y = − =1+ 3 = =0
x dx x x3 √3
y √3 −3 −3 2
y=x x = − 2, y = √3 =
4 2
y y = x

0 x

y = – 1x 1 x

y = x is a non-vertical asymptote, 3
– 3 2 , -3 2
x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. 2

x-axis intercepts are at

x2 − 1
= 0, x = ±1 x2 + x + 1 1
x f = x+1+
There are obviously no turn- x x
Again add ordinates of the graphs of
ing points. This can be proved 1
y = x + 1 and y =
algebraically. x
dy 1 y
= 1 + 2 > 0, x ∈ R\{0} y=x+1
dx x
y 1
y=x
–1
2
y = x –1 0 x
–1 x
0 1 x y = 1x
y = x + 1 is a non-vertical asymptote
and x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
There are no x or y-axis in-
x3 − 1 1
e y= 2
= x− 2 tercepts on the graph because
x x
As in d, add ordinates of the graphs x2 + x + 1 > 0, x ∈ R.
1 Turning point
of y = x and y = − 2
x dy 1
y = x is a non-vertical asymptote and = 1 − 2,
dx x
x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. dy x2 − 1
= 0 when = 0, x = ±1
y y=x dx x2
y = 3 when x = 1, y = −1 when
0 x = −1
2
x
y y = x +x+1
x
y = – 12 (1, 3)
x

y=x+1
x-axis intercept is at 1
x3 − 1 –1 0
= 0, x = 1, turning point
x2 (–1, –1) x
dy
is at = 0.
dx

56
 4x3 − 8 8 y
g = 4x2 −
x x y = x2 + 1
Add ordinates of the graphs of
8
y = 4x2 and y = −
x 1
y y=
1 x2 + 1
y = 4x2
0 x

i Again use the reciprocals of ordinates

approach.
0 x 1
y = – 8x As y = 0 + 2 , y = 0 is a
x −1
horizontal asymptote.
y = 4x2 is a non-vertical asymptote When x2 − 1 = 0, x = ±1, the vertical
and x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. asymptote.
x-axis intercept is at Turning point:
4x3 − 8 √3 dy −2x
= 0, x = 2 = 2
x dx (x − 1)2
Turning point is at dy
dy dy 8 = 0 at x = 0, y = −1
= 0, = 8x + 2 ; dx
dx dx x y
8x3 + 8 y = x2 – 1
= 0, x = −1, y = 12
x2
y 0
–1 1 x
4x 3 –8 –1
y =
x
(–1, 12) y
3
y = 4x2 0 2 x y=
1
x2 – 1
0
–1 –1 1 x
1
h For the graph of y = 2 use the
x +1
reciprocals of ordinates approach,
using the ‘simpler’ graph y = x2 + 1. x2 x2 + 1 − 1 1
1 j = =1− 2
As y = 0 + 2 , y = 0 is a x +1
2 x +1
2 x +1
x +1 In h we have already the graph of
horizontal asymptote. 1
As x2 + 1 > 0, x ∈ R, there are no y= 2 . The given function
x +1
vertical asymptote. can be graph as a reflection of the
1
Turning point: graph of y = 2 in the x-axis
dy −2x x +1
= 2 (see h) and translation of the graph of
dx (x + 1)2 1
dy y=− 2 one unit up.
= 0 when x = 0, y = 1 x +1
dx

57
 In this case, the asymptote is y = 1 ( 32 , 25
)
y 4
and the turning point moves to the
origin (0, 1) → (0, −1) → (0, 0) 4
x2
y y=
x2 +1
1 –1 0 4 x

0 x
y
1 1
k y= 2 =
x − x − 2 (x + 1)(x − 2)
Vertical asymptotes have equations 1
4
x = −1 and x = 2. ( 32 , 4
)
–1 25
The non-vertical asymptote is y = 0
0 4 x
as y → 0 as x → ±∞
y= 1
The graph is produced by first 4 + 3x – x2
sketching the graph of y = x2 − x − 2
y
2 For 2 a − d use the reciprocals of
ordinates approach.
0
–1 2 x a The ‘simpler’ function is y = 9 − x2 .
y
–2 9
( 12 , –49 )
y = 9 – x2
y
1
y=
x2 – x – 2

0 –3 0 3 x
–1 2 x
1
–1 For y = , vertical asymptotes
2 ( 12 , –94 ) 9 − x2
are at
x = ±3, horizontal asymptote at
1 1 y = 0.
l y= =
4 + 3x − x 2 (4 − x)(x + 1)
 1
Vertical asymptotes have equations Turning point at 0,
9
x = −1 and x = 4. y
The non-vertical asymptote is y = 0
1
as y → 0 as x → ±∞ y=
9 – x2
1
The graph is produced by first sketch- 9
–3 3
ing the graph of y = −x2 + 3x + 4 0 x

b The simpler function is

58
 y = (x − 2)(3 − x). y
y y = x2 + 2x + 4
(2.5 , 0.25)
4

2 3 x (–1, 3)
(–1, 1 ) 1 y=
1
3
4 x2 + 2x + 4

y = (x – 2)(3 – x) 0 x

d The simpler function is

1 y = x2 + 2x + 1.
For y = , vertical
(x − 2)(3 − x) y
asymptotes are at x = 2 and x = 3.
y = (x + 1)2
Horizontal asymptote at y = 0. y-axis
1
intercept at y = − since the simpler
6 1
graph has y-axis intercept at y = −6.
Turning point is at x = 2.5, y = 4 –1 0 x
since the turning point of the simpler 1
1 For y = 2

, the vertical
graph is at 2.5, x + 2x + 1
4 asymptote is x = −1, the horizontal
y
asymptote is y = 0. There are no turn-
dy
ing points since > 0 when x < −1,
dx
(2·5, 4) dy dy
and < 0 when x > −1. , 0 for
0 dx dx
–1 23 x any x ∈ R\{−1}. y-axis intercept is at
6 y= 1 y = 1.
(x – 2)(3 – x)
y
c The simpler function is
y = x2 + 2x + 4 = (x + 1)2 + 3 y=
1
1 x2 + 2x + 1
For y = , there are
(x + 1)2 + 3 1
no vertical asymptotes since
(x + 1)2 + 3 > 0 x = –1 0 x
The horizontal asymptote is at y = 0
 1 e Add the ordinates of the graph of
Turning point is at −1, y-axis 1
3 y = x2 + 2 and y = 2
1 x
intercept is at y =
4

59
 y ∴ 4y − 34 = 15x − 30
y = x2 + 2
∴ 4y − 15x = 4
or
15
y= x+1
y = 12 4
x

0 x
x2 − 1 1
1 4 y= = x−
For y = x2 + 1 + , asymptotes are x x
x2 dy 1
y = x2 + 2 and x = 0 ∴ =1+ 2
Turning point dx x
dy 2 2(x4 − 1) 1 1
= 2x − 3 = 1 + 2 = 5 when x = ±
dx x x3 x 2
dy
= 0 when x = ±1, y = 4
dx 5 The curve crosses the x-axis at
y y = x2 + 2 + 12 2x − 4
x = 0,
x2
∴ x=2

(–1, 4) (1, 4) dy 2x2 − 2x(2x − 4)

=
dx x4
2x − 2(2x − 4)
=
0 x x3
−2x + 8
=
x3
1
3 y = 4x + When x = 2,
x
dy 4 1
dy 1 = =
a =4− 2 dx 8 2
dx x
dy 1
= 0 when x = ± , y = ±4
dx 2 4
x −1 −0.5 −0.25 0.5 1 6 y= x−5+
x
dy
3 0 −12 0 3 a x-axis intercepts occur when
dx
Slope / – \ – / 4
x−5+ =0
 1  1  x
∴ − , −4 is a maximum and , 4 is
2 2 x2 − 5x + 4 = 0, x , 0
a minimum.
(x − 1)(x − 4) = 0
dy 1 15
b When x = 2, =4− = x = 1 and x = 4
dx 4 4
1 17 There are no y-axis intercepts since
and y = 8 = the domain of the function is R\{0}.
2 2
The equation of the tangent line is The x intercepts are (1, 0) and (4, 0).
17 15
given by y − = (x − 2)
2 4

60
 b The equation of the non-vertical 4
8 y= x+ ,x>0
asymptote is y = x − 5. x
The non-vertical asymptote is y = x
The equation of the vertical asymp- The vertical asymptote is x = 0
tote is x = 0 since the graph of dy 4
4 =1− 2
the function y = x − 5 + can be dx x
x dy
obtained as addition of the ordinates = 0 when x = 2, y = 4
4 dx
of the graphs of y = x − 5 and y = x 1 2 3
x
Asymptotes are y = x − 5 and x = 0 dy
<0 0 >0
dx
dy 4 Slope \ – /
c =1− 2
dx x Thus the point (2, 4) is a minimum.
dy
= 0 when x = ±2 Therefore the least value of y is 4.
dx
x −3 −2 −1 2 3 y
dy
>0 0 <0 0 >0 y=x
dx
Slope / – \ – /
∴ (−2, −9) is a maximum and (2, 4)
(2, −1) is a minimum 0 x
y

(x − 3)2
0 4 9 a y=
1 5 x x
–5
dy 2x(x − 3) − (x − 3)2
(–2, –9) (2, –1) =
dx x2
(x − 3)(3 + x)
=
x2
dy
∴ = 0 when x = 3 and x = −3
dx
4 y = 0 and y = −12
7 Let y = x + ,x>0 x −4 −3 1 3 4
x2
dy
∴
dy
=1− 3
8 >0 0 <0 0 >0
dx dx
x Slope / – \ – /
3
x −8 Turning points:
=
x3 (3, 0) minimum and (−3, −12)
dy maximum
= 0 when x = 2, y = 3
dx
x 1 2 3 (x − 3)2 x2 − 6x + 9
b =
dy x x
<0 0 >0
dx 9
Slope \ – / = x−6+
x
Thus the point (2, 3) is a minimum. Add the ordinates of the graphs of
4 9
Therefore the least value of x + 2 is 3. y = x − 6 and y =
x x

61
 Non-vertical asymptote is y = x − 6, Asymptotes: y = x + 3, x = 0;
vertical asymptote is x = 0. No y-intercept
x-axis intercept is at x = 0 When y = 0, x3 + 3x2 − 4 = 0
y x-intercepts (−4, 0), (1, 0);
dy 8
y=x–6
=1+ 3
dx x
0 dy
=0
–6 6 x dx
(–3, –12) (3, 0) 8
⇒1+ 3 =0
x
⇒ x = −2
Stationary points: local max (−2, 0)
y

1
10 a y = 8x + 2 (3, 5)
2x y=x+3 3
dy 1
=8− 3 (−2, 0) (1, 0)
x
dx x 1
dy 1
= 0 when x = , y = 6
dx 2
x 0.25 0.5 1
dy
<0 0 >0
dx 4x2 + 8 9
Slope \ – / 12 y = = + 2x − 1
1  2x + 1 2x + 1
The point , 6 is a minimum. a R \ − 12

2
dy 8(x2 + x − 2)
r
1
b y = 0 when 16x + 1 = 0, x = −
3 3
b =
16 dx (2x + 1)2
Non-vertical asymptote is y = 8x
Vertical asymptote is x = 0 dy
c =0
y
dx
8(x2 + x − 2)
y = 8x ⇒ =0
(2x + 1)2
3 1 ,0
– 16
1 ⇒ (x + 2)(x − 1) = 0
2
,6
⇒ x = −2 or x = 1
x Local min (1, 4); local max (−2, −8)

d x = 0, y = 2x − 1

x3 + 3x2 − 4
11 y =
x2
4
y= x+3− 2
x

62
 e R \ (−8, 4) y
a y=1

dy −8(x2 − x − 2)
b =
dx (2x2 − 2x + 5)2
dy
10
x =0
!
2
dx
−8(x2 − x − 2)
⇒ =0
(2x2 − 2x + 5)2
⇒ (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = 2 or x = −1
x +4 2
d y 8(2x − 1)(2x2 − 2x − 13)
2
13 f (x) = =
− 5x + 4
x2 dx2 (2x2 − 2x + 5)2
2
5x d y
=1+ 2 < 0 when x = 2
x − 5x + 4 dx2
5x d2 y
=1+ > 0 when x = −1
(x − 4)(x − 1) dx2  1  5
Local min − 1, ; local max 2,
a x = 4, x = 1, y = 1 3 3
c
−5(x2 − 4) d2 y
b f (x) = 2
0
=0
(x − 5x + 4)2 dx2
f 0 (x) = 0
⇒ 8(2x − 1)(2x2 − 2x − 13) = 0
−5(x2 − 4 √
⇒ 2 =0 1 1±3 3
(x − 5x + 4)2 ⇒ x = or x =
12  2
⇒ x = −2 or x = 2 Points of inflection , 1 ,
10(x3 − 12x + 20  1 − 3 √3 3 − 3 √3 
2
f 00 (x) =
(x2 − 5x + 4)3 , ,
f 00 (2) < 0, f 00 (−2) > 0 2√ 3√
4 1 + 3 3 3 + 3 3
Local max (2, −4); local min (−2, ) ,
9 2 3
y y
c d (2, 53 )

1
(12 , 1) y=1
(
−2, 4 ) x=1
9 1 y=1
x
(−1, 13 ) x
O O
(2, −4) x = 4

Note that the graph crosses the

horizontal asymptote at (0, 1)

2x2 + 2x + 3 22x − 1
14 y = 2 = 2 +1
2x − 2x + 5 2x − 2x + 5

63
 y x
15 a 16 f (x) = √
x−2
(3, 5)
a Maximal domain:x > 2
y=x+2 2
(√3, 0) x
1 x−4
(−√3, 0) b f 0 (x) = 3
2(x − 2) 2
√
y c (4, 2 2), local minimum
b

d Vertical asymptote x = 2
2 (3, 0) y = 1 √
x e f (x) → x as x → ∞
(−1, 0) 0 1
x = −2 x=2
y

y
c
2 2

( 12 , 9)
x=0 x=1
y=1
x x

O
2 4
(−1, 0) (2, 0) 0

y
d
x2 + x + 7
17 f (x) = √
(1, 9) 2x + 1
1
x=0 x=2 y=1
x
a Maximal domain: x > −
(−2, 0) O (4, 0)
2
b f (0) = 7
y
e
3x2 + 3x − 6
c f 0 (x) = 3
(2x + 1) 2
(− 72 , 74 ) x=3 √
2
y=2 d (1, 3 3), local minimum ( f ”(1) > 0)
x
O 1
x=−1 4 (
, −2 ) 1
2
e Vertical asymptote x = −
2
f No other asymptote exists

64
Solutions to Exercise 6H
1 a Let f (x) = x10 f Let f (x) = e−4x
f 0 (x) = 10x9 f 0 (x) = e−4x × (−4) = −4e−4x
f 00 (x) = 90x8 f 00 (x) = −4e−4x × (−4) = 16e−4x

b Let f (x) = (2x + 5)8 g Let f (x) = loge (6x), x > 0

f 0 (x) = 8(2x + 5)7 × 2 f 0 (x) =
1 1
× 6 = = x−1
6x x
= 16(2x + 5)7
−1
f 00 (x) = 112(2x + 5)6 × 2 f 00 (x) = −x−2 = 2
x
= 224(2x + 5)6 h  x
Let f (x) = sin −1
c Let f (x) = sin(2x) 4
1 1 x
f 0 (x) = cos(2x) × 2 = 2 cos(2x) f 0 (x) = r  x 2 × 4 , 4 ∈ (−1, 1)
f 00 (x) = 2 × − sin(2x) × 2 1−
4
= −4 sin(2x) 1
= s ! , x ∈ (−4, 4)
 x x2
d Let f (x) = cos 4 1−
3 16
 x 1
f 0 (x) = − sin 1
3
×
3 = √
16 − x2
1  x 
= − sin = (16 − x2 )− 2
1
3 3
1  x 1 1 3
f 00 (x) = − cos × f 00 (x) = − (16 − x2 )− 2 × (−2x)
3 3 3 2
1  x  x
= − cos = p
9 3 (16 − x2 )3
 3x   3x 
e Let f (x) = tan , cos ,0 i Let f (x) = cos−1 (2x)
2 2
−1
f 0 (x) = p
 3x  3
f 0 (x) = sec2 × 1 − (2x)2
2 2
3   3x −2 × 2, 2x ∈ (−1, 1)
= cos
2 2 −2  1 1
3   3x −3 = √ ,x ∈ − ,
f (x) = × −2 cos
00 1 − 4x2 2 2
2 2 1
  3x  3 = −2(1 − 4x2 )− 2
× − sin ×
2 2
9  3x 
3 3x
 
= sin sec
2 2 2

65
 1 3 1 1
f 00 (x) = −2 × − (1 − 4x2 )− 2 e Let y = tan , x , 0, cos ,0
2 x x
dy 1
× (−8x) ∴ = sec2 × (−x−2 )
−8x dx x
= p 2 1
 
(1 − 4x2 )3 − sec
x
= 2
 x x
j Let f (x) = tan−1
2
f Let y = ecos x
2
f 0 (x) = dy
4 + x2 ∴ = ecos x × (− sin x)
dx
= 2(4 + x2 )−1
= − sin x ecos x
f 00 (x) = −2(4 + x2 )−2 × 2x
−4x 4
= g Let y = loge (4 − 3x), x <
(4 + x2 )2 3
dy 1
∴ = × (−3)
dx 4 − 3x
2 a Let y = (1 − 4x2 )3 −3 3
= =
dy 4 − 3x 3x − 4
∴ = 3(1 − 4x2 )2 × (−8x)
dx
h Let y = sin−1 (1 − x)
= −24x(1 − 4x2 )2
dy 1
= p
1 dx 1 − (1 − x)2
b Let y = √ ,x<2
2−x × (−1), 1 − x ∈ (−1, 1)
1
= (2 − x) −2
−1
= p ,
dy 1 3 1 − (1 − 2x + x2 )
∴ = − (2 − x)− 2 × (−1)
dx 2 x ∈ (0, 2)
1
= p −1
2 (2 − x)3 = √
x(2 − x)
c Let y = sin(cos x)
i Let y = cos−1 (2x + 1)
dy
∴ = cos(cos x) × (− sin x) dy −1
dx = p
dx 1 − (2x + 1)2
= − sin x cos(cos x)
× 2, 2x + 1 ∈ (−1, 1)
d Let y = cos(loge x), x > 0 −2
= p ,
∴
dy
= − sin(loge x) ×
1 1 − (4x2 + 4x + 1)
dx x
x ∈ (−1, 0)
− sin(loge x)
= −2
x = √
−4x(x + 1)

66
 j Let y = tan−1 (x + 1) x= sin y + cos y
p
e
dy 1 1
= ×1 = (sin y + cos y) 2
dx 1 + (x + 1)2
dx cos y − sin y
=
1 = p
dy 2 sin y + cos y
1 + x + 2x + 1
2

1 dy 2 sin y + cos y
p
= 2 ∴ =
x + 2x + 2 dx cos y − sin y
√
loge x f y = loge (x + 1 + x2 )
3 a y=
x 2x
1 1 + √2
·x − loge x 1 − log x dy 1 + x2
dy x ∴ = √
∴ = 2
= 2
e dx x + 1 + x2
dx x x √
x + 1 + x2
x2 + 2 = √ √
b y= 1 + x2 (x + 1 + x2 )
x2 + 1
1
dy 2x(x2 + 1) − 2x(x2 + 2) = √
∴ = 1 + x2
dx (x2 + 1)2

= 2
−2x g y = sin−1 e x
(x + 1)2 dy ex
∴ = √
c y = 1 − tan−1 (1 − x) dx 1 − e2x
dy −1 sin x
∴ = × −1 h y=
dx 1 + (1 − x)2 ex + 1
1 dy (e x + 1) cos x − sin x(e x )
= 2 ∴ =
x − 2x + 2 dx (e x + 1)2
 ex  e (cos x − sin x) + cos x
x

y = loge x =
d
e +1 (e x + 1)2
= loge e x − loge (e x + 1)
b
= x − loge (e x + 1) 4 y = ax +
x
dy ex
∴ =1− x dy b
dx e +1 a i =a− 2
ex + 1 − ex dx x
=
ex + 1 d2 y 2b
1 ii = 3
= x dx2 x
e +1

67
 2
2d
y dy 2 2b
   b d2 y
b x +x = x 3 +x a− 2 ii = 2(− sin(2x)) × 2
dx2 dx x x dx2
2b b − 6 cos(2x) × 2
= + ax −
x x
= −4 sin(2x) − 12 cos(2x)
b
= ax +
x d2 y
= y (as required) b + 4y = −4 sin(2x) − 12 cos(2x)
dx2
+ 4(sin(2x) + 3 cos(2x))
5 y = sin(2x) + 3 cos(2x) = −4 sin(2x) − 12 cos(2x)
dy + 4 sin(2x) + 12 cos(2x)
a i = cos(2x) × 2
dx
= 0, as required to show.
+ 3(− sin(2x)) × 2
= 2 cos(2x) − 6 sin(2x)

68
Solutions to Exercise 6I
2
1 a x2 − 2y = 3 Substituting y = x 3 into 1 yields 2
dy √
2x − 2 =0 e x− y=2
dx
dy 1 dy
∴ =x 1− √ =0
dx 2 y dx
Alternatively,
dy √
2y = x2 − 3 =2 y
dx
1 Alternatively,
y = (x2 − 3) y = (x − 2)2
2
dy 1 dy
= × 2x = x = 2(x − 2)
dx 2 dx
√
b x2 y = 1 =2 y
√
dy since y = x − 2,
2xy + x2 =0
dx
dy −2xy 2y f xy − 2x + 3y = 0
= 2 =−
dx x x dy dy
y+x −2+3 =0
dx dx
c x3 + y3 = 1 dy
(3 + x) = 2 − y
dy dx
3x2 + 3y2 =0
dx dy 2 − y
=
dy −x2 dx 3 + x
∴ = 2 Alternatively
dx y 2x
Alternatively, y=
√3 x+3
y = 1 − x3 dy 2(x + 3) − 2x
=
dy −3x2 −x2 dx (x + 3)2
= p3 = p3
dx 3 (1 − x3 )2 (1 − x3 )2 6
=
−x2 (x + 3)2
= 2x
y2 2 −
2−y
= 3+x
d y3 = x2 3+x 3+x
2(x + 3) − 2x
dy =
3y2 = 2x (x + 3)2
dx
dy 2x 6
∴ = 2 1 =
dx 3y (x + 3)2
Alternatively,
2
y = x3
dy 2 − 1
= x 3 2
dx 3

69
 g y2 = 4ax c y = (x + y)2
dy
= 4a dy dy 

2y = 2(x + y) 1 +
dx dx dx
dy 4a
= dy 2x + 2y
dx 2y ∴ =
2a dx 1 − 2x − 2y
= 2(x + y)
y =
Alternatively,
√ 1 − 2(x + y)
y = ± 4ax
d x2 − xy + y2 = 1
dy 4a
=± √ dy dy
dx 2 4ax 2x − y − x + 2y =0
dx dx
2a
= dy y − 2x
y ∴ =
dx 2y − x
h 4x + y2 − 2y − 2 = 0
e y = x2 ey
dy dy
4 + 2y − 2 =0 dy dy
dx dx = 2x ey + x2 ey
dy 2 dx dx
= dy 2x e y
dx 1 − y ∴ =
Alternatively, dx 1 − x2 ey
1
x = − (y2 − 2y − 2) f sin y = cos2 x
4
dx 1 dy
= − (2y − 2) cos y = −2 cos x sin x
dy 4 dx
dy 2 2 dy − sin 2x
=− = ∴ =
dx y−1 1−y dx cos y
g sin(x − y) = sin x − sin y
2 a (x + 2) − y = 4
2 2  dy  dy
cos(x − y) 1 − = cos x − cos y
dx dx
dy
2(x + 2) − 2y =0 dy
dx (− cos(x − y) + cos y) = cos x − cos(x − y)
dx
dy x + 2
∴ = ∴
dy cos x − cos(x − y)
=
dx y dx cos y − cos(x − y)

1 1 h y5 − x sin y + 3y2 = 1
b = =1
x y dy
5y4 − sin y
1 1 dy dx
− 2− 2 =0 dy dy
x y dx −x cos y + 6y =0
dx dx
dy y2 dy 4
∴ =− 2 dx
(5y − x cos y + 6y) = sin y
dx x
dy sin y
∴ =
dx 5y4 − x cos y + 6y

70
3 a y2 = 8x at (2, −4) x2 y2
d + = 1 at (0, −3)
dy 16 9
2y =8 x 2y dy
dx + =0
dy 8 9 dx
At (2, −4), = −1 Substituting x = 0 and y = −3 yields
dx dy
The equation of the tangent is =0
dx
y + 4 = −(x − 2) The equation of the tangent is y = −3
∴ y = −x − 2
∴ x + y = −2 4 loge y = loge x
1 dy 1
4  =
b x − 9y = 9 at 5,
2 2
y dx x
3
dy dy y
2x − 18y =0 ∴ =
dx dx x
 4  dy x 5
At 5, , = =
3 dx 9y 12 5 x3 + y3 = 9
The equation of the tangent is
4 5 dy
y − = (x − 5) 3x2 + 3y2 =0
3 12 dx
∴ 12y − 16 = 5x − 25 dy x2
∴ =− 2
dx y
∴ 12y − 5x = −9 At (1, 2),
∴ 5x − 12y = 9 dy 1
=−
dx 4
 17 
c xy − y2 = 1 at ,4
4 6 x3 + y3 + 3xy − 1 = 0
dy dy
y+x − 2y =0 3x2 + 3y2
dy
+ 3y + 3x
dy
=0
dx dx dx dx
17
Substituting x = and y = 4 yields dy 2
4 ∴ (3y + 3x) = −3x2 − 3y
17 dy dy dx
4+ −8 =0
4 dx dx dy −(3x2 + 3y)
∴ =
dy 16 dx 3y2 + 3x
= At (2, −1),
dx 15 dy −9
The equation of the tangent is = = −1
16  17  dx 9
y−4= x−
15 4
∴ 15y − 60 = 16x − 68 7 tan x + tan y = 3
∴ 16x − 15y = 8 sec2 x + sec2 y
dy
=0
dx
dy sec2 x cos2 y
∴ =− 2 =− 2
dx sec y cos x

71
 π dy x2
When x = , 1 + tan y = 3 b =− 2
4 dx y
∴ tan y = 2  x 2
=−
y

5 <0
2
dy
Therefore cannot be positive.
dx
y
c When x = 1,
1
1 y3 = 27
⇒ cos y = √
5 ∴ y=3
π 1 At (1, 3),
∴ when x = , cos y = √ dy 1
4 5 =−
 1 2 dx 9
√
dy 5
∴ = − 10 2x2 + 8xy + 5y2 = −3 1
dx π 2
cos
4 dy dy
4x + 8y + 8x + 10y =0
1 2 dx dx
=− × dy
5 1 ∴ (8x + 10y) = −4x − 8y
2 dx
=− dy −(2x + 4y)
5 ∴ =
dx 4x + 5y
Tangents are in the form y = k,
8 y2 + xy − 2x2 = 4 dy
i.e. =0
dy dy dx
2y + y + x − 4x = 0
dx dx ∴ 2x + 4y = 0
dy
∴ (2y + x) = −y + 4x ∴ x = −2y
dx Substituiting into 1
dy 4x − y
∴ = 8y2 − 16y2 + 5y2 = −3
dx 2y + x
At (1, −3), ∴ − 3y2 = −3
dy 7 7
= =− ∴ y2 = 1
dx −5 5
∴ y = ±1
9 x3 + y3 = 28 The equation of the two tangents that
are parallel to the x-axis are y = −1 and
a 3x2 + 3y2
dy
=0 y = 1.
dx
dy x2
∴ =− 2
dx y

72
11 x3 + xy + 2y3 = k, k ∈ R 1 When x = −6 and y = −1,
dy dy ∴ k = (−6)3 + (−6) × (−1)
a 3x + y + x + 6y2
2
=0
dx dx + 2(−1)3
dy 2
∴ (6y + x) = −3x2 − y = −212
dx
dy −(3x2 + y) When x = −6 and y = 1,
∴ =
dx 6y + x ∴ k = (−6)3 + (−6) × (1) + 2(1)3
b Tangent is parallel to the y-axis = −220
dy
i.e. = undefined
dx
⇒ 6y2 + x = 0 12 x2 − 2xy + 2y2 = 4 1

∴ x = −6y2 a 2x − 2y − 2x
dy
+ 4y
dy
=0
Substituiting into 1 dx dx
−216y6 − 6y3 + 2y3 = k dy
∴ (4y − 2x) = 2y − 2x
dx
∴ − 216y − 4y = k
6 3
dy y−x
∴ =
∴ − 216y6 − 4y3 − k = 0 dx 2y − x
∴ 216y6 + 4y3 + k = 0 b Tangents are parallel to the x-axis
as required to show. when
dy
c Let z = y3 in part b giving =0
dx
216z2 + 4z + k = 0 ∴ x=y
For y to exist, z must exist so this Substituting into 1
Quadratic must have solutions. y2 − 2y2 + 2y2 = 4
i.e.
∴ y2 = 4
b2 − 4ac ≥ 0
∴ y = ±2
16 − 4 × 216k ≥ 0
When y = −2, x = −2
54k ≤ 1
1 When y = 2, x = 2
k≤ ∴ (−2, −2) and (2, 2)
54

d Let x = −6 be the tangent.

13 y2 + x3 = 1 1
dy
∴ 6y2 − 6 = 0 for = undefined dy
dx a 2y + 3x2 = 0
∴ 6y2 = 6 dx
dy 3x2
∴ y = ±1 ∴ =−
dx 2y

73
 dy and from part b. stationary points
b When = 0, x = 0
dx occur at (0, −1) and (0, 1).
Substituting x = 0 into 1 1 1
∴ y2 = 1 X − 0
2 2
dy
∴ y = ±1 = +... < 0 0 < 0
dx
∴ (0, −1) and (0, 1) Slope \ – \
dx 2y Thus the point (0, 1) is a point of
c =− 2 inflection.
dy 3x 1 1
dx X − 0
For = 0, y = 0 dy
2 2
dy = −... > 0 0 > 0
dx
When y = 0, x3 = 1 Slope / – /
∴ x=1 Thus the point (0, −1) is a point of
∴ (1, 0) inflection.

d for x → −∞, y2 → ∞ g Using a CAS calculator to sketch a

∴ y → ±∞ graph of the equation y2 + x3 = 1
dy −∞ Input the following
Also as x → −∞,
dx
→
2y √ function into
f 1(x) : f 1(x) = 1 − x3
dy
if y is positive then → −∞ Input the following√function into
dx
dy f 2(x) : f 2(x) = − 1 − x3
if y = 0 then = undefined
dx Change the window settings to:
dy
if y is negative then →∞ Xmin = −4
dx
Xmax = 2
e y +x =1
2 3
Ymin = −5
y2 = 1 − x3
√ Ymax = 5
∴ y = ± 1 − x3
√
f If y = ± 1 − x3
dy 1 1
Then = ± (1 − x3 )− 2 × −3x2
dx 2
3x2 1
=± (1 − x3 )− 2
2
3x2
=± √
2 1 − x3

74
Solutions to Technology-free questions
dy x
1 a = tan x + x sec2 x c f 0 (x) = sin−1 x + √
dx 1 − x2
dy (product rule)
b y=x⇒ =1
dx 1
f 00 (x) = √
√ 1 − x2
c y = 1 − x2
√ 2x2
dy −2x −x 1 − x2 + √
⇒ = √ = √ 2 1 − x2
dx 2 1 − x2 1 − x2 +
1−x
dy 2 1 − x + 1 − x2 + x2
2
d = p = √
dx 1 − (2x − 1)2 (1 − x2 ) 1 − x2
2 2 − x2
= √ =
1 − 4x2 + 4x − 1 (1 − x2 ) 2
3

1
= √
x − x2 d f 0 (x) = cos e x × e x (chain rule)
f 00 (x) = −e2x sin e x + e x cos e x
2 a f 0 (x) = sec2 x = e x (cos e x − e x sin e x )
 sin x 
f (x) = 2 sec x
00
cos2 x
3 a y = x3 − 8x2
= 2 sec2 x tan x
dy
= 3x2 − 16x
2
sec x dx
b f 0 (x) = d2 y
tan x = 6x − 16
cos x 1 dx2
= ×
sin x cos2 x d2 y
When 2 = 0, 6x − 16 = 0
2 dx
=
2 sin x cos x 8
∴ x=
2 3
= d2 y
sin 2x There is a change of sign for 2 .
−4 cos 2x dx
f 00 (x) =
 8 −1024 
sin2 2x The point of inflection is , .
3 27
= −4 cot 2x cosec 2x
Alternative solution:
f (x) = loge sin x − loge cos x
cos x sin x
f 0 (x) = +
sin x cos x
= cot x + tan x
f 00 (x) = −cosec2 x + sec2 x

75
 b y = sin−1 (x − 2) dy
b For f, = cos x
dx
dy 1
= p
p
dx 1 − (x − 2)2 = − 1 − sin2 x

d2 y 2−x since cos x ≤ 0

=
dx2 3 3π
(4x − 3 − x2 ) 2 when π ≤ x ≤
2
d2 y 2−x
When = 0, =0 For f −1 , x = sin y
dx2 3
(4x − 3 − x2 ) 2 dx
∴ = cos y
∴ x=2 dy
d2 y dx 1
There is a change of sign for 2 . ∴ =
dx dy cos y
The point of inflection is (2, 0).
1
=
1 q
c y = loge (x) + − 1 − sin2 y
x
dy 1 1 dy
= − since <0
dx x x2 dx
d2 y −1 2 dy 1
= 2 + 3 ∴ =−√
dx2 x x dx 1 − x2
2
d y −1 2
When 2 = 0, 2 + 3 = 0 c −√
1
= −2
dx x x
1 − x2
∴ −x+2=0 √ 1
1 − x2 =
∴ x=2 2
There is a change of sign for 1
d2 y 1 − x2 =
. The point of inflection is 4
2
dx 3
1 x2 =
2, loge 2 + . 4
2 √
− 3
x= since x < 0
2
4 a π
y y=π+
(−1, 3π )• 3
2
4π
=
y = f −1 (x) π y=x 3

5 a −
0 π −
x

y = f (x) 3π
• ( 2 , −1)

76
 b − b f (x) is a translation of y = x2 one unit
in the negative direction of the y-axis.
g(x) is a translation of y = x2 one unit
in the positive direction of the x-axis.
−
∴ f (x) = x2 − 1, g(x) = (x − 1)2

− c i f (x) + g(x) = 2x2 − 2x

1 1
ii = 2
6 a i f (x) + g(x) 2x − 2x
1 1 f (x) + g(x)
iii + =
f (x) g(x) f (x)g(x)
2x(x − 1)
= 2
(x − 1)(x − 1)2
2x
= 2
(x − 1)(x − 1)
2x
=
(x − 1)2 (x + 1)

7 a x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1
Differentiate both sides with respect
to x.
dy dy
2x + 2y + 2x + 2y =0
dx dx
ii
dy −2x − 2y
∴ =
iii dx 2x + 2y
= −1
This problem can be also be done by
observing that
x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1
which implies
−
(x + y)2 = 1

77
b x2 + 2x + y2 + 6y = 10 dy
2(x + 1) + 2(y − 3) =0
Differentiate both sides with respect dx
dy −(x + 1)
to x. ∴ =
dy dy dx y−3
2x + 2 + 2y + 6 =0
dx dx
dy −(2x + 2)
∴ = 8 y = x3
dx 2y + 6
 x + 1 dy
=− ∴ = 3x2
y+3 dx
dx
2 1 Now =3
c + =4 dt
x y dy dy dx
Differentiate both sides of the and = ×
dt dx dt
equation with respect to x.
−2 −1 dy = 3x2 × 3
+ 2 × =0
x2 x dx = 9x2
dy −2y2
∴ = 2 dy
dx x a When x = 6, = 324 cm/s
dt
d (x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1
dy
Differentiate both sides with respect b When y = 8, x = 2 and = 36 cm/s
dt
to x.

78
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 E x2 + y2 = 1 3 B
Using implicit differentiation y = sin x, x ∈ [0, 2π]
dy
2x + 2y =0 dy
dx = cos x
dx
dy x
∴ =− d2 y
 1 dx1  dy y = − sin x
dx2
At √ , √ , = −1
2 2 dx d2 y
For 2 = 0, sin x = 0
The equation of the tangent is given dx
by ∴ x = 0, π, 2π x ∈ [0, 2π]
1  1 
y− √ =− x− √ f (0) = sin 0
2 2
2 =0
∴ y = −x + √
2 f (π) = sin π
√
∴ y = −x + 2 =0
2 E f (2π) = sin 2π
f (x) = 2x + 3x − 20
2
=0
= (x + 4)(2x − 5) Consider f 00 (x) for values of x on ei-
Therefore f (x) has x-axis intercepts ther side of 0, π and 2π to determine
at x = −4 the nature of the stationary points.
5
x= . Noting that due to the restricted
2 domain we cannot determine the
1
Thus will have asymptotes value of f 00 (x) for x values lying
f (x)
5 1 outside
  the interval [0, 2π].
at x = −4 and x = since is 00 π π
2 0 f = − sin
undefined 2 2
Since the coefficient of the x2 term is = −1
positive,
<0
f (X) has a local minimum.  3π  3π
f 00 = − sin
2 2
=1
>0
π 3π
X 0 π 2π
2 2
This minimum occurs at the point f 00 (X) 0 < 0 0 > 0 0
1 Slope – \ – / –
Thus has a local maximum at
f (x)
3 8 
the point − , − .
4 169

79
 There is a point of minimum dx dx dt
= ×
gradient at (π, 0) i.e. there is a point dy dt dy
of 1
 inflection
3 169 
at the point (π, 0). = 2t ×
dy
− ,− .
4 8 dt
1
4 E = 2t × 2
3t
g(x) = e−x f (x)
2
g0 (x) = −e−x f (x) + e−x f 0 (x) =
3t
= e−x ( f 0 (x) − f (x)) 6 D 4
g (x) = −e ( f (x) − f (x))
00 −x 0
y = cos −1
,x>4
x
+ e−x ( f 00 (x) − f 0 (x)) 4
Let g(x) = 4x−1 then g0 (x) = − 2
x
g00 (x) = e−x ( f 00 (x) − 2 f 0 (x) Using the chain rule,
dy g0 (x)
+ f (x)) =−p
dx 1 − [g(x)]2
∴ g00 (x)e x = f 00 (x) − 2 f 0 (x) + f (x)
4
=
When x = a, r
16
x2 1−
g (a)e = f (a) − 2 f (a) + f (a)
00 a 00 0
x2
Since there is a point of inflection at 4
(a, g(a)), this implies that g00 (a) = 0. = √ ,x>4
x x2 − 16
∴ f 00 (a) − 2 f 0 (a) + f (a) = 0
7 C
∴ f 00 (a) = 2 f 0 (a) 54
y = x2 +
− f (a) x
dy 54
= 2x − 2
5 B dx x
x = t2 1 and y = t3 2 dy
2 = 0 for stationary points.
From 2 : y3 = t2 dx
2 54
∴ x= y3 ∴ 2x = 2
dx 2 − 1 x
= y 3 ∴ 2x = 54
3
dy 3
1 1 x3 = 27
Also from 2 : y− 3 = t−1 = ∴
t
dx 2 ∴ x=3
∴ =
dy 3t
Alternatively, When x = 3, y = 27
Therefore the coordinates of the
turning point are (3, 27).

80
8 B  x  π
π
y = sin−1 , x ∈ [0, 1] and y ∈ 0,
2 2
dy 1
= √
dx 4 − x2 -1
y = cos (x)
1
= (4 − x2 )− 2 π
2
d y 1 3
2
= − (4 − x2 )− 2 × −2x
dx 2
x
= p
(4 − x2 )3
x
= 3 Drawing tangents anywhere along
(4 − x2 ) 2 this curve (except at x = ±1) reveals
9 D 1 that the gradient is always negative.
y = tan−1 Therefore response A is true.
3x By observation there is a point of
1 1
Let g(x) = x−1 then g0 (x) = − 2 inflection at
3 3x π
Using the chain rule, 0, . Therefore response B is true.
dy g0 (x) 2
= The gradient of the graph at x = ±1
dx 1 + [g(x)]2
is undefined. Therefore response D
−1
=  1 2  is true.   π
 1 −1 1
3x2 1 + When x = , y = cos = .
3x 2 2 3
Therefore response E is true.
−1
= dy
=−√
1
 1 
3x 1 + 2
2 dx 1 − x2
9x 2
d y 1 3
−3 = (1 − x 2 −2
) × −2x
= dx2 2
 1  x
9x 1 + 2
2
= p
9x (1 − x2 )3
−3 1 1
= 2 X − 0
9x + 1 2 2
f 00 (X) > 0 0 < 0
10 C
Slope / – \
y = cos−1 x
dy
A sketch of y = f (X) is When x = 0, = −1
dx
Therefore the gradient of the graph
has a maximum value of −1.
Response C is false.

81
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 Now πr2 h = 250π
r
∴ r2 h = 250
h 2πr
250
∴ h= 2
r r

a A = 2πr2 + 2πrh
500π
= 2πr2 +
r
dA 500π
b = 4πr − 2 A
dr r
dA
= 0 when 4r3 = 500
dr A = 2πr2
(5, 150π)
r=5
At r = 5, A = 50π × 3
0 r
= 150π
Turning point is (5, 150π), a minimum.
Asymptotes are A = 2πr2 and r = 0.

c Minimum total surface area is 150π cm2 .

2 a A = 2xy + 80y + 80x

Now 40xy = 1000
1000
∴ y=
40x
25
=
x
2000
∴ A = 50 + + 80x
x
b A

(5, 850)

A = 80x + 50
50
0 x

82
 dA 2000
c = 80 − 2
dx x
dA
= 0 when x = 5, A = 850
dx
and y = 5
The minimum surface area of the box is 850 cm2 when the dimensions are
5 cm × 5 cm × 40 cm.

d A = 2xy + 2kx + 2ky

Now kxy = 1000
1000
∴ y=
kx
2000 2000
A= + 2kx +
k x
dA 2000
= 2k − 2
dx x
r
dA 1000
= 0 when x =
dx k
√
10 10k
=
k
r
1000
y=
k
√
10 10k
=
k
2000 √
and A = + 4 1000k
k
2000 √
= + 40 10k
k
2000 √
Hence surface area is a minimum of + 40 10k cm2 when the dimensions are
√ √ k
10 10k 10 10k
cm × cm × 40 cm.
k k

83
3 a Let S be the surface area of the given triangle.
xh
S = and h = x sin 60◦ x x
2 h
√
x 3 60°
= x
2
2
√
x 3
∴ S =
4
√
x2 3
and A = 3xy + 2 ×
4
2
√
x 3
= 3xy +
2
√
x2 3
b The volume of the prism is V = ×y
√ 4
x2 3
∴ y = 2000
4
8000
∴ y= √
x2 3
√
8000 3
=
3x2
 8000  x2 √3
c A = 3x √ +
x2 3 2
√ √
8000 3 x2 3
= +
x 2
√
dA 8000 3 √
d =− + x 3 A
dx x2
dA
= 0 when x = 20
dx
√ √ (20, 600 3)
A = 400 3 + 200 3 A=
x2 3
√ 2
= 600 3
0 x

√
e The minimum surface area is 600 3 cm2 .
8
4 a g(x) = 4 −
2 + x2
8
g(0) = 4 −
2
=0

84
 So the y-axis intercept is at (0, 0).
8
When g(0) = 0, 4 − =0
2 + x2
∴ 2 + x2 = 2
∴ x=0
So the x-axis intercept is at (0, 0).
8
As x → ±∞, − → 0, so y = 4 is a horizontal asymptote.
2 + x2
The above information together with a CAS calculator yields the graph shown.
8
g(5) = 4 − y
2 + 52 y=4
4
8 100
=4− (5, 27 )
27
100
= g (x) = 4 −
8
, x ∈ [0, 5]
27 2 + x2

0 5 x

b i g(x) = 4 − 8(2 + x2 )−1

g0 (x) = 8(2 + x2 )−2 × 2x by the chain rule
16x
= or 16x(2 + x2 )−2
(2 + x2 )2

ii g00 (x) = 16x × −2(2 + x2 )−3 × 2x + 16(2 + x2 )−2 by the product rule
−64x2 16
= +
(2 + x )
2 3 (2 + x2 )2
16  4x2 
= 1 −
(2 + x2 )2 2 + x2
c g0 (x) is a maximum when g00 (x) = 0
16  4x2 
i.e. 1− =0
(2 + x2 )2 2 + x2
4x2
∴ 1− =0
2 + x2
∴ 4x2 = 2 + x2
∴ 3x2 = 2
r
2
∴ x=±
3
√
6
=±
3

85
 √
6
∴ x= since 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
3
16  4
g (1) =
00
1− <0
9 3
00 1
  1280
g = >0
2 729 √
6
Therefore the gradient of the graph of y = g(x) is a maximum when x = .
3
8
d g(−5) = 4 − y
2 + 52 y=4
100 4
= (−5,
100
27 ) (5,
100
27 )
27
In general, g(−x) = g(x)
So the graph is symmetrical
About the y-axis.
–5 0 5 x

5 a i Volume of prism = Area of triangular base × height of prism

1
∴ 3000 = (12x)(5x) × y
2
= 30x2 y
3000
∴ y=
30x2
100
= 2
x

ii S = 2 × 30x2 + 5x × y + 12x × y + 13x × y

= 60x2 + 30xy
100
= 60x2 + 30x ×
x2
3000
= 60x2 +
x
3000
iii S = 60x2 + ,x>0
x
3000
As x → ∞, → 0, ∴ S → 60x2
x
S = 60x2 is a curved asymptote.
As x → 0+ , S → +∞ ∴ x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.

86
 dS 3000
= 120x − 2
dx x
dS 3000
When = 0, 120x − 2 = 0
dx x
3000
∴ x3 =
120
= 25
√3
∴ x = 25 = 2.924 01 . . .
√3
When x = 25,
√3 3000
S = 60 252 + √3
25
= 1538.978 . . .
There is a minimum turning point at 2
S (cm )
(2.92, 1539).

(2.92, 1539) S = 60x2

0 x (cm)

dx dS
b = 0.5, find
dt dt
dS dS dx
= ×
dt dx dt
 3000 
= 120x − 2 × 0.5
x
1500
= 60x − 2
x
dS 1500
When x = 9, = 60 × 9 − 2
dt 9
1500
= 540 −
81
14 080 13
= or 521
27 27
13
When x = 9, the rate at which S is increasing is 521 cm2 /s.
27

87
 3000
c Using a CAS calculator, graph S = 60x2 + and S = 2000.
x
The points of intersection are given as (1.629 898, 2000) and (4.783 346 1, 2000).
Thus the surface area is 2000 cm2 when x is either 1.63 cm or 4.78 cm, correct to
two decimal places.
(Alternatively, use the ‘solve’ command.)

6 a x2 − y2 = 4 Q (x, p)

∴ x2 = y2 + 4
q R (2, 0) P (x, 0)
∴ x = ± y2 + 4

At the point Q, x = p2 + 4, therefore the x coordinate of point p is also p2 + 4,

p p

and PQ = p.
RP = x − 2
q
= p2 + 4 − 2
1
∴ A = (RP)(PQ)
2
1
q
= ( p2 + 4 − 2)(p)
2
p p2 + 4
p
= −p
2
dA 1 1 −1 1 1
b i = p × (p2 + 4) 2 × 2p + (p2 + 4) 2 − 1 by product and chain rules
dp 2 2 2
p2 + 4
p
p2
= p + −1
2 p2 + 4 2

p p2 + 4
p
ii A = − p, p > 0
2
A

0 p

88
 p p2 + 4
p
iii Using a CAS calculator and plotting A = − p, and A = 50, the point of
2
intersection is found to be (10.95, 50). (Alternatively, use the ‘solve’ command.)
The value of p for which A = 50 is 10.95, correct to two decimal places.

p2 + 4
p
dA p2
iv = p + −1
d p 2 p2 + 4 2
q
Now p ≥ 0 and p2 + 4 ≥ 2
2

p2 + 4
p
p2
∴ ≥ 0 and ≥1
2 p2 + 4
p
2
dA
∴ ≥0+1−1=1
dp
dA
Thus ≥ 0 for all p.
dp
dp dA
c = 0.2, find
dt dt
dA dA d p
= ×
dt d p dt
p2 + 4
p
 p2 
= p + − 1 × 0.2
2 p2 + 4 2
p2 + 4 1
p
p2
= p + −
10 p2 + 4 10 5
√
dA 2.52 2.52 + 4 1
i When p = 2.5, = √ + −
dt 10 2.52 + 4 10 5
√
6.25 10.25 1
= √ + −
10 10.25 10 5
= 0.315 37 . . .
Using a CAS calculator complete as follows,

The rate at with A is increasing, with p = 2.5, is displayed on the screen and is
0.315 square units per second, correct to three decimal places.

89
 ii On a CAS calculator complete as follows,

When p = 4, A is increasing at a rate of 0.605 square units per second, correct to

three decimal places.

iii Repeating the procedure in ii above, with p = 50, A is increasing at a rate of

9.800 square units per second.

iv Repeating the procedure in ii above, with p = 80, A is increasing at a rate of

15.800 square units per second.

7 a f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

f 0 (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c

b f 00 (x) = 6ax + 2b

c For the cubic function f (x) to have no turning points, f 0 (x) = 0 must have at most
one solution,
i.e. (2b)2 − 4(3a)c ≤ 0 (discriminant of f 0 (x))
∴ 4b2 ≤ 12ac
∴ b2 ≤ 3ac
The family has no turning points when b2 ≤ 3ac.
The family has no stationary points when b2 < 3ac.

d i The gradient of the family, i.e., f 0 (x), has a local maximum or minimum at x1
when
f 00 (x1 ) = 0 ∴ 6ax1 + 2b = 0
−b
∴ x1 =
3a
ii When a > 0, the gradient is a local minimum.
When a < 0, the gradient is a local maximum.
−b
e If a = 1, x1 =
3
−b
i.e. the x coordinate of the stationary point of y = f 0 (x) is .
3

90
 f i To find the x-axis intercept for y = x3 + bx2 + cx, let y = 0
∴ x3 + bx2 + cx = 0
∴ x(x2 + bx + c) = 0
∴ x = 0 or x2 + bx + c = 0
If there is only one x-axis intercept (at x = 0) there must be no solutions to the
equation x2 + bx + c = 0, i.e. b2 − 4c < 0
∴ b2 < 4c

ii If there are two turning points then there are two solutions to the equation
dy
= 0, i.e.
dx
dy
= 3x2 + 2bx + c
dx
dy
When = 0, 3x2 + 2bx + c = 0
dx
√
−2b ± 4b2 − 12c
∴ x=
6
√
−b ± b2 − 3c
=
3
For two solutions b2 − 3c > 0
∴ b2 > 3c
Now b2 < 4c since there is only one x-axis intercept
∴ 3c < b2 < 4c
1 − x2
8 a i y=
1 + x2
u
= where u = 1 − x2 and v = 1 + x2
v
du dv
∴ = −2x = 2x
dx dx
du dv
dy v −u
= dx 2 dx
dx v
(1 + x2 )(−2x) − (1 − x2 )(2x)
=
(1 + x2 )2
−2x − 2x3 − 2x + 2x3
=
(1 + x2 )2
−4x
= as required.
(1 + x2 )2

91
 dy −4x
ii =
dx (1 + x2 )2
u
=
v
where u = −4x and v = (1 + x2 )2
du dv
∴ = −4 = 2(1 + x2 )(2x)
dx dx
= 4x(1 + x2 )
du dv
2
d y v − u
2
= dx 2 dx
dx v
(1 + x2 )2 (−4) − (−4x)(4x)(1 + x2 )
=
(1 + x2 )4
−4(1 + x2 )2 + 16x2 (1 + x2 )
=
(1 + x2 )4
−4(1 + x2 ) + 16x2
=
(1 + x2 )3
12x2 − 4
=
(1 + x2 )3
4(3x2 − 1)
=
(1 + x2 )3

1 − x2
b y=
1 + x2
2
= −1 +
1 + x2
When y = 0, 1 − x2 = 0
∴ x = ±1
The x-axis intercepts are at x = ±1
When x = 0, y = 1
The y-axis intercept is at y = 1.
As x → ±∞, y → −1 from above.
Thus y = −1 is a horizontal asymptote.
dy −4x
=
dx (1 + x2 )2
dy −4x
When = 0, =0
dx (1 + x2 )2
∴ − 4x = 0
∴ x=0

92
 y
1

–1 1
0 x
–1
y = –1

1 − x2
c y= y
1 + x2
1
1 − 4 −3
When x = ±2, y = =
1+4 5 –2 –1 1 2
dy −4x x
= −3
0
−3
dx (1 + x2 )2 (−2, 5 ) –1 (2, 5 )
y = −1

4
−√ √
1 dy 3 −3 3
When x = √ , = = − 3 3 3 y
3 dx 1 2 4 ( 3 , 4 ) dy
y = dx
1+
3 8 1
(−2, 25 )
4 1 2 x
√ √
−1 dy 3 3 3 –2 –1 0 −8
When x = √ , = = (2, 25 )
3 dy 1 2 4 –1
1+
3 3 −3 3
( 3 , 4 )
dy −8 −8
When x = 2, = =
dx (1 + 4) 2 25
dy 8 8
When x = −2, = =
dx (1 + 4) 2 25
d2 y 4(3x2 − 1)
= y
dx2 (1 + x2 )3 44 (–1, 1) (1, 1) 44
2 (−2, 125 ) 1 (2, 125 )
d y
When = 0, –2 –1 0 1 2 x
dx2
− 3 3
3x2 − 1 = 0 ( 3 , 0)
( 3 , 0)
1 −4 d 2y
∴ x2 = y=
dx2
3
√
3 d2 y 4(11) 44
∴ x=± When x = ±2, 2 = =
3 dx (1 + 4) 3 125

1 − x2
d i y=
1 + x2
The x-axis intercepts are at x = −1 and x = 1

93
 dy −4x
=
dx (1 + x2 )2
dy 4
At x = −1, = = 1, and y = 0
dx 4
Therefore the tangent to the curve at x = −1 has equation
y − 0 = 1(x − (−1))
∴ y= x+1 1
dy −4
At x = 1, = = −1, and y = 0
dx 4
Therefore the tangent to the curve at x = 1 has equation
y − 0 = −1(x − 1)
∴ y = −x + 1

ii The point of intersection of the tangents is where

x + 1 = −x + 1
∴ 2x = 0
∴ x=0
Substituting x = 0 into 1 in d i gives y = 1
Therefore the point of intersection of the tangents is at C(0, 1), the y-axis
1 − x2
intercept of the graph of y = .
1 + x2

9 a i V = −3000π(loge (1 − h) + h)
dV  1 
= −3000π × −1 + 1 , h < 1
dh  −11 − h1 − h 
= −3000π +
1−h 1−h
 −h 
= −3000π
1−h
3000πh
=
1−h
dV
ii From a CAS calculator, the graph of against h is as shown.
dh
dV
dh
(L/m)
(0.9, 84 823)
85 000

h (m)
0 0.9

94
 b i When h = 0.9, V = −3000π(loge (1 − 0.9) + 0.9)
= −3000π(loge (0.1) + 0.9)
= 13 219.053 07 . . .
The maximum volume of the pool is 13 219 litres, to the nearest litre.

ii

c Let t = time (in minutes)

dV
= 15
dt
dh dh dh dV
Find = ×
dt dt dV dt
1−h
= × 15
3000πh
1−h
=
200πh
dh 1 − 0.2
When h = 0.2, =
dt 200π × 0.2
= 0.006 366 1 . . .
The rate at which the depth is increasing when h = 0.2 is 0.0064 m/min, correct to
two significant figures.
1
10 a i f (x) = tan−1 (x) + tan−1 , x , 0
x
1 1 −1
f 0 (x) = + ×
1 + x2  1 2 x2

1+
x
1 −1
= +
1 + x2 x2 + 1
=0

95
 1
ii f (x) = tan−1 (x) + tan−1
x
π
If x > 0, f (x) = tan−1 (x) + − tan−1 (x)
2
π
=
2
−π
iii If x < 0, f (x) = tan−1 (x) + − tan−1 (x)
2
−π
=
2

b i y = cot x, x ∈ (0, π)
cos x
=
sin x
u
= where u = cos x and v = sin x
v
du dv
= − sin x = cos x
dx dx
dy sin x × − sin x − cos x × cos x
∴ =
dx sin2 x
−(sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
sin2 x
= −cosec2 x, x ∈ (0, π)

dy
ii = −cosec2 x
dx
= − cot2 x − 1
= −y2 − 1

c If y = cot−1 x, y ∈ (0, π)
then x = cot y
dx
∴ = −cosec2 y
dy
dy −1
∴ =
dx cosec2 y
−1
=
cot y + 1
2

−1
= 2
x +1
 π
d Let y = cot(x) + tan(x), x ∈ 0,
2

96
 d
From b i cot(x) = −cosec2 x
dx
dy
∴ = −cosec2 x + sec2 x
dx
8
11 For f (x) = − 32 + 16 loge (2x),
x2
16 16
a f 0 (x) = − 3
x x
48 16
b f 00 (x) = −
x4 x2
16 16
c f 0 (x) = 0 implies − 3 =0
x x
∴ 16x2 − 16 = 0
∴ x = ±1
∴ x = 1, since x > 0
When x = 1, f (1) = 16 loge 2 − 24
The coordinates of the one stationary point are (1, 16 loge 2 − 24).

48 16
d For the inflection point consider − = 0.
x4 x2
∴ 48 − 16x2 = 0
√
∴ x=± 3
√
∴ x = 3, since x > 0
Now f 00 (1) > 0 and f 00 (1) < 0, so there
√ is a sign change.
So a point of inflection exists at x = 3.
16 16
e f 0 (x) = − 3 y
x x
This is the graph of y = f 0 (x).
So f 0 (x) > 0 for x > 1.

x
0 (1, 0)

f Using the ‘solve’ command of a CAS calculator, there is a second x-intercept at

x = 3.55, correct to 2 decimal places.

97
 g y

5
(0.5, 0) (3.55, 0)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
−5

−10
(1, 16 loge 2 − 24)

12 a For x = 3 cos θ and y = 2 sin θ

dx dy
= −3 sin θ and = 2 cos θ
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ
Therefore = ×
dx dθ dx
1
= 2 cos θ ×
−3 sin θ
2 cos θ
=−
3 sin θ
Therefore the tangent has equation
2 cos θ
y − 2 sin θ = − (x − 3 cos θ)
3 sin θ
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 3 sin θ
3y sin θ − 6 sin2 θ = −2x cos θ + 6 cos2 θ
Then rearranging gives
3y sin θ + 2x cos θ = 6 sin2 θ + 6 cos2 θ
∴ 3y sin θ + 2x cos θ = 6, as required.

b i When x = 3, 3y sin θ + 6 cos θ = 6

6 − 6 cos θ
This implies y =
3 sin θ
2 − 2 cos θ
=
sin θ 
2 − 2 cos θ 
The point T has coordinates 3, .
sin θ
2 − 2 cos θ 2(1 − cos θ)
ii OT has gradient =
3 sin θ 3 sin θ
2 sin θ
AP has gradient
3(cos θ + 1)
2(1 − cos θ) 2 sin θ
We are required to prove that =
3 sin θ 3(cos θ + 1)

98
 2(1 − cos θ)
LHS =
3 sin θ
2 θ
  
2 1 − 1 − 2 sin
2
=
θ θ
6 sin cos
2 2
2 θ
= tan
3 2
2 sin θ
RHS =
3(cos θ + 1)
θ θ
4 sin cos
=  2 2
θ 
3 2 cos2 − 1 + 1
2
2 θ
= tan
3 2
2 θ
So OT is parallel to AP as both have the same gradient of tan .
3 2
c i The tangent has equation 3y sin θ − 2x cos θ = 6.
It intersects the x-axis then y = 0.
3
then y = 0, x = (Q)
cos θ
It intersects the y-axis then x = 0.
2
When x = 0, y = (R)
sin θ
3   2 
Coordinates of Q are , 0 and the coordinates of R are 0, .
cos θ  3 sin θ
1 
The midpoint M has coordinates , .
2 cos θ sin θ
3 1
ii To find the locus, let x = and y = .
2 cos θ sin θ
3 1
Rearrange to give cos θ = and sin θ = .
2x y
Squaring and adding gives
9 1
2
+ 2 = 1 since sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
4x y
d i W(−3 sin θ, 2 cos θ) and P(3 cos θ, 2 sin θ) are points on the ellipse.
For x = −3 sin θ and y = 2 cos θ,
dx dy
= −3 cos θ and = −2 sin θ
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ
Therefore = ×
dx dθ dx
1 2 sin θ
= −2 sin θ × =
−3 cos θ 3 cos θ

99
 Therefore the tangent has equation
2 sin θ
y − 2 cos θ = (x + 3 sin θ) 1
3 cos θ
ii Multiplying both sides of equation 1 in d i by 3 cos θ,
3y cos θ − 6 cos2 θ = 2x sin θ + 6 sin2 θ
Then rearranging gives
3y cos θ + 2x sin θ = 6 sin2 θ + 6 cos2 θ
=6
Thus 3y cos θ − 2x sin θ = 6 2
The equation of the tangent at P is
3y sin θ + 2x cos θ = 6 3 from a above.
Multiplying 2 by cos θ and 3 by sin θ, and then adding,
3y cos2 θ + 3y sin2 θ = 6(cos θ + sin θ)
Therefore y = 2(cos θ + sin θ)
Multiply 2 by sin θ and 3 by cos θ, and subtract
−2x sin2 θ − 2x sin2 θ = 6 sin θ − 6 cos θ
This implies x = 3(cos θ − sin θ)
The point Z has coordinates (3(cos θ − sin θ), 2(cos θ + sin θ)).

iii x = 3(cos θ − sin θ) and y = 2(cos θ + sin θ)

x y
= cos θ − sin θ and = cos θ + sin θ
3 2
x y x y y x
Therefore + = 2 cos θ and − = −2 sin θ or − = 2 sin θ
3 2 3 2 2 3
Squaring and adding these new equations gives
 x y 2  y x 2
+ + − = 4 or (2x + 3y)2 + (3y − 2x)2 = 144
3 2 2 3

13 a For x = a cos θ and y = b sin θ

dx dy
= −a sin θ and = b cos θ
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ
Therefore = ×
dx dθ dx
1
= b cos θ ×
−a sin θ
b cos θ
=−
a sin θ
Therefore the tangent has equation
b cos θ
y − b sin θ = − (x − a cos θ)
a sin θ
Multiplying both sides of the equation by a sin θ,

100
 ay sin θ − ba sin2 θ = −bx cos θ + ab cos2 θ
Then rearranging gives
ay sin θ + bx cos θ = ab sin2 θ + ab cos2 θ
= ab
∴ ay sin θ + bx cos θ = ab
It intersects the x-axis when y = 0.
a
When y = 0, x = (M)
cos θ
It intersects the y-axis when x = 0.
b
When x = 0, y = (N)
sin θ    
1  a   b 
Therefore, the area of the triangle = ×  ×
cos θ   sin θ 

2
 
ab 
=  
sin 2θ 
π
b Minimum area is ab when sin 2θ = ±1, 2θ = + kπ, where k is an integer.
2
π
Therefore θ = (2k + 1) , where k is an integer.
4

14 a x = a sec θ and y = b tan θ

a b sin θ
That is, x = and y =
cos θ cos θ
dx a sin θ dy
= and = b sec2 θ
dθ cos2 θ dθ
dy dy dθ
Therefore = ×
dx dθ dx
cos2 θ
= b sec2 θ ×
a sin θ
b
=
a sin θ
Therefore the equation of the tangent at P(a sec θ, b tan θ) is
b sin θ b  a 
y− = x−
cos θ a sin θ cos θ
Multiplying both sides by a sin θ gives
ab sin2 θ  a 
ya sin θ − =b x−
cos θ cos θ
ab sin2 θ ab
∴ ya sin θ − = bx −
cos θ cos θ
Dividing both sides by cos θ and rearranging gives
ya sin θ bx ab sin2 θ ba
− = −
cos θ cos θ cos θ cos2 θ
Dividing both sides by ab,

101
 y tan θ x sec θ
− = tan2 θ − sec2 θ
b a
and therefore
y tan θ x sec θ
∴ − = −1
b a
x y
∴ sec θ − tan θ = 1, as required.
a b
bx
b First consider the intersection with the asymptote with equation y = .
a
y tan θ x sec θ
Substitute for y in − = −1
b a
x tan θ x sec θ
to give − = −1
a a
which implies x(sec θ − tan θ) = a
a
∴ x=
sec θ − tan θ
a cos θ
=
1 − sin θ
bx ba cos θ
and substituting in y = gives y =
a a(1 − sin θ)
b
=
 sec θa− tan θ b 
and hence the coordinates of Q are , .
sec θ − tan θ sec θ − tan θ
−bx
Now consider the intersection with the asymptote with equation y = .
a
y tan θ x sec θ
Substitute for y in − = −1
b a
−x tan θ x sec θ
to give − = −1
a a
which implies x(sec θ + tan θ) = a
a
∴ x=
sec θ + tan θ
a cos θ
=
1 + sin θ
−bx −b
and substituting in y = gives y =
a sec θ + tan θ
−b cos θ
=
 1 +asin θ −b 
and hence the coordinates of R are ,
sec θ + tan θ sec θ + tan θ
c The
 1  midpoint of QR is the point with coordinates
a a 1 b b 
+ , −
2 sec θ − tan θ sec θ + tan θ 2 sec θ − tan θ sec θ + tan θ
Obtaining common denominator yields

102
  a sec θ b tan θ 
, = (a sec θ, b tan θ)
sec2 θ − tan2 θ sec2 θ − tan2 θ
15 a

θ θ

For x = 2 cos θ and y = sin θ

dx dy
= −2 sin θ and = cos θ
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ
Therefore = ×
dx dθ dx
1
= cos θ ×
−2 sin θ
cos θ
=−
2 sin θ
Gradient of the normal is 2 tan θ.
Therefore the normal has equation
2 sin θ
y − sin θ = (x − 2 cos θ)
cos θ
Multiplying both sides of the equation by cos θ gives
y cos θ − sin θ cos θ = 2x sin θ − 4 cos θ sin θ
Then rearranging gives
−2x sin θ + y cos θ = −3 cos θ sin θ
Making y the subject
y = 2x tan θ − 3 sin θ
When x = 0, y = −3 sin θ (R)
3 cos θ
and, when y = 0, x = (Q)
2
9
Therefore: area of triangle OQR = sin θ cos θ
4
9
= sin 2θ
8
9 π
b Therefore the maximum area is which occurs where 2θ = ,
8 2
π
∴ θ= .
4

103
  3 cos θ 
c The coordinates of R are (0, −3 sin θ) and the coordinates of Q are ,0 .
 3 cos θ −3 sin θ  2
Therefore the midpoint M of QR has coordinates , .
4 2
3 cos θ −3 sin θ
d The parametric equations of the midpoint are x = and y = .
4 2
4x −2y
Therefore cos θ = and sin θ = .
3 3
Squaring and adding
16x2 4y2
+ = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
9 9
That is, 16x2 + 4y2 = 9

16

S
θ

a The coordinates of S are (2 cos θ, sin θ).

The parametric equations of C are x = 2 cos θ and y = sin θ.
x2
∴ + y2 = 1 is the equation of the path C.
4
x dy
b Using implicit differentiation gives + 2y =0
2 dx
dy −x
Therefore =
dx 4y
At the point (u, v) the equation of the tangent is
−u
y−v= (x − u)
4v
−u u2
Therefore y = x+ +v
4v 4v
u2
But + v2 = 1
4
u2 1
Divide both sides of this by v to see +v=
4v v
−u 1
The equation of the tangent is y = x+
4v v

104
c This diagram shows extreme positions of the direction in which the gun is pointing.

α
α

v
The gradient of GS =
u−4
v
Therefore tan α =
4−u
−u 1
For the tangent to pass through G(4, 0), 0 = × 4 + from b above
4v v
This gives u = 1
and substituting in the
√ equation of the ellipse gives
3
v=
2
√
3
Therefore tan α = 2
4−1
1√
= 3
6

105
Chapter 7 – Antidifferentiation
Solutions to Exercise 7A
π
Z Z Z
3dx 3 dx 3
Z !
1 a sin 2x + dx f = = x−2 dx
4 2x2 2 x2 2
1 π
! 3 x−1
= − cos 2x + +c = +c
2 4 2 −1
3
π =− +c
!
1
= − cos 2x + , (where c = 0) 2x
2 4 3
=− ,
Z
1 2x
b cos(πx)dx = sin πx + c (where c = 0)
π
1 g Z
= sin πx,
π
(6x3 − 2x2 + 4x + 1)dx
(where c = 0) Z Z Z
Z
2π
!
3 2π
! = 6 x dx − 2 x dx + 4 x dx
3 2

c sin x dx = − cos x +c
3 2π 3 Z
! + dx
3 2πx
= − cos ,
2π 3 6x4 2x3 4x2
= − + +x+c
(where c = 0) 4 3 2
3x4 2x3
Z = − + 2x2 + x + c;
1 2 3
d e3x+1 dx = e3x+1 + c
3 3x4 2x3
= − + 2x2 + x,
1 2 3
= e3x+1 , (where c = 0)
3 (where c = 0)
Z
1
e e5(x+4) dx = e5(x+4) + c
5 2 a Z
1
1
= e5(x+4) , (e x − e−x )dx = [e x + e−x ]1−1
5 −1
(where c = 0) = (e + e−1 ) − (e−1 + e)
=0
Z 2
b (3x2 + 2x + 4)dx
0

= [x3 + x2 + 4x]20
=8+4+8
= 20

1
 π # π2 π π
sec2 x dx = [tan x]04 = 1
Z " R
1 4
2 i
c sin 2x dx = − cos 2x 0
0 2 0
1 Z 
1  1
= − (cos π − cos 0) 3 a dx = loge |2x − 5| + c
2 2x − 5 2
1
= − × −2 R1 1  1 3
2 b 0 dx = loge
=1 2x − 5 2 5
R −1  1  1 7
Z 3
3
Z 3 c −2 dx = loge
d dx = 3 x−3 dx 2x − 5 2 9
2 x3 2
3
= − [x−2 ]32 Z 1 " #1
1 1
2 4 a dx = loge |3x + 2|
3 1 1
! 0 3x + 2 3 0
=− − 1
2 9 4 = (loge 5 − loge 2)
3 5 3
=− ×− 1 5
2 36 = loge ≈ 0.305
5 3 2
= −1
24 Z
1
b dx
π
Z −3 3x − 2
4
e (cos x + 2x)dx "
1
#−1
0 = loge |3x − 2|
π 3 −3
= [sin x + x2 ]04
1
√ = (loge | − 5| − loge | − 11|)
2 π2 3
= + ≈ 1.324
2 16 1 5
= loge
Z 1 #1 3 11
1 3x x2
"
f (e + x)dx = e +
3x Z 0 " #0
3 2 0 1 1
0
c dx = − loge |4 − 3x|
1 1 1 −1 4 − 3x 3 −1
= e3 + −
3 2 3 1
3
= − (loge 4 − loge 7)
e 1 3
= + 1 4
3 6 = − loge
3 7
π " # π2
1 1 7
cos 4x dx = =0 = loge
R
2
g 0 sin 4x
4 0
3 4

π " #π
1 1 2
sin x dx = −2 cos x = 0,
R
2
h π
−2 2 2 −π
2
1
because cos x is an even function.
2

2
 1 (3x + 2)6 3x + 1
Z Z Z !
2
5 a (3x + 2) dx =
5
+c e dx = 3− dx
3 6 x+1 x+1
(3x + 2)6 = 3x − 2 loge |x + 1| + c
= +c
18
= 3x − 2 loge |x + 1|,
1
= (3x + 2)6 ,
18 (where c = 0)
(where c = 0) Z
3x 2 3x
f cos dx = sin +c
Z
dx 1 2 3 2
b = loge |3x − 2| + c 2 3x
3x − 2 3 = sin ,
1 3 2
= loge |3x − 2|,
3 (where c = 0)
(where c = 0) 4
Z
1 1 (5x − 1) 3
Z √ g (5x − 1) 3 dx = +c
c 3x + 2dx 5 4
Z 3
1 p3
= (3x + 2) 2 dx 3 (5x − 1)4
= +c
20
3
1 (3x + 2) 2 3
= (5x − 1) 3 ,
4
= +c 20
3 3
2 (where c = 0)
2 (3x + 2)3
p
= +c 2x + 1
Z Z !
5
9 h dx = 2− dx
2 3 x+3 x+3
= (3x + 2) 2 , (where c = 0) Z Z
dx
9 = 2 dx − 5
Z Z x+3
dx
d = (3x + 2)−2 dx = 2x − 5 loge |x + 3| + c;
(3x + 2)2
1 (3x + 2)−1 = 2x − 5 loge |x + 3|,
= +c
3 −1 (where c = 0)
1
=− +c
3(3x + 2)
1 6 a f (x) = 2x
=− ,
3(3x + 2)
Z
F(x) = f (x)dx
(where c = 0) Z
= 2x dx

= x2 + c

3
 Now F(−1) = 4 d f (x) = aebx
∴ (−1)2 + c = 4 f (0) = −1
∴ c=3 ∴ aeb×0 = −1
∴ F(x) = x2 + 3 ∴ a = −1
∴ f (x) = −ebx
b f (x) = 4x2
Z f (− loge 2) = −2
F(x) = 4x2 dx
∴ −eb(− loge 2) = −2
4 3 ∴ −(eloge 2 )−b = −2
= x +c
3
Now F(0) = 0 ∴ −2−b = −2
4 2 ∴ b = −1
∴ (0) + c = 0
3 ∴ f (x) = −e−x
∴ c=0 Z
4 3 F(x) = −e−x dx
∴ F(x) = x
3 = e−x + c
c f (x) = −2(x − 2)2 The graph of F(x) is a translation 3
units in the positive direction of the
= −2(x2 − 4x + 4) y axis of the graph of
= −2x2 + 8x − 8 y = e−x .
Z
F(x) = −2x2 + 8x − 8dx ∴ c=3
∴ F(x) = e−x + 3
2
= − x3 + 4x2 − 8x + c
3 e f (x) = 2 sin x, x ∈ (0, 2π)
Now F(2) = 4 Z
2 F(x) = 2 sin x dx
∴ − (2)3 + 4(2)2 − 8(2) + c = 4
3
16 = −2 cos x + c
∴ − + 16 − 16 + c = 4 Now F(π) = 4
3
28 ∴ −2 cos π + c = 4
∴ c=
3
2 28 ∴ 2+c=4
∴ F(x) = − x3 + 4x2 − 8x +
3 3 ∴ c=2
∴ F(x) = −2 cos x + 2

4
 a
f f (x) = linear, the graph of F(x) is a parabola.
b + x2
F(0) = 0 is given.
Now f (1) = 0.4 A possible graph is shown.
a y
∴ = 0.4
b + 12 y = F(x)
∴ a = 0.4(b + 1)
1
0 1 2 x
Also f (0) = 0.5
a
∴ = 0.5
b + 02 b y = f (x) is the gradient graph
b of F(x).
∴ a=
2
2 Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is
Substituting
2 in
1 yields
b positive for x > −1, zero for x = −1
= 0.4(b + 1)
2 and negative for x < −1. Since
2b 2 y = f (x) is linear, the graph of F(x) is
= +
5 5 a parabola. F(0) = 1 is given.
∴ 5b = 4b + 4 A possible graph is shown.
∴ b=4 y
Substituting b = 4 in 2 yields y = F(x)
4 1
a= =2
2
2 –1 0 x
∴ f (x) =
4 + x2
c y = f (x) is the gradient graph
Z
2
∴ F(x) = dx
4 + x2 of F(x).
! Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is
−1 x
= tan +c positive for all x ∈ R.. The gradient is
2
π at a minimum of 2 when x = 1, and
Now F(0) = F(0) = 0 is given.
2
π
∴ tan−1 (0) + c = A possible graph is shown.
2
π y
∴ c=
2 y = F(x)
π
!
−1 x
∴ F(x) = tan +
2 2 0 1 x

7 a y = f (x) is the gradient graph d y = f (x) is the gradient graph

of F(x).
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is
negative for x > 1, zero for x = 1 and
positive for x < 1. Since y = f (x) is
of F(x).
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x)
is positive for −5 < x < −1, zero for
x = −5 and x = −1, and negative for
x < −5 and x > −1. The gradient is

5
 at a maximum of 4 when x = −3 and y y = F(x)
F(0) = 0 is given.
A possible graph is shown.
y
y = F(x) 0 1 2 x
–5 –3 0
–1 x
f y = f (x) is the gradient graph
of F(x).
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is
e y = f (x) is the gradient graph positive for x > 3, negative for x < 3
of F(x). and zero for x = 3. F(0) = 2 is given.
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is A possible graph is shown.
positive for x < 1 and x > 2, negative y
y = F(x)
for 1 < x < 2 and zero for x = 1 and
x = 2. F(0) = 0 is given.
2
A possible graph is shown.
0 3 x

6
Solutions to Exercise 7B
Z Z Z Z
dx dx dx 1 dx
1 a √ = √ i √ = √ r
9 − x2 32 − x2 5 − 2x2 2 5
x − x2
= sin−1 + c 2
3 1 x
Z Z = √ sin−1 r + c
dx dx 2 5
b = √
5+x 2
( 5)2 + x2 2
√ √
1 x 2 −1 x 10
= √ tan−1 √ + c = sin +c
5 5 2 5
√ √
5 −1 5x
Z
7 7 y
= tan +c j dy = √ tan−1 √ + c
5 5 3+y 2
3 3
Z √ √
dt 7 3 −1 3y
c = tan−1 t + c = tan +c
1 + t2 3 3
Z CAS:
5 x For part i and j
d √ dx = 5 sin−1 √ + c
5 − x2 5
√
5x
= 5 sin−1 +c
5
Z
3 3 x
e dx = tan−1 + c
16 + x 2 4 4
Z Z
dx 1 dx
f √ = √
16 − 4x2 2 4 − x2
1 x
= sin−1 + c
2 2
Z
10dt t
g √ = 10 sin−1 √ + c Z 1
2
10 − t2 10 2 a dx = 2[tan−1 x]10
√ 0 1+x 2
10t π
= 10 sin−1 +c =2×
10 4
π
=
Z Z
dt 1 dt
h = 2
9 + 16t 2 16 9
+ t2 1
16 Z 1
2 3
1 4 t b √ dx = 3[sin−1 x]02
= × tan−1 + c 0 1 − x2
16 3 3
π
4 =3×
1 4t 6
= tan−1 + c π
12 3 =
2

7
 √
1
x 1
Z 3 2
5 
dx = 5 sin−1
Z
c √ 4 dx
0 4− x2 2 0 h √
π 0 9 − 4x2
=5× √
3 2
6 1
Z
4 dx
5π =
=
r 
2 0 3 2
6 − x2
2
5 √
6  −1 x 5
Z
6dx 3 2
d = tan 1 x 4
0 25 + x2 5 5 0 = sin−1
2 3 0
6 π
= × 2
5 4 √
1 −1 2
=
3π = sin
10 2 2
π
3 3
=
Z Z 8
2 3dx 3 2 dx
e =
0 9 + 4x 2 4 0
 3 2 Z 1 Z 1
+ x2 i
3 3dy
=
3 dy
2 p r 
0 1 − 9y2 0 1 2
" # 23 − y2
3 2 x 3
= × tan−1
4 3 3 0 " # 13
y
2 = sin −1
1
1 π 3 0
= × π
2 4 =
π 2
=
8 Z 2 Z 2
dx 1 dx
2 2 j =
1 + 3x
Z Z
dx 1 dx 2 3  1 2
f = 0 0
√ + x2
0 8 + 2x 2 2 0 4+x
2
3
1 1 x 2 #2
1 √
"
= × tan−1 −1 x
2 2 2 0 = × 3 tan
3 √1 0
1 π 3
= × √
4 4 3 −1 √
π = tan 2 3
= 3
16 ≈ 0.745
3 3
x2 π
Z
2 dx 
g √ = sin −1
=
0 9 − x2 3 0 6

8
Solutions to Exercise 7C
1 a 1 1
f (u) = 2 =
Let u = x2 + 1 u sin2 x
Z Z
cos xdx du
du ∴ =
Then = 2x and sin2 x u2
dx
1
f (u) = u3 = (x2 + 1)3 =− +c
Z Z u
du 3 1
∴ 2x(x + 1) dx =
2 3
u dx =− +c
dx sin x
Z
= u3 du
Z
1 1
e (2x + 1)5 dx = × (2x + 1)6 + c
2 6
u4
= +c (linear substitution)
4
(x2 + 1)4 (2x + 1)6
= +c = +c
4 12
b Let u = x2 + 1 f Let 9 + x2 = u
du du
Then = 2x and Then = 2x, and
dx dx√ √
1 1 f (u) = u = 9 + x2
f (u) = 2 = 2
(x + 1)2 √
Z Z
u p 5
∴ 5x 9 + x dx =
2 udu
2
Z Z
x dx du
∴ =
(x2 + 1)2 2u2 5 2 3
= × u2 + c
2 3
Z
1
= u−2 du 5p
2 = (9 + x2 )3 + c
1 3
= − u−1 + c
2 g Let x2 − 3 = u
1
=− 2 +c du
= 2x, f (u) = u5 = (x2 − 3)5
2(x + 1) Then
dx
c Let sin x = u Z
1
Z
du ∴ x(x − 3) dx =
2 5
u5 du
Then = cos x 2
dx 1 1
= × u6 + c
Z Z
∴ cos x sin x dx =
3
u3 du 2 6
1
u4 = (x2 − 3)6 + c
= +c 12
4
h Let x2 + 2x = u
sin4 x
= +c du
4 Then = 2x + 2 = 2(x + 1)
dx
d Let sin x = u
du
Then = cos x and
dx

9
 Z
du 1 1
∴ 2(x + 1) = , f (u) = = ∴ (x2 − 2x)(x3 − 3x2 + 1)4 dx
dx u3 (x2 + 2x)3
x+1
Z Z Z
1 du 1
∴ dx = = u4 du
(x2 + 2x)3 2 u 3 3
Z
1 1
= u−3 du = u5 + c
2 15
1 −1 −2 (x3 − 3x2 + 1)5
= × u +c = +c
2 2 15
1
=− 2 + c l Let x2 + 1 = u
4(x + 2x)2
du
Then = 2x
i Let 3x + 1 = u dx
du 1 1
Then =3 f (u) = = 2
dx u x +1
Z Z
1 1 3x 3 1
f (u) = 3 = ∴ dx = du
u (3x + 1) 3 x +1
2 2 u
3
Z Z
2 2 du
∴ dx = = loge |u| + c
(3x + 1) 3 3 u 3 2
2 1 3
= × − u−2 + c = loge (x2 + 1) + c
3 2 2
−1 (since x2 + 1 > 0)
= + c
3(3x + 1)2
m Let 2 − x2 = u
j Let 1 + x = u du
Then = −2x
du dx
Then =1
dx 1 1
f (u) = =
1 1 u 2 − x2
∴ f (u) = √ = √
x+1
Z Z
u 3x 3 1
∴ 2
dx = − du
2−x 2 u
Z Z
dx du
∴ √ = √
1+x u 3
√ = − loge |2 − x2 | + c
2
=2 u+c
√
=2 1+x+c Z
dx
Z
dx
2 a =
x + 2x + 2
2 (x + 1)2 + 1
k Let x3 − 3x2 + 1 = u
du = tan−1 (x + 1) + c
Then = 3x − 6x = 3(x − 2x)
2 2
dx
∴ f (u) = u4 = (x3 − 3x2 + 1)4

10
 Z Z
dx dx
b ∴ √
x2 − x + 1 10x − x2 − 24
Z
dx
Z
du
= = √
 1 2
 1 1 − u2
x− +1−
2 4 = sin−1 u + c
Z
dx
=  √3 2 = sin−1 (x − 5) + c
 1  2
x− +
2 2 e 40 − x2 − 6x = −(x2 + 6x + 9) + 49
1
2 x − = 72 − (x + 3)2
= √ tan−1 √ 2 + c Let x + 3 = u
3 3
du
2 Then =1
√ dx
2 3 −1 2x − 1
= tan √ +c and f (u) = √
1
3 3
√ √ 72 − u2
2 3 −1 3(2x − 1) 1
= tan +c = p
3 3 7 − (x + 3)2
2

c 21 − 4x − x2 = −(x2 + 4x + 4) + 25 = √
1
= 25 − (x + 2)2 Z 40 − x2 − 6x
Z
dx du
Let x + 2 = u ∴ √ = √
du 40 − x2 − 6x 72 − u2
Then =1 u
dx = sin−1 + c
Z Z 7
dx du
∴ √ = √ x+3
21 − 4x − x2 25 − u2 = sin−1 +c
7
u
= sin−1 + c
5
x+2
= sin−1 +c
5

d 10x − x2 − 24 = −(x2 − 10x + 25)+1

= 1 − (x − 5)2
Let x − 5 = u
du
Then =1
dx
1
and f (u) = √
1 − u2
1
= p
1 − (x − 5)2
1
= √
10x − x2 − 24

11
 Z
dx
Z √
f ∴ x 1 − xdx
3x2 + 6x + 7
√
Z Z
1 dx
= = (1 − u) u(−du)
3 7
x2 + 2x +
3
Z 
3 1
1
Z
dx = u − u 2 du
2
=
3 7 2 5 2 3
(x + 1)2 + − 1 = u2 − u2 + c
3 5 3
Z
1 dx 2 5 2 3
=  2 2 = (1 − x) 2 − (1 − x) 2 + c
3 5 3
(x + 1) + √
2
3 c Let 3x − 7 = u
√
1 3 −1 x + 1 du u+7
= × tan +c Then = 3, x =
3 2 2 dx 3
√ Z
3 6x
√ √ ∴ 1
dx
3 −1 3(x + 1) (3x − 7) 2
= tan +c
6 2 6(u + 7) − 1 du
Z
= u 2
3 3
3 a Let 2x + 3 = u
Z 
2 1 1 
du u−3 = u 2 + 7u− 2 du
Then = 2, x = 3
dx 2 2 3 3 2 × 7 1 1
Z √ = ÷ u2 + ÷ u2 + c
∴ x 2x + 3dx 3 2 3 2
4 3 28 1
Z
u − 3 √ du = (3x − 7) 2 + (3x − 7) 2 + c
= u 9 3
2 2
Z  d Let 3x − 1 = u
1 3 1
= u − 3u du
2 2 du u+1
4 Then = 3, x =
dx 3
1 2 5 3 2 3 √
= × u2 − × u2 + c
Z
4 5 4 3 ∴ (2x + 1) 3x − 1dx
1 5 1 3
= (2x + 3) 2 − (2x + 3) 2 + c 2(u + 1)
Z   1 du
10 2 = + 1 u2
3 3
b Let 1 − x = u 1
Z
1
du = (2u + 5)u 2 du
Then = −1, x = 1 − u 9
dx 2
Z
3 5
Z
1
= u du +
2 u 2 du
9 9
2 2 5 5 2 3
= × u2 + × u2 + c
9 5 9 3
4 5 10 3
= (3x − 1) 2 + (3x − 1) 2 + c
45 27

12
e Z 5(u − 1)
2x − 1 5x − 1 = −1
dx 2
(x − 1)2 5u − 5 − 2
=
2x − 2 + 1
Z
2
= dx
(x − 1)2 5u − 7
=
2
Z Z
x−1 1
=2 dx + dx 1 1
(x − 1) 2 (x − 1)2 f (u) = 2 =
Z Z Z u (2x + 1)2
dx dx 5x − 1
=2 + ∴ dx
x−1 (x − 1)2 (2x + 1)2
1 Z
5u − 7 1 du
= 2 loge |x − 1| − +c = × 2×
x−1 2 u 2
Z Z
3x + 1 = u 5 du 7 du
f Let = −
4 u 4 u2
du u−1
Then = 3, x = , 5 71
dx 3 = loge |u| + +c
4 4u
u+8
x+3= 5 7
3 = loge |2x + 1| + +c
√ 4 4(2x + 1)
Z
(x + 3) 3x + 1dx
i Let x − 1 = u
u + 8 1 du
Z
= u2 du
3 3 Then = 1, x = u + 1
Z Z dx
1 3 8 1
∴ xZ2
= (u + 1)2
= u 2 du + u 2 du √
9 9
∴ x2 x − 1dx
1 2 5 8 2 3
= × u2 + × u2 + c
√
Z
9 5 9 3
= (u + 1)2 udu
2 5 16 3
= (3x + 1) 2 + (3x + 1) 2 + c
45 27 √
Z
5 3
Z = u 2 + 2u 2 + udu
1
g (x + 2)(x + 3) 3 dx 2 7 4 5 2 3
= u2 + u2 + u2 + c
Z
1 7 5 3
= (x + 3 − 1)(x + 3) 3 dx 2 3
= u 2 (15u2 + 42u + 35) + c
Z
4
Z
1 105
= (x + 3) 3 dx − (x + 3) 3 dx 2 3
= (x − 1) 2 (15(x − 1)2
105
3 7 3 4
= (x + 3) 3 − (x + 3) 3 + c + 42(x − 1) + 35) + c
7 4
2 3
h Let 2x + 1 = u = (x − 1) 2 (15x2 + 12x + 8) + c
105
du u−1
Then = 2, x = ,
dx 2 j Let x − 1 = u
du
Then = 1, x = u + 1
dx
∴ x2 = (u + 1)2

13
 x2
Z
CAS:
∴ √ dx
x−1
(u + 1)2
Z
= √ du
u
Z
1
= (u + 1)2 u− 2 du
Z
3 1 1
= u 2 + 2u 2 + u− 2 du

2 5 4 3 1
= u 2 + u 2 + 2u 2 + c
5 3
2 1 2
= u 2 (3u + 10u + 15) + c
15
2 1
= (x − 1) 2 (3(x − 1)2
15
+ 10(x − 1) + 15) + c
√
2 x−1 2
= (3x + 4x + 8) + c
15

14
Solutions to Exercise 7D
π
1 a Let u = x2 + 16
Z
2
du ∴ sin x cos2 x dx
Then = 2x 0
dx
When x = 0, u = 16 0
Z
when x = 3, u = 25
and Z =− u2 du
3 √ 1
x x2 + 16dx 1
Z
∴
0 = u2 du
25 0
√ du
Z
=
#1
u u3
"
16 2 =
" #25 3 0
1 2 3
= × u2 1
2 3 16
=
3
1
= (125 − 64) d Let x − 3 = u
3 du
61 Then = 1, x = u + 3
= dx
3 When x = 3, u = 0
when x = 4, u = 1
and Z
b Let u = sin x 4
du ∴ x(x − 3)17 dx
Then = cos x
dx 3
When x = 0, u = 0 √ Z 1
π 2 = (u + 3)u17 du
and when x = , u = 0
4 2
Z π Z 1 Z 1
4
∴ cos x sin3 x dx = u du + 3
18
u17 du
0 0 0
√
19 1 18 1
" # " #
2 u u
= +3
Z
2
= 3
u du 19 0
18 0
0
√ 1 3
4
2 = +
19 18
" # 2
u
= 25
4 0 =
1 114
=
16 e Let 1 −x = u
du
c Let cos x = u Then = −1, x = 1 − u
dx
Then
du
= − sin x When x = 0, u = 1
dx and when x = 1, u = 0
When x = 0, u = 1
π
and when x = , u = 0
2

15
 Z 1 √ h Let u = e x + 1
∴ x 1 − xdx du
0 Then = ex
0 dx
√
Z
1
=− (1 − u) udu When x = −1, u = + 1
1 e
1
andZwhen x = 1, Zu = e + 1
√
Z
1 x e+1
= (1 − u) udu e dx du
∴ = 1
−1 e + 1
0 x u
Z 1 Z 1 e +1
1 3
=
ie+1
u 2 du − u 2 du
h
= loge |u| 1
0 0 e +1
" #1 " #1
=
2 3
u2 −
2 5
u2 = loge (e + 1)
3 0
5 0 1 
2 2 − loge + 1
= − e
3 5 e+1
4 = loge 1
= e +1
15
e(e + 1)
= loge
f Let loge x = u 1+e
du 1
Then = = loge e
dx x
When x = e, u = 1 =1
and when x = e2 , u = 2
Z e2
dx i Let u = cos x
∴ du
e x loge x Then = − sin x
dx
Z 2
du When x = 0, u = 1 √
= π 2
1 u and when x = , u =
h i2 4 2√
= loge |u| Z π Z 2
1 4 sin x dx 2 du
∴ = −
= loge 2 0 cos3 x 1 u3
√
2
g Let 3x + 4 = u
Z
2
du =− u−3 du
Then =3 1
√
dx
When x = 0, u = 4 " −2
# 2
2
u
when x = 4, u = 16Z
and Z =
4 2
dx 1 16 du 1
∴ √ = √ 2 1
0 3x + 4 3 4 u = −
2 h √ i16 1 2
= u 1
3 4 =
2 2
= (4 − 2)
3 j Let x2 + 3x + 4 = u
4 du
= Then = 2x + 3
3 dx
When x = 0, u = 4

16
 −3 −8
andZwhen x = 1, u = 1 +Z3 + 4 = 8
Z Z
2x du
∴ dx = −
1
2x + 3 8
du 1 − x2 u
∴ dx = −4 −15
0 x + 3x + 4
2
4 u −15
Z
du
h i8 =
= loge |u| −8 u
4 h i−15
= loge 8 − loge 4 = loge |u|
−8

= loge 2 = loge 15 − loge 8

15
k Let u = sin x = loge
du 8
Then = cos x
dx m Let 1 −e x = u
π 1
When x = , u = √ Then
du
= −e x
4 2√ dx
π 3 1
and when x = , u = When x = −2, u = 1 − 2
3 2
√ e
Z π Z 3 1
3 cos x dx 2 du and when x = −1, u = 1 −
∴ π = 1 Z −1 e
sin x √ u ex
4 2 ∴ x
dx
√ −2 1 − e
3
Z 1− 1
h i
= loge |u| 2
e du
√1
2 =− 1
√ 1− 2 u
e
3 1
= loge − loge √ Z 1
1− 2
2 2 e du
√ = 1
3 1− e u
= loge √
2 h i1− 12
√ = loge |u| e1
6 1− e
= loge
2
 1  1
= loge 1 − 2 − loge 1 −
e e
l Let 1 − x2 = u 2
!
du e −1  e − 1
Then = −2x = loge − log e
dx e2 e
When x = −4, u = −15
(e + 1)(e − 1)
! e − 1
and when x = −3, u = −8 = loge − loge
e2 e
(e + 1)(e − 1)
!
e
= loge 2
×
e e−1
e+1
!
= loge
e
= loge (e + 1) − loge e
= loge (e + 1) − 1

17
Solutions to Exercise 7E
Z
Some useful formulae: 1 a sin2 x dx
For even powers of sine and cosine use: Z
1
1 = (1 − cos 2x)dx
• sin kx cos kx = sin 2kx 2
2
Z
1
= 1 − cos 2x dx
1 2
• sin2 kx = (1 − cos 2kx) " #
2 1 1
= x − sin 2x + c
1 2 2
• cos2 kx = (1 + cos 2kx) 1 1
2 = x − sin 2x + c
2 4
For odd powers of sine and cosine use:
b Z
• sin kx + cos kx = 1
2 2
sin4 x dx
!2
Secant, tangent, cosecant and cotangent
Z
1
= (1 − cos 2x) dx
2
• 1 + tan kx = sec kx
2 2
Z
1
= 1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx
• 1 + cot2 kx = cosec2 kx 4
Z
1
= 1 − 2 cos 2x
Integrals 4
1
1 + (1 + cos 4x)dx
sin kxdx = − cos kx + c
R
• 2
k " #
1 1 1
= x − sin 2x + x + sin 4x + c
1 4 2 8
cos kxdx = sin kx + c
R
•
k 3 1 1
= x − sin 2x + sin 4x + c
1 8 4 32
sec2 kxdx = tan kx + c
R
•
k Z
c 2 tan2 x dx
1
cosec2 kxdx = − cot kx + c
R
• Z 
k

= 2 sec2 x − 1 dx

= 2 tan x − 2x + c

18
 Z Z
d 2 sin 3x cos 3x dx h cos2 x − sin2 x dx
Z Z
= 2 sin 3x cos 3x dx = cos 2x dx
Z
1 1
=2 (sin 6x)dx =sin 2x + c
2 2
Z Z Z 
= sin 6xdx

i cot x dx =
2
cosec2 x − 1 dx
1
= − cos 6x + c = − cot x − x + c
6 Alternatively,
Z Z Z  
e sin2 2x dx cot x dx =
2
cosec2 x − 1 dx
Z !
1
Z
1
= 1 − cos 4x dx = − 1 dx
2 sin2 x
sec2 x
" # Z !
1 1
= x − sin 4x + c = − 1 dx
2 4 tan2 x
1 1 sec2 x
Z
= x − sin 4x + c = dx − x + c
2 8 tan2 x
Z Let u = tan x
du
f tan2 2x dx Then = sec2 x
Z dx Z
1
cot x dx = du − x + c
Z 2
∴
= sec2 2x − 1dx u2
1
1 =− −x+c
= tan 2x − x + c u
2
1
Z =− −x+c
g sin2 x cos2 x dx tan x
Z = − cot x − x + c
= (sin x cos x)2 dx Z
!2 j cos3 2x dx
Z
1
= sin 2x dx
Z
2 = cos 2x · cos2 2x dx
Z
1
= sin2 2x dx
Z  
4 = 2
cos 2x 1 − sin 2x dx
Z
=
1
1 − cos 4x dx Let u = sin 2x
8
" #
1 1
= x − sin 4x + c
8 4
1 1
= x− sin 4x + c
8 32

19
 du 1 
= 2 cos 2x An antiderivative of sec2 x is
dx 1  2
2 tan x (c = 0)
Z !
1 du  
= 2
1 − u dx 2
2 dx
d sec2 (kx)dx = sec2 udx
Z R R
1
= 1 − u2 du du
2 where u = kx and =k
1
"
1 3
# Z dx
= u− u +c 1
2 3 = sec2 udu
k
1 1 1
= u − u3 + c = tan u + c
2 6 k
Z
1
∴ cos3 2x dx = tan(kx) + c
k
1 1 An antiderivative of sec2 (kx) is
= sin 2x − sin3 2x + c 1
2 6 tan(kx) (c = 0)
k
Z Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + c
R
2 a e tan (3x)dx =
2
sec2 (3x) − 1dx
An antiderivative of sec2 x is Z
tan x(c = 0) = sec2 (3x)dx

b sec2 (2x)dx = sec2 udx

R R Z
− 1dx
du
where u = 2x and =2
dx 1
= tan(3x) − x + c
Z
1
= sec2 udu 3
2 An antiderivative of tan2 (3x) is
1 1
= tan u + c tan(3x) − x(c = 0)
2 3
1 Z
= tan(2x) + c f 1 − tan2 x dx
2
An antiderivative of sec2 (2x) is Z
1
tan(2x)(c = 0) = 1 − (sec2 x − 1)dx
2
Z
= 2 − sec2 x dx
!
2 1
x dx = sec2 udx
R R
c sec
2 Z Z
1 du 1 = 2dx − sec2 x dx
where u = x and =
Z 2 dx 2
= 2 sec2 udu = 2x − tan x + c
An antiderivative of 1 − tan2 x is
= 2 tan u + c 2x − tan x(c = 0)
1 
= 2 tan x + c
2

20
 Z Z Z π
g tan x− sec x dx =
2 2
(sec2 x − 1) b
4
tan3 x dx
0
− sec2 x dx Z π
4
Z = tan x tan2 x dx
= −1dx 0
Z π
4
= −x + c = tan x sec2 x − 1 dx


0
An antiderivative of tan2 x − sec2 x π
is −x(c = 0)
Z
4
=− tan x dx
0
π
Z !
2 π
h cosec x − dx Z
4
2 + tan x sec2 x dx
Z 0
1
= π
π dx
Z
sin x
 4
sin2 x − =− dx
2 0 cos x
π
Z
1
=
Z
π 2 dx
4
 + tan x sec2 x dx
sin(x − ) 0
2 For the first integral, let z = cos x
Z
1 dz
= dx Then = − sin x
(− cos x)2 dx
Z
1 When x = 0, z = 1
= dx π 1
cos2 x and when x = , z = √
4 2
For the second integral, let u = tan x
Z
= sec2 x dx du
Then = sec2 x
= tan x + c dx
When x = 0, u = 0
 π π
An antiderivative of cosec2 x − is and when x = , u = 1
2 4
tan x(c = 0) Z π Z √1 Z 1
4 2 dz
∴ tan x dx =
3
+ udu
0 1 z 0
π π
 √1
Z Z " 2 #1
2 1 − cos 2x
2
u
sin2 x dx =

3 a dx = loge |z|
2
+
0 0 2 1 2 0
#π √ 1
"
x sin 2x 2
= − = − loge 2 +
2 4 0 2
π =
1 − loge 2
= 2
4
1 1
= − loge 2
2 2
c Let u = sin x
du
Then = cos x
dx
When x = 0, u = 0

21
 π Z π Z −1
and when x = , u = 1 sin x dx = −
3
(1 − u2 )du
2
Z π Z 1 0 1
2
∴ sin x cos x dx =
2
u2 du 1
Z
= 1 − u2 du


0 0
#1 −1
u3
"
=
#1
u3
"
3 0 = u−
3 −1
1
=  1  1
3 = 1− − −1 +
3 3
 cos 2x + 1 2
d cos4 x = 2  2 
= − −
2 3 3
!
1 4
= cos2 2x + 2 cos 2x + 1 =
4 3
1 cos 4x + 1 π π
!
= + 2 cos 2x+1
Z Z
2 1 − cos 4x
2
4 2 f sin 2x dx =
2
dx
0 0 2
#π
!
1
= 3 + 4 cos 2x + cos 4x
"
x sin 4x 2
8 = −
2 8 0
3 cos 2x cos 4x
= + + π
π
8 2 8 =
Z
4
4
∴ cos4 x dx Z π
0 3
" # π4 g sin2 x cos2 x dx
3x sin 2x sin 4x 0
= + + π
8 4 32
Z
1 3
0
= sin2 2x dx
3π 1 4 0
= +
32 4 " #π
1 x sin 4x 3
≈ 0.545 = −
4 2 8 0
π √
π
Z
3
e sin3 x dx = +
0 24 64
Z π
≈ 0.158
= sin2 x sin x dx
0
Z π Z 1 Z 1
(sin x + cos x)dx =
 2 2
= 2
1 − cos x sin x dx h 1dx
0 0 0
Let u = cos x = [x]10
du
Then = − sin x
dx =1
When x = 0, u = 1
and when x = π, u = −1

22
4 a Z Z Let sin t = u
du
cos x dx =
3 2
cos x cos x dx Then = cos t
Zdt 3
=7
Z 
1 − u2 du

= 2
1 − sin x cos x dx
Let u = sin x
Z  
du =7 1 − 3u2 + 3u4 − u6 du
Then = cos x
dx
Z 21 5
= (1 − u2 )du = 7u − 7u3 + u − u7 + c
5
21 5
u3 = 7 sin t − 7 sin3 t + sin t
=u− +c 5
3
− sin7 t + c
sin3 x
= sin x − +c  
3 = 7 sin t 1 − sin2 t
Z
x
b sin3 dx 3 4 sin6 t 
4 + sin t − +c
Z 5 7
x x
= sin2 sin dx  3 sin6 t 
4 4 = 7 sin t cos2 t + sin4 t − +c
Z 5 7
 x x
= 1 − cos2 sin dx e R
4 4 R 
x cos 5x dx = 1 − sin 5x cos 5x dx
3 2
Let cos = u
4 Let sin 5x = u
du 1 x du
Then = − sin Then = 5 cos 5x
dx Z  4 4 dxZ 
1 
= −4 2
1 − u du = 1 − u2 du
5
 u3  u u3
= −4 u − +c = − +c
3 5 15
x 4 x
= −4 cos + cos3 + c 1 sin3 5x
4 3 4 = sin 5x − +c
5 15
Z f Z
c cos2 (4πx)dx 8 sin4 x dx
1 + cos(8πx)
Z
= 1 − cos 2x 2
Z 
dx
2 = 8 dx
2
x sin 8πx
= + +c
Z  
2 16π = 2 1 − 2 cos 2x + cos 2x dx
2

1 + cos 4x
Z Z
d 7 cos7 tdt = 2x − 2 sin 2x + 2 dx
2
Z
sin 4x
= 7 cos6 t cos tdt = 2x − 2 sin 2x + x + +c
4
3 sin 4x
Z 
=7 1 − sin2 t cos tdt = 3x − 2 sin 2x + +c
4

23
 Z Z
2 4
g sin x cos x dx ∴ sin2 x cos4 x dx
Z Z 
  1 
= sin2 x cos2 x × cos2 x dx = 1 − cos 4x dx
16
Z 1 Z
 1
= sin 2x cos2 x dx
2
+ u2 du
4 16
1 + cos 2x
Z
1 x sin 4x u3
= sin2 2x dx = − + +c
4 2 16 64 48
Z
=
1
sin2 2x dx x sin 4x sin3 2x
8 = − + +c
Z 16 64 48
1
+ sin2 2x cos 2x dx h Z Z
8
For the first integral, use the formula cos x dx =
5
cos4 x cos x dx
1 − cos 4x
sin2 2x =
Z
2 = (1 − sin2 x)2 cos x dx
For the second integral, use
substitution sin 2x = u Let sin x = u
du du
Then 2 cos 2x = , Then = cos x
dx dx
Z 2
1 = 1 − u2 du
cos 2x dx = du
2
Z !
= 1 − 2u + u du
2 4

2u3 u5
=u− + +c
3 5
2 sin3 x sin5 x
= sin x − + +c
3 5

24
Solutions to Exercise 7F
Z Z
1 1
1 dx 3 √ dx
x2 + 9 x+ x
π π
Let x = 3 tan u, − ≤u≤ Let x = u2 , u>0
2 2
dx dx
= 3 sec2 u = 2u
du du
Z Z
1 √ dx
dx x+
x +9
2
Z
x
1
Z
1
= × 3 sec2 u du = × (2u) du
9 tan u + 9
2 u +u
2
Z
2u
Z
1
= × 3 sec2 u du = du
9(tan u + 1)
2 u +u
2
Z
Z
1 2
= × 3 sec2 u du = du
2
9(sec u) u+1
= 2 loge (u + 1) + c
Z
1
= du √
3 = 2 log ( x + 1) + c
e
u Z
√
= +c 1
3 ∴ √ dx = 2 loge ( x + 1) + c
Z
1 1  x x+ x
∴ dx = arctan +c
x2 + 9 3 3
Z
1
4 √ dx
2 Z 3 x + 4x
−1
√ dx Let x = u2 , u>0
4− x2
dx
Let x = 2 cos u, 0≤u≤π = 2u
du
dx Z
1
= −2 sin u √ dx
du 3 x + 4x
Z
−1 Z
√ dx 1
4 − x2 = × (2u) du
Z 3u + 4u2
−1 Z
= √ × (−2 sin u) du =
2u
du
Z
4 − 4 cos u2 3u + 4u2
−1 Z
2
= p × (−2 sin u) du = du
2
4(1 − cos u ) 3 + 4u
1
Z
= 1 du = loge (3 + 4u) + c
Z 2
1 1
= u + c ∴ √ dx = loge (3 + 4u) + c
Z 3 x + 4x 2
−1  x
∴ √ dx = arccos +c
4 − x2 2

25
5 Z 6 Z p
1
√ dx 9 − x2 dx
9 − x2
π π π π
Let x = 3 sin u, − ≤u≤ Let x = 3 sin u, − ≤u≤
2 2 2 2
dx dx
= 3 cos u = 3 cos u
du du
Z Z p
1
√ dx 9 − x2 dx
9 − x2 Z p
Z
1 = 9 − 9 sin2 u × (3 cos u) du
= p × (3 cos u) du
2
9 − 9 sin u Z
= 9 cos2 u) du
Z
1
= q × (3 cos u) du
2
9(1 − sin u)
Z
9
= cos 2u + 1 du
Z 2
= 1 du 9 1
= ( sin(2u) + u) + c
=u+c 2 2
9
= (sin(u) cos(u) + u) + c
Z
1  x
∴ √ dx = arcsin +c 2
9 − x2 3
9 x x x
= sin(sin−1 ) cos(sin−1 ) + sin−1 + c
2 3 3 3
1 p 9 x
= x 9 − x2 + sin−1 + c
Z p 2 p 2 3
1 9 x
9 − x2 dx = x 9 − x2 + sin−1 + c
2 2 3

26
 Z Z
1 1
7 √ dx 8 dx
x(x + 3 x (1 −
3
x2 ) 2
Let x = u ,
3
u>0 π π
Let x = sin u, − ≤u≤
dx 2 2
= 3u2 dx
du = cos u
Z
1 du
√ dx
Z
1
x(x + 3 x dx
3
x2 ) 2
Z
1 (1 −
= × (3u2 ) du
u (1 + u)
3
Z
1
Z = 3
× (cos u) du
3 2
= du (1 − sin u) 2
u(1 + u) Z
1
= du
Z
3 3
= − du cos2 u
u u+1 Z
= 3 loge (u) − 3 loge (1 + u) + c = sec2 u du
 u 
= 3 loge +c = tan u + c
u+1
∴
Z = tan(arcsin x) + c
1  x 
√3 dx = 3 loge √3 3 + c x
x(x + x (1 + x)) = √
1 − x2

27
Solutions to Exercise 7G
1 a c
5x + 1 A B 3x − 2 A B
= + = +
(x − 1)(x + 2) x − 1 x + 2 (x + 2)(x − 2) x + 2 x − 2
A(x + 2) + B(x − 1) A(x − 2) + B(x + 2)
= =
(x − 1)(x + 2) (x + 2)(x − 2)
Ax + Bx + 2A − B Ax + Bx − 2A + 2B
= =
(x − 1)(x + 2) (x + 2)(x − 2)
A+B=5
1 A+B=3
2A − B = 1
2 2A + 2B = 6
1

1 + :
2 −2A + 2B = −2
2

3A = 6 1 + :
2

A=2 4B = 4
2+B=5 B=1
B=3 A+1=3
5x + 1 2 3 A=2
∴ = +
(x − 1)(x + 2) x − 1 x + 2 3x − 2 2 1
∴ = +
−1 (x + 2)(x − 2) x + 2 x − 2
b
(x + 1)(2x + 1) d
A B 4x + 7 A B
= + = +
x + 1 2x + 1 (x + 3)(x − 2) x + 3 x − 2
A(2x + 1) + B(x + 1) A(x − 2) + B(x + 3)
= =
(x + 1)(2x + 1) (x + 3)(x − 2)
2Ax + Bx + A + B Ax + Bx − 2A + 3B
= =
(x + 1)(2x + 1) (x + 3)(x − 2)
2A + B = 0
1
A+B=4
A + B = −1
2
2A + 2B = 8
1

1 − :
2
−2A + 3B = 7
2
A=1 1 + :
2
1 + B = −1 5B = 15
B = −2 B=3
−1 1 2
∴ = − A+3=4
(x + 1)(2x + 1) x + 1 2x + 1
A=1
4x + 7 1 3
∴ = +
(x + 3)(x − 2) x + 3 x − 2

28
 9
e b
7−x A B (1 + 2x)(1 − x)2
= +
(x − 4)(x + 1) x − 4 x + 1 =
A
+
B
+
C
1 + 2x 1 − x (1 − x)2
A(x + 1) + B(x − 4)
= A(1 − x)2 + B(1 + 2x)(1 − x) + C(1 + 2x)
(x − 4)(x + 1) =
(1 + 2x)(1 − x)2
Ax + Bx + A − 4B A − 2Ax + Ax2 + B + Bx − 2Bx2 + C + 2Cx
= =
(x − 4)(x + 1) (1 + 2x)(1 − x)2
A + B = −1
1
A − 2B = 0
1

A − 4B = 7
2
−2A + B + 2C = 0
2

1 − :
2
A+ B+C = 9
3

5B = −8 2A + 2B + 2C = 18
4

8
4 − :
2
B=−
5 4A + B = 18
8
A − = −1 4 : 4A − 8B = 0
1 ×
5
3 9B = 18
A=
5 B=2
7−x 3 8
∴ = − 4A + 2 = 18
(x − 4)(x + 1) 5(x − 4) 5(x + 1)
A=4
2x + 3 A B 4+2+C = 9
2 a = +
(x − 3)2 x − 3 (x − 3)2
C=3
A(x − 3) + B 9
= ∴ =
(x − 3)2 (1 + 2x)(1 − x)2
Ax − 3A + B 4 2 3
= + +
(x − 3)2 1 + 2x 1 − x (1 − x)2
A=2 2x − 2
c
(x + 1)(x − 2)2
−3A + B = 3
A B C
= + +
−6 + B = 3 (x + 1) (x − 2) (x − 2)2
A(x − 2)2 + B(x + 1)(x − 2) + C(x + 1)
B=9 =
(x + 1)(x − 2)2
2x + 3 2 9 Ax2 − 4Ax + 4A + Bx2 − Bx − 2B + Cx + C
∴ = + =
(x − 3)2 x − 3 (x − 3)2 (x + 1)(x − 2)2

29
 A+B=0
1 A+B=0
1

−4A − B + C = 2
2 A+ B+C = 3
2

4A − 2B + C = −2
3 A+C = 1
3

2 : 8A − B = −4
3 −
4 1 :C =3
2 −

4 +
1 : 9A = −4 A+3=1

A=−
4 A = −2
9
A+ B+C = 3
A+B=0
−2 + B + 3 = 3
4
B= B=2
9
4A − 2B + C = −2 3x + 1
∴
16 8 (x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
− − + C = −2 2 2x + 3
9 9 =− + 2
24 2 x+1 x +x+1
C = −2 + =
9 3 3x2 + 2x + 5
2x − 2 4 b
∴ =− (x2 + 2)(x + 1)
(x + 1)(x − 2) 2 9(x + 1) Ax + B C
4 = 2 +
+ x +2 x+1
9(x − 2) (Ax + B)(x + 1) + C(x2 + 2)
2 =
+ (x2 + 2)(x + 1)
3(x − 2)2
Ax2 + Ax + Bx + B + Cx2 + 2C
=
(x2 + 2)(x + 1)
3x + 1 A+C = 3 1
3 a
(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
A Bx + C A+B=2
2
= +
x + 1 x2 + x + 1 B + 2C = 5
3
A(x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
=
1 − :
2
(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
Ax2 + Ax + A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C C−B=1
4
=
(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1) 3 + :
4

3C = 6
C=2
A+2=3

30
 A=1 3A + B = 1
1+B=2 A+B=1
B=1 B = −2
3x2 + 2x + 5 x+1 2 x2 + 2x − 13 x−2 1
∴ = 2 + ∴ = 2 −
(x + 2)(x + 1) x + 2 x + 1
2 2(x + 1)(x + 3) x + 1 2(x + 3)
2

c Factorise the denominator:

2x3 + 6x2 + 2x + 6 4 (x − 1)(x − 2) = x2 − 3x + 2
First divide:
= 2x2 (x + 3) + 2(x + 3)
3x2 − 4x − 2 = 3(x2 − 3x + 2) + 5x − 8
= 2(x2 + 1)(x + 3)
3x2 − 4x − 2 5x − 8
=
The 2 factor can be put with either (x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 1)(x − 2)
fraction. 5x − 8 A B
= +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
x2 + 2x − 13
2(x2 + 1)(x + 3) A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)
=
Ax + B C (x − 1)(x − 2)
= 2 + Ax + Bx − 2A − B
x + 1 2(x + 3) =
2(Ax + B)(x + 3) + C(x2 + 1) (x − 1)(x − 2)
=
2(x2 + 1)(x + 3) A+B=5
1
2Ax + 6Ax + 2Bx + 6B + Cx + C
2 2
−2A − B = −8
= 2
2(x2 + 1)(x + 3)
2A + C = 1
1 1 + :
2

6A + 2B = 2 −A = −3

9A + 3B = 3
2 A=3

6B + C = −13
3 3+B=5

1 − :
3 B=2

2A − 6B = 14 5x − 8 3 2
∴ = +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
A − 3B = 7
4
Use the previous working:
2 + :
4
3x2 − 4x − 2 3 2
10A = 10 =3+ +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2
A=1
2+C = 1 9 1 1
5 = −
(x − 10)(x − 1) x − 10 x − 1
C = −1

31
 Z Z
9 5
dx dx
(x − 10)(x − 1) (x2 + 2)(x − 4))
−5(x + 4)
Z Z
1 1 5
= − dx = + dx
x − 10 x − 1 18(x + 2) 18(x − 4)
2

x+4
Z
= loge |x − 10| − loge |x − 1| + c =
5 1
− 2 dx
|x − 10| 18 x−4 x +2
= loge +c 5
Z
1 x 4
|x − 1| = − 2 − 2 dx
18 x−4 x +2 x +2
5 1
x4 + 1 32x + 47 = loge |x − 4| − loge (x2 + 2)
6 = x2 − 4x + 12 − 18 2
(x + 2) 2 (x + 2)2 √ 
32x + 47 a b √  2x
Consider− = + − 2 2 arctan
(x + 2)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2 2
Therefore −32x + 47 = a((x + 2) = b
∴ b = 17 and a = −32 7
9 a To decompose into
(x − 2)(x + 5)
x +1
4
Z
dx partial fractions, find A and B such
(x + 2)2 that
Z
32 17 7 A B
= x2 − 4x + 12 − + dx = +
x + 2 (x + 2)2 (x − 2)(x + 5) x − 2 x + 5
1 17 ∴ 7 = A(x + 5) + B(x − 2)
= x3 − 2x2 + 12x − − 32 loge |x + 2| + c When x = 2, A = 1
3 x+2
When x = −5, B = −1
7 1 1
7x + 1 7 13 ∴ = −
7 = − (x − 2)(x + 5) x − 2 x + 5
Z + 2) ) x + 2 Z (x + 2)
(x 2 2 Z
7x + 1 7 13 7
dx = − dx dx
(x + 2)2 ) x + 2 (x + 2)2 (x − 2)(x + 5)
Z Z
13 dx dx
= 7 loge |x + 2| + +c = −
x+2 x−2 x+5
= loge |x − 2| − loge |x + 5| + c
5 −5x − 20
 
x − 2 
8 = + = loge  +c
(x2 + 2)(x − 4)) 18(x2 + 2) x + 5

5
18(x − 4) x+3
b To decompose into
x2 − 3x + 2
partial fractions, factorise x2 − 3x + 2
x2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2)
Find A and B such that
x+3 A B
= +
(x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 1) (x − 2)
∴ x + 3 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)
When x = 2, B = 5

32
 When x = 1, A = −4
x+3 −4 5
∴ = +
(x − 1)(x − 2) (x − 1) (x − 2)
x+3
Z
2x2
Z
dx dx
x − 3x + 2
2
x2 − 1
Z Z
dx dx Z Z
dx
Z
dx
= −4 +5 = 2 dx + −
x−1 x−2 x−1 x+1
= −4 loge |x − 1| + 5 loge |x − 2| + c = 2x + loge |x − 1| − loge |x + 1| + c
(x − 2)5 
   
x − 1 
= loge  +c = 2x + loge  +c
x + 1
 
(x − 1)4 
2x + 1 A B e Since x2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 2)2
c = +
(x + 1)(x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1) 2x + 1 A B
= +
∴ 2x + 1 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 1) x + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2
2

3 ∴ 2x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B
When x = 1, B =
2 When x = −2, B = −3
When x = −1, A =
1 When x = 1, 3 = 3A − 3
2
A=2
2x + 1
Z
dx 2x + 1 2 3
(x + 1)(x − 1) ∴ 2 = −
1
Z
dx 3
Z
dx x + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2
= + Z
2x + 1
2 x+1 2 x−1 dx
1 3 x + 4x + 4
2
= loge |x + 1| + loge |x − 1| + c Z
2 3
2 2 = − dx
1 x + 2 (x + 2)2
= loge |(x + 1)(x − 1)3 | + c
2 3
= 2 loge |x + 2| + +c
x+2
2x2 2(x2 − 1) + 2
d = 4x − 2 A B
x2 − 1 x2 − 1 f = +
2 (x − 2)(x + 4) x − 2 x + 4
=2+
(x − 1)(x + 1) ∴ 4x − 2 = A(x + 4) + B(x − 2)
Find A and B such that When x = 2, A = 1
2 A B When x = −4, B = 3
= +
(x − 1)(x + 1) x − 1 x + 1 Z
4x − 2
∴ 2 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 1) dx
(x − 2)(x + 4)
When x = 1, A = 1 Z
dx
Z
dx
When x = −1, B = −1 = +3
x−2 x+4
2 1 1
∴ = − = loge |x − 2| + 3 loge |x + 4| + c
(x − 1)(x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
CAS: = loge |(x − 2)(x + 4)3 | + c

33
10 a Since x2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3) 3
When x = 2, A =
2x − 3 A B 4
= + 1
x2 − 5x + 6 x − 2 x − 3 When x = −2, B =
∴ 2x − 3 = A(x − 3) + B(x − 2) 4
When x = 2, A = −1 x − 2x − 3x + 9
3 2
∴
When x = 3, B = 3 x2 − 4
3 1
2x − 3
=−
1
+
3 = x−2+ +
∴ 2
x − 5x + 6 x−2 x−3 4(x − 2) 4(x + 2)
x − 2x2 − 3x + 9
Z 3
Z
2x − 3 dx
dx x2 − 4
x − 5x + 6
2
Z Z
3 dx
= (x − 2)dx +
Z Z
dx dx
=− +3 4 x−2
x−2 x−3 Z
1 dx
= − loge |x − 2| + 3 loge |x − 3| + c +
4 x+2
(x − 3)3 
 
= loge  +c x2 3
= − 2x + loge |x − 2|

x−2  2 4
5x + 1 1
b =
A
+
B + loge |x + 2| + c
(x − 1)(x + 2) x − 1 x + 2 4
2
∴ 5x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 1) x 1
= − 2x + log e|(x + 2)
When x = 1, A = 2 2 4
When x = −2, B = 3 × (x − 2) | + c
3

5x + 1 x2
Z  1
dx = − 2x + loge (x + 2) 4
(x − 1)(x + 2) 2
Z Z 3

2 3
= dx + dx × (x − 2) 4  + c
x−1 x+2
= 2 loge |x − 1| + 3 loge |x + 2| + c d Since x2 + 5x + 4 = (x + 1)(x + 4)
= loge |(x − 1)2 (x + 2)3 | + c 4x + 10 A B
≡ +
x + 5x + 4 x + 1 x + 4
2
c Dividing through ∴ 4x + 10 = A(x + 4) + B(x + 1)
x−2 When x = −1, A = 2

x − 4  x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 9
2
When x = −4, B = 2
x3 − 4x Z
4x + 10
−2x + x + 9
2 dx
x2 + 5x + 4
−2x2 +8
Z Z
dx dx
=2 +2
x+1 x+1 x+4
x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 9 x+1 = 2 loge |x + 1| + 2 loge |x + 4| + c
∴ 2
= x − 2+ 2
x −4 x −4
= loge ((x + 1)2 (x + 4)2 ) + c
x+1 A B
= +
x2 − 4 x − 2 x + 2
Alternate solution:
∴ x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 2)

34
 Let x2 + 5x + 4 = u x3 + 3 A B
2
= +
du x −x x−1 x
Then = 2x + 5
dx
Z x + 3 = Ax + B(x − 1)
du When x = 0, B = −3
2 = 2 loge |u| + c
u When x = 1, A = 4
= 2 loge |x2 + 5x + 4| + c Z 3
x +3
dx
= 2 loge |(x + 1)(x + 4)| + c x2 − x
Z Z
= loge ((x + 1)2 (x + 4)2 ) + c dx
= (x + 1)dx + 4
x−1
e Dividing through
Z
dx
−3
x2 − x − 1 x

x + 2  x3 + x2 − 3x + 3 x2
= + x + 4 loge |x − 1|
x3 + 2x2 2
− x2 − 3x − 3 loge |x| + c
−x2 − 2x x2

(x − 1)4 

−x+3 = + x + loge  +c
2 x3 
−x − 2
5 3x 1 x+2
11 a =− + 2
x + x − 3x + 3
3 2
Z + 1)(x + 2)
(x 2 x+1 x +2
∴ =
x+2 3x
dx
5 (x + 1)(x2 + 2)
x2 − x − 1 +
x+2 Z
1 x+2
Z 3
x + x − 3x + 3
2 = − + 2 dx
dx x+1 x +2
x+2 Z
1 x 2
Z Z
dx = − + 2 + 2 dx
= (x − x − 1)dx + 5
2 x+1 x +2 x +2
x+2 √  √2x 
1
x3 x2 = loge (x + 2) + 2 arctan
2
− loge |x + 1| + c
= − − x + 5 loge |x + 2| + c 2 2
3 2  √ x2 + 2  √  √2x 
= loge + 2 arctan +c
f Dividing through |x + 1| 2
x+1
 2
x − x  x3 + 3
2
b =
(x + + 1)
1)2 (x2
x3 − x2 1 1 x
x2 + 3 + − 2
x + 1 (x + 1) 2 x +1
x2 − x
x+3
x+3
∴ f racx3 + 3x2 − x = x + 1 +
x2 − x

35
 Z
2 e Z
dx 24(x + 2)
(x + 1)2 (x2 + 1) dx
Z
1 1 x (x + 2)2 (x2 + 2)
= + − dx Z
8 − 4x
x + 1 (x + 1)2 x2 + 1 =
4
+ 2 dx
√ 1 x + 2 (x + 2)
= loge (|x + 1) − − loge x2 + 1 − +c Z
x+1 =
4
+ 2
8
− 2
4x
dx
 |x + 1|  1 x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 2)
= loge √ − +c  √2x 
x2 + 1 x+1 √
= 4 loge |x + 2| − loge (x + 2) + 4 2 tan
2 2 −1
+c
3 2
5x 1 4x − 16
c = 5+ + 2
+ +  + 3x + 9x + 10
2
  2
(x − 1)(x 4) x − 1 x 4 1  x − 1
Z 3 f log 
5x e
x + 1 3(x + 1)3

dx 2
(x − 1)(x2 + 4)
Z
1 4x − 16
= 5+ + 2
Z 2
dx 1
x−1 x +4 12 a dx
Z 1 x(x + 1)
1 4x 16
= 5+ + 2 − 2 dx 1 A B
x−1 x +4 x +4 = +
x(x + 1) x x+1
= 5x + loge |x − 1| + 2 loge (x2 + 4) 1 = A(x + 1) + Bx
x When x = 0, A = 1
− 8 tan−1 + c
2
−1 x
When Z x2 = −1, B = −1
= 5x + loge (|x − 1|(x + 4) )) − 8 tan
2 2
+c 1
2 ∴ dx
1 x(x + 1)
16(4x + 1)
Z Z 2 Z 2
d dx dx dx
(x − 2)2 (x2 + 4) = −
Z 1 x 1 x+1
1 18 x − 16
= − + + 2 dx = [loge |x| − loge |x + 1|]21
x − 2 (x − 2) 2 x +4 "  #2
x 
Z
1 18
= − + = loge  
x + 1 1

x − 2 (x − 2)2
x 16 2 1
+ 2 − 2 dx = loge − loge
x +4 x +4 3 2
18 4
= − loge |x − 2| − = loge
x−2 3
1  x
+ loge (x2 + 4) − 8 tan−1 +c
Z 1
1
2 2 b dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2)
1 A B
= +
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
∴ 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)
When x = −1, A = 1
When x = −2, B = −1

36
 Z 1 Z 3
dx x−2
∴ ∴ dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2) 2 (x − 1)(x + 2)
Z 1 Z 1 Z 3
dx dx 1 4
= − = − + dx
0 x+1 0 x+2 2 3(x − 1) 3(x + 2)
3
= [loge |x + 1| − loge |x + 2|]10
 1 4
= − loge |x − 1| + loge |x + 2|
#1 3 3 2
x + 1 
" 
= loge 
!
1 4

x + 2 0 = − loge 2 + loge 5

3 3
2 1
= loge − loge
!
1 4
3 2 − − loge 1 + loge 4
4 3 3
= loge 4 1 4
3 = loge 5 3 − loge 2 3 − loge 4 3
Z 3
x−2 1 1 1
c dx = loge 54 − loge 2 − loge 4
2 (x − 1)(x + 2) 3 3 3
4
!
x−2 A B 1 5
= + = loge
(x − 1)(x + 2) x − 1 x + 2 3 2 × 44
∴ x − 2 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 1) 1 625
When x = −2, −3B = −4 = loge
3 512
4
∴ B= x2 (x2 + 3x + 2) − 3x − 2
3 d =
When x = 1, 3A = −1 x2 + 3x + 2 x2 + 3x + 2

1 3x + 2
∴ A=− =1−
3 (x + 1)(x + 2)
3x + 2 A B
= +
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
3x + 2 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)
When x = −1, A = −1
When x = −2, B = 4
Z 1
x2
∴ dx
0 x + 3x + 2
2
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
dx dx
= dx + −4
0 0 x+1 0 x+2

= [x]10 + [loge |x + 1|]10

− 4[loge |x + 2|]10
= 1 + loge 2 − 4 loge 3 + 4 loge 2
25
= 1 + loge
34
32
= 1 + loge
81

37
 x+7 A B 1
e = + When x = −4, B =
(x + 3)(x − 1) x + 3 x − 1 2
x + 7 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 3) x+2
Z 3
∴ dx
When x = 1, B = 2 2 x(x + 4)
When x = −3, A = −1 1 3 dx 1 3 dx
Z Z
= +
x+7
Z 3
2 2 x 2 2 x+4
∴ dx
2 (x + 3)(x − 1)
1 3
Z 3 Z 3 = (loge |x| + loge |x + 4|)
dx dx 2 2
=− +2
2 x+3 2 x−1 = [loge x(x + 4)]32
p

= [− loge |x + 3| + 2 loge |x − 1|]32 r

21
#3 = loge
(x − 1)2 
" 
12
= loge 
√ !
x+3  2

7
= loge ≈ 0.28
4 1 2
= loge − loge
6 5 Z 1
10 1 − 4x
= loge h dx
0 3 + x − 2x
2
3
Z 1
2x + 6 (4x − 1)dx
f =
A
+
B = 2
(x − 1) 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2 0 2x − x − 3
Z 1
∴ 2x + 6 = A(x − 1) + B =
(4x − 1)dx
When x = 1, B = 8
 1 1  25
0
2 x2 − x + −
When x = 0, 6 = −A + 8 2 16 8
 1 
∴ A=2 Z 1 4 x − dx
4
2x + 6 2 8 =
2
= + 0
 1 2 25 

(x − 1) x − 1 (x − 1)2 2 x− −
4 16
2x + 6
Z 3
∴ dx
 1
2 Z 1 x − dx
2 (x − 1) 4
Z 3 Z 3 =2
1 dx
 1 5  1 5
=2 dx + 8
0
x− − x− +
2 x−1 2 (x − 1)
2 4 4 4 4
" #3  1 
8 x − dx
= 2 loge |x − 1| −
Z 1
4
x−1 2 =2  3 
0
x − (x + 1)
= loge 4 − 4 + 8 2
Z 1
= loge 4 + 4 =
4x − 1
dx
0 (2x − 3)(x + 1)
x+2 A B 4x − 1 A B
g = + = +
x(x + 4) x x+4 (2x − 3)(x + 1) (2x − 3) x + 1
x + 2 = A(x + 4) + Bx 4x − 1 = A(x + 1) + B(2x − 3)
1 When x = −1, B = 1
When x = 0, A =
2

38
 3 1 − 4x 5 1
When x = , A = 2 =− +
2 (x +Z6)(x + 1) x+6 x+1
−2
Z 1
1 − 4x 1 − 4x
∴ dx ∴ dx
0 3 + x − 2x
2 −3 (x + 6)(x + 1)
Z −2 Z −2
Z 1
dx
Z 1
dx 1 1
=2 + = −5 dx + dx
0 2x − 3 0 x+1 −3 x + 6 −3 x + 1
−2
= [loge |2x − 3| + loge |x + 1|]10

= − 5 loge |x + 6| + loge |x + 1|
−3
= loge | − 1| + loge 2 − loge | − 3|
= −5 loge 4 + loge | − 1| + 5 loge 3
− loge 1
− loge | − 2|
2
= loge 3
3 = 5 loge − loge 2
4
1 A B
i ≡ +
x(x − 4) x x−4 13 a Z
∴ 1 = A(x − 4) + Bx 0
10
1 dx
1 (x + 1)(x + 1)
2
When x = 0, A = −
4
5x + 5
Z 0 Z 1
1 5
When x = 4, B = = − dx + dx
4 1 x+1 0 x+ 1
1 1 1  5 1
=− + = − 5 loge |x + 1| + loge (x + 1) + 5 tan x
2 −1
x(x − 4) 4x 4(x − 4) 2 0
Z 2
1 5
∴ dx = −5 loge 2 + loge 2 + 5 tan−1 1 − (−5 loge 1
1 x(x − 4) 2
Z 2 Z 2 5
=−
1 1
dx +
1 1
dx + loge 1 + 5 tan−1 0
4 1 x 4 1 x−4 2
5 5π
1 = − loge 2 + −0
= [loge |x − 4| − loge |x|]1
2
2 4
4
5π 5
1 = − loge 2
= [loge | − 2| − loge 2 − loge | − 3| 4 2
4
+ loge 1]
1
= − loge 3
4
1 1
= loge
4 3
1 − 4x A B
j ≡ +
(x + 6)(x + 1) x + 6 x + 1
∴ 1 − 4x = A(x + 1) + B(x + 6)
When x = −1, B = 1
When x = −6, A = −5

39
 √
3
x3 − 8 d
Z
b dx Z 1
6
0 (x − 1)(x2 + 1) dx
√ 1
− 2 (x
2 + x + 1)(x − 1)
3
(x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
Z
= dx Z 1
−2x − 4 2
0 (x − 2)(x2 + 1) = ( + ) dx
√ 1
−2 x +x+1 x−1
2
3
x2 + 2x + 4
Z
= dx 1
x2 + 1
Z
−4 −2x 2
0 = − + dx
√ 1 (x + 21 )2 + 3 x2 +x+1 x−1
3
2x + 3 −2
Z
4
= 1+ dx
x2 + 1
Z 1
−4
0
=
  √3 1
−2 (x + 21 )2 + 3
4
= x + loge (x + 1) + 3 tan 2 −1
x  2x + 1
0 1  2
√ − − + dx
= 3 + loge 4 + π x + x + 1 (x + 2 )2 + 4
2 1 3 x−1
2x + 1
Z 1
−3 2
1
x2 − 1 = 1 − 2 + dx
Z
c dx − 2 (x + 2 ) + 4
1 2 3 x +x+1 x−1
0 x2 + 1  √ √
1 = − 2 3 tan−1 ( 33 (2x + 1)) − loge (x2 + x + 1)
Z
2
= dx 1−
0 +1 x2 0
 1 + 2 loge |x − 1| 1
= x − 2 tan x
−1 −2
0 √
π 3π
=1− =− − loge 3
2 3
2−π
= x2 + 6x + 5
2 14 f (x) =
(x − 2)(x2 + x + 1)
a bx + c
a Let f (x) = + 2
x−2 x +x+1
∴ x + 6x + 5
2

= a(x2 + x + 1) + (bx + c)(x − 2)

Let x = 2, ∴ 21 = 7a ⇒ a = 3
Let x = 0, ∴ 5 = 3 − 2c ⇒ c = −1
Let x = 1,
∴ 12 = 9 + (b − 1)(−3) ⇒ b = 0
3 2x + 1
Therefore f (x) = − 2
x−2 x +x+1
3 2x + 1
f (x) dx =
R R
b − 2 dx
x−2 x +x+1
= 3 loge |x − 2| − loge (x2 + x + 1) + c
R −1 
c −2 f (x) dx = 3 loge |x − 2| −
−1
loge (x2 + x + 1)
9 −2
40
= 2 loge
8
Solutions to Exercise 7H
1 1
e2x
Z Z
1
1 dx = loge p 3 dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2) 0 1 + ex
1 A B dt
= + Let e x = t, then = ex
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2 dx
1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) e2x ex × ex
=
When x = −2, B = −1 1 + ex 1 + ex
Z x1 = −1, A = 1
When te x
=
1 t+1
∴ dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2) (t + 1 − 1)e x
=
Z 1
dx
Z 1
dx t+1
= − !
0 x+1 0 x+2
1
= 1− ex
t+1
= [loge |x + 1| − loge |x + 2|]10
When x = 0, t = 1
#1
 x + 1  when x = 1, t = e
" 
and Z
= loge  1 2x
e dx
 x + 2  0 ∴
0 e +1
x
2 1
= loge
− loge Z e Z e
d
3 2 = dt −
4 1 1 t+1
= loge
3 = [t − loge |t + 1|]e1
4
∴ p= = e − loge (e + 1) − 1 + loge 2
3
2
= e − 1 + loge
Z π e+1
6
e+1
!
2 sin2 x cos xdx = e − 1 − loge
0 2
Let sin x = t
dt
Then = cos x
dx π
When x = 0, t = 0
Z
3
π 1 4 sin3 x cos xdx
and when x = , t = 0
Z π
6 2 Let sin x = t
dt
∴
6
sin2 x cos xdx Then = cos x
dx
0 When x = 0, t = 0 √
Z 1 π 3
=
2 2
t dt and when x = , t =
3 2
0
" 3 # 12
t
=
3 0
1
=
24

41
 Z π Z π
3 3 6 cos xdx
∴ sin x cos xdx ∴
0 0 1 + sin x
√
3 Z 3
Z
2 3 2 du
= t dt =
0 1 u
√ 3
3
" 4#
t 2 = [loge |u|]12
=
4 0 3
= loge
9 2
= 3
4 × 16 ∴ c=
9 2
=
64 Z
7 sin 3x cos5 3x dx
x A B
5 = + Let cos 3x = u
(x − 2)(x + 1) x − 2 x + 1 du
x = A(x + 1) + B(x − 2) Then = −3 sin 3x
2 Z dx Z
When x = 2, A = 1
3 ∴ cos 3x sin 3x dx = −
5
u5 du
1 3
When x = −1, B = u6
Z 4 3 =− +c
x 18
∴ dx
3 (x − 2)(x + 1) 1
= − cos6 3x + c
2 4 dx
Z
1 4 dx
Z 18
= +
3 3 (x − 2) 3 3 (x + 1)
Z 6
" #4 2
=
2 1
loge |x − 2| + loge |x + 1| 8 2
dx = loge p
3 3 4 x −4
3 2 2
#4 =
x − 4 (x − 2)(x + 2)
2
"
1
= loge |(x − 2)2 (x + 1)|
3 A B
3 = +
1 x−2 x+2
= (loge 20 − loge 4) 2 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 2)
3
1 1
= loge 5 ≈ 0.536 When x = 2, A =
3 2
1
When x = −2, B = −
2
Z π
(cos x)dx
6
6 = loge c
0 1 + sin x
Let 1 + sin x = u
du
Then = cos x
dx
When x = 0, u = 1
π 3
and when x = , u =
6 2

42
 Z 6 Z 6
2 3
∴ dx ∴ dx
2
4 x −4 5 − 5x + 4
x2
1 6 dx 1 6 dx
Z Z Z 6 Z 6
dx dx
= − =− +
2 4 x−2 2 4 x+2 5 x−1 5 x−4
1 = [− loge |x − 1| + loge |x − 4|]65
= [loge |x − 2| − loge |x + 2|]64
2 "  #6
#6  x − 4 
= loge 
" 
1  x − 2 
= loge   x − 1  5
2  x + 2  4
2 1
= loge − loge
!
1 4 2
= loge − loge 5 4
2 8 6 8
1 3 = loge
= loge 5
2 2 8
r ∴ p=
3 5
= loge
2
√
Z
r !1 cos x
3 3 2 6 10 a dx
∴ p= = = sin3 x
2 2 2 Let sin x = u
du
Then = cos x
Z 6 dx
3
dx = loge p
Z Z
9 cos xdx du
5 − 5x + 4
x2 ∴ 3
=
3 3 sin x u3
=
x − 5x + 4 (x − 1)(x − 4)
2 u−2
= +c
A B −2
= + 1
x−1 x−4 =− +c
3 = A(x − 4) + B(x − 1) 2 sin2 x
When x = 4, B = 1 1
= − cosec2 x + c
When x = 1, A = −1 2
Z
3
b x(4x2 + 1) 2 dx
Let 4x2 + 1 = u
du
Then = 8x
Z dx
3
∴ x(4x2 + 1) 2 dx
Z
1 3
= u 2 du
8
2 5
= u2 + c
5×8
1 5
= (4x2 + 1) 2 + c
20

43
 Z 3
1 16 du
Z Z
sin2 x cos3 x dx x dx
c √ =− √
0 25 − x2 2 25 u
Let sin x = u √ 16
du = [− u]25
Then = cos x,
dx = −4 + 5
sin2 x cos3 x = sin2 x cos2 x cos x
=1
Z = u2 (1 − u2Z
) cos x
∴ sin2 x cos3 x dx = (u2 − u4 )du Z Z
dx dx
12 a =
u3 u5 (x + 1)2 + 4
(x + 1)2 + 22
= − +c 1 x+1
3 5 = tan−1 +c
sin3 x sin5 x 2 2
= − Z Z
3 5 1 1 dx
b √ dx =
+c
s !
1 − 9x2 3 2
1
− x2
Z
ex 3
d dx
e2x − 2e x + 1
!
1 −1 x
Let e = u
x = sin 1 + c
3 3
du
Then = ex 1 −1
dx sin 3x + c
=
Z
e x dx
Z
du 3
∴ =
e − 2e + 1
2x x u − 2u + 1
2 Z Z
1 1 dx
Z c √ dx =
du 1 − 4x2 2
s !
2
= 1
(u − 1)2 − x2
2
1
=− +c 1 −1 x
!
u−1 = sin 1 + c
1 2
= +c 2
1 − ex 1 −1
= sin 2x + c
2
Z 3
x Z
dx
11 √ dx d
0 25 − x2 (2x + 1)2 + 9
Let 25 − x2 = u
Z
1 dx
du = 2 !2
Then = −2x 4 1
!
3
dx x+ +
2 2
When x = 0, u = 25 !
and when x = 3, u = 16 1 2 −1 2 1
= × tan x+ +c
4 3 3 2
1 −1 2x + 1
= tan +c
6 3

44
 f 0 (x)dx
! Z
1
13 f : (1, ∞) → R, f (x) = sin −1
√ c = loge ( f (x))
x f (x)
+ c (for f (x) > 0)
a By the chain rule ! Also note that
1 1 3
f 0 (x) = s × − x− 2
Z 0
f (x)
!2 2 dx = loge | f (x)|
1 f (x)
1− √ (for f (x) , 0)
x
1
Z
=− r d sin( f (x)) f 0 (x)dx
√ 1
2 x3 1 − Z
x
= sin udu
1
=− √
2x x − 1 = − cos u + c
Z 4
dx
Z 4
dx = − cos[ f (x)] + c
b √ = −2 √
2 x x−1 2 −2x x − 1
√
y= x 4−x
!#4
15
"
−1 1
= −2 sin √
x 2 dy √ x
= 4−x− √ (product rule)
π π dx 2 4−x
= −2 × + 2 ×
6 4 2(4 − x) − x
π π = √
= − 2 4−x
2 3
π 8 − 3x
= = √
6 Z 22 4 − x
8 − 3x h √ i2
∴ √ dx = 2 x 4 − x
14 For each of the following let f (x) = u. 0 4−x 0
√
Then f 0 (x) dx = du =4 2
Therefore
Z Z
a f (x)( f (x)) dx =
0 2
u2 du 16 2x − 3

x − 4x + 4 2x3 − 11x2 + 20x − 13
2
u3 2x3 − 8x2 + 8x
= +c
3 − 3x2 + 12x − 13
1 −3x2 + 12x − 12
= [ f (x)]3 + c
3 −1
f 0 (x)dx Z∴ a = 2, b = −3, c = −1
Z Z
du
b = 2x3 − 11x2 + 20x − 13
( f (x))2 u2 ∴ dx
(x − 2)2
1
=− +c
Z Z
dx
u = (2x − 3)dx −
1 (x − 2)2
=− +c 1
f (x) = x2 − 3x + +c
x−2

45
 π π
and when x = e2 , u = 2
Z Z
4 1 − cos 4x 4
17 a sin 2x dx =
2
dx Z e2
dx
Z 2
du
0 0 2 ∴ =
" # π4 e x loge x 1 u
1 1
= x − sin 4x = [loge |u|]21
2 8 0
π = loge 2 ≈ 0.693
=
8 Z π Z π
4 4
b Let x2 − 14x + 1 = u e tan x dx =
2
(sec2 x − 1)dx
du 0 0
Then = 2x − 14 π
dx
When x = −1, u = 16 = [tan x − x]04
when x = 0, u = 1
and Z π
0 √ = 1 − ≈ 0.215
4
∴ (14 − 2x) x2 − 14x + 1dx
−1 f Let 2 + cos x = u
Z 1 √ du
=− udu Then = − sin x
dx
16 When x = 0, u = 3
#1 π
and when x = , u = 2
"
2 3
= − u2 Z π
2
3 16 2 sin x
Z 2
du
2 ∴ dx = −
= − (1 − 64) 0 2 + cos x 3 u
3
= −[loge |u|]23
= 42
= − loge 2 + loge 3
c Let cos x = u 3
du = loge ≈ 0.405
Then = − sin x 2
dx
1 1
When x = − π, u = R
3 2 18 a sin x cos x dx
1 1 Let u = sin x
and when x = π, u =
3 2 du
Z 1π Then = cos x
3 sin x Z dx Z
∴ 9 1 √ dx
−3π cos x ∴ sin x cos x dx = u cos x dx
Z 1 Z
2 −du = udu
=9 1
√
2
u
1
=0 = u2 + c
Ra 2
(since a f (x)dx = 0) 1
= sin2 x + c
2
d Let loge x = u
du 1
Then =
dx x
When x = e, u = 1

46
 Z √
b sin x cos x dx b y = loge (x + x2 − 1)
dy 1
=
Z
1 √
= 2 sin x cos x dx dx x + x2 − 1
2 !
Z 1 2 1
=
1
sin 2x dx × 1 + (x − 1) × 2x
−2

2 2
!
1 1 x
= − cos 2x + c = √ 1+ √
4 x + x2 − 1 x2 − 1
√
x2 − 1 + x
!
1
√ = √ √
19 a y = loge (x + x2 + 1) x + x2 − 1 x2 − 1
dy 1 1
= √ = √
dx x + x2 + 1 2
Z 7 x −1
! 1
1 2 1 ∴ √ dx
× 1 + (x + 1) × 2x
−2
2 x2 − 1
2
Z 7
! dy
1 x = dx
= √ 1+ √ 2 dx
x + x2 + 1 x2 + 1 √
√ = [loge |x + x2 − 1|]72
x2 + 1 + x
!
1
= √ √ √
x + x2 + 1 x2 + 1 = loge (7 + 72 − 1)
1 √
= √ − loge (2 + 22 − 1)
Z x2 + 1 √ √
1 = loge (7 + 48) − loge (2 + 3)
∴ √ dx √ !
x2 + 1 7+4 3
Z
dy = loge √
= dx 2+ 3
dx √ √ !
7+4 3 2− 3
=y+c = loge √ × √
√ 2+ 3 2− 3
√ √
= loge |x + x2 + 1| + c 14 + 8 3 − 7 3 − 12
!
= loge
4−3
√
= loge (2 + 3), as required to show.

Z Z
1 1 2
20 a dx = dx
4+x 2 2 4 + x2
!
1 −1 x
= tan +c
2 2
!
1 −1 x
= tan (c = 0)
2 2

47
 1 1 1
b = , x ∈ (−2, 2)
4−x 2 (2 + x)(2 − x) 
x + 4  x2
2
A B x2 + 4
= +
(2 + x) (2 − x) −4
1
When x = 2, B = x 2
4
4 =1− 2
1 xZ + 4
2 x +4
When x = −2, A = x2
4 dx
∴ f rac14 − x = 2 1
+
1 x2 + 4
4(x + 2) 4(2 − x) Z Z
2
= 1dx − 2 dx
4 + x2
Z
1
∴ dx
4 − x2 !
−1 x
"Z Z # = x − 2 tan +c
1 1 1 2
= dx + dx
4 x+2 2−x !
−1 x
1 = x − 2 tan (c = 0)
= (loge |x + 2| − loge |2 − x)| + c 2
4 Z Z
 x + 2  1 1
 
1 dx =
= loge  (c = 0) f
1 + 4x 2
! dx
4  2 − x  1
4 +x 2
4
4 + x2
Z
c dx 1
x 1
Z
2
Z
4
Z = dx
2 1
= dx + xdx + x2
x 4
1 1 −1
= 4 loge |x| + x2 + c = tan (2x) (c = 0)
2 2
1 √
= 4 loge |x| + x2 (c = 0)
Z
2 g x 4 + x2 dx
Let u = 4 + x2
Z
x
d dx du
4 + x2 ∴ = 2x
dx
Let u = 4 + x2 Z √
du ∴ x 4 + x2 dx
∴ = 2x
dx
Z Z 1
Z
√
x 1 1 = udu
∴ dx = du 2
4 + x2 2 u
1 1 2 3
= loge (4 + x2 ) + c = × u2 + c
2 2 3
1 ! 32
= loge (4 + x2 ) (c = 0) 1
= 4+x 2
(c = 0)
2 3
x2
Z
Z √
e dx
4 + x2 h x 4 + xdx
Let u = x + 4

48
 Z
du x
∴ x = u − 4 and =1 ∴ √ dx
Z √ dx 4−x
∴ x 4 + xdx
Z
4−u
=− √ du
Z
1
u
= (u − 4)u 2 du Z
1
Z
1
Z = −4 u du + u 2 du
−2

3 1
= u 2 − 4u 2 du 1 2 3
= −8u 2 + u 2 + c
2 5 8 3 3
= u2 − u2 + c √ 2 3
5 3 = −8 4 − x + (4 − x) 2 (c = 0)
2 5 8 3 3
= (x + 4) 2 − (x + 4) 2 (c = 0) x
5 3
R
l √ dx
Z
1 4 − x2
i √ dx Let u = 4 − x2
4−x du
Let u = 4 − x ∴ = −2x
dx
du Z
x 1
Z
1
∴ = −1 ∴ √ dx = − √ du
dx
Z Z 4 − x2 2 u
1 1
∴ √ dx = − √ du 1 1
4−x u = − × 2u 2 + c
1
2
√
= −2u 2 + c = − 4 − x2 (c = 0)
√
= −2 4 − x (c = 0)
Z
1
Z
1 21 a y = x cos x
j √ dx = √ dx
4 − x2 22 − x2 dy
= x × − sin x + 1 × cos x
x
! dx
= sin−1 +c = cos x − x sin x
2
dy
∴ x sin x = cos x −
!
−1 x
= sin (c = 0) dx
2 Z Z Z
dy
∴ x sin x dx = cos x dx − dx
Z
x dx
k √ dx
4−x = sin x − y + c

Let u = 4 − x = sin x − x cos x + c

du
∴ x = 4 − u and = −1
dx

49
 π
x3 − x + 2
Z Z 3
b (x − π) sin x dx ∴ dx
0 2 x2 − 1
Z π Z π Z 3 Z 3
= x sin x dx − π sin x dx −1
= x dx + dx
0 0 2 2 x+1
= [sin x − x cos x]π0 + π[cos x]π0 Z 3
1
+ dx
= (sin π − π cos π) − (sin 0 − 0) 2 x−1
#3
+ π(cos π − cos 0)
"
1 2
= x + [− loge |x + 1|]32
2 2
= (0 + π) − (0 − 0) + π(−1 − 1)
+ [loge |x − 1|]32
= π − 2π
1
= −π = (32 − 22 ) − loge 4 + loge 3
2
+ loge 2 − loge 1
x3 − x + 2
Z
dx = c + loge d
!
22 5 3×2
x2 − 1 = + loge
2 4×1
x
 5 3
x − 1  x3 − x + 2
2
= + loge
2 2
x3 − x
5 3
+2 ∴ c = and d =
2 2
x −x+2
Z 3 3
∴ dx
2 x2 − 1
Z 3 Z 3 23 a f (x) = sin(x) cosn−1 (x)
2
= x dx + 2
dx f 0 (x) = sin(x) × (n − 1) cosn−2 (x)
2 2 x −1
2 2
Now 2 = × − sin(x) + cos(x)
x − 1 (x + 1)(x − 1)
A B × cosn−1 (x)
≡ +
x+1 x−1 = −(n − 1) sin2 (x) cosn−2 (x)
∴ A(x − 1) + B(x + 1) = 2
When x = 1, B = 1 + cosn (x)
When x = −1, A = −1 Z
2 −1 1 b ∴ f 0 (x)dx
∴ 2 = +
x −1 x+1 x−1 Z
= −(n − 1) sin2 (x) cosn−2 (x)dx
Z
+ cosn (x)dx

50
 Z !
∴ sin(x) cosn−1 (x) 1 1
cos (x)dx = x + sin(2x)
2
Z 2 2
= −(n − 1) (1 − cos2 (x))
1 1 π 1 π
" !
Z = 3 × + sin 2 ×
4 2 2 2 2
× cos (x)dx + cosn (x)dx
n−2
!#
1 1
Z − × 0 − sin(2 × 0)
2 2
= −(n − 1) cosn−2 (x)dx
1 π 1
!!
1
Z ! Z = 3 + sin π − 0 − sin 0
4 4 2 2
− cos (x)dx +
n
cosn (x)dx
3 π
!
Z = +0−0
= −(n − 1) cosn−2 (x)dx + (n − 1) 4 4
3π
Z Z =
× cos (x)dx + cosn (x)dx
n 16
Z Z π
2
= −(n − 1) cosn−2 (x)dx ii cos6 (x)dx
0
Z Z π
+ n cosn (x)dx 1
= ×6
2
cos6 (x)dx
Z 6 0
π
∴ n cosn (x)dx = sin(x) cosn−1 (x)
"
1
= [sin(x) cos5 (x)]02
Z 6
+ (n − 1) cosn−2 (x)dx, Z π
2
#
as required to verify. +5 4
cos (x)dx
0
π
" #
Z 1 3π
c i
2
cos4 (x)dx = 0−0+5× from i.
6 16
0
Z π 5π
1 2 =
= ×4 cos4 (x)dx 32
4 0
" π iii π
1
= [sin(x) cos3 (x)]02
Z
2
4 cos4 (x) sin2 (x)dx
0
Z π # π
2
+3 2
Z
cos (x) dx 2
0 = cos4 (x)(1 − cos2 (x))dx
0
π π
"
1 π π
= sin cos3 − sin 0 cos3 0
Z Z
2 2
4 2 2 = 4
cos (x)dx − cos6 (x)dx
0 0
" # π2 #
1 1 3π 5π
+ 3 x + sin(2x) = −
2 2 0
16 32
π
=
32

51
 π π Z
Z
4
Z
4
x
sec (x)dx = 4 −4 24 a dx
iv cos (x)dx (x + 1)n
0 0 du
Now n cosn x dx = Let u = x + 1, =1
R
R sin x ∴
dx
cos (x) + (n − 1) cosn−2 (x)dx
n−1
and Zx = u − 1
Z π x
4 ∴ dx
∴ −2 cos−2 x dx (x + 1)n
0 Z
π u−1
= du
= [sin x cos−3 (x)]04 un
Z π
Z
4 = u1−n − u−n du
+ (−3) cos−4 (x)dx
0
1 2−n 1 1−n
Z π
4
= u − u +c
2−n 1−n
∴ −2 sec2 x dx
1 1
0
= (x + 1)2−n − (x + 1)1−n
π π 2−n 1−n
" !
= sin cos−3
4 4 +c
#
−3
Z 2
− sin 0 cos (0)
b x(x − 1)n dx
1
Z π Let u = x − 1, ∴ x=u+1
4
−3 cos−4 (x)dx du
0
π
and =1
dx
∴ −2[tan x]04 When x = 1, u = 0
Z x = 2, u = 1
√ 3
" #
1 When
= √ × ( 2) − 0 2
2 ∴ x(x − 1)n dx
Z π 1
4
cos−4 (x)dx 1
Z
−3
0 = (u + 1)un du
0
∴ −2(1 − 0) Z 1
Z π = un+1 + un du
4
=2−3 cos−4 (x)dx "
0
#1 " #1
0 1 n+2 1 n+1
π = u + u
n+2 n+1
Z
4
∴ −4 = −3 cos−4 (x)dx 0 0
0 1 1
π = +
Z
4 4 n+2 n+1
∴ cos−4 (x)dx =
0 3
Z π
4 4
∴ sec4 (x)dx =
0 3

52
 Z 1 du dv
25 a (1 + ax)2 dx dy v dx − u dx
0
∴ =
dx v2
du
Let u = 1 + ax, ∴ =a (a cos x + b sin x)(a cos x + b sin x)
dx −(a sin x − b cos x)(b cos x − a sin x)
When x = 0, u = 1 =
(a cos x + b sin x)2
WhenZ x = 1, u = 1 + a
1 a2 cos2 x + 2ab sin x cos x + b2 sin2 x
∴ (1 + ax) dx 2
−(2ab sin x cos x − b2 cos2 x
0 −a2 sin2 x)
Z 1+a =
1 (a cos x + b sin x)2
= u2 du
a 1 a2 (cos2 x + sin2 x)
" #1+a +b2 (sin2 x + cos2 x)
1 u3 =
= (a cos x + b sin x)2
a 3 1
a2 + b2
1 =
(a cos x + b sin x)2
= [(1 + a)3 − 1]
3a
1 b π
= (1 + 3a + 3a2 + a3 − 1)
Z
2 dx
3a 0 (a cos x + b sin x)2
1 Z π
= 1 + a + a2 =
1 2 a2 + b2
dx
3 a2 + b2 0 (a cos x + b sin x)2
#π
1
"
1 a sin x − b cos x 2
b Let y = a2 + a + 1 =
a2 + b2 a cos x + b sin x 0
3
The value of y is a minimum when " a sin π − b cos π #
1 2 2 a sin 0 − b cos 0
dy = π − a cos 0 + b sin 0
=0 a2 + b2 a cos π + b sin
da "
2
#
2
2 1 a −b
=
∴ a+1=0 a2 + b2 b
−
a
3 " #
1 a b
3 = +
∴ a=− a2 + b2 b a
2
a2 + b2
!
1
=
a2 + b2 ab
a sin x − b cos x u 1
26 a Let y = = =
a cos x + b sin x v ab
where u = a sin x − b cos x and
v = a cos x + b sin x Rπ
du 27 Un = 04 tann x dx
∴ = a cos x + b sin x and
dx where n ∈ Z and n > 1
dv
= −a sin x + b cos x
dx

53
 π
a Un + Un−2
Z
4
where U0 = tan0 x dx
Z π Z π
0
4 4
= tan x dx +
n
tann−2 x dx Z π
4
0
π
0
= 1dx
Z
4 0
= tann−2 x(tan2 x + 1)dx π
0 = [x]04
π
Z π
=
4
tann−2 x sec2 x dx =
4
0
Let w = tan x 1 1 π
∴ U6 = − + 1 −
dw 5 3 4
∴ = sec2 x 13 π
dx = −
When x = 0, w = 0 15 4
as required to show
π
When x = , w = 1
4
∴ Un + Un−2 1 1
28 a +
Z 1 1 + tan x 1 + cot x
= wn−2 dw 1 + cot x + 1 + tan x
=
"
0
#1 (1 + tan x)(1 + cot x)
=
1
wn−1 2 + tan x + cot x
=
n−1 0 1 + tan x + cot x + tan x cot x
1 2 + tan x + cot x
= [1 − 0] =
n−1 2 + tan x + cot x
1 (since tan x cot x = 1)
=
n−1
=1
1
b Un + Un−2 = Rπ dθ
n−1 b Consider 02
∴ Un =
1
− Un−2 1 + tan θ
n−1 π dφ
1 Let φ = − θ ∴ = −1
U6 = − U4 2 dθ
π
5 ∴ θ = −φ
2
π
!
1 1
= − − U2 When θ = 0, φ =
5 3 2
π
1 1 When θ = , φ = 0
= − + (1 − U0 ) 2
5 3
1 1
= − + 1 − U0
5 3

54
 Z π Z π
2 dθ 2 dθ
∴ c
0 1 + tan θ 0 1 + tan θ
Z 0
dφ Z π
=−
2 dφ
π =
π 0 1 + cot φ
!
2 1 + tan − φ
2 Z π !
2 1 1
π = + dφ
1 + tan φ 1 + cot φ
Z
2 dφ
= 0
0 1 + cot φ Z π
2 dφ
π
! ! −
since tan − φ = cot φ 0 1 + tan φ
2 Z π Z π
as required to show. 2 2 dφ
= 1dφ −
0 0 1 + tan φ
Rπ dθ Rπ dφ
Now 02 = 02
1 + tan θ 1 + tan φ
π π
dθ
= 02 1dφ
R R
∴ 2 02
1 + tan θ
Z π
2 dθ 1 π
∴ = [φ]02
0 1 + tan θ 2
1 π
" #
= −0
2 2
π
=
4

55
Solutions to Technology-free questions
Z Z Z
dx
1 a cos 2xdx =
3 2
(1 − sin 2x)
1 − 4x2
Z Z
× cos 2xdx 1 dx 1 dx
= +
2 1 − 2x 2 1 + 2x
Let sin 2x = u
1
du = − loge |1 − 2x|
then = 2 cos 2x 4
Z  dx 1
+ loge |1 + 2x| + c

2
∴ 1 − sin 2x cos 2x dx 4
 1 + 2x 
 
1
= loge  +c
Z
du
= (1 − u2 ) dx 4  1 − 2x 
dx
Z
1 Let 1 − 4x2 = u
= (1 − u2 )du d
2
du
1 1 = −8x
then
= u − u3 + c dx
2 6 Z Z
x dx 1 du
1 1 ∴ √ =− √
= sin 2x − sin3 2x + c 1 − 4x2 8 u
2 6
1√
b Z =− u+c
2x + 3 4
dx 1√
4x2 + 1 =− 1 − 4x2 + c
Z
du
Z
dx 4
= +3
4u + 1 4x2 + 1 x2 1 1
e 2
=− + 
du

1 − 4x 4
where u = x2 , = 2x 4 1 − 4x 2
dx
1 3 x2 dx
Z
x 1
= loge |4u + 1| + tan−1 2x+c ∴ =− +
4 2 1 − 4x 2 4 16
1 
1 + 2x 

= loge |4x2 + 1| × loge  +c
4 1 − 2x 
3 see 1 c above
+ tan−1 2x+c
2
1 3 f Let 1 − 2x2 = u
= loge (4x2 + 1) + tan−1 2x + c, du
4 2 then = −4x
Zdx √
since 4x + 1 > 0
2
∴ x 1 − 2x2 dx
1 A B Z
√
c = + =−
1
1 − 4x2 1 − 2x 1 + 2x 4
udu
∴ 1 = A(1 + 2x) + B(1 − 2x) 1 2 3
1 1 = − × u2 + c
When x = , A = 4 3
2 2 r
1 1 1  3
When x = − , B = =− 1 − 2x2 + c
2 2 6

56
 2 π
 Z √
g sin x −
3 x x + 1dx
 2π  Z
1
1 − cos 2x − = (u − 1)u 2 du
= 3
2 Z
3 1
π =
Z  u 2 − u 2 du
∴ sin2 x − dx
3
2 5 2 3
= u2 − u2 + c
Z
1
= 1dx 5 3
2
2 5 2 3
= (x + 1) 2 − (x + 1) 2 + c
Z
1  2π 
− cos 2x − dx 5 3
2 3 3 1
!
1
1 1  2π  = 2(x + 1) 2 (x + 1) − +c
= x − sin 2x − +c 5 3
2 4 3

h Let x2 − 2 = u l 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x

Z Z
dx 1 dx
du
= 2x
then =
dx 1 + cos 2x 2 cos2 x
Z
x dx 1
Z
du 1
∴ √ = √ = sec2 x + c
2
x2 − 2 2 u
√ 1
= u+c = tan x + c
2
√
= x2 − 2 + c e +1
Z 3x
m dx
Z Z
1 − cos 6x e3x+1
i sin 3xdx =
2
dx Z
2 = (e−1 + e−3x−1 )dx by division
1 1
= x− sin 6x+c x −1
2 12 = + 3x+1 + c
e 3e
j Let cos 2x = u
du n Let x2 − 1 = u
then −2 sin 2x =
dx

sin3 2x = 1 − cos2 2x sin 2x du
then = 2x
Z dx
Z Z
sin3 2x dx x dx 1 du
2
=
Z x −1 2 u
1
=− (1 − u2 )du 1
= loge |u| + c
2 2
1 u3  1
=− u− +c = loge |x2 − 1| + c
2 3 2
1  
= cos 2x cos2 2x − 3 +c
6
k Let u = x + 1
du
then = 1 and x = u − 1
dx

57
 1
o sin2 x cos2 x Z
2 dx
"
1
∴ 2
= − loge |1 − x|
1 1−x 2
= sin2 2x 0
4 # 12
1 − cos 4x 1
= + loge |1 + x|
8 2 0
Z
1
sin2 x cos2 x dx = loge 3
2
Z Z
1 1
= 1dx − cos 4xdx Z 1
2
 1
8 8 c x 1+x 2 2
dx
x 1 0
= − sin 4x + c 5
8 32 1
Z
4 1
= u 2 du
x2 1 2 1
p = x−1+
1+x x+1 du
where u = 1 + x2 , = 2x
by division dx
" #5
x2 dx x2
Z
1 2 3 4
= −x = × u2
1+x 2 2 3 1
√
+ loge |x + 1| + c 1 5 5
!
= −1
3 8
√
2 a Let 1 − x2 = u 5 5−8
du =
then = −2x 24
dx
When x = 0, u = 1 and when 1 A B
1 3 d = +
x= , u= x(x + 6) x x+6
2 4 1 = A(x + 6) + Bx
Z 1 1 Z 3
2 1 4 1 1
∴ 1 − x x dx = −
2 2
u 2 du When x = 0, A = and when
0 2 1 6
1
3 x = −6, B = −
1 3 4 6
= − u2 Z 2
dx
3 1 ∴
√ !
1 3 3 0 x(x + 6)
= 1− " #2
3 8 1 1
√ = loge |x| − loge |x + 6|
1 3 6 6 1
= − "   # 2
3 8 1  x 
= loge  
1 A B 6  x + 6  1
b = +
1−x 1+x 1
2 2 1
1−x
= loge ÷
1 = A(1 + x) + B(1 − x) 6 8 7
1 1 7
When x = 1, A = and when = loge
2 6 4
1
x = −1, B =
2

58
 π
2x2 + 3x + 2 3x + 2 Z
e =2− h
2
sin2 2x dx
x + 3x + 2
2 (x + 1)(x + 2) 0
by division Z π
1 2
A B = (1 − cos 4x)dx
=2− − 2 0
x+1 x−2 π
∴ A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) = 3x + 2 1 1 
2
= x − sin 4x
When x = −1, A = −1 and when 2 4 0
x =Z
−2, B = 4 π
=
1
2x2 + 3x + 2 4
∴ dx
0 x2 + 3x + 2 Z π
Z 1 i sin2 x cos2 xdx
1 4
= 2+ − dx −π
0 x+1 x+2 x
"
1
#π
" = − sin 4x ( see 1 o)
= 2x + loge |x + 1| 8 32 −π
π
#1 =
4
− 4 loge |x + 2|
0 Z 1 o again with 2x = t
j Using
1 π 2
= 2 + loge 2 − 4 loge 3 + 4 loge 2 sin t cos2 tdt
2 0
32 #π
= 2 + loge
"
1 t 1
81 = − sin 4t
2 8 32 0
f Let 4 − 3x = u π
du =
then −3 = 16
dx
When x = 0, u = 4 and when k Let u = 2 sin x + cos x
xZ= 1, u = 1 du
1 = 2 cos x − sin x
1 1 1
Z
dx dx
√ =− √ du Z π
0 4 − 3x 3 4 u 4 2 cos x − sin x
∴ dx
0 2 sin x + cos x
" #1
2 1
= − u2 √
3 2
3 4
Z
2 1
= du
2 u
= (2 − 1) 2
√
3  3 2
2 2
= = loge |u|
3 2
 3 √2 
= loge
Z 1 " #1
dx −1 x
g √ = sin 2
0 4 − x2 2 0
π l Let x3 + 1 = u
= du
6 then = 3x2
dx
When x = −1, u = 0
and when x = 2, u = 9

59
 Z 2 √ 1
Z 9 √ d  −1 √  1
x 2
x3 + 1dx = udu 4 a sin x = √
−1 3 0
dx 1−x
2  3 9 1
= u2 × √
9 0 2 x
=6 1
= √
2 x(1 − x)
√
Z
dx
2x + 2 = 2 sin−1 x + c
!
1 1 ∴ √
3 − x(1 − x)
2 x2 + 2x + 3 x2 + 2x + 3
x+1−1 d  −1 2 
sin (x ) = √
2x
= 2 b
x + 2x + 3 dx 1 − x4
x Z
2x
= 2 ∴ √ dx = sin−1 (x2 ) + c
x + 2x + 3 4
x2 + 2x + 3 = (x + 1)2 + 2 1−x
Let x + 1 = u
du d x
=1

then 5 a x sin−1 x = sin−1 x + √
Z dx dx 1 − x2
x dx Z
x + 2x + 3
2
sin−1 x dx = x sin−1 x
Z
x
= dx Z
x dx
(x + 1)2 + 2 − √
1 − x2
Z
u−1
= du
u2 + 2
Z
1 du
= x sin x +
−1
√
2 u
Z Z
u 1
= du − du
u +2
2 u +2
2
where u = 1 − x2 ,
Z Z
1 2u 1
= du − du du
= −2x
2 u2 + 2 u2 + 2 dx
1 √
= loge (u2 + 2) = x sin−1 x + u + c
2
1  u  = x sin−1 x
− √ tan−1 √ + c √
2 2 + 1 − x2 + c
1
= loge (x2 + 2x + 3) d 
2 b x loge x = loge |x| + 1
dx
−1 x + 1
!
1
− √ tan √ +c Z Z
2 2 loge x dx = x loge |x| − 1dx

= x loge |x| − 1 + c

c
d x
(x tan−1 x) = tan−1 x +
dx 1 + x2
Z Z
x dx
∴ tan x dx = x tan x −
−1 −1
1 + x2

60
 Z Z
du 1−x2 1
Let 1 + x = u, then
2
= 2x xe dx = − eu du
Z Z dx 2
x dx 1 du
= 1
1+x 2 2 u = − eu + c
2
1
= loge |1 + x2 | + c 1 2
= − e1−x + c
2 2
Z
tan−1 x dx = x tan−1 x Z
e tan2 (x + 3)dx
1
− loge |1 + x2 | + c Z
2 = sec2 (x + 3) − 1dx

= tan(x + 3) − x + c
Z
6 a sin 2x cos 2xdx
Z f Let 6 + 2x2 = u
1 du
= sin 4x dx then = 4x
2 Z dx Z
1 2x dx 1 du
= − cos 4x + c √ = √
8 6 + 2x2 2 u
√
= u+c
b Let x3 + 1 = u √
du
then = 3x2 = 6 + 2x2 + c
Z dx Z

2 2 1
x + 1 x dx =
3
u2 du g Let tan x = u
3 du
1 then = sec2 x
= u3 + c Z dx Z
9 tan x sec xdx =
2 2
u2 du
1
= x3 + 1 3 +c


9 u3
= +c
c Let 3 + 2 sin θ = u 3
du 1
then 2 cos θ = = tan3 x + c
dθ 3
cos θdθ
Z
R sin x dx
3 + 2 sin θ 2 sec3 x tan x dx =

R
h Now
Z cos4 x
1 du Let cos x = u
=
2 u2
du
1 then = − sin x
=− +c dx
2u Z
sin x dx
Z
du
1 =−
=− +c 4
cos x u4
2(3 + 2 sin θ)
1 1
= 3 = sec3 x
d Let 1 − x2 = u 3u 3
du
then = −2x
dx

61
 Z Z π
Z π
i tan 3xdx =
2
sec2 3x − 1dx c
8 1
sec 2x dx = [tan 2x]08
2
0 2
1
= tan 3x − x + c =
1
3 2
Z 2 " #2
7 a Let cos x = u 1 2 3
d (3 − y) 2 dy = − (3 − y) 2
du 1 3
then = − sin x 1
dx 2 √
When x = 0, u = 1 and when = − (1 − 2 2)
π 3
x= , u=0 2 √
2 = (2 2 − 1)
3
∴ sin5 x = sin4 x sin x
Z π Z π
1 − cos 2x
= (1 − cos2 x)2 sin x e sin2 x dx = dx
Z π 0 0 2
2 #π
∴ sin5 xdx
"
x 1
0 = − sin 2x
Z 0
2 4 0
=− 1 − u2 2 du π


1
=
Z 0 2
2
=− 1 − 2u + u 2 4
du f Let u = x3 + 3x
1
du
2u3 u5
" #0 ∴ = 3x2 + 3
=− u− + dx
3 5 1 = 3(x2 + 1)
2 1 When x = −3, u = −36 and when
=1− +
3 5 x =Z−1, u = −4
−1
x2 + 1 1 −4 1
Z
8
= ∴ dx = du
−3 x + 3x
3 3 −36 u
15
b Let 13 − 5x = u 1
= [loge |u|]−4
−36
du 3
then = −5 1
dx = (loge | − 4|
When x = 1, u = 8 and 3

Z x = 8, u = 27
when − loge | − 36|)
8 1
1 1
∴ (13 − 5x) 3 dx = loge
1 3 9
Z 27
1 1
=− u 3 du
5 8
1 3  4 27
= − × u3
5 4 8
3
= − (81 − 16)
20
39
=−
4

62
 1 1
d  2 1  2 1  2 1 − 2 b Z
8 x + = x + 0
4x2 + 16x
dx x 2 x dx
−2 (x − 2)2 (x2 + 4)
× (2x − x−2 ) 0
x+4
Z
1 #2 1 6
2
2x − x−2 = + − 2 dx
Z "
12
r dx = 2 x +
2
−2 x − 2 (x − 2) 2 x +4
−1 1 x −1 0
x2 +
Z
1 6 x 4
x = + − 2 − 2 dx
r −2 x − 2 (x − 2) 2 x +4 x +4
1 6 1 x 0
=2 4+

2 = loge |x − 2| − − loge (x2 + 4) − 2 tan−1 ( )
√ x−2 2 2 −2
=3 2 1
= (loge 2 + 3 − loge 4 − 2 tan−1 0)
2
3 1
4x2 + 16x − (loge 4 + − loge 8 − 2 tan−1 (−1))
9 a = 2 2
(x − 2)2 (x2 + 4)
1 6 x+4 3 − π + 2 loge 2
1
+ − 2 =
x − 2 (x − 2) 2 x +4 2
Therefore c = 3 and d = 2

63
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 E
Let 4 − x = u, ∴ x=4−u
du
Then = −1
Z dx √
∴ x 4 − xdx
√
Z
= − (4 − u) udu
√
Z
3
= u 2 − 4 udu

2 5 8 3
= u2 − u2 + c 3 C Z
5 3 Z
sin(2x)
2 5 8 3 tan(2x)dx = dx
= (4 − x) 2 − (4 − x) 2 (c = 0) cos(2x)
5 3 du
Let cos 2x = u ∴ = −2 sin 2x
2 C Z dxZ
3 1 1
tan(2x)dx = −
Rm
tan x sec2 x dx = ∴ du
0 2 2 u
du 1
Let tan x = u then = sec2 x = − loge |u| + c
dx 2
When x = 0, u = 0
1
Z x = m, u = tan Z
When m = − loge | cos 2x| + c
m tan m 2
∴ tan x sec2 x = udu
 
1 1 
0 0 = loge  
 +c
u2 tan m
2 cos 2x 
= 1
2 0 = loge | sec 2x|
2
tan2 m (where c = 0)
=
2
Thus, 4 D π
tan2 m 3 R
2sin 2x
= π
2 + cos 2x
dx
2 2 4
√ π Let 2 + cos 2x = u
!
∴ tan m = 3 since m ∈ 0, du
2 Then = −2 sin 2x
π dx
π
∴ m= When x = , u = 2
3 4
Or using a CAS calculator
! with the π
π When x = , u = 1
condition that m ∈ 0, 2
2

64
 Z π Z 2
sin 2x2
6 C cos2 x − sin2 x dx
∴ π dx
2 + cos 2x 0
4 Z 2
1 11 =
Z
cos 2x dx
=− du 0
2 2 u 1 2
1 21 =
Z
sin 2x
= du 2 0
2 1 u
1
1 2 = sin 4
= loge |u| 2
2 1
≈ −0.3784
1
= log 2 Using CAS
2
Using CAS

Z
2
7 D √ dx
1 − 16x2
Z
1
=2 p dx
1 − (4x)2
Z
1 4
= dx
5 A
p
π
2 1 − (4x)2
Z
3
sin x cos3 x dx =
1 −1
sin (4x) + c
0 2
Let cos x = u, ∴ f racdudx =
1
− sin x = sin−1 (4x) (c = 0)
2
When x = 0, u = 1
π 1
When x = , u =
3 2
Z π
3
∴ sin x cos3 x dx
0
Z 1
2
=− u3 du
1
Z 1
= 1
u3 du
2

65
 Z
1 9 A
8 C dx d(x f (x))
9 + 4x2 = x f 0 (x) + f (x)
Z
1 dx
= ! dx d(x f (x))
9 ∴ f (x) = − x f 0 (x)
4 + x2 dx
4
d(x f (x)) 1
∴ f (x) = −
Z
1 1
= dx dx 1 + x2
4  3 2 Z Z
1
+x 2
∴ f (x)dx = x f (x) − dx
2 1 + x2
! !
1 2 −1 x
Z
= × tan 3 + c ∴ f (x)dx = x f (x) − tan−1 x
4 3 2
1 −1  2x 
= tan +c 10 D
6 3 Given F 0 (x) = f (x)
!
1 −1 2x ∴ F 0 (3 − 2x) = f (3 − 2x) × −2
= tan (c = 0)
6 3
1
∴ − F 0 (3 − 2x) = f (3 − 2x)
2
3
∴ 3 f (3 − 2x) = − F 0 (3 − 2x)
2
Z
3
∴ 3 f (3 − 2x)dx = − F(3 − 2x)
2

66
Chapter 8 – Applications of integration
Solutions to Exercise 8A
Z 3!
1 y 1
3 A= x + 2 dx
2 x
1 " 2 #3
3 x 1
= −
2 x 2
–3 –1 0 1 3 x 9 1 1
2 2 = − −2+
2 3 2
By symmetry,
1 2
= 2 square units
Z
dx
A=2 √ 3
0 9 − 4x2
Z 1
dx
= s ! 4 y
0 2
3 y=x
− x2
2 0
" #1 1 2 x
−1 2x
= sin
3 0
Z 2 !
2 2
= sin−1 square units A= x + dx
3 1 x
" 2 #2
x
2 y
= + 2 loge x
2 1
9
4 1
= 2 + 2 loge 2 −
2
!
3
= + 2 loge 2 square units
–2 0 2 x 2
By symmetry,
Z 2
9 dx
A=2 5 a y = tan−1 x.
0 4+x
2
" #2
−1 x i
= 9 tan
2 0
= 9 tan−1 1
9π
= square units
4

567
 π
π

Area A can be calculated as area 1

x= cos y
of the rectangle OABC minus area 2
under the tangent curve.
π π

x = tan y
ii Comparing Picture 1 with
π π π π Picture 2 makes it obvious that
Z 1
2
A= cos−1 2x dx
0
Z π
2 1
= cos y dy
0 2
π π
1
π = [sin y]02
Z
4
ii A = − tan y dy 2
4 0 1
π π = square unit
= + [loge cos y]04 2
4
π √
!
= − loge 2 square units
4

b y = cos−1 2x

568
c y = cos−1 2x d y = 2 sin−1 x

i i

π π

A
B

1
x= cos y y
2 x = sin
2
π π π π
π π

D C
Z 1
ii 2 sin−1 x dy
ii By symmetry, the shaded area is 0
Z π
half that of the rectangle ABCD. y
=π− sin dy
Area of rectangle = π square units 0 2
" #π
1 y
Z
2 = π + 2 cos
∴ A= 1
cos−1 2x 2 0
−2
= (π − 2) square units
1
=π×
2
π
= square units
2

569
 ! !
x x
e y = sin −1
f y = sin −1
.
2 2

i i

π π

x = 2 sin y

x = 2 sin y π π π π π π

Z 2 Z 0
x x
Z 2 ii sin−1
dx = sin−1 dx
x −1 2 −1 2
ii sin−1
dx
0 2 Z 2
x
Z π + sin−1 dx
π 2 0 2
=2× − 2 sin y dy Z 2
x
2 0 sin−1 dx
π 0 2
=π+ 2[cos y]02 = π − 2 square units (see 6 e)
= (π − 2) square units
and

570
 0 1
c When, y = 0,
Z Z
x x
sin−1 dx = − sin−1 dx
2 2 2
−1 0
−1 + 2 =0
(by symmetry) x +1
Z π ∴ x2 + 1 = 2
π
Z 1
−1 x 6
sin dx = − 2 sin y dy
0 2 6 0 x = ±1
π y
π
= + 2[cos y]06
6 1
π √
= + 3−2
6
Z 2
x π √
! –1 0 1 x
∴ −1
sin dx = (π − 2) − + 3−2
−1 2 6
5π √ Z 1 !
= − 3 square units 2
6 Area = −1 + 2 dx
−1 x +1
Z 1 !
6 2
y =2 −1 + 2 dx
0 x +1
4 = 2[−x + 2 tan−1 x]10
9
π
!
= 2 −1 + 2 ×
–3 –2 0 2 3 x 4
By symmetry,
Z 2 = (π − 2) square units
4 dx
A=2 2
0 9−x
Z 2 4
4 2 dx =0
Z
4 dx 8 a x−
= + x+3
3 0 3−x 3 0 3+x
∴ x2 + 3x − 4 = 0
(using partial fractions)
#2 ∴ (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
3+x
"
4
= loge ∴ x = −4 or x = 1
3 3−x 0
4
4 When x = 0, y = 0 −
= loge 5 square units 3
3 4
=−
3
7 a Hence intercepts with the! axes are:
dy 4x 4
=− 2 (−4, 0), (1, 0) and 0, −
dx (x + 1)2 3
4x
∴ − = 0 for stationary points b y = x non-vertical asymptote
+ 1)2
(x2
∴ x = 0, y = 1 is a turning point x = −3 vertical asymptote
(maximum)
Hence turning point occurs at (0, 1)

b y = −1 is a horizontal asymptote

571
 !
c 3
y y=x ∴ , 4 is a minimum turning point
2
Equations of asymptotes are:
y = 0, x = 1 and x = 2
0
8
c Range of g = R− ∪ [4, ∞)
–4 1 x
–4 Z 4
3 dx
d Area = −
3 (1 − x)(x − 2)
Z 4
dx
x = –3 =
3 (x − 1)(x − 2)
d 1 A B
Z 8
4
! = +
Area = x− dx (x − 1)(x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
1 x+3
#8 1 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)
x2
"
= − 4 loge (x + 3) When x = 2, B = 1
2 1
When x = 1, A = −1
64 1
= − 4 loge 11 − + 4 loge 4
Z 4 Z 4
dx dx
2 2 Area = −
! 3 x−2 3 x−1
1 4
= 31 + 4 loge square units " #4
2 11 x−2
= loge
x−1 3
9 a R\{1, 2} 2 1
= loge − loge
3 2
b 4
= loge square units
y 3

10 y 1
2
x=1 1 x=2
(1 2 , 4) –1 0 1 x
0 3 4
–3
x
–1
2

1
Z 1
2 −3
√ dx = −3[sin−1 x]02
dy 2x − 3 0 1 − x2
=
dx [(1 − x)(x − 2)]2 π
= −3 ×
2x − 3 6
∴ π
[(1 − x)(x − 2)]2 =−
2
= 0 for stationary points
3
∴ x=
2

572
 Z e Z 1
11 2 loge x
13 Area = dx = 2 u du
1 x 0
du 1
where u = loge x, =
dx x
∴ Area = [u2 ]10
= 1 square unit

14 π
Z
2
Area = sin3 2x dx
Z √
2 " #√2 0
dx x π
Area = √ = sin −1 Z
2
1 4 − x2 2 1 = (1 − cos2 2x) sin 2x dx
π π 0
= −
4 6 Let cos 2x = u
π
= square units du
12 Then = −2 sin 2x
dx
When x = 0, cos 2x = 1
12 y = tan−1 x π
and when x = , cos 2x = −1
π
2
1 −1
Z
∴ Area = − (1 − u2 )du
2 1
π #−1
u3
"
1
=− u−
2 3 1
! !
1 1 1 1
= − −1 + + 1−
2 3 2 3
π
2
= square units
3
π
√
Z 3 π
Area = tan−1 x dx
Z
2
0 15 Area = cos2 x sin x dx
Z π 0
π √ 3 du
= × 3− tan y dy Let u = cos x, = − sin x
3 0 dx
√ π
π 3 When x = 0, cos x = 1
= + [loge cos y]03
3 π
√ and when x = , cos x = 0
π 3 2
!
1
= + loge
3 2
√
π 3
!
= − loge 2 square unit
3

573
 Z 0 1 8
∴ Area = − u2 du b When x = , y =
1
4 3
x 0 0.25 0.5
3 1
" #
u
= dy
3 0 −3 0 3
dx
1
= square units Slope \ — /
3 !
1 8
Hence the turning point , is a
4 3
16 y minimum.
x = –3
c y
=2 2
x = – 12 x=1
0 3 x
3
2x 2(x + 3) − 6 1 8
( 4, 3 )
=
x+3 x+3 0 x
6
=2−
x+3
Z 3 !
6
Area = 6 − 2− dx d When y = 3, x = 0 or x =
1
0 x+3 2
1
= 6 − [2x − 6 loge (x + 3)]30 ∴ Area = ×3
2
= 6 − (6 − 6 loge 6) + (−6 loge 3) 3dx
Z 1
2
−
= 6 loge 2 square units 0 (2x + 1)(1 − x)
3 A B
= +
(2x + 1)(−x + 1) 2x + 1 −x + 1
dy 3(4x − 1)
17 a = −A + 2B = 0
dx (−2x2 + x + 1)2
A+B=3
3(4x − 1)
∴ B=1
(−2x2 + x + 1)2
A=2
= 0 for stationary points Z 1
3 2 dx
∴ 4x − 1 = 0 ∴ Area = +
2 0 −x + 1
1 Z 1
∴ x= 2 dx
4 +2
As there is only one possible value 0 2x + 1
for x above, there is only one turning !# 1
x + 21 2
"
point. 3
= − loge
2 1−x 0
3 1
= − loge 2 + loge
2 2
!
3
= − loge 4 square units
2

574
Solutions to Exercise 8B
1
y = x2 − 2x
Z
1
Area = (−x2 − x2 + 2x)dx
y = −x + 8x − 12
2 0
Z 1
∴ x − 2x = −x + 8x − 12
2 2
= (−2x2 + 2x)dx
0
2x2 − 10x + 12 = 0 #1
2x3
"
x − 5x + 6 = 0
2
= − + x2
3 0
(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 2
=1−
x = 2, x = 3 3
1
y = 0, y = 3 = square units
hence points of intersection are (3, 3) 3
and (2, 0)Z
3
1
Area = [(−x2 + 8x − 12) 3 a = x2
2 x2
− (x2 − 2x)]dx x = ±1
Z 3 Z 1 !
1 2
= (−2x2 + 10x − 12)dx A= 2
− x dx
2
2 −1 x
#3
−2x3
"
1
= + 5x2 − 12x "
1 x3 2
#−
3 2 = − −
28 x 3 −1
= −9 + ! !
3 1 1
= 2+ − 1+
1 24 3
= square units
3 49 4
= −
24 3
2 y = −x2 17
= square units
24
y = x2 − 2x
Z 1 Z 2
∴ − x2 = x2 − 2x 1
b B= x dx +
2
2
dx
2x2 − 2x = 0 0 1 x
" 3 #1 " #2
x = 0, x = 1 x 1
= + −
points of intersection are (0, 0) and 3 0 x 1
(1, −1) 1 1
= − +1
3 2
5
= square units
6

575
 Z a
4 12
5 Area = dx = [12 loge x]a1
y = x2 – 4 1 x
y
= 12 loge a
(–2 2, 4) (2 2, 4)
∴ 12 loge a = 24
loge a = 2
–2 0 2
–4 a = e2
16
y= 2 Using CAS:
x –4

Intersections:
16
x2 − 4 = 2
x −4
x − 4 = ±4
2

√ 6 y = 4 − x2 has x axis intercepts at

x = 0, x = ±2 2
x = ±2
By symmetry,
Z 1
16
! ∴ The straight line has equation
Area = 2 x −4− 22
dx y=2−x
0 x −4
" 3 !#1 Intersections:
x x−2 4 − x2 = 2 − x
=2 − 4x − 4 loge
3 x+2 0
! x2 − x − 2 = 0
1 1
= 2 − 4 − 4 loge (x + 1)(x − 2) = 0
3 3
! x = −1, y = 1 is a point where the
22 parabola and a straight line meet.
= 8 loge 3 − square units
3 Z 2
Using CAS:
a A= [(4 − x2 ) − (2 − x)]dx
−1
Z 2
= (2 + x − x2 )dx
−1
#2
x2 x3
"
= 2x + −
2 3 −1
! !
8 3 1
= 6− − − +
3 2 3
10 7
= +
3 6
9
= square units
2

576
 Z −1
b
b B= [(2 − x) − (4 − x2 )]dx
−2
Z −1 y = cosx y = sin(2x)

= 2
(x − x − 2)dx
−2
#−1
x3 x2
"
= − − 2x
3 2 −2 π π

7 2
= +
6 3
11
= square units
6
c Intersection:
3 sin 2x = cos x
Z
C= [(2 − x) − (4 − x2 )]dx
2 2 sin x cos x = cos x
" 3 2
#3
x x cos x = 0
= − − 2x
3 2 2 π
x=±
11 2
= square units (C = B by symmetry)
6 1
sin x =
2
π
7 a x=
6
√
3
y = 2 sinx
y=
π
2
Z
6
y
Area = π
(cos x − sin 2x)dx
−2
Z π
π π π π 2
+ π
(sin 2x − cos x)dx
6
y = sin(2x)
" # π6
1
= sin x + cos 2x
2 π
−2
Z π # π2
Area =
"
(2 sin x − sin 2x)dx 1
0 − sin x + cos 2x
" #π 2 π
1 6
= −2 cos x + cos 2x 1 1 1
2 0 = + +1+
2 4 2
1 1
=2+ +2− 1 1 1
2 2 −1+ + +
2 2 4
= 4 square units 1
= 2 square units
2

577
c y d
y=6–x
y= x
A (4, 2)

y=1 ( -1 , 1 ) (1,1)

0 1 5 6 x
To find the coordinates of point A:
√
x=6−x
√
Let x = u
Then u2 + u − 6 = 0, u > 0
(u − 2)(u + 3) = 0 By symmetry,
1 !
u=2
Z
∴ 2 dx
Area = 2 −1
1 + x2
∴ x = 4, y = 2 0
Z 4√ = [4 tan−1 x − 2x]10
Area = x dx
1 = (π − 2) − 0
Z 5
+ (6 − x)dx − 4 = π − 2 square units
4
e
(4 is the area of the rectangle)
" #4 " #5 π
2 3 x2
= x 2 + 6x − −4
3 1
2 4 π
!
2 25
= (8 − 1) + 30 − π
3 2
− (24 − 8) − 4
π
14 35
= + − 16 − 4
3 2 π
1
= 2 square units π
6
Alternatively, Z 1
2
Area = sin−1 (x)dx
0
Z π
π 6
= − sin(y)dy
12 0
π
π
= + [cos y]06
12
√ !
π 3
= −1+ square units
12 2

578
f To find the coordinates of A,
1 2 3
(x + 1) = 2
3 x +1
(x + 1) = 9
2 2

x2 + 1 = 3
y = 1 – sin(x) √
x= 2
π π π π π π π π π π π π

y=1
By symmetry,
√ Z 2" #
y = cos(2x) 3 1 2
Area = 2 − (x + 1) dx
0 x2 + 1 3
#√2
√ 2 x3
"
By symmetry, = 6[tan x]0 −
−1 2
+x
"Z π 3 3
6 0
Area = 2 (cos 2x − 1 + sin x)dx √
√ √
4 2 2 2
0 = 6 tan−1 2 − −
π 9 3
Z
2 √
√
+ π
(1 − sin x − cos 2x)dx] = 6 tan−1 2 −
10 2
6
9
" # π6 ≈ 4.161 square units
1
= 2 sin 2x − x − cos x
2 0
8 a y
# π2
y = loge x
"
1
+ 2 − sin 2x + x + cos x
2 π 1
6
√ √ √
3 π 3 3
=2 − − +1+ 0 1 e x
4 6 2 4
√ Z e
π 3 π
!
− − + Area = loge x dx
6 2 2 1
√
Z 1
π =1×e− ey dy
!
3
=2 − +1 0
6 2
=e− [ey ]10
π √
!
= + 2 − 3 square units = 1 square unit
3

g y 1 b y y = loge 2x
y = 3 (x2 + 1)
3

1
loge 2
3

A ( 2, 1) 0 1 1 x
3 2
y=
x2 + 1

– 2 0 2 x

579
 Z 1
Z Z
Area = loge 2x dx ⇒ f (x)dx = f 0 (x)dx
1
2 Z
loge 2 − e x dx
Z
1 y
= loge 2 − e dy
0 2
= f (x) − e x + c
1 log 2
= loge 2 − [ey ]0 e
2 = xe x − e x + c
1
= loge 2 − 1 +
2
! 10 a f (x) = 1 + loge x
1
= loge 2 − square units dy 1
2 =
dx x
dy
When x = 1, =1
9 a f (x) = xe x
dx
∴ m = −1
∴ f 0 (x) = e x + xe x = (x + 1)e x
y − 1 = −(x − 1)
b f 0 (x) = 0 when x = −1 ∵ e x , 0
∴ y = −x + 2
c y b y y = loge x + 1
y=2–x
A
(1, 1)
0
C
x 0 e–1 B 2 x
(–1, – 1e ) Area =
R1
(1 + loge x)dx +
1
e−1 2 !
d f 0 (−1) = 0 1
Note: Area of triangle ABC =
Hence, 2
Z 1
when x = −1, the equation of the 1
∴ Area = 1 − ey−1 dy +
1 2
tangent is y = − 0
e 3
= − [ey−1 ]10
1
Z 0 2
e Area = + xe x dx 3
e −1 = − 1 + e−1
2
1
= + [xe x − e x ]0−1
!
1 1
e = + square units
2 e
1 1 1
= −1+ +
e e e
!
3
= − 1 square units
e
Note: f (x) = f 0 (x) − e x

580
 3(x − 1)
!
11 a (x − 1)(x − 2) = 1
= 5 − 3 loge 3 square units
x 3
A : x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ (1, 0)
3 12 Intersection:
B: x − 2 =
x 3 cos x = 4 sin x
x − 2x − 3 = 0
2
3
∴ tan x =
(x − 3)(x + 1) = 0 4
3
x = 3, y = 2 ⇒ (3, 2) x0 = tan−1
4 π
C : x = −1, y = 6 ⇒ (−1, 6)
Z x0 Z
2
Using CAS: Area = 4 sin x dx + 3 cos x dx
0 x0
π
= −4[cos x]0x0 + 3[sin x] x20
= −4 cos x0 + 4 + 3 − 3 sin x0
= 7 − 4 cos x0 − 3 sin x0
3 opposite
b Since tan x0 = =
4 adjacent
y
4
y = (x – 1)(x – 2)
x0
C (–1, 6) 3
5
y=3
3 4
2 B (3, 2) ∴ sin x0 = , cos x0 =
5 5
2 x 16 9
0
A (1, 0)
∴ Area = 7 − −
5 5
Z 3" =7−5
3(x − 1)
c Area = = 2 as required
1 x
#
− (x − 1)(x − 2) dx 13 a The graphs of y = 9 − x2 and
1
Z 3
3
! y= √ intersect when:
= 3 − − x + 3x − 2 dx
2
9 − x2
1 x 1
9 − x2 = √
x3
"
9 − x2
= 3x − 3 loge x − 3
3
∴ (9 − x2 ) 2 = 1
#3
3x2 9 − x2 = 1
+ − 2x ∴
2 1
! ! ∴ x2 = 8
15 13 √
= − 3 loge 3 − ∴ x = ±2 2
2 6

581
 √
When x = ±2 2, y = 1 14
Hence the coordinates √of the points
of√intersection are (−2 2, 1) and 2
y=x
(2 2, 1)

b Required area
Z 2√2 y=x+2
1
= 2
√ 9−x − √ dx
−2 2 9 − x2
" !#2√2
1 3 x
= 9x − x − sin−1
3 3 −2√2
√ 1 √
"
= 9 × 2 2 − (2 2)3 Intersection:
3 x2 = x + 2
√ !#
2 2 ∴ x2 − x − 2 = 0
− sin−1
3
∴ (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
√ √
"
1
− 9 × −2 2 − (−2 2)3 ∴ x = −1 or 2
3
√ !# Required area
−2 2
− sin−1 Z 2
3 = x + 2 − x2 dx
√ √ ! −1
√ 16 2 −1 2 2
= 18 2 −
#2
− sin
"
1 2 1 3
3 3 = x + 2x − x
√ √ ! 2 3 −1
√ 16 2 2 2
+ 18 2 − − sin−1
" #
1 2 1 3
3 3 = (2) + 2 × 2 − (2)
√ √ ! 2 3
√ 32 2 2 2
= 36 2 − − 2 sin−1
" #
1 1
3 3 − (−1) + 2 × −1 − (−1)
2 3
√ √ ! 2 3
76 2 2 2
= − 2 sin−1 =2+4−
8 1
− +2−
1
3 3 3 2 3
≈ 33.36 9
=
The area of the shaded region is 2
The area enclosed by the graphs of
33.36 square units, correct to two 9
decimal places. y = x2 and y = x + 2 is square units.
2

582
15 Required area Using CAS:
Z 3
10
= − e x−3 dx
1 1+x
2

= [10 tan−1 x − e x−3 ]31

= (10 tan−1 3 − e0 ) − (10 tan−1 1 − e−2 ) b Total area of shaded regions
= 10(tan −1
3 − tan −1
1) − 1 + e−2
Z 4 Z 2√5
= 3.77181 . . . = f (x)dx − f (x)dx
0 4
The required area is 3.772 square units, Z 4
√
8 5
correct to three decimal places. = √ − x dx
Alternatively, CAS: 0 36 − x2
Z 2√5 √
8 5
− √ − x dx
4 36 − x2
#4
√
" !
−1 x 1 2
= 8 5 sin − x
6 2 0
#2√5
√
" !
x 1
√ − 8 5 sin−1 − x2
6 2 4
8 5
16 a f (x) = √ −x √ 4
!
1
36 − x2 = 8 5 sin−1 − (4)2
√ 6 2
8 5 √ !
When f (x) = 0, √ −x=0 "
√ 2 5
2
√ 36 − x − 8 5 sin−1
8 5 6
∴ √ =x
1 √ 2 √
! !
36 − x2 −1 4
√ √ − (2 5) − 8 5 sin
∴ 8 5 = x 36 − x2 2 6
√ √ 1
!#
∴ (8 5)2 = (x 36 − x2 )2 − (4)2
2
∴ 320 = x2 (36 − x2 ) "
√
! #
−1 2
∴ 320 = 36x2 − x4 = 2 8 5 sin −8
3
√ !
∴ x4 − 36x2 + 320 = 0 √ 5
− 8 5 sin −1
+ 10
∴ (x2 − 16)(x2 − 20) = 0 3
√
" !
∴ x2 = 16 or 20 = 8 5 2 sin −1 2
√ 3
∴ x = ±4 or ± 2 5 √ !#
5
but x ≥ 0 − sin−1 −6
√ 3
∴ x = 4 or 2 5 = 5.06203 . . .
√
Therefore, a = 4 and b = 2 5

583
The total area of the shaded regions 17 The graphs of y = cos2 x and y = sin2 x
is 5.06 square units, correct to two intersect where sin2 x = cos2 x
decimal places. ∴ tan2 x = 1
Using CAS: ∴ tan x = ±1
π 3π 5π 7π
∴ x= , , ,
4 4 4 4 Z π
4
Total area of shaded regions = 8 cos2 x − sin2 x dx
0
Z π
4
=8 cos 2x dx
0
" # π4
1
= 8 sin 2x
2 0

π
" #
= 4 sin − sin 0
2
= 4 square units

584
Solutions to Exercise 8C
Set your TI CAS calculators Calculation c
mode to Approximate.
Set your Casio ClassPad to Decimal mode.

1a,b

3 a and b

c and d

2a,b

585
 Z 1
e and f 1
b f (x) = dt, 0 < x < 1
x t
= [loge t]1x
= loge 1 − loge x
= − loge x
Z x
c f (x) = et dt, x ∈ R
0

= [et ]0x
g and h = e x − e0
= ex − 1
Z x
d f (x) = sin t dt, x ∈ R
0

= [− cos t]0x
= −[cos x − cos 0]
= 1 − cos x
Z x
i and j 1
e f (x) = dt, x ∈ R
−1 1 + t2
= [tan−1 (t)]−1
x

= tan−1 (x) − tan−1 (−1)

−π
= tan−1 (x) −
4
π
= tan−1 (x) +
4
Z x
1
f f (x) = √ dt, −1 < x < 1
0 1 − t2
= [sin−1 (t)]0x
Z x
1
4 a f (x) = dt, x > 1 = sin−1 (x) − sin−1 (0)
1 t
= [loge t]1x = sin−1 (x)

= loge x − loge 1
5 TI and CP: follow instructions given in
= loge x
Example 16 and 17

586
a Set Xmin = −2π,
Xmax = 2π,
Ymin = −2,
Ymax = 2

d Set Xmin = −π,

Xmax = π,
Ymin = −2,
Ymax = 2
b Set Xmin = −π,
Xmax = π,
Ymin = −2,
Ymax = 2

e Set Xmin = 0,
Xmax = 12,
Ymin = −0.2,
Ymax = 1
c Set Xmin = −1.5.
Xmax = 1.5
Ymin = −1
Ymax = 1

587
Solutions to Exercise 8D
Z 4
1 y b V=π (2x + 1)2 dx
0
4
π 1
= × [(2x + 1)3 ]40
2 3
π
= (729 − 1)
–2 0
Z 22 x 6
364π
Area = 2 (4 − x2 )dx = cubic units
0 3
#2
x3
"
1
= 2 4x − c Since 2x − 1 = 0 when x = ,
3 0 Z 4 2
V = π 1 (2x − 1)2 dx
!
8
=2 8−
3 2
π
32 = [(2x − 1)3 ]41
= square units 6 2
3 Z
4 π
Volume = π x2 dy = (343 − 0)
6
0
343π
4 = cubic units
Z
=π (4 − y)dy 6
0
Z π
#4 2
y2
"
= π 4y − d V=π sin2 x dx
2 0
0
Z π
= π(16 − 8) 1 − cos 2x
2
=π dx
0 2
= 8π cubic units # π2
π
"
1
= x − sin 2x
4
2 2 0
√
Z
2 a V=π ( x)2 dx π π
!
0 = −0
Z 4 2 2
=π x dx π2
0 = cubic units
π 24 4
= [x ]0
2 Z 2
= 8π cubic units e V=π (e x )2 dx
0
Z 2
=π e2x dx
0
π
= [e2x ]20
2
π 4
= (e − 1) cubic units
2

588
 Z 3 Z 2
f V=π 2
(9 − x )dx c V=π x dx
−3 0
#3 π 22
x3 =
"
[x ]0
= π 9x − 2
3 −3
= 2π cubic units
= π[(27 − 9) − (−27 + 9)]
√
= 36π cubic units d y = a2 − x2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = a2 , y ≥ 0
Hence y is a semi-circle with centre
√ (0, 0) and radius a.
Z 3
3 V=π (x2 − 1)dx
1
" 3
#√3
x
=π −x
3 1
√ √
" !#
1
= π ( 3 − 3) − −1
3
2π
= cubic units
3 Z a √
V = 2π ( a2 − x2 )2 dx
0
Z 4
1 #a
4 a V=π x3
"
dx
1 x
2 = 2π a x − 2

" #4 3 0
1
= −π a3
!
x 1 = 2π a −
3

! 3
1
= −π − 1 4πa3
4 = cubic units
3
3π
=cubic units e Same as d, with a = 3
4 4π(3)3
Z 1 ∴ V=
3
b V=π (x2 + 1)2 dx
0 = 36π cubic units
Z 1
=π (x4 + 2x2 + 1)dx 1
0
f Since x ≥ 0 volume is the same as
2
x5 2x3
" #1 of e,
=π + +x ∴ V = 18π cubic units
5 3 0
! Alternatively,
1 2
=π + +1
5 3
28π
= cubic units
15

589
 Z 3
6 y
V=π 9 − x2 dx
0 sin x
A
3 3
" #
x
∴ V = π 9x −
3 0
0 cos x x
∴ V = π(27 − 9)
Intersection:
∴ V = 18π cubic units
cos x = sin x
√
π 2
5 Intersection: ∴ x= , y=
4 2
5 = x2 + 1 Z π
4
x2 = 4 ∴ V=π (cos2 x − sin2 x)dx
0
x = ±2 Z π
4
=π cos 2x dx
0
π
π
= [sin 2x]04
2
π
= (1 − 0)
2
π
= cubic units
2
Z 2
V=π (25 − (x2 + 1)2 )dx Z 4
−2 16
2
7 V=π 4
dx
1 x
Z
= 2π (24 − 2x2 − x4 )dx " #4
0 16π 1
#2 =−
4x3 2x5 3 x3 1
"
= π 48x − −
3 5
!
0 16π 1
=− −1
3 64
" #
32 64
= π 96 − −
3 5 16π 63
=− ×−
"
1 2
# 3 64
= 32π 3 − − 21π
3 5 = cubic units
4
1088π
= cubic units
15
8 y
y2 = x

y = x2

0 1 x

590
 Z 1 Z π
V=π (−x + x)dx
4 2 x
10 V = π tan2 dx
0 0 2
" 5 2 1
# π
x x Z
x
!
=π − + =π
2
sec − 1 dx 2
5 2 0 0 2
#π
!
1 1 π
=π −
"
x 2
2 5 = 2π tan − π[x]02
2 0
3π
= cubic units π2
10 = 2π −
2
π
9 Intersection: = (4 − π) cubic units
√ 2
x= 6−x
∴ x2 = 6 − x, x > 0 11
∴ x2 + x − 6 = 0, x > 0
y = sin(2x)
∴ (x − 2)(x + 3) = 0 y = sinx

∴ x = 2, x > 0
y

π π π

0 2 6 x
Z 2 Z 6
V=π x2 dx + π (6 − x)dx
0 2 Intersection:
π 32 x
" 2 6
# sin x = sin 2x
= [x ]0 + π 6x −
3 2 2 ∴ sin x = 2 sin x cos x
8π sin x = 0, x = 0
= + 18π − 10π
3
1 π
32π cos x = , x =
= cubic units 2 3
3 Z π
3
Area = (sin 2x − sin x)dx
0
" # π3
1
= − cos 2x + cos x
2 0
1 1 1
= + + −1
4 2 2
1
= square units
4

591
 Z π Z 1 Z 1 !
3
V=π 2 2
(sin 2x − sin x)dx V=π 1
(3x + 1)dx − 3x dx
0 −3 0
π #1 ! #1
3x2 3x2
Z ! " "
3 1 − cos 4x 1 − cos 2x
=π − dx =π +x −
0 2 2 2 1
−3
2 0
π
π
Z !
3 3 1 1 3
= (cos 2x − cos 4x)dx =π +1− + −
2 0 2 6 3 2
# π3 7π
π
"
1 = cubic units
= sin 2x − sin 4x 6
4 2 0
√ √ !
π 3 3
= + 1
Z
4 2 4 14 a V = π (4y2 + 4)dy
√ 0
3π 3
=
#1
cubic units y3
"
16 = 4π +y
Note: the following identity was used. 3 0
cos(2kx) = 1 − 2 sin2 (kx) 1
!
= 4π + 1
3
Z 4
1 16π
12 V = π 2
dx = cubic units
b x 3
" #4
= −π
1 b Since y = loge (2 − x),
x b 2 − x =Zey and x = 2 − ey
2
V=π (2 − ey )2 dy
!
1 1
=π − 0
b 4
! Z 2
1 1 =π (4 − 4ey + e2y )dy
∴ π − = 3π
b 4 0
" #2
1 1 1
∴ − =3 = π 4y − 4e + e2y y
b 4 2 0
4
∴ b=
!
1 4 1
13 = π 8 − 4e + e + 4 − 2
2 2
e4
!
23
13 y =π − 4e2 + cubic units
2 2
2
1
15 a y = ex
dy
–1 0 x = ex
1 dx
3
dy
When x = 1, =e
dx
Therefore, the tangent has equation
y − e = e(x − 1)

592
 2
∴ y = ex
Z
∴V=π (x2 − 2x)2 dx
y
y = ex
0
Z 2
y = ex =π (x4 − 4x3 + 4x2 )dx
e 0
#2
x5 4x3
"
=π − x4 +
5 3
0 x
Z 11
" # 0
32 32
=π − 16 +
Area = (e x − ex)dx 5 3
0 " #
#1 1 1 1
ex2 = 32π − +
"
= e − x
5 2 3
2 0
16π
= cubic units
" ! #
1
= e − e − (1) 15
2
π
!
e Z
x
= − 1 square units 17 V = π cos2 dx
2 0 2
Z π
1 1 + cos x
=π
Z
dx
b V=π (e2x − e2 x2 )dx 0 2
0
π
" 3 1
# = [x + sin x]π0
1 2x 2x 2
=π e −e π
2 3 0 = (π − 0)
" ! !# 2
1 2 1 2 1
=π e − e − π2
2 3 2 = cubic units
2
π π Note: the following identity was used.
= e2 −
6 2 cos(2kx) = 2 cos2 (kx) − 1
π 2
= (e − 3) cubic units
6
18 y
16 y (2, 4) 2 (2, 2)
4 (1, 2)

(1, 3)
0 3 x
0 1 2 x
The volume generated by the given
region is the same as the volume
generated by the region defined by
x2 − 2x ≤ y ≤ 0, when it is rotated about
the x axis.

593
 Z 2 Z loge 2
V=π 2 2
[(3x − x ) − 4]dx 20 V = π (e x − 1)2 dx
1 0
Z 2 Z loge 2
=π (9x2 − 6x3 + x4 − 4)dx =π (e2x − 2e x + 1)dx
1 0
#2 #loge 2
3x4 x5
" "
1 2x
= π 3x − + 3
− 4x = π e − 2e + xx
2 5 1 2 0
" ! " !#
32 1
= π 24 − 24 + −8 = π (2 − 4 + loge 2) − −2
5 2
!# !
3 1 1
− 3− + −4 = π loge 2 − 2 + 2 −
2 5 2
!
8 23 !
=π − + = π loge 2 −
1
cubic units
5 10 2
7π
= cubic units
10 Z loge 2
21 V = π e−4x dx
19 To find the intersection of two curves, 0
π log 2
solve the equation x2 + 3x − 4 = 0. = − [e−4x ]0 e
4
∴ (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
π 1
!
∴ x = 1, x = −4 =− −1
4 16
∴ x = 1, ∵ x ≥ 0 15π
Z 1 Z 2 ! = cubic units
64
∴ V=π 3x dx + 2
(4 − x )dx
0 1

3x
" 2 1
# "
x3
#2 22
=π + π 4x −
2 0
3 1
!
3 8 1
=π +8− −4+
2 3 3
!
3 7
=π +4−
2 3
19π
= cubic units
6

594
 Z π Z 1
4
V=π 2
4 tan x dx V= πy2 dx
π 0
−4
Z 1
π
= 4π 1 − x dx
Z
4
∴ V = 4π π
sec2 x 0
−4 " #1
1
− 1 dx = 4π x − x2
2 0
using tan x + 1 = sec x
2 2
1
!
π = 4π 1 −
2
∴ V = 4π[tan x − x] 4 π
−4
Z = 2π cubic units
using sec2 x dx = tan x + c
b y2 = 4(1 − x) rotated about the y axis
π y
" !
∴ V = 4π 1 −
4
π
!#
− −1 + 0 x
4
π
!
∴ V = 4π 2 − y2 = 4(1 − x)
2
= 4 − 4x
∴ V = 8π − 2π2 cubic units
∴ 4x = 4 − y2
y2
23 a y2 = 4(1 − x) rotated about the x axis ∴ x=1−
4
(bounded by the y axis) When x = 0, y2 = 4(1 − 0)
y
=4
∴ y = ±2
2
0 x
Z
V= πx2 dy
−2

When y = 0, 4(1 − x) = 0 2 !2
y2
Z
=π 1− dy
∴ 1−x=0 −2 4
2
y2 y4
Z
∴ x=1 =π + dy 1−
−2 2 16
#2
y3 y5
"
=π y− +
6 80 −2

595
 1
" !
8 32 b y= √
=π 2− + rotated about the y axis
6 80 x2 + 9
!# (bounded by the x axis and x = 4)
8 32
− −2 + − y
6 80
1 x=4
3
!
8 4
=π 4− +
3 5
32π –4 0 4 x
=
15 1 1
Ratio of volumes When x = 0, y = √ =
9 3
32π 1
= 2π : y= √
15
x2 + 9
= 30π : 32π p 1
∴ x2 + 9 =
= 15 : 16, as required to show. y
1
∴ x2 + 9 = 2
y
1
24 a y = √ rotated about the x axis 1
x2 + 9 ∴ x2 = 2 − 9
(bounded by the y axis and x = 4) y
Consider the volume in two parts.
y 1 1
x=4 When x = 4, y = √ =
42 + 9 5
Z 1
1 3
0 4 x ∴ V = π × 4 × + 1 πx2 dy
2
5
5
1
Z 4 Z
16π 3
V= πy dx
2
= +π y−2 − 9 dy
0 5 1
5
Z 4
1 16π 1
=π dx = + π[−y − 9y] 31
−1
0 x +9
2
5 5
π 4
Z
3 " !
= dx =
16π
+ π −3 − 9 ×
1
0 9+x
3 2
5 3
!#4
π
"
−1 x
!#
= tan − −5 − 9 ×
1
3 3 0 5
π
" ! #
−1 4
" #
= tan −1
− tan (0) 16π 34
3 3 = + π −6 +
5 5
π −1 4
!
= tan 16π 4π
3 3
cubic units = +
5 5
20π
=
5
= 4π cubic units

596
 R 40
x2
!
25 V = 0
πx2 dy 26 a y =b 1− 2
2 2
a
!
x − 20
Now y = 40 loge !2
10 b 2
! =b −
2
x
y x − 20 a
∴ = loge Z a
40 10
y
∴ V= πy2 dx
x − 20
∴ e 40 = −a
10 Z a !2
b 2
y =π b − 2
x dx
∴ x − 20 = 10e 40 −a a
y " !2 #a
∴ x = 20 + 10e 40 1 b 3
=π b x−
2
x
3 a
y 2 −a
!
∴ x = 20 +
2
10e 40 "
1 b 3
!2 !
= π b2 a − a
y y 3 a
= 400 + 400e 40 + 100e 20 !2 !#
Therefore, 1 b 3
Z 40 y y
− −b a +
2
a
3 a
V=π 400 + 400e 40 + 100e 20 dy !
0 2 2
Z 40 y y
= π 2ab − ab
2
3
= 100π 4 + 4e 40 + e 20 dy
0 4πab2
" #40 = cubic units
y y 3
= 100π 4y + 160e 40 + 20e 20
y2
!
0
b x =a 1− 2
2 2
= 100π[(160 + 160e + 20e ) 2
b
− (0 + 160 + 20)]
!2
a 2
=a −
2
y
= 100π(20e2 + 160e − 20) b
Z b
= 2000π(e2 + 8e − 1) ∴ V= πx2 dx
= 176 779.371 . . . −b
!2
Z b
If the bucket were filled to the brim, it a 2
=π a − 2
y dy
could hold 176 779 cm3 , to the nearest −b b
cubic centimetre. " !2 #b
1 a 3
=π a y−
2
y
3 b −b
" !2 !
1 a 3
= π a2 b − b
3 b
!2 !#
1 a 3
− −a b +
2
b
3 b

597
 dy
!
2
= π 2a b − a2 b
2 28 a When = 0,
3 dx
9
4πa2 b 2− 2 =0
= cubic units x
3
9
∴ x2 =
2
27 a The equation of the line PQ is √
3 3 2
given by ∴ x = ±√ = ±
2−6 2 2
y−6= (x − 2) !
6−2 3 9
∴ y = 2 ±√ +
−4 2 3
= (x − 2) ±√
4 2
= −x + 2 √ √
= ±3 2 ± 3 2
∴ x+y=8 √
= ±6 2
Z 6 !2 3 2
12 ,6 2
b i V=π 2
(8 − x) − dx 2
2 x
Z 6
=π 64 − 16x + x2 y = 2x
2

− 144x−2 dx
" y=9
x
1
= π 64x − 8x2 + x3
3
#6
+ 144x−1
3 2
2 − ,−6 2
" 2

= π (384 − 288 + 72 + 24) Z 3

!# b V=π y2 dx
8 1
− 128 − 32 + + 72 !2
3 Z 3
9
! =π 2x + dx
512 1 x
= π 192 −
3 Z 3
81
=π 4x2 + 36 +
dx
64π x2
= cubic units 1
3 " #3
4 3 81
!2 = π x + 36x −
Z 6
12 3 x 1
ii V = π 2
(8 − y) − dy
2 y
64π
= cubic units as in part i.
3

598
 "
= π (36 + 108 − 27)
!#
4
− + 36 − 81
3
!
131 Thus the volume is 2.642 cubic units
= π 117 +
3 correct to three decimal places.
482π
= cubic units π
3 Z
3
30 V = π 16 − 4 sec2 x dx
0
Z 3
π
29 V = π y2 dx = π[16x − 4 tan x]03
2
3 16π2 π
Z
=π 2
(loge x) dx = − 4π tan
2
3 3
Using CAS: 16π 2 √
= −4 3
3
4π √
!
= 4π − 3 cubic units
3

599
Solutions to Exercise 8E
s s
Z 1  dy 2 Z 1  dx 2  dy 2
1 a L= 1+ 2 a L= + dt
0 dx 0 dt dt
3 dy 1 dx
Now y = 2x 2 ⇒ = 3x 2 Now x = t − 1 ⇒ =1
dx dt
Z 1√ 3 dy 3 1
∴L= 1 + 9x dx Also y = t 2 ⇒ = t2
0
dt 2
Z 1r
Z 1 1 9x
= (1 + 9x) 2 dx ∴L= 1+ dt
0 0 4
Z 1
2 3 1 9x 1
= (1 + 9x) 2 = (1 + ) 2 dt
27 0 0 4
2 3 2 1 3 1
= 10 2 − = (9t + 4) 2
27 27 27 0
2 √ 1 3 3
= (10 10 − 1) = (13 2 − 4 2 )
27 27
√
20 10 − 2 1 √
= = (13 13 − 8)
27 27
Z 3
s
 dy 2 b s
L= 1+ 1
Z  dx 2  dy 2
b
0 dx L= + dt
0 dt dt
dy
Now y = 2x + 1 ⇒ =2 dx
dx Now x = t3 + 3t2 ⇒ = 3t2 + 6t
Z 3√ dt
∴L= 1 + 4 dx Also y = t3 − 3t2 ⇒
dy
= 3t2 − 6t
0 dt
Z 3 √ Z 3p
= 5 dx ∴L= (3t2 + 6t)2 + (3t2 − 6t)2 dt
0 0
 √ 3 Z 3
= 5x
p
0
= 18t2 (t2 + 4) dt
√ 0
=3 5 √ Z 3 p
=3 2 t2 (t2 + 4) dt
0
√ Z 3 p
=3 2 t (t2 + 4) dt
0

600
 du 4
Let u = t2 + 4, = 2t s
dt Z 1  dx 2  dy 2
√ Z L= + dt
3 2 3 p du dt dt
L= (u dt 0
2 0 dt dx
√ Z Now x = 3 sin 2t ⇒ = 6 cos 2t
3 2 dt
=
p
34 (u du
2 dy
√ 
1
Also y = 6 cos 2t ⇒ = −6 sin 2t
3 2 2 3 1 dt
= u2 3 Z π q
2 3 4 6
√ √ ∴L= 36 cos2 (2t) + 36 sin2 (2t) dt
= 13 26 − 8 2 0
Z π
6
= 6 dt
3 a f (x) = loge (sec x + tan x) 0

=π
sec x tan x + sec2 x
f 0 (x) =
sec x + tan x
sec x(tan x + sec x 5 a 4y2 = x3
=
sec x + tan x dy
= sec x ∴ 8y = 3x2
dx
dy 3x2
b s ∴ =
Z 1  dy 2 dx 8y
L= 1+
0 dx Z 4
s
 dy 2
Now y = loge (cos x) b L= 1+ dx
0 dx
dy s
∴ = − tan x Z 4
9x4
dx = 1+ dx
Z π p 0 64y2
4
∴L= 1 + tan2 x dx Z 4r
9x
0 = 1 + dx
Z π √ 0 16
4
= sec2 x dx  32 9x 3 4
0 = (1 + ) 2
Z π 27 16 0
4 π  13  3
= sec x dx since 0 ≤ x ≤ 32 2

0 4 = −1
π 27 4

4 √
= loge (sec x + tan x) 4(13 13 − 8
0 =
√ 27
= loge ( 2 + 1)

601
 s
Z 6  dy 2 8
π
L= 1+
s
6 dx Z
2
 dx 2  dy 2
0 dx L=4 + dt
1 3 0 dt dt
Now y = (x2 + 2) 2 dx
3 Now x = cos3 t ⇒ = −3 cos2 t sin t
dy √ dt
∴∴ = x x2 + 2 dx dy
dx Also y = sin3 t ⇒ = 3 sin2 t cos t
Z 6p dt
= 1 + x2 (x2 + 2) dx Z π p
2
0
∴L=4 9 cos4 t sin2 t + 9 sin4 t cos2 t dt
Z 6 √ 0
= x4 + 2x2 + 1 dx Z π q
0 2
Z 6 = 12 cos2 t sin2 t(cos2 t + sin2 t) dt
0
p
= (x2 + 1)2 dx Z π
0 2 p
Z 6 = 12 cos2 t sin2 t dt
= x2 + 1 dx 0
π
0 Z
2
x 3 6 = 12 | cos t sin t| dt
= +x 0
3 0 π
π
Z
2
= 78 = 12 cos t sin t dt since 0 ≤ t ≤
0 2
Z π
2 1
= 12
s
Z 2π  dx 2  dy 2 sin 2t dt
2
7 L= + dt 0
0 dt dt =6
dx
Now x = t − sin t ⇒ = 1 − cos t
dt
dy
Also y = 1 − cos t ⇒ = sin t
dt
Z 2π q
∴L= (1 − cos t)2 + sin2 t dt
0
Z 2π √
= 2 − 2 cos t dt
0
√ Z 2π √
= 2 1 − 1 cos t dt
0

=8

602
Solutions to Technology-free questions
6 4
u+2
Z Z
1 x
∴ √ dx = 1
du
− 3 x−2 1
u2
Z 4 1 1
= u 2 + 2u− 2 du
1
" #4
2 3 1
= u 2 + 4u 2
First find the points of intersection A and 3 1
x
B of y = √ and y = 3. 2 2
!
x−2
x = ×8+8− +4
√ =3 3 3
x−2 16 2 2
√ = +4− =8
∴ x=3 x−2 3 3 3
2 1
∴ x2 = 9(x − 2) ∴ Area = 9 − 8 =
3 3
∴ x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
∴ (x − 3)(x − 6) = 0 π
Z
2 π
2 a (1 − cos x)dx = [x − sin x]02
∴ x = 3 or x = 6 0
Z A6 = (3, 3) and B = (6, 3).
Therefore,
=
π
−1
x 2
Area = 3− √ dx
3 x−2 π
Z 6
x
= [3x]3 −
6
√ dx
3 x−2
Z 6
x π
=9− √ dx
3 x − 2
Z 6 π
x Z 1 Z
2
For √ dx, b x dy = |OABC| − y dx
3 x−2 0 0
let u = x − 2 ∴ x=u+2 π π
!
= − −1 =1
du 2 2
=1
dx

603
 Z π
4
3 a V=π sec2 x dx
0
π
= π[tan x]04 = π
Z π
4
b V=π sin2 x dx
0
π
π
Z
4 Z 8
= (1 − cos 2x)dx e V=π (1 + x)dx
2 0 0
# π4 #8
π x2
" "
1
= x − sin 2x =π x+ = 40π
2 2 0 2 0
π π 1 π
!
= − = (π − 2)
2 4 2 8 Z 4 √
4 V=π (1 + x)2 dx
Z π 1
4
c V=π 2 4 √
Z
cos x dx
0 =π (1 + 2 x + x)dx
π 1
π
Z
4 #4
= 1 + cos 2x dx 4 3 x2
"
2 0 = π x + x2 +
3 2
# π4 1
π π
"
1 119π
= x + sin 2x = (π + 2) =
2 2 0
8 6
d To find the intersection of the two Z 3
graphs, solve the equation 5 a V=π (1 + x2 )dx
x2 = 4x 0
#3
x3
"
∴ x = 0 or x = 4 =π x+
Z 4 3 0
V=π ((4x)2 − (x2 ))2 dx = 12π
0
Z 4
=π (16x2 − x4 )dx
0
#4
16x3 x5
"
=π −
3 5 0
2048π
=
15

604
 √
Z 10
Z 2
b V = πr h − π
2
x dy2 b V=π (8x − 4x2 )dx
1 0
√ #2
4x3
"
√ 10
Z !
= π 9 10 − (y2 − 1)dy = π 4x − 2

1
3 0
#√10 ! 16π
√ =
" 3
y
= π 9 10 − −y 3
3 1
√ !
20 10 2 8 a
=π −
3 3
−
Z π
4
6 V=π −π
sec2 x dx
4
π −
= π[tan 4
x] −π
4
Z 1
b Area = (1 − x2 − x + x3 )dx
= 2π −1
#1
x3 x2 x4
"
= x− − +
3 2 4 −1
4
=
−π π 3

9 a
7 a Let 8x = (2x)2 x2 + y2 = 2
= 4x2 ∴ x2 = 2 − y2
∴ 0 = 4x(x − 2) Also, at A and B, x2 = y
∴ x = 0 or x = 2 ∴ 2 − y2 = y
∴ y = 0 or y = 4 ∴ y2 + y − 2 = 0
Therefore A = (0, 0) and B = (2, 4).
∴ (y − 1)(y + 2) = 0
∴ y = −2, 1
but y>0
∴ y=1
When y = 1, x = ±1
√
∴ A(−1, 1), B(1, 1) and C = (0, 2).

605
 Z b2
b By symmetry,
Z 1 ii V2 = π ydy
V = 2π 2
(2 − x − x )dx 4 0
0 πb 4
" 3 5 1
# =
x x 2
= 2π 2x − −
3 5 0 b
44π b4 b5
= V1 = V2 when =
15 2 5
∴ 5b − 2b = 0
4 5

10 a y = 2x − x2 ∴ b=
5
since b > 0
2
= x (2 − x)

12 a

Z 2
b Area = (2x − x2 )dx dy 8x
b =− 2
0
#2 dx (4x + 1)2
x3
"
4 1 1
= x − 2
= When x = , y=
3 0
3 2 2
dy
Z 2 and = −1
c V=π (4x2 − 4x3 + x4 )dx dx
0
∴ equation of tangent
! is
1 1
y− =− x−
#2
4x3 x5
"
=π −x +
4 2 2
3 5 0
y = −x + 1
16π
=
15 Z 1 !
2 1
c Area = − (1 − x) dx
Z b 0 4x2 + 1
11 a i V1 = π x4 dx # 12
x2
"
0 1 −1
= tan (2x) − x +
πb 5 2 2
= 0
5 π 1 1 π−3
= − + =
8 2 8 8

606
13 a 15 The graph can be drawn as a reciprocal
to the graph of y = 2 + x − x2
−
− = −(x − 2)(x + 1)
Asymptotes are x = −1, x = 2, y = 0
1 1
y-axis intercept . y = also when
2 2
− x=1 Z
1 !
1 1
Area = − dx
0 2 2 + x − x2
Z 3 Z 1
b Area = ( f + g − f + g)dx 1 1 1
= + − dx
1
2 0 2 (x − 2)(x + 1)
Z 3
=2 g(x)dx
1
Z 3
9
=2 dx
1 x
Z 3
1
= 18 dx
1 x
Using partial fractions,
= 18[loge |x|]31 1 A B
= +
= 18 loge 3 (x − 2)(x + 1) x − 2 x + 1
∴ 1 = A (x + 1) + B(x − 2)
14 Find the x-axis intercepts for 1
When x = 2, A = and when
x2 − 5x + 4 3
y= 1
x x = −1, B = −
y = 0 when x = 1and x = 4 3 Z
1 1 1 dx 1 1 dx
Z
Z 4
4
! ∴ Area = + −
Area = − x − 5 + dx 2 3 0 x−2 3 0 x+1
1 x " !#1
1 1 x−2
" 2 #4 = + loge
x 2 3 x+1 0
=− − 5x + 4 loge |x|
2 1 1 1
! = + loge 14
1 2 3
= − 7 − 15 + 4 loge 4
2 1 1
= − loge 4
2 3
= 7.5 − 4 loge 4

607
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 2 D Let the upper curve of the shaded
1 C y= √
4 − x2 region be f (x). Let the lower curve
of the shaded region be g(x).
Since the region is rotated about the
x-axis, the rule for determining the
volume of the solid of revolution is
given by:
R2
V = π 0 ([ f (x)]2 − [g(x)]2 )dx
6
Since f (x) = √ and g(x) = 2
5 + x2
Z 2 !2
6
1
∴ V=π − (2)2 dx
Z
√
V=π y2 dx 0 5+x 2
0 Z 2 !2
Z 1 6
∴ V=π
1
dx ∴ V=π √ − 4 dx
0 4 − x2 0 5 + x2
Z 1
1 3 B The points of intersection occur
∴ V = −π dx
0 x2 − 4 when,
1
1
sin2 x = cos2 x
Z
1
∴ V = −π dx 2
0 (x + 2)(x − 2) 1
Using partial fractions, ∴ sin2 x = (1 − 2 sin2 x)
1 1 1 2
= −
(x + 2)(xZ − 2) 4(x − 2) 4(x + 2) 1
∴ sin2 x = − sin2 x
π 1 1 1 2
∴ V= − dx
4 0 x+2 x−2 ∴ 2 sin2 x =
1
πh i1 2
∴ V = loge (x + 2) − loge (x − 2) 1
4 0
∴ sin2 x =
π
"
x+2
!#1 4
∴ V = loge 1
4 x−2 0 ∴ sin x = ±
2
π
∴ V = (loge (−3) − loge (−1)) π 5π 7π 11π
4 ∴ x= , , ,
6 6 6 6
π
!!
−3
∴ V = loge
4 −1
π
∴ V = loge (3)
4

608
 Rπ
Using CAS: 5 C A = 2 π−a sinx dx
h iπ
∴ A = 2 − cos x
π−a

∴ A = 2[− cos π − (− cos(π − a))]

∴ A = 2[1 + cos(π − a)]
∴ A = 2[1 − cos a]
since cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ)
Using CAS:

Observations from the given graph:

i The blue line is y = sin2 x

6 E y = sin3 x
1
ii The red line is y = cos 2x
2
iii There are 4 lots of the shaded
π
" #
region over the interval x ∈ 0,
6

iv There are 2 lots of the shaded π π

region
" over#the interval
π 5π
x∈ ,
6 6

Hence, the total area of the shaded Z a

region is: A= sin3 x dx
Z π 0
6 1
A=4 cos(2x) − sin2 x dx Z a
0 2 ∴ A= sinx. sin2 x dx
Z 5π 0
6 1 Z a
+ 2 π sin2 x − cos(2x) dx ∴ A= sin x(1 − cos2 x)dx
2
6 0
let u = cos x
4 C For a rotation about the x-axis use, du
then = − sin x
V = π y dx
R
2 dx
R e3 and when x = 0, u = 1
∴ V = π e2 [loge (x)]2 dx
x = a, u = cos a

609
 Z cos a !
x
∴ A= (u2 − 1)du 9 C y = cos
1 2
" #cos a
1
∴ A = u3 − u
3 1
! !
1 1
∴ A= 3
cos a − cos a − −1
3 3
2 1
∴ A= − cos a + cos3 a π π π π π π π π
3 3
7 B For a rotation about the x-axis use,
V = π y dx
R
2

R 1 x2
∴ V=π 0 dx
4 − x2 Z π !
By long division, x
x2 1 1 A= cos dx
= − −1 0 2
4 − x2 Z x + 2 x − 2 " !#π
1
1 1 x
∴ V=π + − 1dx ∴ A = 2 sin
2 0
0 x+2 2−x
π
" #1 !
∴ V = π loge (x + 2) − loge (2 − x) − x ∴ A = 2 sin −0
2
0
#1 ∴ A = 2(1)
x+2
" !
∴ V = π loge −x
2−x ∴ A=2
0

∴ V = π[(loge (3) − 1) − (loge (1) − 0] 10 E y = cos x

∴ V = π(loge (3) − 1)

8 D By close inspection response D is a

false statement.
Rb
Note that a f (x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
where F is any antiderivative of f .
π π
However,
Rb
a
[ f (x)]2 dx , [F(b)]2 − [F(a)]2
This is because the square needs
to be absorbed into f (x) before
integrating.
For a rotation about the y-axis use,
Z y=a
V=π x2 dy
y=b

y = cos x ∴ x = cos−1 y
Z 1
∴ V=π (cos−1 y)2 dy
0

610
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a

−
− 0

Asymptotes y = 1, x = −2
1
Axis intercepts y = and x = −1
2
Z 2 !
1
b Area = 1− dx
0 x+2
= [x − loge |x + 2|]20
= 2 − loge 2
Z 2 !2
1
c Volume = π 1− dx
0 x+2
Z 2 !
2 1
=π 1− + dx
0 x + 2 (x + 2)2
" #2
1
= π x − 2 loge |x + 2| −
x+2 0
!
9
= π − 2 loge 2
4

2 a f (x) = x tan−1 (x)

1
f 0 (x) = x × + tan−1 (x)
1 + x2
x
= + tan−1 (x)
1 + x2

611
 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
x
b tan (x)dx =
−1 0
f (x)dx − dx
0 0 0 1 + x2
Z 1
x
= [x tan−1 (x)]10 − dx
0 1 + x2
π 1
Z
x
= − dx
4 0 1 + x2
Let u = 1 + x2 .
du
Therefore, = 2x and when x = 0, u = 1 and when x = 1, u = 2.
dxZ
1
1 21
Z
x
∴ dx = du
0 1+x
2 2 1 u
1
= [loge u]21
2
1 1
= (loge 2 − loge 1) = loge 2
2 2
π 1
Z 1
Therefore, tan−1 (x)dx = − loge 2.
0 4 2
π
c At the point of intersection, tan−1 (x) = . Therefore, x = 1.
4
−

π
4

0
π 1
Z
Required area = × 1 − tan−1 (x)dx
4 0
π π 1
!
1
= − − loge 2 = loge 2
4 4 2 2

d i g(x) = (tan−1 (x))2

1
g0 (x) = 2 tan−1 (x) ×
1 + x2
2 tan−1 [x]
=
1 + x2
ii When x > 0, tan−1 (x) > 0 and 1 + x2 > 0
Therefore, g0 (x) > 0

612
 iii

π2
4
−

e y = tan−1 (x)
∴ x = tan y
∴ x2 = tan2 y
and when x = 1, y = tan−1 (1)
π
=
4
Z π
4
V=π (1 − x2 )dy
0
Z π
4
=π (1 − tan2 y)dy
0
Z π
4
=π (2 − sec2 y)dy
0

Now
π
= π[2y − tan y]04
π π
" ! #
=π − tan − (0 − tan 0)
2 4
π
!
=π −1
2
π
!
The required volume is π − 1 cubic units.
2

d
3 a i (x loge x) = loge x + 1 product rule
dx
Z Z
∴ loge xdx = x loge x − 1 dx

= x loge x − x + c

613
 d
ii (x(loge x)2 ) = (loge x)2 + 2 loge x
dx
Z Z
∴ (loge x) dx = x(loge x) − 2 loge x dx
2 2

= x(loge x)2 − 2x loge x + 2x + c using a above

b −

y = e−x y = ex

c Rearrange y = e x , x = loge y
When x = 0, y = 1 and when x = 2, y = e2
Z e2
V=π (loge y)2 dy
1
2
= π[y(loge y)2 − 2y loge y + 2y]e1
= π(4e2 − 4e2 + 2e2 − 2)
= 2π(e2 − 1)
≈ 40 cm3
A full glass contains approximately 40 mL of liquid.
Z 1
4 a V=π ydy
0
π
= cubic units
2
dV 1
b Given = R, y = .
dt 4
y2
Now V = π when depth is y units.
2
dV
∴ = πy
dy
dy dy dV
∴ = ×
dt dV dt
1
= ×R
πy
R
=
πy

614
 1 dy 4R
When y = , = .
4 dt π
4R
So rate of increase of the depth is units/s.
π
!2
1 π 1
c i y= V=
2 2 2
π
=
8
π
The volume of liquid is cubic units.
8
y2 π π
ii π = , since half full is cubic units
2 4 4
1
∴ y2 =
2
1
∴ y= √
2
√
2
=
2 √
2
The depth of liquid is units.
2
5 a By symmetry, the whole area equals twice the shaded
area.
−
To find the x coordinate of the point A, first solve the
equation B
x2
ax2 = 1 −
a
!
1
∴ x2 a + =1
a
0
a
∴ x2 = 2
a +1
r
a
∴ x= since x > 0
a +1
2

615
 a
q
x2
Z !
a2 +1
Area = 2 1− 2
− ax dx
0 a
a
q
3a2 +1 3
" #
x ax
=2 x − −
3a 3 0
r
a
2
a2 + 1
! !!
a 1
= 3− a+ 2 +a
3 a +1 a
r
4 a
=
3 a +12

b i The maximum area A and! the maximum of A2 occur at the same value, so
16 a
use A2 =
9 a +1
2

d[A2 ] 16 a2 + 1 − 2a2
!
=
da 9 (a2 + 1)2
16 1 − a2
!
=
9 (a2 + 1)2
d[A2 ]
Area is a maximum when =0
da
∴ a = 1 since a > 0
r
4 1
ii When a = 1, Area =
3 1 +12

4
= √
3 2
√
2 2
=
√ 3
2 2
Maximum area is square units.
3
x2
c When x = 0, 1− =1
a
y
For y = ax2 , x2 =
a 1
x2 x 2
For y = 1 − , =1−y a
,
a2
a a a2 + 1 a2 +1

∴ x2 = a(1 − y) 0

x2
y = 1 − a2 , a > 0

616
 a2
Z Z 1
a2 +1 y
V= π dy + a2
πa(1 − y)dy
0 a
a2 +1
2
πa 2 a2a+1 πa
= [y ]0 + [2y − y2 ]1 a2
2 2 a2 +1
πa3 πa
= +
2(a2 + 1)2 2(a2 + 1)2
πa[a2 + 1]
=
2(a2 + 1)2
πa
=
2(a2 + 1)
πa
The volume of the solid is cubic units.
2(a2 + 1)

6 a When x = 0, 16 sin2 x = 0 π

3 sec2 2x = 3
π
π
When x = , 16 sin2 x = 8
4
3 sec2 x = 6
3

0 π
4

b At the point of intersection, 16 sin2 x = 3 sec2 x

3
=
cos2 x
3
∴ sin2 x(1 − sin2 x) =
16
3
∴ sin2 x − sin4 x =
16
3
∴ sin4 x − sin2 x + =0
16
! !
1 3
∴ 2
sin x − 2
sin x − =0
4 4

617
 1 3
∴ sin2 x = or
4 4
√
1 3
∴ sin x = ± or ±
2 2
1 π
∴ sin x = since 0 ≤ x ≤
2 4
π
∴ x=
6
π 2 π
!
When x = y = 16 sin
60 6
!2
1
= 16 ×
2
=4
π
!
The point of intersection is , 4 .
6
Z π
6
c Area = 3 sec2 x − 16 sin2 x dx
0
Z π Z π
6 6
=3 2
sec x dx − 16 sin2 x dx
0 0
π
π Z
6
= 3[tan x]06 −8 1 − cos 2x dx
0
# π6
π
"
1
= 3 tan − 8 x − sin 2x
6 2 0
π 1 π
! !
1
=3× √ −8 − sin − (0 − 0)
3 6 2 3
√ !
√ π 3
= 3−8 −
6 4
√ 4π
=3 3−
3
√ 4π
The area of the region is 3 3 − square units.
3

618
7 a f (x) = loge (x − a) + c
loge (2 − a) + c = 1
1

loge (1 + e−1 − a) + c = 0 2
!
2−a
Therefore, loge =1 using
1 − .
2
1 + e−1 − a
2−a
and =e
1 + e−1 − a
Solving for a, 2 − a = e + 1 − ae
a(e − 1) = e − 1
a=1
Hence, f (x) = loge (x − 1) − loge (1 + e−1 − 1)
= loge (x − 1) + 1

b Asymptote at x = 1.
x-axis intercept when y = 0
∴ loge (x − 1) + 1 = 0
∴ x − 1 = e−1
∴ x = e−1 + 1

−
0

c For the inverse x = loge (y − 1) + 1

∴ y − 1 = e x−1
∴ y = e x−1 + 1
∴ f −1 (x) = e x−1 + 1
Domain f −1 = R, range f −1 = (1, ∞).

619
 Z 1
−
d Area = (e x 1 + 1)dx −

0
x− 1
= [e + x]10
= 2 − e−1 −

e The
Z 2 area ABC in b is equal to the area ABC in d
f (x)dx = 2 − (2 − e−1 )
e−1 +1

= e−1

8 To find the coordinates of P

x3
consider = ax
c
As x , 0, x2 = ac
√
Therefore, x = ac
Z √ac 3
x2
A1 = √ dx
0 c
√
" 5 # ac 0
2 x2
=
5 12 0
c
2 5 3
= a4 c4
5
Z √ac
√ 1
A2 = ax 2 dx
0
" #√ac
2 1 3
= a2 x2
3 0
2 5 3
= a4 c4
3
2 2
Hence A1 : A2 = : = 3 : 5
5 3
Z √ac 3
x
V1 = π dx
0 c

620
 π 4 √ac
= [x ]0
4c
π
= a2 c
4
Z √ac
V2 = π ax dx
0
πa 2 √ac
= [x ]0
2
π
= a2 c
2
π π
Hence, V1 : V2 = : = 1 : 2
4 2
9 a The domain of cos x is [0, π] for an inverse function to exist.
Therefore, a = 2π in this case.
The largest value of a is 2π.

b i Domain f −1 = [−3, 3], range f −1 = [0, 2π].

1
ii Consider x = 3 cos y
2
!
x
With y the subject, y = 2 cos −1
3
!
x
Therefore f (x) = 2 cos
−1 −1
3

iii
− π 2π

dy 2 1
c = −r ×
dx x2 3
1−
9
−2
=√
9 − x2
dy 2
When x = 0, =− .
dx 3

621
 Z π volumes!are equal, i.e., V1 = V2
d The shaded
x
V1 = π 9 cos2 dx
0 2
9π π
Z
= (cos x + 1)dx
2 0
9π
= [sin x + x]π0 0 π
2
9π2
=
2
cos x + 1
!
x
Note: cos2 =
2 2

p
10 a QP = 0P2 − OQ2
q
= r2 − y2
Area = π(QP)2
= π(r2 − y2 )
0
Z r
b V=π 3r
(r2 − y2 )dx
4
#r
y3
"
=π r y− 2
3 3r
4
!
2 3 9
= π r3 − r3 + r3
3 4 64
11πr3
= , as required.
192

x2 y2
11 a 2 − 2 = 1, a ≤ x ≤ 2a, y > 0
a b
2
!
2 x
Therefore y = b 2 − 1
2
a

622
 Z 2a
V= πy2 dx
a
2a
x2
Z !
=π 2
b 2 − 1 dx
a a
" 3 #2a
2 x
= πb −x
3a2 a 0
3
a3
! !!
2 8a
= πb − 2a − −a
3a2 3a2
!
2 2 2
= πb a + a
3 3
4πab2
=
3
4πab2
Volume when rotated about the x axis is cubic units.
3
y2
!
b x =a 1+ 2
2 2
b
4a2
!
When x = 2a, y = b 2
− 1 = 3b2
2 2
a
√
Therefore y = ± 3b
√
√ Z 3b
V = π × (2a)2 × 2 3b − √ πx2 dy
− 3b
√
√ 3b
y2
Z !
= 8 3πa b − 2πa
2 2
1 + 2 dy
0 b
√
# 3b
√ 3
"
y
= 8 3πa2 b − 2πa2 y + 2
3b 0
√
√ 3 3b3 √
!
= 8 3πa b − 2πa 3b + 2 2
3b2
√ √ √
= 8 3πa2 b − 2πa2 × 2 3b = 4 3πa2 b
√
Volume when rotated about the y axis is 4 3πa2 b cubic units.
3x 1
12 a Let =√
2 1 − x2
√
∴ 3x 1 − x2 = 2
∴ 9x2 (1 − x2 ) = 4
∴ 9x4 − 9x2 + 4 = 0

623
 This is a quadratic equation in x2 with ∆ = (−9)2 − 4 × 9 × 4
= 81 − 144 = −63
3x 1
Since ∆ < 0 there are no points of intersection between y = and y = √ .
2 1 − x2
1
b y= √
1 − x2 −
Z 1
2 1 3x
Area = √ − dx
0 1 − x2 2
h 3x2 i 12
= sin−1 x −
4 0
! !2 !
−1 1 3 1
= sin − × − (0 − 0)
2 4 2 0

π 3
= −
6 16

Z 1 !2 Z 1 !2
2 1 2 3x
c ∴ Volume = π √ dx − π dx
1 − x2
0 0 2
1 1
2 9x2
Z Z
2 1
=π 2
dx − π dx
0 1−x 0 4
1 A B
Now = +
1−x 2 1−x 1+x
∴ A(1 + x) + B(1 − x) = 1
When x = −1, 2B = 1
1
∴ B=
2
When x = 1, 2A = 1
1
∴ A=
2
1 1 1
∴ = +
1−x 2 2(1 − x) 2(1 + x)
Z 1
2 1 1 9
Volume = π + − x2 dx
0 2(1 − x) 2(1 + x) 4
Z 1
π 2 1 1 9
= + − x2 dx
2 0 1−x 1+x 2

624
 #1
π
"
9 3 2
= − loge |1 − x| + loge |1 + x| − x −1< x<1
2 6 0
" #1
1 − x  9 3 2
 
−π
= loge  + x
2 1 + x 6 0
!
−π 9
= loge 31 + − loge 1
2 48
!
−π 9 1
= + loge
2 48 3
π
!
3
= loge 3 −
2 16

13 a

0
The volume of the solid of revolution, V, equals the sum of the volumes of two
cones (one has height a and base radius 1 and the other has height 1 − a and base
radius 1).
1 1
∴ V = π × 12 × a + π × 12 × (1 − a)
3 3
πa π(1 − a)
= +
3 3
π
=
3
π
So is the volume of the solid of revolution.
3
(Alternatively, find the rules for each straight line and use integration.)
√
1 − k2
b f (x) = (x − k), 0 ≤ x ≤ k
−k √
Volume of cone with base radius 1 − k2 and −

height k.
1
So V = π × (1 − k2 ) × k
3
π 0
∴ V = (k − k3 )
3
dV π
= (1 − 3k2 )
dk 3

625
 dV
When = 0, 1 − 3k2 = 0
dk
∴ 3k2 = 1
1
∴ k2 =
3
1 0
∴ k = √ as 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
3
!
1 1
π× √ × 1−
1 3 3
When k = √ , V =
3 3
√
2π 2π 3
= √ =
9 3 √ 27 √
2π 3 3
Volume is a maximum of cubic units when k = .
27 3

14 a i Using (0, 0) d=0

Using (5, 1) 125a + 25b + 5c = 1
1

Using (10, 2.5) 1000a + 100b + 10c = 2.5

2

Using (30, 10) 27 000a + 900b + 30c = 10

3

ii
2 −2 × 1 yields
750a + 50b = 0.5
4

3 −3 × 2 yields
24 000a + 600b = 2.5
5

5 −12 × 4 yields
15 000a = −3.5
−7
∴ a=
30 000
−7
Substituting a = into
4
30 000
−7
750 × + 50b = 0.5
30 000
−7
∴ + 50b = 0.5
40
27
∴ 50b =
40
27
∴ b=
2000
−7 27
Substituting a = and b = into
1
30 000 2000

626
 −7 27
125 × + 25 × + 5c = 1
30 000 2000
−7 27
∴ + + 5c = 1
240 80
83
∴ 5c =
120
83
∴ c=
600

−7 3 27 2 83
b f (x) = x + x + x
30 000 2000 600
1
= (−7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)
30 000
Z 30
1
Area = (−7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)dx
0 30 000
" #30
1 −7 4
= x + 135x + 2075x
3 2
30 000 4 0
1
= (−1 417 500 + 3 645 000 + 1 867 500 − 0)
30 000
273
=
2
Z 30
c i V= π( f (x))2 dx
0

π 30
Z
= −7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x 2 dx


900 000 000 0

627
 ii

d i Using a CAS calculator, the point of intersection between f (x) and y = 5 is

(16.729335,5)
∴ w = 16.729335
R 30
ii New volume = 16.729 335 π( f (x))2 dx
Using a CAS calculator as in c ii, the volume is 2487 cubic units, correct to four
significant figures.

1
e f 0 (x) = (−21x2 + 810x + 4150)
30 000
1
f 00 (x) = (−42x + 810)
30 000
1
= (−7x + 135)
5000
1
Now f 00 (p) = (−7p + 135)
5000

628
 and when f 00 (p) = 0,
1
(−7p + 135) = 0
5000
∴ 7p = 135
135
∴ p=
7
!3 !2 !!
1 135 135 135
and f (p) = −7 + 405 + 4150
30 000 7 7 7
!
1 2 460 375 7 381 125 3 921 750
= − + +
30 000 49 49 49
1179
=
196 !
135 1179
Therefore (p, f (p)) = , .
7 196

15 a The line segment AB is described by the function

H
y= (x − a), a ≤ x ≤ b
b−a
b−a
∴ y+a= x
H
!2
b−a
∴ x =
2
y+a
H
[b − a]2 2 2a[b − a]
= y + y + a2
H2 H
Z H
V=π x2 dy
0
H
[b − a]2 2 2a[b − a]
Z !
=π y + y + a dy
2
0 H2 H

629
 #H
[b − a]2 3 a[b − a] 2
"
=π y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 2
!
[b − a] H a[b − a]H
=π 2
+ + a2 H
3H H
[b − a]2 H 3a[b − a]H 3a2 H
!
=π + +
3 3 3
πH 2
= (b − 2ab + a2 + 3ab − 3a2 + 3a2 )
3
πH 2
= (a + ab + b2 )
3
πH 2
The capacity of the bowl is (a + ab + b2 ) cubic centimetres.
3
Z H
2
b Volume of water = π x2 dy
0
# H2
[b − a]2 3 a[b − a] 2
"
=π y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 2
a2 H
!
[b − a] H a[b − a] H
=π × + × +
3H 2 8 H 4 2
[b − a]2 6a[b − a] 12a2
!
= πH + +
24 24 24
πH 2
!
= b − 2ab + a + 6ab − 6a + 12a
2 2 2
24
πH 2
= (7a + 4ab + b2 )
24
πH 2
The volume of water is (7a + 4ab + b2 ) cubic centimetres.
24
H[r − a]
c When x = r, y =
b−a
Z H[r−a]
b−a
V=π x2 dy
0
# H[r−a]
[b − a]2 3 a[b − a] 2
" b−a
=π y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 3
a[b − a]H 2 [r − a]2 a2 H[r − a]
!
[b − a] H [r − a]
=π + +
3H 2 (b − a)3 H(b − a)2 b−a
πH[r − a]
= ((r − a)2 + 3a(r − a) + 3a2 )
3(b − a)

630
 πH[r − a][r2 + ar + a2 ]
=
3(b − a)
πH
= (r3 + ar2 + a2 r − ar2 − a2 r − a3 )
3(b − a)
πH
= (r3 − a3 )
3(b − a)

dV πHr2
d i =
dr b−a
H[r − a]
ii h =
(b − a)

dV π × 20 × r2
e i If a = 10, b = 20 and H = 20 then =
dr 20 − 10
= 2πr2

dV dr dr dV
ii =3 ∴ = ×
dt dt dV dt
1
= ×3
2πr2
3
=
2πr2
dr 3
When r = 12, =
dt 2π × 122
1
=
96π
dh dh dr dh H
Now = × and =
dt dr dt dr b − a
20
= =2
20 − 10
dh 3
∴ =2×
dt 2πr2
3
= 2
πr
dh 3
When r = 12, =
dt π × 122
1
=
48π

631
Chapter 9 – Differential equations
Solutions to Exercise 9A
dy ∴ y = x loge |x| − x + 4 is the
1 a If y = Ae2t − 2 then = 2Ae2t
dt particular solution.
dy
Given = 2y + 4 √
dt c If y = 2x + c
LHS = 2Ae2t dy 1
then = √ ×2
RHS = 2(Ae2t − 2) + 4 dx 2 2x + c
= 2Ae2t − 4 + 4 = √
1

= 2Ae2t 2x + c
1
∴ y = Ae2t − 2 =
√ y
is a solution of ∴ y = 2x + c is a solution of
dy 1
dy =
= 2y + 4 dx y
dt Substituting y(1) = 9 into
Substituting y(0) = 2 into y = Ae2t −2 √
y = 2x + c gives:
gives: √
2 = Ae2×0 − 2 9= 2×1+c
= A−2 81 = 2 + c
∴A=4 ∴ c = 79
√
∴ y = 4e2t − 2 is the particular solution. ∴ y = 2x + 79

b If y = x loge |x| − x + c is the particular solution.

dy
then = loge |x| + 1 − 1 d If y − loge |y + 1| = x + c
dx dx 1
= loge |x| then =1−
dy y+1
∴ y = x loge |x| − x + c y+1−1
=
is a solution of y+1
y
dy =
= loge |x| y+1
dx
dy y + 1
Substituting y(1) = 3 into ∴ =
dx y
y = x loge |x| − x + c gives:
∴ y − loge |y + 1| = x + c is a solution
3 = 1 loge |1| − 1 + c dy y + 1
of =
= −1 + c dx y
Substituting y(3) = 0 into
∴c=4

1
 y − loge |y + 1| = x + c gives: dy
then = 2Ae2x − 2Be−2x
dx
0 − loge |0 + 1| = 3 + c
d2 y
0=3+c and 2 = 4Ae2x + 4Be−2x
dx
∴ c = −3 = 4(Ae2x + Be−2x )
∴ y − loge |y + 1| = x−3 is the particular
= 4y
solution.
∴ y = Ae2x + Be−2x
4
x
e If y = + Ax + B is a solution of
2
dy d2 y
then = 2x3 + A = 4y
dx dx2
d2 y Substituting y(0) = 3 and
and 2 = 6x2
dx y(loge 2) = 9 into
x4 y = Ae2x + Be−2x gives:
∴y= + Ax + b is a solution of
2
d2 y 3 = Ae2×0 + Be−2×0
= 6x2
dx2 ∴ 3= A+B 1
Substituting y(0) = 2 and y(1) = 2 and
x4 ∴ 9 = Ae2 loge 2 + Be−2 loge 2
into y = + Ax + B gives:
2
= Aeloge 4 + Be− loge 4
04
2= +A×0+B
2 1
∴ 9 = 4A + B 2
∴ B=2 4
and 4 × 1 − 2 gives
14 15
2= +A×1+B 3=0+ B
2 4
1 12 4
= +A×1+2 ∴ B= =
2 15 5
1 4
∴A=− Substituting B = in 1 gives
2 5
x4 x 4
∴y= − + 2 is the particular 3= A+
2 2 5
solution. 11
∴ A=
5
f If y = Ae2x + Be−2x
11 2x 4 −2x
∴ y= e + e
5 5
is the particular solution.

2
 g If x = A sin 3t + B cos 3t + 2 1 −2
b y= x
dx 2
then = 3A cos 3t − 3B sin 3t
dt dy 1
= −x−3 = − 3
d2 x dx x
and 2 = −9A sin 3t − 9B cos 3t !2
dt 1 4x 1
−4xy2 = −4x 2 = − 4 = − 3
= −9(A sin 3t + B cos 3t) 2x 4x x
2
d x dy
Given 2 + 9x = 18 ∴ = −4xy2
dt dx
LHS = −9(A sin 3t + B cos 3t)
c y = x loge |x| + x
+ 9(A sin 3t + B cos 3t + 2)
dy x
= −9A sin 3t − 9B cos 3t = loge |x| + + 1 = loge |x| + 2
dx x
+ 9A sin 3t + 9B cos 3t + 18 y
+ 1 = loge |x| + 1 + 1 = loge |x| + 2
x
= 18
dy y
= RHS ∴ = +1
dx x
∴ x = A sin 3t + B cos 3t+2 is a solution 1
d2 x d y = (3x2 + 27) 3
of 2 + 9x = 18
dt dy 1 2 2
Now x(0) = 4 = (3x + 27)− 3 · (6x)
dx 3
∴ 4 = B+2 2x
= p3
(3x2 + 27)2
∴ B=2
and 2x 2x
π
2
= p3
x = −1 y (3x2 + 27)2
2
dy 2x
∴ − 1 = −A + 2 ∴ =
dx y2
∴ A=3
e y = e−2x + e3x
∴ x = 3 sin 3t + 2 cos 3t + 2
dy
is the particular solution. = −2e−2x + 3e3x
dx
d2 y
= 4e−2x + 9e3x
2 a y = 4e2x dx2
dy
= 8e2x
dx
dy
∴ = 2y
dx

3
 d2 y dy h y = enx + e−nx
− − 6y = 4e−2x + 9e3x
dx2 dx dy
− (−2e−2x + 3e3x ) = nenx − ne−nx
dx
− 6(e−2x + e3x ) d2 y
∴ = n2 enx + n2 e−nx
dx2
= (−6 + 2 + 4)e−2x
= n2 (enx + e−nx )
+ (−6 − 3 + 9)e3x
= n2 y
=0
d2 y dy x+1
∴ 2 − − 6y = 0 i y=
d x dx 1−x
dy (1 − x) − (−1)(1 + x)
=
f y = e4x (x + 1) dx (1 − x)2
= xe4x + e4x 2
=
dy (1 − x)2
= 4xe4x + e4x (x + 1)2
dx 1+
+ 4e4x 1 + y2 (x − 1)2
=
1 + x2 1 + x2
= 4xe4x + 5e4x (x − 1)2 + (x + 1)2
=
d2 y (1 + x2 )(x − 1)2
= 16xe4x + 4e4x
dx2 2(x2 + 1)
=
+ 20e4x (x2 + 1)(x − 1)2
= 16xe4x + 24e4x =
2
(x − 1)2
d2 y dy
2
− 8 + 16y = (16 − 32 dy 1 + y2
dx dx ∴ =
dx 1 + x2
+ 16)xe4x
4
+ (16 − 40 j y= = 4(x + 1)−1
x+1
+ 24)e4x dy −4
=
=0 dx (x + 1)2
d2 y dy d2 y 8
∴ − 8 + 16y = 0 =
2
d x dx dx2 (x + 1)3
d2 y 4 8 32
g y = a sin(nx) y = × =
dx 2 x + 1 (x + 1) (x + 1)4
3
dy  dy 2 2 × 16 32
= na cos(nx) 2 = =
dx dx (x + 1) 4 (x + 1)4
d2 y
= −n2 a sin(nx) = −n2 y d2 y  dy 2
∴
dx2 ∴ y 2 =2
dx dx

4
 dx 1 ∴ n(n − 1) − 2n − 10 = 0
3 ∝
dy y
∴ n2 − 3n − 10 = 0
dx k
⇒ = (y > 0) ∴ (n − 5)(n + 2) = 0
dy y
∴ x = k loge y + c ∴ n = −2 or n = 5
Substituting y(0) = 2 and y(2) = 4
0 = k loge 2 + c 1
5 If y = a + bx + cx2
and dy
2 = k loge 4 + c then = b + 2cx
dx
∴ 2 = 2k loge 2 + c 2 d2 y
= 2c
2 − 1 dx2
k loge 2 = 2 d2 y dy
as 2 + 2 + 4y = 4x2
2 dx dx
∴ k= ⇒ 2c + 2(b + 2cx) + 4(a + bx + cx2 ) = 4x2
loge 2
Substituting into 1 gives ∴ 4c = 4 c=1
c = −2 4b + 4c = 0 b = −1
2 loge y
∴ x= −2 2c + 2b + 4a = 0 a=0
loge 2
∴ a = 0, b = −1 and c = 1
When x = 3,
2 loge y
3= −2 6 If x = t(a cos 2t + b sin 2t)
loge 2
then
5
∴ loge y = loge 2 dx
= a cos 2t + b sin 2t
2 dt
√
∴ y=4 2 + t(−2a sin 2t + 2b cos 2t)
= (a + 2bt) cos 2t + (b − 2at) sin 2t
4 If y = axn
dy d2 x
then = naxn−1 = 2b cos 2t − 2(a + 2bt) sin 2t
dx dt2
d2 y −2a sin 2t+2(b − 2at) cos 2t
and 2 = n(n − 1)axn−2
dx = (4b − 4at) cos 2t
Therefore,
2 − (4a + 4bt) sin 2t
2d y dy
x 2
− 2x − 10y = n(n − 1)axn d2 x
dx dx ∴ + 4x = 4b cos 2t − 4a sin 2t
− 2anxn − 10axn dt2
d2 x
and since 2 + 4x = 2 cos 2t
=0 dt
⇒ 4b cos 2t − 4a sin 2t = 2 cos 2t

5
 1 d2 y dy
∴ 4b = 2 ⇒ b = +2 +y
2 dx 2 dx
and a = 0 = ax + (b + 6a)x2 + (c + 4b + 6a)x
3

1 + (d + 2c + 2b)
∴ a = 0, b =
2 d2 y dy
and since 2 + 2 + y = x3
dx dx
7 If y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, ∴ a=1
dy b + 6a = 0 ∴ b = −6
then = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
dx c + 4b + 6a = 0 ∴ c = 18
d2 y
= 6ax + 2b d + 2c + 2b = 0 ∴ d = −24
dx2
∴ a = 1, b = −6, c = 18, d = −24

6
Solutions to Exercise 9B
dy dy
1 a = x2 − 3x + 2 g = tan(2t)
dx dt
1 3 sin(2t)
∴ y = x3 − x2 + 2x + c, =
3 2 cos(2t)
c ∈ R, is the general solution. Let u = cos(2t)
dy x2 + 3x − 1 du
b = , x,0 ∴ = −2 sin(2t)
dx x dt
Z
1 1 du
= x+3− ∴ y= − dt
x 2u dt
Z
1 2 1 1
∴ y = x + 3x − loge |x| + c, =− du
2 2 u
c ∈ R, is the general solution. 1
= − loge |u| + c,
dy 2
c = (2x + 1)3 1
dx ∴ y = − loge | cos(2t)| + c,
2
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1
c ∈ R, is the general solution.
∴ y = 2x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + x + c,
dx
c ∈ R, is the general solution. h = e−3y
dy
dy 1 1
d = √ , x>0 ∴ x = − e−3y + c,
dx x 3
1 c ∈ R, is the general solution.
= x− 2
dx 1
1 i = p
∴ y = 2x 2 + c dy 4 − y2
√
∴ y = 2 x + c, 1
c ∈ R, is the general solution. = p
22 − y2
−1 y
 
dy 1 1 ∴ x = sin + c,
e = , t, 2
dt 2t − 1 2
1 c ∈ R, is the general solution
∴ y = loge |2t − 1| + c,
2
dx 1
c ∈ R, is the general solution. j =−
dy (1 − y)2
dy du
f = sin(3t − 2) Let u = 1 − y, then = −1
dt dy
1
∴ y = − cos(3t − 2) + c,
3
c ∈ R, is the general solution.

7
 Z Z Z
2 3
∴ x = − u (−du)
−2
∴ y= − u 2 dx + c dx
3
Z Z Z
2 3
= u−2 du = − u 2 (−du) + c dx
3
Z Z
= −u−1 + c =
2
u
3 du
2 dx + c dx
1 3 dx
∴ x=− +c 2
Z
3
Z
1−y = u du + c dx
2
3
1
∴ x= + c, 4 5
y−1 = u 2 + cx + d
15
c ∈ R, is the general solution.
4 5
= (1 − x) 2 + cx + d,
15
d2 y where c, d ∈ R
2 a = 5x3
dx2
4 5
dy 5 4 ∴ y= (1 − x) 2 + cx + d
∴ = x +c 15
dx 4
1 is the general solution.
∴ y = x5 + cx + d,
4
where c, d ∈ R, is the general d2 y  π
c = sin 2x +
solution. dx2 4
dy 1  π
d2 y √ ∴ = − cos 2x + +c
b = 1−x dx 2 4
dx2 1  π
du ∴ y = − sin 2x + + cx + d,
Let u = 1 − x, then = −1 4 4
dx where c, d ∈ R, is the general
Z
dy 1
∴ = u 2 (−du) solution.
dx
Z
1 d2 y x
= − u 2 du d = e 2
dx2
2 3 dy x
= − u2 + c ∴ = 2e 2 + c
3 dx
x
∴ y = 4e 2 + cx + d,
where c, d ∈ R, is the general
solution.

8
 d2 y 1 3
e = Initial condition: y(4) =
dx 2 cos2 x 4
3 1
= sec2 x ∴ =− +c
4 4
dy ⇒c=1
∴ = tan x + c
dx
1 x−1
sin x ∴ y=− +1=
= +c x x
cos x
dy
Z
sin x
∴ y= + cdx b = e−x
cos x dx
du Z
Let u = cos x ∴ = − sin x ∴ y= e−x dx
dx
Z Z
1 du
∴ y= − dx + cdx ∴ y = −e−x + c
u dx Initial condition: y(0) = 0
Z Z
1 ∴ 0 = −1 + c
=− du + cdx
u
⇒c=1
= − loge |u| + cx + d,
∴ y = 1 − e−x
= − loge | cos x| + cx + d,
where c, d ∈ R dy x2 − 4
c =
dx x
∴ y = − loge | cos x| + cx + d, Z 2
x −4
is the general solution. ∴ y= dx
x
Z 
4
d2 y 1 = x − dx
f = x
dx 2 (x + 1)2
x2
= (x + 1)−2 = − 4 loge |x| + c
2
dy 3
∴ = −(x + 1)−1 + c Initial condition: y(1) =
dx 2
−1 3 1
= +c ∴ = + c (Note: loge 1 = 0)
x+1 2 2
∴ y = − loge |x + 1| + cx + d, ⇒c=1
where c, d ∈ R is the general x2
solution. ∴ y= − 4 loge |x| + 1
2
d Using partial fractions
dy 1 x A B
3 a = 2 = +
dx x
Z x −4 x−2 x+2
2
dx
∴ y= ∴ x = A(x + 2) + B(x − 2)
x2
1
∴ y=− +c
x

9
 √
1 3 √
When x = 2, A = ∴ c= −8 3
2 12
Z
xdx √
∴ y= −95 3
2
x −4 ∴ c=
12
1
Z
dx 1
Z
dx √
= + 1 2 3 95 3
2 x−2 2 x+2 ∴ y = (x − 4) 2 −
3 12
1
= loge |x2 − 4| + c dy 1
2 f = √
1 dx 4 − x2
∴ y = loge |x2 − 4| + c Z
2 dx
√ ∴y= √
y(2 2) = loge 2
Initial condition: q 4 − x2
√  x
∴ loge 2 = loge ((2 2)2 − 4) + c ∴ y = sin−1 +c
√ 2
∴ loge 2 = loge 4 + c π
Initial condition: y(1) =
∴ loge 2 = loge 2 + c 3
1
⇒c=0 When x = −2, B =
2
1 π 1
∴ y= loge |x2 − 4| ∴ = sin−1 + c
2 3 2
π
dy √ ⇒c=
e = x x2 − 4 6
dx  x π
du ∴ y = sin−1 +
Let x2 − 4 = u, then = 2x 2 6
dx
Z √ dy 1
y= x x2 − 4dx g =
dx 4 − x2
Z
1√ 1
= u du =
2 (2 − x)(2 + x)
!
1 3 1 1 1
∴ y = u2 + c = +
3 4 2−x 2+x
1
Initial condition: y(4) = √ using partial fractions.
4 3
But when x = 4, u = 12 1
∴ y = (−loge |2 − x|+loge |2 + x| + c)
√ 4
1 1
√ = (12 12) + c  2 + x 
 
∴ 1
4 3 3 = loge  +c
√ 4  2 − x 
3 √
∴ c= − 4 12 Initial condition: y(0) = 2
12
1
∴ 2 = loge |1| + c
4
∴ c=2
 2 + x 
 
1
∴ y = loge  +2
4  2 − x 

10
 dy 1 8
h = Initial conditions: y(0) = −
dx 4 + x2 15
Z √ √
dx 8 8 43 2 45
∴ y= ∴ − =− + +c
4 + x2 15 3 5
1 x 8 64 64
∴ y = tan−1 + c ∴ − =− + +c
2 2 15 3 5
3π 8 128
Initial conditions: y(2) = ∴ − =− +c
8 15 15
3π 1 −1 ∴ c=8
∴ = tan 1 + c
8 2 p p
3π π 8 (4 − x)3 2 (4 − x)5
∴ = +c ∴ y=− + +8
8 8 3 5
π
∴ c= dy ex
4 j = x
dx e + 1
1 x π
∴ y = tan−1 + Let u = e x + 1
2 2 4
du
i = ex
dy √ dx
= x 4−x Z
1
dx ∴ y= du
du u
Let u = 4 − x, = −1
dx ∴ y = loge (e x + 1) + c (as e x > 0)
x=4−u Initial condition: y(0) = 0
Z √ ∴ 0 = loge 2 + c
∴ y= x 4 − xdx
∴ c = − loge 2
Z
1
= − (4 − u)u 2 du ∴ y = loge (e x + 1) − loge 2
 ex + 1 
y = loge
Z
1 3 ∴
= − 4u 2 − u 2 du 2
8 32 5
=− − u2 + c
u2 d2 y
3 5 4 a 2
= e−x − e x
8 3 2 5  dx
= − (4 − x) 2 − (4 − x) 2 +c dy
Z
3 5 = (e−x − e x )dx
p p dx
8 (4 − x)3 2 (4 − x)5
=− + +c dy
3 5 = −e−x − e x + c1
dx

11
 dy dy 1
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0 Initial condition: = , x=0
dx dx 2
∴ 0 = −1 − 1 + c1 ∴
dy 1
= 2x − cos 2x
dx 2
⇒ c1 = 2 Z 
1 
dy y= 2x + cos 2x dx
∴ = −e−x − e x + 2 2
dx 1
Z y = x2 + sin 2x + c2
y = (−e−x − e x + 2)dx 4
Initial condition: y(0) = −1
y = e−x − e x + 2x + c2 ⇒ c2 = −1
Initial condition: y(0) = 0 1
∴ y = x2 + sin 2x − 1
∴ 0 = 1 − 1 + 0 + c2 4
⇒ c2 = 0 d2 y 1
d 2
=1− 2
∴ y = e−x − e x + 2x dx
Z 
x
dy 1
= 1 − 2 dx
d2 y dx x
b = 2 − 12x
dx2 1
Z = x + + c1
dy x
= (2 − 12x)dx
dx dy
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0
dy dx
= 2x − 6x2 + c1
dx ∴ 0 = 1 + 1 + c1
dy
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0 ⇒ c1 = −2
dx
dy 1
⇒ c1 = 0 ∴ = x+ −2
dx x
dy Z 
= 2x − 6x2 1 
∴ y= x + − 2 dx
dx x
Z
y = (2x − 6x2 )dx x2
y= + loge |x| − 2x + c2
2
y = x2 − 2x3 + c2 3
Initial condition: y(1) =
Initial condition: y(0) = 0 2
⇒ c2 = 0 3 1
∴ = − 2 + c2
∴ y = x2 − 2x3 2 2
(Note: loge 1 = 0)
d2 y ⇒ c2 = 3
c = 2 − sin 2x
dx2
Z x2
dy
= (2 − sin 2x)dx ∴ y= + loge |x| − 2x + 3
dx 2
dy 1
= 2x + cos 2x + c1
dx 2

12
 d2 y 2x Initial condition: y(−1) = −2
e =
dx 2 (1 + x2 )2 ∴ − 2 = −8 + 12 − 6 + c2
Z
dy 2xdx
= ⇒ c2 = 0
dx (1 + x2 )2
Z
dw ∴ y = 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x
= , where w = 1 + x2
w2 d2 y x
1 g =
= − + c1 dx2
(4 − x2 ) 2
3
w
1 Let 4 − x2 = u
=− + c1
1 + x2 du
dy then = −2x
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0 dx
dx dy
Z
x
⇒ c1 = 1 ∴ = 3
dx
dx 2
(4 − x ) 2
dy 1
=− +1
Z
∴ 1 1
dx 1 + x2 =− 3
du
2
⇒ c1 = 0 u 2
1
= u− 2 + c1
Z Z
dx
y=− + 1dx
1 + x2 1
= √ + c1
= − tan x + x + c2
−1
4 − x2
Initial condition: y(1) = 1 dy 1
π Initial condition: = , x=0
∴ 1 = − + 1 + c2 dx 2
4 dy 1
π ∴ = √
⇒ c2 = dx 4 − x2
4
π x
∴ y = sin−1 + c2
∴ y = x − tan−1 x + 2
4 π
Initial condition: y(−2) = −
d2 y 2
f = 24(2x + 1) π
dx2 ∴ − = sin−1 (−1) + c2
Z 2
dy
= 24(2x + 1)dx ⇒ c2 = 0
dx
x
= 24(x2 + x) + c1 ∴ y = sin−1
2
dy
Initial condition: = 6, x = −1
dx dy
⇒ c1 = 6 5 a = 3x + 4
dx
dy 3
∴ = 24(x2 + x) + 6 ∴ y = x2 + 4x + c,
dx 2
 x3 x2  c ∈ R, represents the family of curves.
y = 24 + + 6x + c2
3 2
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + c2

13
 d2 y dy
b = −2x b = x + sin 2x
dx2 dx
dy 1 1
∴ = −x2 + c ∴ y = x2 − cos 2x + c
dx 2 2
1 Now y(0) = 4
∴ y = − x3 + cx + d,
3 1 1
c, d ∈ R, represents the family of ∴ 4 = (0)2 − cos(2 × 0) + c
curves. 2 2
1
dy 1 =0− +c
c = 2
dx x − 3 9
∴ c=
∴ y = loge |x − 3| + c, 2
c ∈ R, represents the family of curves. 1 1 9
∴ y = x2 − cos 2x +
2 2 2
dy dy 1
6 a = 2 − e−x c =
dx dx 2 − x
∴ y = 2x + e−x + c ∴ y = − loge |2 − x| + c
Now y(0) = 1 Now y(3) = 2
∴ 1 = 2 × 0 + e−0 + c ∴ 2 = − loge |2 − 3| + c
∴ c=0 = −0 + c
∴ y = 2x + e−x
∴ c=2
⇒ c1 = 0 ∴ y = 2 − loge |2 − x|

14
Solutions to Exercise 9C
dy ∴ |2y − 1| = e−2(x−c)
1 a = 3y − 5
dx
dx 1 ∴ |2y − 1| = Ae−2x where A = e2c
∴ =
dy 3y − 5 ∴ 2y − 1 = Ae−2x or 2y − 1
1 = −Ae−2x
∴ x = loge |3y − 5| + c, c ∈ R,
3
1
1 ∴ y = (Ae−2x + 1) or
∴ x − c = loge |3y − 5| 2
3 1
∴ 3(x − c) = loge |3y − 5| y = (1 − Ae−2x )
2
∴ |3y − 5| = e3(x−c) 1
∴ y = (Ae−2x + 1) for y >
1
2 2
∴ |3y − 5| = Ae3x where A = e−3c
1 1
∴ 3y − 5 = Ae3x or 3y − 5 = −Ae3x or y = (1 − Ae−2x ) for y <
2 2
1 dy
∴ y = (Ae3x + 5) or c = e2y−1
3 dx
1 dx
y = (5 − Ae3x ) ∴ = e1−2y
3 dy
1 5
∴ y = (Ae3x + 5) for y > 1
3 3 ∴ x = − e1−2y + c, c ∈ R
2
1 5
or y = (5 − Ae3x ) for y < 1
3 3 ∴ x − c = − e1−2y
2
b
dy
= 1 − 2y ∴ − 2(x − c) = e 1−2y

dx
∴ 1 − 2y = loge | − 2(x − c)|
dx 1
∴ = ∴ 2y = 1 − loge | − 2(x − c)|
dy 1 − 2y
−1 1
= ∴ y = (1 − loge | − 2(x − c)|)
2y − 1 2
1 1 1
∴ x = − loge |2y − 1| + c, ∴ y = − loge |2c − 2x|
2 2 2
c ∈ R, dy
d = cos2 y
1 dx
∴ x − c = − loge |2y − 1| dx
2 ∴ = sec2 y
∴ − 2(x − c) = loge |2y − 1| dy
∴ x = tan y + c
∴ x − c = tan y
∴ y = tan−1 (x − c)

15
 dy When y = −1,
e = cot y
dx
dx −2A = 1
∴ = tan y 1
dy ∴ A=−
sin y 2
= When y = 1,
cos y
du 2B = 1
Let u = cos y ∴ = − sin y
dy 1
dx 1 du ∴ B=
∴ =− 2
dy u dy 1 1 1
∴ ≡ −
(y + 1)(y − 1) 2(y − 1) 2(y + 1)
Z
1 du
∴ x=− dy
u dy dx 1 1
∴ = −
dy 2(y − 1) 2(y + 1)
Z
1
=− du
u 1
∴ x = loge |y − 1|
= − loge |u| + c, c ∈ R 2
1
= − loge | cos y| + c − loge |y + 1| + c,
2
∴ x − c = − loge | cos y| c ∈ R,
∴ − (x − c) = loge | cos y| 1
 
 y − 1 
= loge  +c
∴ | cos y| = ec−x 2  y + 1 
 
∴ y = cos−1 (ec−x ) for cos y > 0 1 y − 1 
∴ x − c = loge  
y + 1

2
or y = cos−1 (−ec−x )for cos y < 0  
y − 1 
∴ 2(x − c) = loge  
y + 1

dy
f = y2 − 1  
dx y − 1 
∴   = e2(x−c)
y + 1

dx 1
∴ = 2
dy y − 1
 
y − 1 
 y + 1  = Ae where A = e
2x −2c
∴ 

1
=
(y + 1)(y − 1) For y > 1 or y < −1:
1 A B ∴ y − 1 = Ae2x (y + 1)
Let ≡ +
(y + 1)(y − 1) y + 1 y − 1 ∴ y − Aye2x = Ae2x + 1
∴ A(y − 1) + B(y + 1) = 1
∴ y(1 − Ae2x ) = Ae2x + 1
1 + Ae2x
∴ y=
1 − Ae2x
For − 1 < y < 1:
1 − Ae2x
y=
1 + Ae2x

16
 dy ∴ A(y + 4) + By = 1
g = 1 + y2
dx
dx 1 When y = −4,
∴ =
dy 1 + y2 −4B = 1
∴ x = tan−1 y + c, c ∈ R 1
∴ B=−
4
∴ x − c = tan−1 y
When y = 0,
∴ y = tan(x − c)
4A = 1
dy 1 1
h = 2 ∴ A=
dx 5y + 2y 4
dx 1 1 1
∴ = 5y2 + 2y ∴ ≡ −
dy y(y + 4) 4y 4(y + 4)
5 dx 1 1
∴ x = y3 + y2 + c, c ∈ R ∴ = −
3 dy 4y 4(y + 4)
1 1
dy √ 1 ∴ x = loge |y|− loge |y + 4|
i = y = y2 4 4
dx
dx 1 + c, c ∈ R
= y− 2
 
∴ 1 y 
dy ∴ x = loge   +c
4 y + 4
1
x = 2y 2 + c, c ∈ R
 
∴ 1 y 
∴ x − c = loge  
y + 4

1 4
∴ x − c = 2y 2 
y 

∴ 4(x − c) = loge  
1 1
y + 4

∴ (x − c) = y 2
2 
y 

1 ∴ e 4(x−c)
= 
y + 4

∴ y = (x − c)2
4 
y 

∴   = Ae4x where A = e−4c
dy y + 4
j = y2 + 4y For y > 0 or y < −4:
dx
dx 1 ∴ y = Ae4x (y + 4)
∴ = 2
dy y + 4y ∴ y(1 − Ae4x ) = 4Ae4x
1 4Ae4x
= y=
y(y + 4) ∴
1 − Ae4x
1 A B
Let ≡ + For − 4 < y < 0:
y(y + 4) y y + 4
4Ae4x
y=−
1 + Ae4x

17
 dy d
2 a =y dy
dx = 2y + 1
dx
Z
dy
∴ x= Z
dy
y ∴ x=
2y + 1
∴ x + c = loge |y|
1
When x = 0, y = e ∴ x = loge |2y + 1| + c
2
⇒ c=1 When x = 0, y = −1
∴ x + 1 = loge |y| ⇒ c=0
∴ e x+1 = |y| ∴ 2x = loge |2y + 1|
∴ y=e x+1
for y > 0 ∴ |2y + 1| = e2x
1 1
b y = − (e2x + 1) for y < −
dy 2 2
=y+1
dx
dy ey
= y
Z
dy e
∴ x= dx e + 1
y+1
e +1
Z y
∴ loge |y + 1| = x + c ∴ x= dy
ey
When x = 4, y = 0 Z
∴ x = (1 + e−y )dy
⇒ c = −4
∴ |y + 1| = e x−4 ∴ x = y − e−y + c

∴ y = e x−4 − 1 for y > 1 When x = 0, y = 0

⇒ c=1
dy
c = 2y ∴ x = y − e−y + 1
dx
Z
1 dy
∴ x= dy
q
2 y f = 9 − y2
dx
∴ loge |y| = 2x + c Z
dy
∴ x=
x = 1, y = 1
p
When 9 − y2
c = −2 y
⇒ ∴ x = sin−1 + c
3
∴ |y| = e2x−2
When x = 0, y = 3
∴ y = e2x−2 for y > 0 π
⇒ c=−
 2π
∴ y = 3 sin x +
2
∴ y = 3 cos x

18
 π π π
Also − < x + < h
2 2 2 dy
∴ −π < x < 0 ∴ y = 3 cos x, −π < = 1 + 9y2
dx
x<0 Z
1
∴ x= dy
dy 1 + 9y2
g = 9 − y2
dx Z
1
x=
Z
1 ∴ dy
∴ x= dy 1 + (3y)2
9 − y2
1 A B 1 −1
≡ + ∴ x= tan 3y + c
9−y 2 3−y 3+y 3
π 1
∴ 1 = A(3 + y) + B(3 − y) When x=− , y=−
12 3
1 1 −1 π
When y = −3, B = ∴ tan (−1) + c = −
6 3 12
1 π π
When y = 3, A = ∴ c− =−
Z 6 Z 12 12
1 dy 1 dy
∴ x= + ∴ c=0
6 3−y 6 3+y
1 ∴ tan−1 3y = 3x
∴ x = − loge |3 − y|
6 ∴ 3y = tan 3x
1
+ loge |3 + y| + c 1
6 ∴ y= tan 3x
3
3 + y  π π
 
1
∴ x = loge   +c Also − < 3x <
6 3 − y 2 2
π π
7 ∴ − <x<
When x = , y = 0 6 6
6
1 π π
7 ∴ y = tan 3x, − < x <
⇒ c= 3 6 6
 67 
3 + y 

∴ 6 x− = loge  dy y2 + 2y
=

6 3 − y i
dx 2
3 + y 
  Z
∴    = e6x−7 2
3 − y ∴ x= dy
y + 2y
2

For − 3 < y < 3: Z

2
∴ x= dy
∴ 3 + y = e6x−7 (3 − y) y(y + 2)
2 A B
∴ y(1 + e6x−7 ) = 3e6x−7 − 3 = +
y2 + 2y y y + 2
3(e6x−7 − 1)
∴ y= ∴ 2 = A(y + 2) + By
e6x−7 + 1
When y = 0, A = 1
When y = −2, B = −1

19
 Z
2dy 1
x= ∴ x = y3 + c
y2 + 2y 3
Z
dy
Z
dy 1
∴ x= − ∴ x − c = y3
y y+2 3
∴ 3(x − c) = y3
 
y 
∴ x = loge  +c
y + 2 1
∴ y = [3(x − c)] 3
When x = 0, y = −4 is the equation for the family of
⇒ c = − loge 2 curves.
 
y  dy
∴ x = loge 
b = 2y − 1
2(y + 2) 
 
dx
For y < −2 dx 1
∴ =
dy 2y − 1
y = 2e x (y + 2)
1
∴ y(1 − 2e x ) = 4e x ∴ x = loge |2y − 1| + c, c ∈ R,
2
4e x 1
∴ y= ∴ x − c = loge |2y − 1|
1 − 2e x 2
4e x e−x ∴ 2(x − c) = loge |2y − 1|
∴ y= ×
1 − 2e x e−x ∴ |2y − 1| = e2(x−c)
4
∴ y = −x ∴ |2y − 1| = Ae2x where A = e−2c
e −2
1
∴ y = (Ae2x + 1)
dy 1 2
3 a = 2
dx y
dx
∴ = y2
dy

20
Solutions to Exercise 9D
1 a From the table, dN 1
c ∝ 2, N , 0
dx dt N
= 2t + 1
dt dN k
∴ = 2 , N , 0 and k > 0 since the
∴ x = t2 + t + c dt N
population is increasing.
Now x(0) = 3
dx 1
∴ 3=c d ∝ , x,0
dt x
∴ x = t2 + t + 3 dx k
∴ = , x , 0 and k > 0
dt x
b From the table,
dx dm
= 3t − 1 e ∝ −m
dt dt
3 dm
∴ x = t2 − t + c ∴ = −km, k > 0
2 dt
Now x(1) = 1 or alternatively,
3 dm
∴ 1=
−1+c = km, k < 0
2 dt
1
∴ c= f The gradient of the tangent at the
2 y
3 1 point (x, y) is . Three times this is,
∴ x = t2 − t + x
2 2 3y
x
c From the table, Therefore the gradient of the normal
dx
= −2t + 8 at the point (x, y) is
dt
dy −1
∴ x = −t2 + 8t + c =
dx 3y
Now x(2) = −3 x
∴ − 3 = −(2)2 + 8(2) + c ∴
dy −x
= , y,0
dx 3y
= −4 + 16 + c
= 12 + c
dP
3 a i ∝P
∴ c = −15 dt
∴ x = −t2 + 8t − 15 dP
∴ = kP, k > 0
dt
dt 1
2 a
dy 1
= , y,0 ii =
dx y dP kP
Z
1 1
dy 1 ∴ t= dP
b = 2, y , 0 k P
dx y 1
∴ t = loge P + c, P > 0
k

21
b i loge (1.1)t  P 
= loge
When t = 0, P = 1000 2 1000
1
1 ∴ P = 1000e 2 t loge (1.1)
∴ 0 = loge 1000 + c 1
k t
∴ P = 1000(1.1) 2
When t = 2, P = 1100
1 When t = 5,
∴ 2= loge 1100 + c 2 5
k P = 1000(1.1) 2
2 − 1 yields
= 1269.05870 . . .
1 After five years, the population
2= loge 1100
k is 1269.
1
− loge 1000 t
k ii P = 1000(1.1) 2 , t ≥ 0
1  1100 
P
= loge
k 1000
1
= loge 1.1
k
1
∴ k= loge 1.1 3
2
Substituting 3 in 1 yields 1000
1
0= loge 1000 + c
1
loge 1.1
2 0 t
2 loge 1000
= +c
loge 1.1 √
dP
−2 loge 1000 4 a i ∝ − P, P > 0
∴ c= dt
loge 1.1 dP √
1 ∴ = k P, k < 0 and P > 0
∴ t= loge P dt
1
loge 1.1 dt 1
2 ii = √
dP k P
−2 loge 1000
+ 1
Z
1
loge 1.1 ∴ t= P− 2 dP
2 k
= (loge P − loge 1000) 1 1
loge 1.1 = × 2P 2 + c
k
2  P 
√
∴ t= loge 2 P
loge 1.1 1000 ∴ t= + c, k < 0
Rearranging to make P the k
subject of the formula: b i

22
 √ √ √
When t = 0, P = 15 000 ∴ P = [2t( 135 − 5 6) + 5 6]2
√ When t = 10,
2 15 000
∴ 0= +c √ √
k P = (20 135 − 100 6
√ √
100 6 + 50 6)2
∴ 0= +c 1
k √ √ 2
When t = 5, P = 13 500 = (20 135 − 50 6)
√ = 400 × 135 + 2500 × 6
2 13 500
5= +c √ √
k − 2 × 20 135 × 50 6
√ √
20 135 = 69 000 − 2000 810
5= +c 2
k √
2 − 1 yields = 69 000 − 18 000 10
√ √ = 12 079.00212 . . .
20 135 100 6
5= − The population after 10 years is
k k
12 079.
20 √ √
∴ 5 = ( 135 − 5 6) √ √ √ 2
k ii P = [2t( 135 − 5 6) + 50 6] ,
√ √
∴ k = 4 135 − 20 6 3
t≥0
Substituting 3 in √1 yields
From 4 in part b i. √
100 6
0= √ √ +c 25 6
4 135 − 20 6 When P = 0, t = √ √
√ 5 6 − 135
25 6 P
= √ √ +c
135 − 5 6 15 000
√
25 6
∴ c=−√ √
135 − 5 6
√
2 P
∴ t= √ √
4 135 − 20 6
√ 0 25 6 t
25 6 5 6 – 135
− √ √
135 − 5 6
√
P dP 1
= √ √ 5 a i ∝
2( 135 − 5 6) dt P
√ dP k
− √
2(25 6) = , k > 0 and P > 0
√ dt P
2( 135 − 5 6)
√ √
P − 50 6
= √ √ 4
2( 135 − 5 6)
Rearranging to make P the
subject
√ of the√formula:√ √
2t( 135 − 5 6) + 50 6 = P

23
 dt P Substituting 3 in 1 yields
ii =
dP k 1
Z 0=
1 2(2.625 × 1010 )
∴ t= PdP
k (1 000 000)2 + c
1 1
= × P2 + c 1 × 1012
k 2 = +c
1 5.25 × 1010
∴ t = P2 + c 100
2k =
5.25
b i When t = 0, P = 1 000 000 400
= +c
1 21
∴ 0= (1 000 000)2 400
2k ∴ c=−
21
+c 1
1 400
When t = 4, P = 1 100 000 ∴ t= 10
P2 −
2(2.625 × 10 ) 21
1 1 400
∴ 4= (1 100 000)2 = 10
P2 −
2k 5.25 × 10 21
+c 2 Rearranging to make P the
subject of the formula:
2 − 1 yields  400 
P = 5.25 × 10 t +
2 10

1 21
4= (1 100 000)2 r  400 
2k
∴ P = 5.25 × 1010 t +
1 21
− (1 000 000)2
2k (The negative square root is not
1
= ((1 100 000)2 rP ≥
appropriate as 0.)
2k  400 
= 50 000 21 t +
− (1 000 000)2 ) 21
√
1 ∴ P = 50 000 21t + 400, t ≥ 0
= (2.1 × 1011 )
2k √
1.05 × 1011 ii P = 50 000 21t + 400, t ≥ 0
=
k P
1
∴ k = (1.05 × 1011 )
4
= 2.625 × 1010 3
1000 000

0 t

24
 dy 1 When t = 40
6 = y
dx 10
20  60 
40 =
Z
1  3  loge
x = 10 dy T − 20
y loge
2
∴ x = 10 loge y + c, y > 0 3  60 
2 loge = loge
y = 10 when x = 0 2 T − 20
9  60 
∴ c = −10 loge 10 loge = loge
4 T − 20
y
∴ x = 10 loge 9 60
10 =
x 4 T − 20
∴ y = 10e 10 9T − 180 = 240
140
T=
7 3
dT
= −k(T − 20)
dt
dt 1 dθ
=− 8 = 0.01θ
dT T − 20 dt
1 dt 100
t = − loge (T − 20) + c, ∴
T > 20 =
k dθ θ
When t = 0, T = 80 ∴ t = 100 loge θ + c, θ > 0
1 θ = 300 when t = 0
∴c= loge 60
k ∴ c = −100 loge 300
1  60 
 θ 
∴ t = loge
k T − 20 ∴ t = 100 loge
300
When t = 20, T = 60
∴ θ = 300e0.01t
1  60 
20 = loge When t = 10,
k 60 − 20
1 20 θ = 300e0.1
= 3
k ≈ 331.55◦ K
loge
2
20  60 
∴t=  3  loge dQ
loge
T − 20 9 = −kQ
2 dt
dt 1
∴ =
dQ −kQ
−1
∴ t= loge Q + c, Q > 0
k
When t = 0, Q = 50
1
∴ c= loge 50
k

25
 When t = 10, Q = 25 30
∴ t=− loge (20 − 3x)
3
1 1
∴ 10 = − loge 25 + loge 50 20
k k + c, x <
3
1
∴ 10 = loge 2 = −10 loge (20 − 3x)
k
1 +c
∴ k= loge 2
10
When t = 0, x = 2
10  50 
∴ t= loge ∴ c = 10 loge (14)
loge 2 Q
 14 
t 50
∴ loge 2 = loge ∴ t = 10 loge
10 Q 20 − 3x
14 t
When Q = 10, ∴ loge = 1
20 − 3x 10
10 loge 5
∴ t= ≈ 23.22 ∴
14 t
= e 10
loge 2 20 − 3x
20 − 3x t
∴ = e− 10
dm 14
10 = −km t
dt ∴ 20 − 3x = 14e− 10
dt 1
= t
dm −km ∴ 3x = 20 − 14e− 10
1 −t
∴ t = − loge m + c, m > 0 20 − 14e 10
k ∴ x=
3
Let m = m0 initially.
1 t 
1 ∴ x = 20 − 14e− 10
∴ c=
loge m0 3
k
1 m0 b From 1 ,
∴ t = loge 14
k m t = 10 loge
m0 1 20 − 3x
When m = , t = loge 2 Therefore when x = 6,
2 k 14
t = 10 loge
20 − 18
dx 20 − 3x ∴ t = 10 loge 7 ≈ 19 min
11 a =
dt 30
dt 30
∴ =
dx 20 − 3x

26
 dy y When t = 4, n = 8000
12 = 10 −
dx 10
1 1
dy 100 − y ∴ 4=
loge 8000 − loge 4000
= k k
dx 10
1
dx 10 ∴ 4 = loge 2
∴ = k
dy 100 − y
1
∴ x = −10 loge (100 − y) + c, ∴ k = loge 2
4
y < 100 4 n
∴ t= loge
loge 2 4000
When x = 0, y = 10
 nt = 7
After 3 more days,
∴ c = 10 loge (90) 7
∴ loge 2 = loge
 90  4 4000
∴ x = 10 loge 7
100 − y ∴ loge n = loge 2 + loge 4000
90 x 4
∴ = e 10 7
100 − y ∴ n = 4000 × 2 4
100 − y −x
∴ = e 10 ≈ 13 454
90
−x ≈ 13 500
∴ 100 − y = 90e 10
−x
(to the nearest hundred)
∴ y = 100 − 90e 10
y
dN
100 14 a ∝N
dt
dN
∴ = kN, k > 0
dt
dt 1
∴ =
0 x dN kN
1
∴ t = loge N + c, N > 0
k
13
dn
= kn Let year 1990 be t = 0, then 2000 is
dt t = 10 and 2010 is t = 20.
dt 1 When t = 0, N = 10 000:
∴ =
dn kn
1
1 c = − loge 10 000
∴
∴ t = loge n + c, n > 0 k
k
When t = 10, N = 12 000:
When t = 0, n = 4000
1
1 ∴ 10 = loge 12 000
∴ c = − loge 4000 k
k
1
− loge 10 000
k
1 6
∴ 10 = loge
k 5

27
 1 6 dN √
∴ k= loge c ∝ N
10 5 dt
10 N dN √
∴ t= loge ∴ = k N, k > 0
loge 1.2 10 000 dt
N = 10 000e0·1t loge 1·2 dt 1 1 −1
∴ ∴ = √ = N2
dN k N k
= 10 000(1.2)0.1t
2 1
For t = 20, ∴ t = N2 + c
k
∴ N = 10 000 × (1.2)2 When t = 0, N = 10 000
= 14 400 −200
∴ c=
k
dN 1 2 1 200
b ∝ ∴ t = N2 −
dt N k k
dN k When t = 10, N = 12 000
∴ = , k>0
dt N
2√ 200
dt N ∴ 10 = 12 000 −
∴ = k k
dN k √
1
N2 ∴ 10 = (2 12 000 − 200)
∴ t= +c k
2k 1√
When t = 0, N = 10 000 ∴ k= 12 000 − 20
5
√
−108 = 4 30 − 20
∴ c=
2k For t = 20,
When t = 10, N = 12 000
1 √
"
1
1 144 × 106 108
! ∴ N 2 = (4 30 − 20)
∴ 10 = − 2
k 2 2 #
 200
144 × 106 108
! 20 + √
∴ k= − ÷ 10 4 30 − 20
2 2 √
1
= (80 30 − 400 + 200)
= 22 × 105 2
√
N2 108 = 40 30 − 100
∴ t= − √
44 × 105 44 × 105 ∴ N = (40 30 − 100)2
For t = 20,
p ≈ 14 182
∴ N = 20(44 × 105 ) + 108
≈ 13 711 15 a rate of inflow = 0.3
√
rate of outflow = 0.2 V
dV √
∴ = 0.3 − 0.2 V,
dt
V>0

28
b 5x
∴ rate of outflow =
rate of inflow = 5 × 10 = 50 200 + t
dx 5x
=
m =0−
rate of outflow
volume
× 12 dt 200 + t
5x
dV
= rate in − rate out =−
dt 200 + t
= 10 − 12 where t ≥ 0

= −2
16
∴ V = −2t + c, c
is a constant m
17 a rate of outflow = × rate out
When t = 0, V = 200: volume
m
⇒ c = 200 = ×1
100
m
∴ V = 200 − 2t =
12m 100
∴ rate of outflow = The sugar is being removed at
200 − 2t m
kg/ min at time t minutes.
6m 100
=
100 − t b rate of inflow = 0 × 1 = 0
dm 6m
= 50 − , dm
= rate of inflow − rate of outflow
dt 100 − t dt
0 ≤ t < 100 m
=0−
100
c
dm m
rate of inflow =0×6 ∴ =−
dt 100
=0
x
rate of outflow = ×5
volume
dV
= rate in − rate out
dt
=6−5
=1
∴ V = t + c, c is a constant
When t = 0, V = 200:
⇒ c = 200
∴ V = 200 + t

29
 dt −100 dm
c = c = rate of inflow − rate of outflow
dm m dt
Z
−100 m
∴ t= dm = 0.25 −
m 100
= −100 loge m + c, m > 0 dm 25 − m
d =
When t = 0, m = 20: dt 100
dt 100
∴ 0 = −100 loge 20 + c ∴ =
dm 25 − m
Z
∴ c = 100 loge 20 ∴ t = 100
1
dm
25 − m
∴ t = −100 loge m + 100 loge 20
 20  = −100 loge (25 − m) + c,
∴ t = 100 loge where 0 < m < 25
m
When t = 0, m = 0
t  20 
∴ = loge ∴ 0 = −100 loge 25 + c
100 m
20 t ∴ c = 100 loge 25
∴ = e 100
m ∴ t = −100 loge (25 − m)
−t
∴ m = 20e 100 , t ≥ 0 + 100 loge 25
 25 
−t ∴ t = 100 loge 1
d m = 20e 100 , t ≥ 0 25 − m
m t 25 

∴ = loge
20 100 25 − m
25 t
∴ = e 100
25 − m
t
∴ 25 = (25 − m)e 100
0 t t t
= 25e 100 − me 100
t t
18 a rate of inflow = 0.25 × 1 ∴ me 100 = 25e 100 − 25
 t 
= 0.25 = 25 e 100 −1
The sugar is being added at a rate of  t  −t
0.25 kg/ min at time t. ∴ m = 25 e 100 − 1 e 100
m  −t 
b rate of outflow = ×1 ∴ m = 25 1 − e 100 , t ≥ 0
100
m
= e When the concentration is 0.1 kg per
100
The sugar is being removed at a rate litre,
m m = 0.1 × 100 = 10
of kg/ min at time t.
100 Substitute m = 10 in 1 from d.

30
  25  dt 50 50
∴ t = 100 loge b = =−
25 − 10 dx 10 − x x − 10
∴ t = −50 loge (x − 10) + c
 25 
= 100 loge
15
5 When t = 0, x = 20
= 100 loge ∴ c = 50 loge 10
3
t = 51.08256 . . .
 10 
∴ ∴ t = 50 loge
It will take 51 minutes (to the nearest x − 10
minute) for the concentration in the When x = 18,
tank to reach 0.1 kg per litre. 10
∴ t = 50 loge ≈ 11.16 min
 −t  8
f m = 25 1 − e 100 , t ≥ 0

When t = 0, m = 25(1 − e0 ) 20 a
dx
= 0.4 −
2x
, where 0.4 is a
dt 400
= 25(1 − 1) 2x
constant rate added and is the
=0 400
−t rate of solution drawn off.
dx x
As t → ∞, → 0 ∴ m → 25
e 100 ∴ = 0.4 −
m = 25 is a horizontal asymptote. dt 200
80 − x
m =
200
25
dt 200
∴ =
dx 80 − x
∴ t = −200 loge (80 − x) + c
Initially, x = 10
0 t
∴c = 200 loge 70
 70 
19 a If x L is the amount pure serum in ∴ t = 200 loge
the tank at time t, then with 2 L of 80 − x
solution drawn off we lose 0.02x L 70 t
∴ = e 200
pure serum, but we add at the same 80 − x
t
time 0.2 L each minute. ∴ 70 = e 200 (80 − x)
dx t t
∴ = 0.2 − 0.02x ∴ xe 200 = 80e 200 − 70
dt
dx 20 − 2x 10 − x −t
∴ = = ∴ x = 80 − 70e 200
dt 100 50

31
b dx dV
x 21 rate of inflow = ×
rate of outflow = ×1 dV dt
volume = 0.5 × 10
dV
=2−1=1 =5
dt
∴ V = t + c, dx dV
rate of outflow = ×
dV dt
c is a constant x
= × 10
When t = 0, V = 400: 100
x
⇒ c = 400 =
10
∴ V = 400 + t dx x
∴ =5−
x dt 10
∴ rate of outflow =
400 + t 50 − x
=
dx x 10
∴ = 0.4 −
dt 400 + t dt 10
∴ =
dx 50 − x
Z
1
∴ t = 10 dx
50 − x
= −10 loge (50 − x) + c,
0 < x < 50
When t = 0, x = 0
∴ 0 = −10 loge 50 + c
∴ c = 10 loge 50
∴ t = −10 loge (50 − x)
+ 10 loge 50
 50 
= 10 loge
50 − x
t  50 
∴ = loge
10 50 − x
50 t
∴ = e 10
50 − x
t
∴ 50 = (50 − x)e 10
t t
= 50e 10 − xe 10
t  t 
∴ xe 10 = 50 e 10 − 1
 −t 
∴ x = 50 1 − e 10 , t ≥ 0

32
22 a rate of inflow =0×2=0 where N > 50 000
x x = 10 loge (0.1N − 5000) + c
rate of outflow = ×2=
20 10 When t = 0, N = 5 000 000:
dx x x
∴ =0− =− ∴ 0 = 10 loge (0.1 × 5 000 000
dt 10 10
dt 10 − 5000) + c
b =−
dx x = 10 loge (495 000) + c
∴ t = −10 loge (x) + c ∴ c = −10 loge (495 000)
When t = 0, t = 10 : 0.1N − 5000
!
∴ t = 10 loge 1
⇒ c = 10 loge 10 495 000
!
 10  t 0.1N − 5000
∴ t = 10 loge 1 ∴ = loge
x 10 495000
−t
∴ x = 10e 10 , t ≥ 0
t 0.1N − 5000
∴ e 10 =
495 000
c x t
∴ 0.1N = 495 000e 10 + 5000
t
10 ∴ N = 4 950 000e 10 + 50 000
 t 
∴ N = 50 000 99e 10 + 1 , t ≥ 0

0 t b From 1 in a, when N = 10 000 000 !

0.1 × 10 000 000 − 5000
∴ t = 10 loge
d From 1 in part b 495 000
When x = 5,  199 
= 10 loge
∴ t = 10 loge 2 ≈ 6.93 min 99
= 6.98184 . . .
The country will have a population of
dN
23 a = 0.1N − 5000 10 million at the end of 2006.
dt
dt 1
∴ =
dN 0.1N − 5000
Z
1
∴ t= dN
0.1N − 5000
1
= loge (0.1N − 5000) + c,
0.1

33
Solutions to Exercise 9E
dy dy 1
1 a = yx d =
dx dx xy
Z Z
1 Z Z
1
∴ dy = x dx ∴ y dy = dx
y x
1 1
∴ loge |y| = x2 + c ∴ y2 = loge |x| + c
2 2
1
|y| = e 2 x +c
2
y2 = 2 loge |x| + c
x2
y = Ae 2
2 a
Notice that when we divide both dy x
sides of the equation by y we have = − and y(1) = 1
dx y
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that Z Z
y = 0 is a solution of the equation. ∴ y dy = −x dx

dy x 1 1
b = ∴ y2 = − x2 + c
dx y 2 2
Z Z We have y(1) = 1
∴ y dy = x dx
1 1
∴ =− +c
1 1 2 2
∴ y2 = x2 + c
2 2 ∴c=1
y = x2 + c
2 √
∴ y2 = 2 − x2 , y > 0 or y = 2 − x2
Here y , 0
dy y
c
4 dy
=y b = and y(1) = 1
x2 dx dx x
Z Z
Z Z 1 1
∴
1
dy =
1 2
x dx ∴ dy = dx
y 4 y x
1 3 ∴ loge |y| = loge |x| + c
∴ loge |y| = x +c
12 We have y(1) = 1
x3
y= Ae 12 ∴ loge |y| = loge |x|
Notice that when we divide both
∴ |y| = |x| (y(1) = 1)
sides of the equation by y we have
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that ∴y=x
y = 0 is a solution of the equation. y
c

√2

x
−√2 0 √2

34
 Note that y > 0 for the semicircle dy x + 1
5 =
and x , 0 for y = x. There is an open dx 3 − y
Z Z
circle at (0,0) and open circles at ∴ 3 − y dy = x + 1 dx
the end points of the semicircle(not
shown). 1 1
∴ 3y − y2 = x2 + x + c
2 2
dy ∴ 6y − y = x2 + 2x + c1
2
3 (1 + x2 )= 4xy and y(1) = 2
dx ∴ −(y2 − 6y + 9) = x2 + 2x + 1 + d
1 dy 4x
= ∴ (x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = d
y dx 1 + x2 Notice that when we divide both sides of
Z Z
1 4x the equation by 3 − y we have assumed
∴ dy = dx
y 1 + x2 y,3.
∴ loge |y| = 2 loge (1 + x2 ) + c The result is a family of circles with
We have y(1) = 2 centre (−1, 3) for d > 0

loge 2 = 2 loge 2 + c
dy 1
∴ c = − loge 2 6 y2 = 3 and x , 0
dx x
∴ loge |y| = 2 loge (1 + x2 ) − loge 2
Z Z
1
∴ y dy =
2
dx
 (1 + x2 )2  x3
∴ loge |y| = loge 1 1
2 ∴ y3 = − x−2 + c
3 2
(1 + x )2 2
∴ |y| = 3
2 ∴ y3 = 2 + d
2x
(1 + x2 )2
∴y= (y(1) = 2)
2
dy
7 x3 = y2 (x − 3)
dx
dy x Z Z
4 = and y(2) = 3 ∴
1
dy =
x−3
dx
dx y y 2 x3
Z Z
∴ y dy = x dx 1 1
∴− =− + 2 +c
3
y x 2x
1 1
∴ y2 = x2 + c 1 1
∴ = − 2 +d
3
2 2 y x 2x
We have y(2) = 3
2x2
5 ∴y=− +d
∴c= 3 − 2x
2
∴ y = x2 + 5
2

√
∴ y = x2 + 5 y(2) = 3

35
8 a dy
dy 9 a y = 1 + x2 y(0) = 1
= y(1 + e x ) dx
dx
Z Z
1 dy
Z
1
Z ∴ y dy = 1 + x2 dx
=1+e ∴
x
dy = 1 + e x dx
y dx y 1 1
∴ y2 = 1 + x3 + c
∴ loge |y| = x + e + c x
2 3
2
∴ |y| = e x+e +c
x
∴ y2 = 2x + x3 + c
x
3
∴ y = Ae x+e y(0) = 1, ∴ c = 1
Notice that when we divide both
2
sides of the equation by y we have ∴ y2 = 2x + x3 + 1
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that 3
y = 0 is a solution of the equation. dy π
b x2 = cos2 y y(1) =
dx 4
dy
= 9x2 y
Z Z
b 1
dx ∴ sec2 y dy = dx
Z Z x2
1 dy 1
= 9x ∴
2
dy = 9x2 dx 1 1
y dx y ∴ y2 = 1 + x3 + c
2 3
∴ loge |y| = 3x3 + c 1
∴ tan y = − + c
∴ |y| = e3x +c
3
x
π
3 y(1) = , ∴ c = 2
∴ y = Ae3x 4
Notice that when we divide both 1
sides of the equation by y we have ∴ tan y = − + 2
x
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that
y = 0 is a solution of the equation. dy x2 − x
10 =
4 dy 1 dx y2 − y
c = x , 0, y , 0 Z Z
y2 dx x
Z Z ∴ y − y dy =
2
x2 − x dx
4 1
∴ dy = dx
y2 x 1 1 1 1
∴ y3 − y2 = x3 − x2 + c
4 3 2 3 2
∴ − = loge |x| + c
y ∴ 2y − 3y = 2x − 3x2 + c
3 2 3

4
∴ = − loge |x| + d
y
4
∴y=
d − loge |x|

36
 dx dN N
11 a = inflow rate − outflow rate b k = 0.6, = 0.6N −
dt dt 50 − t
When t = 0, N = N0
Amount in tank after t minutes dN 3N N
= −
= 50 − 2t litres dt 5 50 − t
 145 − 3t 
The concentration =N
x 5(50 − t)
= 1 dN 145 − 3t
50 − 2t ∴ =
dx 4x N dt 5(50 − t)
∴ =2×0− Z Z
dt 50 − 2t 1 145 − 3t
∴ dN = dt
dx 4x N 5(50 − t)
∴ =−
dt 50 − 2t 3t
loge N = + loge (50 − t) + c
2x 5
=− with x(0) = 50
25 − t When t = 0, N = N0
1 dy 1 N 
0
b − = x(0) = 50 ∴ c = loge
2x dx 25 − t 50
Z Z
1 1 3t N 
∴ − dx = dt ∴ loge N = + loge (50 − t) + loge
0
2x 25 − t 5 50
1  50N  3t
∴ − loge |x| = − loge |25 − t| + c ∴ loge =
2 N0 (50 − t) 5
∴ loge |x| = 2 loge |(25 − t)| + c 50N 3t
= e5
0 < x ≤ 50 and 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 N0 (50 − t)
50N
∴ loge x = loge (25 − t)2 + c When t = 24, = e14.4
26N0
∴ x = A(25 − t)2 ∴ N = 0.52 × N0 e14.4
Number of bacteria present after
c When t = 0, x = 50
24 hours
50 = A(25)2
13N0 47
2 = e5
A= 25
25
2
∴ x = (25 − t)2
25
2
When t = 10, x = (15)2 = 18
25
9
Fraction remaining is
25

dN
12 a = rate in−rate out
dt
dN 2N
= kN −
dt 100 − 2t
dN N
∴ = kN − , 0 ≤ t ≤ 50
dt 50 − t

37
 dy √ Note y = 0 is a solution
13 x = y + x2 y y(1) = 2 e
dx
1 dy 1 + x2
= 14
y dx x dy
= (1 + y)2 sin2 x cos x y(0) = 2
1 + x2
Z Z
1 dx
∴ dy = dx
y x 1 dy
= sin2 x cos x
∴ loge |y| = loge |x| + x + c (1 + y) dx
2

√
Z Z
1
When x = 1,y = 2 e ∴ dy = sin2 x cos x dx
(1 + y) 2
√ 1
loge (2 e) = loge 1 + + c 1 1
2 ∴− = sin3 x + c
(1 + y) 3
1 1
c = loge 2 + − 1
2 2 When x = 0, y = 2, ∴ c = −
3
∴ c = loge 2 1 1 1
∴− = sin3 x − −
(1 + y) 3
y 1
loge = x2 3
2x 2 3
y 1 2 ∴y= −1
= e2 x 1 − sin3 x
2x
1 2
∴ y = 2xe 2 x

38
Solutions to Exercise 9F
1 a And so,
dh dh dV
= ×
dt dV dt
1 √
= (Q − c h), where h > 0
A
dV
c = rate in − rate out
dt
Let V cm3 be the volume at time t √
minutes. = 0.3 − 0.2 V
0.5 L/min = 0.5 × 1000 cm3 /min Volume of tank V = 6πh
= 500 cm3 /min dV
∴ = 6π
dV dh
∴ = −500 Hence,
dt dh dh dV
1 = ×
Volume of cone V = πr2 h dt dV dt
3 1 √
r h = (0.3 − 0.2 V)
Using similar triangles = 6π
25 50 1 √
h = (3 − 2 V), where V > 0
⇒r= 60π
!2 2 1 √
1 h πh 3 = (3 − 2 6πh), where h > 0
∴ V= π h= 60π
3 2 12
d
dV πh2
So, =
dh 4
dh dh dV
∴ = ×
dt dV dt
4
= 2 × −500
πh
2000
=− 2 , h>0
πh
b dV √
=− h
dt
Volume of cylinder V = πr2 h
With r = 1.5;
!2
dV √ 3 9πh
= rate in − rate out = Q − c h V=π h=
dt 2 4
Volume of tank dV 9π
V = A × h, where A is the area ∴ =
dh 4
dV
∴ =A
dh

39
 π 2 5
!
And so,
dh dh dV ∴ t=− h +c
2
= × 5 5
dt dV dt √
√ 2π h5
=
4
×− h ∴ t=− +c
9π 25
√ When t = 0, h = 25:
4 h
=− , where h > 0 2π(3125)
9π ∴ c=
25
2 a ∴ c = 250π
√
2π h5
∴ t = 250π − h>0
25
When h = 0, t = 250π
∴ t ≈ 785.40 min
∴ t ≈ 13 hrs 5 min
dV √
= −5 h b Tank is empty when h = 0:
dt
1
Volume of cone V = πy2 h
3 3 a
h y y
Using similar triangles; =
r r
2
⇒ y=h 2 2
x + y = 4
Hence,
1
V = πh3
3
x
dV -2 2
∴ = πh2 2 – h
dh
And so, h
dh dh dV -2
= ×
dt dV dt
1 √ When y = 2 − h,
= 2 × −5 h
πh x2 + (2 − h)2 = 4
5
= − √ , where h > 0 ∴ x2 + h2 − 4h + 4 = 4
π h3 √
√
dt π h3 ∴ x = ± 4h − h2
∴ =− Therefore the width of
dh 5 √ the rectangu-
√ lar water surface = 2 4h − h2
π h3
Z
∴ t= − dh Thus the area of rectangular water
5
surface √
π
Z
3
∴ t=− h 2 dh = 6 × 2 4h − h2
5 √
= 12 4h − h2

40
 Changing h to x, the area of And so,
the rectangular water surface dr 1
√ = × −2A2
A = 12 4x − x2 dt 4πr2
√
dx −0.025 x −2A
∴ = √ =
dt 12 4x − x2 A
r where 4πr2 is the surface area of a
1 sphere.
√
x x dr
=− √ × r ∴ = −2A
480 4x − x2 1 dt
dr
x ∴ = −2 × 4πr2
dx 1 dt
∴ =− √
dt 480 4 − x dt 1
b =−
√ dr 8πr2
dt
= −480 4 − x
Z
b 1
dx ∴ t= − dr
Z
1
8πr2
t=
Z
∴ −480(4 − x) 2 dx 1 1
∴ t=− dr
3
8π r2
−480(4 −
Z
x) 2 1
∴ t= +c ∴ t=− r−2 dr
3 8π
× −1
2 1
3 ∴ t= × r−1 + c
∴ t = 320(4 − x) 2 + c 8π
1
When t = 0, x = 4 : ∴ t= +c
8πr
⇒ c=0 When t = 0, r = 2:
3 1
∴ t = 320(4 − x) 2 ⇒ c=−
16π
c Tank is empty when x = 0. 1 1
∴ t= −
So, 8πr 16π
3
t = 320(4) 2 = 320 × 8 = 2560 min 1 1
∴ =t+
8πr 16π
2
= 42 hrs 1 1
3 ∴ = 8πt +
r 2
∴ t = 42 hrs 40 min 1 16πt + 1
∴ =
r 2
dV 2
4 a Given: = −2A2 ∴ r=
dt 16πt + 1
dr dr dV dr
= × ∴ = −8πr2
dt dV dt dt
4
Volume of sphere V = πr3
3
dV
∴ = 4πr2
dr

41
 c radius-time graph dV
= rate in − rate out
r dt
= Q − kh

2 (Q − kh) L/min = (Q − kh)

× 1000 cm3 /min
= 1000(Q − kh)
cm3 /min
dV
∴ = 1000(Q − kh)
t dt
surface area-time graph
cm3 /min
Surface area, A = 4πr2 Volume of tank
V = A × h, where A is the area
r
A
⇒r=+
4π dV
r ∴ =A
A 2 dh
∴ = And so,
4π 16πt + 1
A 4 dh dh dV
∴ = = ×
4π (16πt + 1)2 dt dV dt
1000
∴ A=
16π = (Q − kh), where h > 0
(16πt + 1)2 A
A dt A
b =
dh 1000(Q − kh)
Z
A 1
∴ t= dh
1000 Q − kh
A
∴ t=− loge (Q − kh) + c
1000k
When t = 0, h = h0 :
t A
⇒c= loge (Q − kh0 ),
1000k
5 a (Q > kh0 )
!
A Q − kh0
∴ t= loge ,
1000k Q − kh
Q > kh0
Let V cm3 be the volume at time
t minutes.

42
 Q + kh0 A
c When h = , ∴ t= loge (Q − kh0 )
2k 1000k
!
A Q − kh0 !
t= loge ×
2
1000k Q − k Q+kh
2k
0
Q − kh0
!
A Q − kh0 A
!
∴ t= loge ∴ t= loge 2 minutes
1000k Q − Q+kh
2
0
1000k
!
A Q − kh0
∴ t= loge Q−kh
1000k 0
dh
2 6 a = rate in − rate out
dt
1000Q 1000kh
= −
A A
1000
= (Q − kh), 0 < h ≤ h0
A
Z
A 1
b t= dh
1000 Q − kh
A
∴t=− loge (Q − kh) + c
1000
h(0) = h0
A
0=− loge (Q − kh0 ) + c
1000
A
c= loge (Q − kh0 )
1000
A  Q − kh 
0
∴t= loge
1000 Q − kh
Q + kh0
c When h =
2k
A  Q − kh0 
t= loge
1000 Q + kh0
Q−k×
2k
A
t= loge 2
1000
A
It takes loge 2 minutes
1000

43
Solutions to Exercise 9G
1 TI: Set Calculation Mode to
Approximate and Display Digits
to Fix4
CP: Set to Decimal mode and change
the Number Format to Fix4
dy √
a = cos x, y(0) = 1 dy
dx = loge (x2 ), y(1) = 2
π c
Find y when x = . dx
4
On your calculator type: Find y when x = e.
Rπ √ On your calculator type:
0
4
cos(x) dx + 1 R e1
1
ln(x2 ) dx + 2

dy 1 dy p
b = √ , y(0) = 1 d = loge x, y(1) = 2
dx cos x dx
π Find y when x = e.
Find y when x = .
4 On your calculator type:
On your calculator type: R e1 √
Rπ 1 ln(x) dx + 2
4
0 √ dx + 1 1
cos(x)

44
Solutions to Exercise 9H
dy ∴ y1 = 0.01 and
1 a = cos x and y(0) = 1
dx
x1 = 1 + 0.01 = 1.01
Using Euler’s method:
yn+1 = yn + 0.1[cos(xn )] 1 Put n = 1 into 2 :
x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1
" #
with 1
∴ y2 = y1 + 0.01 2
Put n = 0 into 1 : x1
" #
y1 = y0 + 0.1 cos(x0 ) 1
∴ = 0.01 + 0.01
1.012
= 1 + 0.1 × 1
20201
∴ y1 = 1.1 and x1 = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1 =
1020100
Put n = 1 into 1 : = 0.01980296 . . .
∴ y2 = y1 + 0.1[cos(x1 )] ∴ y2 =
20201
and x2 = 1.02
1020100
= 1.1 + 0.1 × cos(0.1)
Put n = 2 into 2 :
= 1.19950041 . . . " #
1
∴ y2 = 1.1995 and ∴ y3 = y2 + 0.01 2
x2
x2 = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 20201 1
!
= + 0.01
Put n = 2 into 1 : 1020100 1.022
∴ y3 = y2 + 0.1[cos(x2 )] =
78045301
2653280100
= 1.1995 + 0.1 × cos(0.2)
= 0.029414648 . . .
= 1.29750707 . . .
78045301
∴ y3 = 1.2975 and x3 = 0.3 ∴ y3 = and x3 = 1.03
2653280100
dy 1 Put n = 3 into 2:
b = 2 and y(1) = 0
dx x 78045301
∴ y4 =
Using Euler’s method: " # 2653280100
1
!
yn+1 = yn + 0.01 2 1
2 + 0.01
xn 1.032
with x0 = 1, y0 = 0, h = 0.01 = 0.038840607 . . .
Put n = 0 into 2 : ∴ y4 = 0.0388 and x4 = 1.04
!
1
∴ y1 = y0 + 0.01
x02
= 0 + 0.01(1)

45
 dy √ Put n = 1 into 4 :
c = x and y(1) = 1
dx !
1
Using Euler’s method:
√ ∴ y2 = 0.005 + 0.01
yn+1 = yn + 0.1[ xn ] 3 2.0301

with x0 = 1, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 ∴ y2 = 0.009925865 . . . and

Put n = 0 into 3 : x2 = 0.02

∴ y1 = y0 + 0.1 ×
√
x0 Put n = 2 into 4 :

= 1 + 0.1 × 1 ∴ y3 = 0.009925 . . .
!
y1 = 1.1 and x1 = 1.1 1
∴ + 0.01
2.0604
Put n = 1 into 3 :
√ = 0.01477929 . . .
∴ y2 = y1 + 0.1 × x1
√ ∴ y3 = 0.0148 and x3 = 0.03
= 1.1 + 0.1 × 1.1
= 1.20488088 . . . 2 a i
dy
∴ y2 = 1.20488 . . . and x2 = 1.2 = cos x with y(0) = 1
dx
Put n = 2 into 3 : ∴ y = sin x + c
√
∴ y3 = y2 + 0.1 × x2 When x = 0, y = 1:
√
= 1.20488 . . . + 0.1 × 1.2 ⇒ c=1
= 1.31442539 . . . ∴ y = sin x + 1
∴ y3 = 1.3144 and x3 = 1.3 When x = 1,
y = sin(1) + 1 ≈ 1.8415
dy 1
d = 2 and y(0) = 0
dx x + 3x + 2 ii TI: Use the leonhard_euler
Using Euler’s method: program as outlied in the
yn+1 = yn + 0.01 textbook.
" #
1 CP: Use the Spreadsheet
× 2 4
xn + 3xn + 2 instructions as outlied in the
textbook.
with x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.01
Put n = 0 into 4 :
!
1
∴ y1 = y0 + 0.01 2
x0 + 3x0 + 2
!
1
= 0 + 0.01
2
∴ y1 = 0.005 and x1 = 0.01

46
 ∴ y(1) = 1.8438 using Euler ii
dy 1
b i = 2 with y(1) = 0
dx x
Z
∴ y= x−2 dx

1
∴ y=− +c
x
When x = 1, y = 0 :
⇒ c=1 ∴ y(2) = 2.2169 using Euler
1
∴ y=1− dy 1
x d i = 2 with y(0) = 0
dx x + 3x + 2
When x = 2,
1
1 1 =
∴ y=1− = = 0.5 (x + 1)(x + 2)
2 2 1 A B
≡ +
ii (x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
∴ 1 = A(x + 2)
+ B(x + 1)
When x = −2,
∴ B = −1
When x = −1,

∴ y(2) = 0.5038 using Euler ∴ Z A=1

1
∴ y= dx
c i x + 3x + 2
2
dy √
= x with y(1) = 1
Z
1 1
dx = − dx
Z x+1 x+2
1
∴ y= x 2 dx ∴ y = loge (x + 1) − loge (x + 2) + c
x+1
!
2 3
∴ y= x2 + c ∴ y = loge +c
3 x+2
When x = 1, y = 1 : When x = 0, y = 0:
!
1 1
⇒ c= ⇒ c = − loge = loge 2
3 2
2 3 1
y = x2 + x+1
!
∴
3 3 ∴ y = loge + loge 2
x+2
When x = 2,
2x + 2
!
2 √ 1 ∴ y = loge
∴ y = (2 2) + = 2.2190 x+2
3 3

47
 When x = 2, using the Euler program and a
3 step size of 0.1 is 3.444969502
∴ y = loge = 0.4055 correct to 9 decimal places.
2
ii ii step size = 0.05

∴ y(2) = 0.4076 using Euler

Therefore the solution at x = 1
dy using the Euler program and a
3 = sec2 x with y(0) = 2
dx step size of 0.05 is 3.498989223
Z
1 correct to 9 decimal places.
a Recall: sec2 kx = tan kx + c
k
Z iii step size = 0.01
∴ y= sec2 xdx

∴ y = tan x + c
When x = 0, y = 2,
⇒ c=2
∴ y = tan x + 2
When x = 1,
∴ y = tan(1) Therefore the solution at x = 1
using the Euler program and a
+ 2 (≈ 3.5574)
step size of 0.01 is 3.545369041
b i step size = 0.1 correct to 9 decimal places.

dy
4 = cos−1 (x), with y(0) = 0
dx
For Euler’s method the method
described in 2a(ii.) will be used.

Therefore the solution at x = 1

48
 Therefore the solution at x = 0.3 using
the Euler program and a step size of
Therefore the solution at x = 0.5 using 0.01 is 0.30022359 correct to 8 decimal
the Euler program and a step size of places.
0.01 is 0.66019008 correct to 8 decimal
places. dy 1 x2 1
Note: the ODE was inputted as 7 = √ e− 2 , with y(0) =
dx 2π 2
arccos(x) on the TI-nspire CAS.
a For Euler’s method the method
dy √ described in 2a(ii.) will be used.
5 = sin( x), with y(0) = 0
dx
For Euler’s method the method
described in 2a(ii.) will be used.

Therefore the solution at x = 3 using the

Euler program and a step size of 0.1 is
2.474287 correct to 6 decimal places.

dy 1
6 = , with y(0) = 0 Tabulating these results (correct to 8
dx cos(x2 )
decimal places) gives:
For Euler’s method the method
described in 2a(ii.) will be used.

49
 Pr(Z < z) Pr(Z < z)
z Euler’s Method z Euler’s method From tables
0 0.5 0 0.5 0.5
0.1 0.53989423 0.1 0.53989423 0.53983
0.2 0.57958948 0.2 0.57958948 0.57926
0.3 0.61869375 0.3 0.61869375 0.61791
0.4 0.65683253 0.4 0.65683253 0.65542
0.5 0.69365955 0.5 0.69365955 0.69146
0.6 0.72886608 0.6 0.72886608 0.72575
0.7 0.76218854 0.7 0.76218854 0.75804
0.8 0.79341393 0.8 0.79341393 0.78814
0.9 0.82238309 0.9 0.82238309 0.81594
1 0.84899161 1 0.84899161 0.84134

b TI: In a Lists & Spreadsheet page, c i For Euler’s method the method
input the numbers described in 2a(ii.) will be used.
0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, . . . , 1
into column A. In cell Bl
type = normCdf(−∞, A1, 0, 1).
Press Menu → 3:Data → Fill and
scroll down to cell 11 to copy the
formula into the remaining cells.

Therefore an approximation
to Pr(Z ≤ 0.5) using the Euler
program and a step size of 0.01 is
0.69169538 correct to 8 decimal
places.

Use the down arrow key to view all

results.
CP: In a Spreadsheet page, input the
numbers 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, . . . , 1
into column A. In cell Bl
type = normCDf(−∞, Al, 1, 0).
Select cell Bl through to B11. Tap
Edit → Fill Range then OK.
Tabulating these results against
Euler’s method gives:

50
ii For Euler’s method the method
described in 2a(ii.) will be used.
Therefore an approximation
to Pr(Z ≤ 1) using the Euler
program and a step size of 0.01 is
0.84212759 correct to 8 decimal
places.
51
Solutions to Exercise 9I
dy c
1 a = 3x2 with y(1) = 0 dy
dx = e−2x with y(0) = 1
dx
Z
∴ y= 3x2 dx Z
∴ y= e−2x dx
∴ y= x +c
3
1
Using y(1) = 0: ∴ y = − e−2x + c
2
0 = 13 + c using y(0) = 1:
⇒ c = −1 1
1 = − e0 + c
∴ y = x3 − 1 2
3
⇒ c=
2
3 1 1
∴ y = − e−2x = (3 − e−2x )
2 2 2

dy
b = sin(x) with y(0) = 0
dx
Z
∴ y= sin(x) dx

∴ y = − cos(x) + c
using y(0) = 0:
0 = − cos(0) + c
⇒ c=1
∴ y = 1 − cos(x)

52
 dy dy
d = y2 with y(1) = 1 e = y2 with y(1) = −1
dx dx
dx 1 dx 1
∴ = 2 ∴ = 2
dy y dy y
Z Z
1 1
∴ x= dy ∴ x= dy
y2 y2
Z Z
∴ x= y−2 dy ∴ x= y−2 dy

1 1
∴ x=− +c ∴ x=− +c
y y
using y(1) = 1: using y(1) = −1:
−1 −1
1= +c 1= +c
1 −1
⇒ c=2 ⇒ c=0
1 1 1
∴ x=− +2 ∴ x = − ⇔ y = − and
y y x

∴ x−2=−
1 x>0
y
1
∴ y=− , x<2
x−2
1
∴ y=
−(x − 2)
1
∴ y= , x<2
2−x

53
f
dy
= y(y − 1) with y(0) = −1
dx
dx 1
∴ =
dy y(y − 1)
dx 1 1
∴ = −
dy y − 1 y
using partial fractions
Z !
1 1
∴ x= − dy g
y−1 y dy
= y(y − 1) with y(0)
∴ x = loge |y − 1| − loge |y| + c dx
  = 2 from part f.
 y − 1 
∴ x = loge  +c  
 y − 1 
 y 
x = loge  +c
 y 
using y(0) = −1:
  using y(0) = 2:
 −1 − 1 
0 = loge  +c  
 2 − 1 
 −1 
0 = loge  +c
 2 
⇒ c = − loge (2) !
1
c = − loge = loge (2)
!
y−1 ⇒
∴ x = loge − loge (2), 2
y !
y−1
y>1 ∴ x = loge + loge (2),
! y
y−1
∴ x = loge y>1
2y !
2(y − 1)
∴ ex =
y−1 ∴ x = loge
2y y
1 1 2(y − 1)
∴ ex = − ∴ ex =
2 2y y
1 1 2
∴ ex − = − ∴ ex = 2 −
2 2y y
1 2
∴ 1 − 2e x = ∴ ex − 2 = −
y y
1 2
∴ y= ∴ y=− x
1 − 2e x e −2
2
∴ y=
2 − ex

54
 dy
h = tan(x) with y(0) = 0 2 a
dx
Z
∴ y= tan(x) dx
Z
sin x
∴ y= dx
cos x
du
Let u = cos x ⇒ = − sin x
dx
Z − du
∴ y= dx dx
u
Z
1
∴ y= − du
u b
∴ y = − loge (u) + c, u > 0
∴ y = − loge (cos x) + c
using y(0) = 0:
0 = − loge (1) + c
⇒ c=0
∴ y = − loge (cos x)

55
Solutions to Technology-free questions
dy x2 + 1 d2 y
1 a = d = e−3x + e−x
dx x2 dx 2
Z
1 dy
=1+ 2 = e−3x + e−x dx


∴
x dx
Z
1
∴ y = (1 + x−2 )dx = − e−3x − e−x + c1
3
= x − x−1 + c
Z !
1 −3x
∴ y= − e − e + c1 dx
−x
1 3
= x− +c
x 1
= e−3x + e−x + c1 x + c2
9
1 dy
b × = 10
y dx dy 3 − y
e =
dy dx 2
∴ = 10y dx 2
dx ∴ =
dx 1 dy 3 − y
∴ = Z
dy 10y 2
∴ x= dy
3−y
Z
1
∴ x= dy
10y ∴ x = −2 loge (3 − y) + c, y < 3
1 x−c
= loge y + d, since y > 0 ∴ 3 − y = e− 2
10
x−c
∴ e10(x−d) = y ∴ y = 3 − e− 2

∴ y = ce10x
dy 3 − x
f =
d2 y 1 dx 2
c = (sin 3t + cos 2t), t ≥ 0
Z
3−x
dt2 2 ∴ y= dx
dy 1
Z 2
∴ = (sin 3t + cos 2t)dt 3 x2
dt 2 = x− +c
1 1 2 4
= − cos 3t + sin 2t + c1
6 4
Z !
1 1
∴ y= − cos 3t+ sin 2t+c1 dt
6 4
1 1
=− sin 3t − cos 2t+c1 t+c2
18 8

56
 dy dy 1 + x2
2 a = π cos(2πx) c =
dx dx x2
Z Z !
∴ y = π cos(2πx)dx 1
y= + x dx
x
π
= sin(2πx) + c x2
2π = loge |x| ++c
5 2
When y = −1, x = , and When y = 0, x = 1, and
2
1 1
−1 = sin 5π + c 0 = loge 1 + +c
2 2
1 1
∴ −1 = − + c ∴ c=−
2 2
1 x2 1
∴ c=− ∴ y = loge |x| + −
2 2 2
1 1
∴ y = sin(2πx) − dy x
2 2 d =
dx 1 + x2
dy cos 2x du
b = Let 1 + x2 = u, 2x =
dx sin 2x dx
du 1
Z
du
Let sin 2x = u, then = 2 cos 2x ∴ y=
dx 2 u
Z
1 du
∴ y= 1
= loge |u| + c
2 u 2
1 1
= loge |u| + c = loge (1 + x2 ) + c
2 2
1
= loge | sin 2x| + c When y = 1, x = 0, and
2
π 1
When y = 0, x = , and 1= loge 1 + c
4 2
π c=1
!
1 ∴
0 = loge sin + c
2 2 1
∴ y= loge (1 + x2 ) + 1
1 2
∴ 0= loge 1 + c
2
∴ c=0
1
∴ y= loge | sin 2x|
2

57
 dy 1 3 a
e =− y dy
dx 2 = sin x + x cos x
dx 2 dx
∴ =−
dy y product rule
Z
2 d2 y
∴ x= − dy ∴ = cos x+cos x− x sin x
y dx2
= −2 loge |y| + c = 2 cos x − x sin x
When y = e−1 , x = 2, and d2 y
∴ x2 = 2x2 cos x − x3 sin x
2 = −2 × −1 + c dx2
dy
∴ c=0 and kx = kx sin x + kx2 cos x
dx
∴ x = −2 loge y and (x2 − m)y = (x2 − m)x sin x
x
∴ y= e− 2 since y = x sin x
= x3 sin x − mx sin x
d2 x
f = −10 d2 y dy
dt2 ∴ x2 − kx + (x2 − m)y = 0
dx2 dx
dx
= −10t + c1 becomes 2x2 cos x − x3 sin x
dt
dx −kx sin x − kx2 cos x
Since = 4 when x = 0,
dt +x3 sin x − mx sin x = 0
4 = −10 × 0 + c1 (2x2 − kx2 ) cos x + (−kx − mx) sin x = 0
∴ c1 = 4 (2 − k)x2 cos x + (−k − m)x sin x = 0
dx Equating coefficients, 2−k =0
∴ = −10t + 4
dt
Z ∴ k=2
∴ x= −10t + 4dt and −k − m = 0
∴ m = −k
= −5t2 + 4t + c2
= −2
When x = 0, t = 4, and
So k = 2 and m = −2.
0 = −5 × 16 + 16 + c2
dy
b = e2x + 2xe2x
∴ c2 = 64 dx
∴ x = 64 + 4t − 5t2 d2 y
∴ = 2e2x + 2e2x + 4xe2x
dx2
= 4e2x + 4xe2x
d2 y dy
∴ − − 3e2x = 4e2x + 4xe2x −e2x
dx2 dx
− 2xe2x − 3e2x
= 2xe2x , as required.

58
4 a f 00 (x) = 2 sec2 x dy
= (y + 4)2 + 9 and y(0) = 0
dx
∴ f 0 (x) = 2 tan x + c dy 1
π ∴ =
f 0( =1 dx (y + 4)2 + 9
4 1 y + 4
∴ c = −1. ∴ x = tan−1 +c
3 3
π When x = 0, y = 0
∴ f 0 (x) = 2 tan − 1
6
π π 1 4
∴ c = − tan−1
f0 = 2 tan −1 3 3
6 6
√ 1 −1  y + 4  1 −1 4
2 3 ∴ x = tan − tan
= −1 3 3 3 3
√3 1  y+4  1 4
2 3 ∴ tan−1 = x + tan−1
Gradient is −1 3 3 3 3
3
b y0 = 0, x0 = 0
00 π 2 π
    8
b f = 2 sec =
6 6 3 y1 = y0 + h f (x0 )
∴ y1 = 0 + 0.2 × ((0.14)2 + 9)
5 y = enx
∴ y1 = 5
dy
∴ = nenx
dx
1
d2 y 7 a y0 = , x0 = 1
∴ 2 = n2 enx 2
dx
y1 = y0 + h f (x0 )
Hence
1
d2 y dy ∴ y1 = + 0.1 × 1
2
− 2 − 15enx = 0 2
dx dx 3
⇔ n − 2n − 15 = 0
2 ∴ y1 =
5
⇔ (n − 5)(n + 3) = 0 3 1
y2 = + 0.1 ×
5 1.12
⇔ n = 5 or n = −3
∴ y2 = 0.6816

6 a dy 1 1
b = 2 , x = 1, y =
dx x 2
1
∴y=− +c
x
3
c=
2
3x − 2
y=
2x
c When x = 1.2, y = 0.667

59
8 a Use calculator as in dT
9 a = −k(T − 25)
9I example 27 p 413 dt
dt 1 1
∴ =−
dT k T − 25
1
∴ t = − loge (T − 25) + c
k
When t = 0, T = 100
1
∴ 0 = − loge (75) + c
k
1  75 
∴ c = loge
k T − 25
b When t = 10, T = 85
dy
= 4 + y2 and y(2) = −1 1  75 
dx 10 = loge
dx 1 k 60
∴ = 1 5
dy 4 + y2 k= loge
1 y 10 4
∴ x = tan−1 +c
2 2 10  75 
b t= log e
When x = 2, y = −1
5
T − 25
loge
1 −1 1 4
∴c=2− tan − When t = 15
2 2
1 −1  y   1
10  75 
∴ x = tan + 4 − tan−1 − 15 =  5  loge
2 2 2 T − 25
  1  loge
y = 2 tan 2x − 4 + tan−1 − 4
2 3  5   75 
loge = loge
2 4 T − 25
5 3  75 
2
loge = loge
4 T − 25
5 3
2 75
=
4 T − 25
43
2
T − 25 = 75
5
43
2
T = 25 + 75
5
√
T = 25 + 24 5 (≈ 78.67)

60
 dy √ dV d π
!
10 = 2x 25 − x2 , y(4) = 25 Now = 2 3
(18x − x )
dx dx dx 3
Z √ π
∴y= 2x 25 − x2 dx = (36x − 3x2 ) = π(12x − x2 )
3
√ du
Z
dx 3
=− u dx ∴ =
dx π 12x − x2


dt
Z
1
= − u 2 du 3
=
πx(12 − x)
2 3
= − u2 + c
3
13 Now C = 2πr,
2 3
= − (2 − x2 ) 2 + c C
3 ∴ r=
2 3 2π
x = 4, y = 25 ∴ 25 = − (9) 2 + c
3 Also A = πr2 ,
∴ c = 43  C 2
∴ A=π
2 3 2π
∴ y = − (2 − x2 ) 2 + 43 2
3 C
=
4π
11 dA C
∴ =
y = e x sin x dC 2π
dA dA dC
dy Now = ×
= e x sin x + e x cos x dt dC dt
dx
dA dC C
= e x ( cosx + sin x) Given = 4, =4÷
dt dt 2π
d2 y 8π
= e x (cos x − sin x) + e x (sin x + cos x) =
dx2 C
= 2e x cos x
d2 y dy 14 Each minute, the amount of soap in
+ k + y = e cos x
x
the solution decreases by the same
dx2 dx
40 1
⇔ 2e x cos x + ke x (sin x + cos x) + e x sin x) = eproportion,
x
cos x i.e. = , since the
1000 25
volume of water remains constant.
⇔ e cos x + ke (sin x + cos x) + e sin x = 0
x x x

⇔ cos x(1 + k) + sin x(1 + k) = 0

This is to be tre for all x. Therefore
k = −1

dV dV dx
12 = ×
dt dx dt
dV dx dV
Given = 3 cm3 /s, =3÷
dt dt dx

61
 dS S dθ 30 − θ
∴ =− 16 a =
dt 25 dt 20
dt 25 dt 20
∴ =− ∴ =
dS S dθ 30 − θ
Z Z
25 20
∴ t = − dS ∴ t= dθ
S 30 − θ
= −25 loge S + c, S > 0 = −20 loge
When t = 0, S = 3, and (30 − θ) + c, θ < 30
0 = −25 loge 3 + c At t = 0, θ = 10, 0 = −20 loge 20+c
∴ c = 25 loge 3 ∴ c = 20 loge 20
t = −25 loge S + 25 loge 3
!
∴ 20
∴ t = 20 loge
3 30 − θ
∴ = 25 loge t
S ∴ θ = 30 − 20e− 20
t 3
∴ = loge t 20
25 S ∴ e 20 =
t 30 − θ
∴ S = 3e− 25
60
b θ = 30 − 20e− 20
dx x ≈ 29
15 =−
dt 100 So temperature is 29◦ C
dt 100 approximately.
∴ =−
dx x !
Z
100 20
∴ t= − dx c t = 20 loge
x 30 − θ
= −100 loge x + c, x > 0 At θ = 20, t = 20 loge 2 ≈ 14
So it takes 14 minutes approximately.
When t = 0, x = x0 and
0 = −100 loge x0 + c
17 a The rate of change is a constant
∴ c = 100 loge x0 proportion of the area, 2%,
! dA
∴ t = 100 loge
x0 ∴ = 0.02A
x dt
x0
When x = , t = 100 loge 2 ≈ 69
2
It takes approximately 69 days.

62
 dA dy
b = 0.02A i.e., = 0 at x = 0.
dt dx
A ∴ c=0
=
50 To find where the deflection has its
dt 50 greatest magnitude, we need to find x for
∴ = dy
dA A which = 0 (x > 0).
dx
Z
50
∴ t= dA Lx 3x2
A ∴ − =0
16 32
= 50 loge A + c, A > 0 2L
1 ∴ x=
When t = 0, A = , and 3
2 Lx 3x2
Z !
1 Now y= − dx
0 = 50 loge + c 16 32
2
Lx2 x3
∴ c = −50 loge
1 = − +d
2 32 32
The deflection itself is zero at the point
= 50 loge 2 of the support, i.e., y = 0 when x = 0,
∴ t = 50 loge (2A) ∴ d=0

∴ 2A = e0.02t Lx2 x3
∴ y= −
32 32
1
∴ A = e0.02t 2L L × 4L2 8L3
2 When x = , y= −
After 10 hours, the area is 3 32 × 9 32 × 27
1
A = e0.2 ≈ 0.61 hectares. L 3
L 3
2 = −
72 108
1 L3
=
c 3 = 2 e0.02t 216
2L
∴ 6 = e0.02t So the magnitude is greater at x =
3
∴ loge 6 = 0.02t L3
where the deflection is .
216
loge 6
∴ t=
0.02
≈ 89.59
So 3 hectares have been covered
1
at 89 hours.
2

Z
dy 1
18 = (L − 3x)dx
dx 16
Lx 3x2
= − +c
16 32
The rate of change of the deflection is
zero at the point of the support,

63
19 r = h tan 30◦
√
h
= √
3 °

1
V = πr2 h
3
!2
1 h
= π √ h
3 3
πh 3
=
9
dV πh2 dV √
∴ = and = 2 − 0.05 h
dh 3 dt
dh dh dV
= ×
dt dV dt
3 √
= 2 (2 − 0.05 h)
πh
√
6 − 0.15 h
=
πh2

64
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 C a = Rsin(2t), when t = 0, v = 4 Put n = 1 into 2 :
t
∴ v = 0 sin(2x)dt + 4 ∴ y2 = y1 + 0.1[x1 loge (x1 )]
2 D = 2 + 0.2 loge (2)
f (x) = x − 1 and f (1) = 3
0 2
+ 0.1[2.1 loge (2.1)]
Using Euler’s Method:
= 2 + 0.2 loge (2)
yn+1 = yn + 0.2[(xn )2 − 1] 1
+ 0.21 loge (2.1)
with x0 = 1, y0 = 3
= 2.294436 . . .
Put n = 0 into 1 :
∴ y2 ≈ 2.294 and x = 2.2
∴ y1 = y0 + 0.2[(x0 )2 − 1]
= 3 + 0.2[12 − 1] 4 A
dy 2 − y
=
∴ y1 = 3 and x1 = 1.2 dx 4
Put n = 1 into 1: dx 4
⇒ =
dy 2 − y
∴ y2 = y1 + 0.2[(x1 )2 − 1] Z 1
2 4
= 3 + 0.2[(1.2)2 − 1] ∴ x= dt + 3
1 2−t
= 3 + 0.088
dy 2x + 1
∴ y2 = 3.088 and x = 1.4 5 E = , y(2) = 0
dx 4
Z
3 B 1
dy ∴ y= (2x + 1)dx
= x loge (x) and y(2) = 2 4
dx 1
Using Euler’s Method: ∴ y = (x2 + x) + c
4
yn+1 = yn + 0.1[xn loge (xn )] 2 When x = 2, y = 0:
with x0 = 2, y0 = 2
3
Put n = 0 into 2 :
⇒c=−
2
∴ y1 = y0 + 0.1[x0 loge (x0 )] 1 3
∴ y = (x2 + x) −
= 2 + 0.1[2 loge (2)] 4 2
1
∴ y1 = 2 + 0.2 loge (2) and x = 2.1 ∴ y = (x2 + x − 6)
4

65
6 C Response A:
dy (y − 1)2
= , y(0) = 0 dy
− 2y = 2e2x , 0
dx 5 dx
dx 5
⇒ = = 5(y − 1)−2 Response B:
dy (y − 1)2
d2 y dy
= 4e2x , 0
Z
−2
∴ x = 5 (y − 1)−2 dy dx 2 dx
Response C:
5 dy dy
∴ x=− +c + 2y
y−1 dx dx
When x = 0, y = 0 : = 8xe4x (2x + 1)+e2x (4x + 2) , 0
Response D:
⇒ c = −5
d2 y
5 − 4y = 8e2x , e2x
∴ x+5=− dx 2
y−1
Response E:
5
∴ y−1=− d2 y
x+5 − 4y = 8e2x = RHS
5 dx2
∴ y=1− √
x+5 dV 5 h
x 9 A Given: =−
∴ y= dt 2h + 45
x+5
Using CAS: V = π(15h2 + 225h)
dV
∴ = π(10h + 225)
dh
= 5π(2h + 45)
dh dh dV
= ×
dt dV dt
dh 1
∴ =
dt 5π(2h + 45)
√
−5 h
×
7 D 2h + 45
dy 2 √
= e−x , y(1) = 4 − h
dx =
Z x
2
π(2h + 45)2
∴ y= e−u du + 4
1

8 E y = 2xe2x
dy
then = 2e2x + 4xe2x
dx
d2 y
and = 4e2x + 4e2x + 8xe2x
dx2
= 8e2x + 8xe2x

66
 dy dy
10 C =y 13 D Only the integral of = −x2 gives
dx dx
dx 1 −x3
⇒ = the appropriate curve y = +C
dy y 3
∴ x = loge (y) + c, for y > 0 14 E
When x = 0, y = 2 : (t0 , Q0 ) = (0, 10)
⇒ c = − loge (2) Q1 = Q(t0 + h) = Q(t0 ) + 0.5 × Q0 (t0 )
!
y
! 5
∴ x = loge = 10 + 0.5 × 3 −
2 5 − t0
y = 11
∴ ex =
2
Q2 = Q(t1 + h) = Q(t1 ) + 0.1 × Q0 (t1 )
∴ y = 2e x , for y > 0 !
5
= 11 + 0.5 × 3 −
11 A If N is number infected, then num- 5 − t1
ber of not infected is (2000 − N) then = 11.944
dN
∝ N(2000 − N)
dt 15 C Salt flows in at 3 g/L × 20 L = 60 g.
dy Every minute 20 L of water flow in
= kN(2000 − N), k constant
dx and 10 L flow out, so in total 10 L
12 E flow in.
(x0 , y0 ) = (0, 2) So at t minutes there are 100 + 10t L
of water in the tank.
y1 = f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + 0.1 f 0 (x0 ) 10
So M × g of salt flows
1 (100 + 10t)
= 2 + 0.1 × 2 out per minute.
0 +2×0+2
dM 10M
= 2.05 = 60 −
dt 100 + 10t
y2 = f (x1 + h) = f (x1 ) + 0.1 f 0 (x1 )16 C Use a calculator as in section 9I on
1 page 413.
= 2.05 + 0.1 ×
0.12 + 2 × 0.1 + 2
= 2.095

67
Solutions to extended-response questions
dx
1 a i = −kx, k > 0
dt
dt 1 1
ii Now =− ×
dx k x
Z
1 1
∴ t=− × dx
k x
1
= − loge x + c, x > 0
k
x = 100 when t = 0, since the initial amount counts as 100%.
1
∴ c = loge 100
k
1 100
∴ t = loge
k x
x
∴ e−kt =
100
∴ x = 100e−kt
Now x = 50 when t = 5760,
1
∴ k= loge 2
5760
−t
∴ x = 100e 5760 loge 2

5760 100
b t= loge
loge 2 45.1
≈ 6617 years
The eruption occurred 6617 years ago.
−t loge 2
c x = 100e 5760 , t≥0
x
100

0 t

68
 1
2 a Unreacted amount of A after x minutes = 2 − x
4
8−x
=
4
3
Unreacted amount of B after x minutes = 3 − x
4
3(4 − x) 
=
4
dx 3k(8 − x)(4 − x)
∴ =
dt 16
dt 16 1
b Now = ×
dx 3k (8 − x)(4 − x)
1 A B
and = +
(8 − x)(4 − x) 8 − x 4 − x
∴ A(4 − x) + B(8 − x) = 1
When x = 4, 4B = 1,
1
∴ B=
4
When x = 8, −4A = 1,
1
∴ A=−
4
Z
16 1 1 1
∴ t= × − dx
3k 4 4−x 8−x
4
= loge |8 − x| − loge |4 − x| + c


3k
 
4  8 − x 
= loge  +c
3k  4 − x 
x = 0 when t = 0 (no reaction yet) ,
4
∴ c=− loge 2
3k
 
4  8 − x 
∴ t= loge 
3k  2(4 − x) 
x = 1 when t = 1,

69
  
4  8 − 1 
∴ 1= loge 
3k  2(4 − 1) 
4 7
∴ k= loge
3 6
 
1  8 − x 
∴ t= loge 
loge 76  2(4 − x) 

1 6
c At x = 2, t = 7
loge
loge 6
4
≈ 2.633
≈ 2 min 38 s
It takes 2 minutes 38 seconds to form 2 kg of X.
8−x 7
d = et loge 6
2(4 − x)
!
7  7 
x 2e t loge 6
− 1 = 8 et loge 6 − 1
!t !
7
8 −1
6
x= !t
7
2 −1
6
!
49
8 −1
36
When t = 2, x =
49
2× −1
36
52
=
31
52
The mass of X formed after two minutes is kg.
31
dT
3 a = k(T − T s ), k < 0
dt
dT
b = k(T − 22)
dt
dt 1 1
∴ = ×
dT k T − 22
Z
1 1
∴ t= × dT
k T − 22
1
= loge (T − 22) + c, T > 22
k

70
When T = 72, t = 0,
1
∴ 0= loge (72 − 22) + c
k
1
∴ c = − loge 50
k
1 1
∴ t = loge (T − 22) − loge 50
k k
!
1 T − 22
= loge
k 50
!
1 T − 22
i ∴ k = loge
t 50
When T = 65, t = 5,
!
1 65 − 22
∴ k = loge
5 50
1
= loge 0.86
5
!
5 T − 22
∴ t= loge
loge 0.86 50
!
5 50 − 22
When T = 50, t = loge
loge 0.86 50
5 loge 0.56
=
loge 0.86
≈ 19.2
The coffee remains drinkable for 19.2 minutes.
!
5 T − 22
ii Now at t = 30, 30 = loge
loge 0.86 50
!
30 T − 22
∴ loge 0.86 = loge
5 50
!
T − 22
∴ loge (0.86) = loge
6
50
T − 22
∴ = (0.86)6
50
∴ T = 50(0.86)6 + 22
≈ 42.2
The temperature of the coffee at the end of 30 minutes is 42.2◦ C.

71
 dp
4 a = rate of increase–rate of decrease
dt
= kp − 1000, k > 0

dt 1
b =
d p kp − 1000
Z
1
∴ t= dp
kp − 1000
1
= loge (kp − 1000) + c, kp − 1000 > 0
k
When t = 0, p = 5000,
1
∴ 0= loge (5000k − 1000) + c
k
1
∴ c = − loge (5000k − 1000)
k
1 1
∴ t = loge (kp − 1000) − loge (5000k − 1000)
k k
!
1 kp − 1000
= loge
k 5000k − 1000

c i When t = 5, p = 6000,
!
1 6000k − 1000
∴ 5 = loge
k 5000k − 1000
!
1000(6k − 1)
∴ 5k = loge
1000(5k − 1)
!
6k − 1
∴ 5k = loge
5k − 1

ii TI: Type solve(5 × k = ln((6 × k − 1)/(5 × k − 1)), k)

Interpreting these results gives k = 0 or k = 0.22183565 . . .

CP: Sketch the graphs of y1 = 5x and y2 = ln((6x − 1)/(5x − 1)). Tap
Analysis → G-Solve → Interset
Thus an approximation for the value of k of 0.221 835 66.

72
 !
1 kp − 1000
d t = loge
k 5000k − 1000
!
kp − 1000
∴ kt = loge
5000k − 1000
kp − 1000
∴ = ekt
5000k − 1000
∴ kp − 1000 = ekt (5000k − 1000)
1
∴ p = (ekt (5000k − 1000) + 1000)
k
p

5000

0 t

dN
5 a = 100 − kN, k > 0
dt
dt 1
b =
dN 100 − kN
Z
1
∴ t= dN
100 − kN
1
= − loge (100 − kN) + c, 100 − kN > 0
k
When t = 0, N = 1000,
1
∴ 0 = − loge (100 − 1000k) + c
k
1
∴ c = loge (100 − 1000k)
k
1 1
∴ t = − loge (100 − kN) + loge (100 − 1000k)
k k
1 100 − 1000k
= loge ( )
k 100 − kN

c When t = 10, N = 700,

!
1 100 − 1000k
∴ 10 = loge
k 100 − 700k
!
1 − 10k
∴ 10k = loge
1 − 7k
TI: Type solve (10 × k = ln((1 − 10 × k)/(1 − 7 × k)), k)

73
 Interpreting these results gives k = 0 or k = 0.16018368 . . .
CP: Sketch the graphs of y1 = 10x and y2 = ln((1 − 10x)/(1 − 7x)). Tap Analysis →
G-Solve → Intersect
Thus an approximation for the value of k of 0.160 183 68.
!
1 100 − 1000k
d t = loge
k 100 − kN
!
100 − 1000k
∴ kt = loge
100 − kN
100 − 1000k
∴ ekt =
100 − kN
∴ 100 − kN = e (100 − 1000k)
−kt

1
N = (100 − e−kt (100 − 1000k))
∴
k
1
When k ≈ 0.16, N ≈ (100 − e−0.16t (100 − 1000 × 0.16))
0.16
25
≈ (100 + 60e−0.16t )
4
N
1000

100
k

0 t

100
e As t → +∞, N →
k
100
The eventual trout population in the lake will be .
k
100
When k ≈ 0.16, ≈ 625
k
So the trout population approaches 625.
Z
dy 9
6 a = (3x − L)dx
dx 40L2
9 3x2
!
= − LX + c
40L2 2

74
 dy
When x = 0 (at A), = 0, ∴ c=0
dx
9 3x2
!
dy
∴ = − Lx
dx 40L2 2
dy 3x2
= 0 when = Lx(x , 0)
dx 2
2L
∴ x=
3
2L
The maximum deflection occurs cm from the end A.
3
3x2
Z !
9
b y= − LX dx
40L2 2
9 x3 Lx2
!
= − +c
40L2 2 2
When x = 0, y = 0, ∴ c=0
9x2
∴ y= (x − L)
80L2
!2 !
2L 9 2L 2L
when x = , y= 2
× × −L
3 80L 3 3
9 × 4L2 × (−L)
=
80L2 × 9 × 3
L
=−
60
L
The maximum deflection is cm downwards.
60
dT
7 a = 2 − k(T − T 0 )
dt
dT
When T = 60, = −1, ∴ − 1 = −k(60 − T 0 )
dt
1
∴ k=
60 − T 0
dT T − 20
∴ =2−
dt 60 − T 0
dT T − 20
Given T 0 = 20, =2−
dt 40
100 − T
=
40

75
 dt 40
b =
dT 100 − T
Z
40
t= dT
100 − T
= −40 loge (100 − T ) + c, T < 100
When t = 0, T = 20,
∴ c = 40 loge 80
!
80
∴ t = 40 loge
100 − T
t 80
∴ e 40 =
100 − T
t
∴ 100 − T = 80e− 40
t
∴ T = 100 − 80e− 40
3
c When t = 30, T = 100 − 80e− 4
= 62.210 . . .
The temperature is 62.2◦ C after 30 minutes.

d T
100

20

0 t

dW
8 a i = 0.04W
dt
dt 1
∴ =
dW 0.04W
25
=
W
Z
25
∴ t= dW
W
= 25 loge W + c, W > 0

76
 When t = 0, W = 350,
∴ 0 = 25 loge 350 + c
∴ c = −25 loge 350
∴ t = 25 loge W − 25 loge 350
!
W
= 25 loge
350
!
t W
ii = loge W
25 350
W t
∴ = e 25
350 350
t
∴ W= 350e 25
0 t

50
iii When t = 50, W = 350e25
= 350e2 ≈ 2586

dW dW
b If = kW and the population remains constant then = 0.
dt dt
∴ k = 0 since W > 0
dW
c i = (0.04 − 0.00005W)W
dt
dt 1 20 000
∴ = =
dW (0.04 − 0.00005W)W (800 − W)W
20 000 A B
Now = +
(800 − W)W 800 − W W
∴ AW + B(800 − W) = 20 000
When W = 0, 800B = 20 000, ∴ B = 25
When W = 800, 800A = 20 000, ∴ A = 25

77
 20 000 25 25
∴ = +
(800 − W)W 800 − W W
dt 25 25
∴ = +
dW 800 − W W
Z
25 25
∴ t= + dW
800 − W W
= −25 loge (800 − W) + 25 loge W + c, 0 < W < 800
!
W
= 25 loge +c
800 − W
!
350
t = 0, W = 350, ∴ 0 = 25 loge +c
450
7
∴ c = −25 loge
9
!
W 7
∴ t = 25 loge − 25 loge
800 − W 9
!
9W
= 25 loge
7(800 − W)
!
t 9W
ii = loge W
25 7(800 − W) 800
9W t
∴ = e 25
7(800 − W) 350
t
∴ 9W = 7(800 − W)e 25 0 t
t t
= 5600e 25 − 7We 25
t t
∴ 9W + 7We 25 = 5600e 25
!
t t
∴ W 9 + 7e 25 = 5600e 25
t
5600e 25
∴ W= t
9 + 7e 25

50
5600e 25
iii When t = 50, W = 50
9 + 7e 25
5600e2
=
9 + 7e2
= 681.429 55 . . .
The population after 50 years is approximately 681 iguanas.

78
 dx
9 a i = rate of input − rate of output
dt
= R − kx, k > 0

dt 1
ii =
dx R − kx
Z
1
∴ t= dx
R − kx
1
∴ t = − loge (R − kx) + c, R − kx > 0
k
When t = 0, x = 0,
1
∴ 0 = − loge R + c
k
1
∴ c = loge R
k
1 1
∴ t = − loge (R − kx) + loge R
k k
!
1 R
= loge
k R − kx
!
R
∴ kt = loge
R − kx
R
∴ ekt =
R − kx
∴ (R − kx)e = R
kt

∴ kxekt = R(ekt − 1)
R(ekt − 1)
∴ x=
kekt
R
= (1 − e−kt )
k

b i If R = 50 and k = 0.05, x
1000
50
x= (1 − e0.05t )
0.05
!
t
= 1000 1 − e − 20
0 t

79
 !
1 R
ii t = loge
k R − kx
When R = 50 and k = 0.05,
!
50
t = 20 loge
50 − 0.05x
!
1000
= 20 loge
1000 − x
!
1000
When x = 200, t = 20 loge
1000 − 200
5
= 20 loge = 4.4628 . . .
4
There are 200 mg of the dmg in the patient after 4.46 hours, correct to two decimal
places.
5 dx 1
c i When t > 20 loge , = −kx and k = 0.05 = ,
4 dt 20
dx −x
∴ =
dt 20
dt −20
∴ =
dx x
Z
−20
∴ t= dx
x
= −20 loge x + c, x > 0
5
When t = 20 loge , x = 200,
4
5
∴ 20 loge = −20 loge 200 + c
4
5
∴ c = 20 loge + 20 loge 200
4
5
∴ t = 20 loge + 20 loge 200 − 20 loge x
4
250
= 20 loge
x
5
When x = 100, t = 20 loge
2
= 18.325 81 . . .
The amount of dmg falls to 100 mg after 18.33 hours, correct to two decimal
places, a further 13.86 hours after the drip was disconnected.

80
 250
ii t = 20 loge x
x
200
t 250
∴ = loge
20 x 100
t 250
∴ e 20 =
x
t 0 5 5
t
20 loge 4 20 loge 2
∴ x = 250e− 20
 !
 −
t 5


 1000 1 − e 20 0 ≤ t ≤ 20 loge
∴ x=

 4
 t 5
250 e− 20 t > 20 loge



4

81
Chapter 10 – Kinematics
Solutions to Exercise 10A
1 x = 3t − t2 3
From part a this occurs when t = s
2
t 0 1 2 3 4 9
a and where x = m from O.
x 0 2 2 0 −4 4
Need to find the times when g Distance travelled
17
velocity = 0. = 2.25 + 2.25 + 4 = 8.5 = m
dx 2
v= = 3 − 2t
dt distance travelled
So, h Average speed =
3 t2 − t1
3 − 2t = 0 ⇒ t = = 1.5 s
2 17
∴ the particle is at rest after 17
1.5 seconds and this occurs when = 2 = m/s
4 8
x = 2.25 m
Hence, the motion of the particle can 2 a x
be illustrated by: ( 53 , 493)

t
0 4
b When t = 5, x = 15 − 25 = −10
−10 − (−4)
∴ displacement = = b v(t) = −6t + 10 v
5−4
−6
= −6 m 10
1
−4 − (0)
c average velocity =
4−0 t
0 5
= −1 m/s 3

dx c a(t) = −6
d v= = 3 − 2t
dt a

e When t = 2.5, v = 3 − 2(2.5) O t

= −2 m/s

f Particle changes direction when

v = 0.
−6

670
 d t = 6, x = −40 dx
v= = 1 × (t − 3)2
dt
t = 0, x = 8 t = 5, x = 49
3 3
+ t × 2(t − 3)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
∴ v = (t − 3)2 + 2t(t − 3)
e x(3) − x(2) = 11 − 16 = −5
∴ v = (t − 3)(3t − 3)
5
f Changes direction when x = ∴ when t = 2, v = −3 m/s
 5  49 3
x(0) = 8 x = b Instantaneously at rest when v = 0.
3 3
x(3) = 11 ∴ (t − 3)(3t − 3) = 0
Therefore distance travelled ∴ t = 1 s or t = 3 s
49 49 41
= −8+ − 11 = dv
3 3 3 c a= = 1 × (3t − 3) + (t − 3) × 3
dt
∴ a = 6t − 12
3 x = t3 − 9t2 + 24t ∴ when t = 4, a = 12 m/s2
Using CAS:
a Instantaneously at rest when v = 0.
dx
v= = 3t2 − 18t + 24
dt
So,
3t2 − 18t + 24 = 0
∴ t2 − 6t + 8 = 0
∴ (t − 4)(t − 2) = 0 5 x = 2t3 − 4t2 − 100

∴ t = 2 s or t = 4 s dx
v= = 6t2 − 8t
dt
dv Zero velocity when v = 0:
b a= = 6t − 18 ∴ 6t2 − 8t = 0
dt
∴ when t = 5, a = 12 m/s2 ∴ 2t(3t − 4) = 0
20 − 0 4
c Average velocity = = 10 m/s ∴ t = 0 s or t = s
2−0 3

t 0 1 2 3 4
d 6 v = 4 + 3t − t2
x 0 16 20 18 16
20 + 4 24 a Maximum value of velocity requires
Average speed = = = 6 m/s
4−0 4 the equation v0 = 0 to be solved.
v0 = 3 − 2t
3
4 x = t(t − 3)2 Solving v0 = 0 gives t = s
2
⇒ maximum velocity occurs when
a Using the product rule to 3
t= s
differentiate: 2  3   3 2 25
∴ v=4+3 − = m/s is
2 2 4

671
 the maximum velocity
Z
b x= v dt
Z
∴ x= 4 + 3t − t2 dt

3 1
∴ x = 4t + t2 − t3 + c
2 3
Passes through (0, 0) ⇒ c = 0
3 1
∴ x = 4t + t2 − t3
2 3
56 Since the area under the curve
when t = 4, x = m between t = 4 and t = 6 is under the
3
t-axis,
Distance travelled
7 v = 3t2 − 30t + 72
Z 6
a a=
dv
= 6t − 30 =− 3t2 − 30t + 72 dt
dt 4
when t = 0, a = −30 m/s2 = −[t − 15t2 + 72t]64
3

b Instantaneously at rest when v = 0. = −[(216 − 540 + 432)

∴ 3t2 − 30t + 72 = 0 − (64 − 240 + 288)]
∴ 3(t − 10t + 24) = 0
2
= −[108 − 112]
∴ 3(t − 6)(t − 4) = 0 =4m
∴ t = 4 s or t = 6 s
d when t = 0, x = 0 m
c x = 3t2 − 30t + 72
R
when t = 4, x = 112 m
dt = t3 − 15t2 + 72t + c
when t = 6, x = 108 m
Passes through (0, 0) ⇒ c = 0
∴ x = t3 − 15t2 + 72t when t = 7, x = 112 m
∴ distance travelled = 112 + 4 + 4
when t = 6, x = 108 m
= 120 m
when t = 4, x = 112 m Alternatively, this distance can
∴ distance travelled = 112 − 108 be calculated by evaluating the
=4m following
R4 definite integral:
R6
Alternatively, distance travelled
0
3t − 30t + 72 dt − 4 3t2 − 30t +
2

is equal to the area under the R7

72 dt + 6 3t2 − 30t + 72 dt
velocity-time graph
The graph of v = 3t2 − 30t + 72 is

672
 Z
Using CAS for question 6 parts a, b a v= a dt
and c we have: Z
∴ v= 13 − 6t dt

∴ v = 13t − 3t2 + c
when t = 0, v = 30 :
⇒ c = 30
∴ v = 13t − 3t2 + 30
∴ when t = 3, v = 42 m/s

b For maximum distance solve

x0 = 0 ↔ v = 0
8 a = 12 − 6t
∴ −3t2 + 13t + 30 = 0
a a = 12 − 6t, and
Z when t = 0, v = 8. ∴ −(t − 6)(3t + 5) = 0
v= a dt 5
∴ t = − s or t = 6 s
Z 3
∴ v= 12 − 6t dt ∴ t=6s ∵t≥0
∴ v = 12t − 3t2 + c Z
c x= v dt
when t = 0, v = 8 : Z
⇒c=8 ∴ x= −3t2 + 13t + 30 dt
∴ v = 12t − 3t2 + 8 13 2
∴ x = −t3 + t + 30t + c
∴ when t = 2, v = 20 m/s 2
Z when t = 0, x = 0 :
b x= v dt ⇒c=0
13 2
Z
∴ x= 12t − 3t2 + 8 dt ∴ x = −t3 + t + 30t
2
∴ x = 6t2 − t3 + 8t + c ∴ when t = 6, x = 198 m

when t = 0, x = 0 :
⇒c=0
∴ x = 6t2 − t3 + 8t
∴ when t = 2, x = 32 m

9 a = 13 − 6t

673
10 a = 9.8 m/s2 b

(π , 2.5)
Z
a i v= a dt
Z
∴ v= 9.8 dt (4π , 0.5)
∴ v = 9.8t + c
π π π π
Initially, the object is at rest
⇒ when t = 0, v = 0:
∴ c=0
(3π , − 1.5)
∴ v = 9.8t
Z The particle is instantaneously at rest
ii x= v dt at t = π and t = 3π.
Z dv
∴ x= 9.8t dt c a=
dt
1 1 
∴ x = 4.9t2 + c ∴ a = − sin t
2 2
Initially, the object starts from O
⇒ when t = 0, x = 0:
1 
d i We have: x = 2 sin t + 0.5 and
∴ c=0 2
1 1 
∴ x = 4.9t2 a = − sin t
2 2
⇒ x = −4a + 0.5
b The object takes two seconds to reach 1 
the bottom. ii We have: x = 2 sin t + 0.5 and
∴ when t = 2, x = 4.9 × 4 = 19.6 m 1  2
Hence, the depth of the well is 19.6 m v = cos t
2
Using the Pythagorean identity
c when t = 2, v = 9.8 × 2 = 19.6 m/s we have:
speed = |19.6| = 19.6 m/s

1 
11 v = cos t , t ∈ [0, 4π]
2
Z 1 
a x= cos t dt
2
1 
∴ x = 2 sin t + c
2
when t = 0, x = 0.5 :
⇒ c = 0.5
1 
∴ x = 2 sin t + 0.5
2

674
 1  1 
cos2 t + sin2 t = 1 3t2 − 15t = 12 = 0
2 2
1  ∴ 3(t − 4)(t − 1) = 0
∴ v2 + sin2 t = 1
2 ∴ t = 1 s and t = 4 s
1 
∴ sin2 t = 1 − v2 when t = 1, x = 15.5 m
2
1  √ when t = 4, x = 2 m
∴ sin t = ± 1 − v2
2
1  √ b when t = 2, x = 12 m
∴ 2 sin t = ±2 1 − v2 when t = 3, x = 5.5 m
2
1  √ 5.5 − 12
∴ 2 sin t + 0.5 = ±2 1 − v2 ∴ average velocity =
2 3−2
+ 0.5 = −6.5 m/s
√
∴ x = ±2 1 − v2 + 0.5 c when t = 2, v = 3(2)2 − 15(2) + 12
= −6 m/s
1 
iii We have: v = cos t and
2
1 1  t 0 1 2
a = − sin t d
2 2   x 10 15.5 12
1 1
∴ a2 = sin2 t
4 2 ∴ distance travelled = 5.5 + 3.5
1 
∴ 4a2 = sin2 t =9m
2 Alternatively, distance travelled can
Using the Pythagorean identity
we have: also be calculated by determining the
1  1 
area under the velocity-time graph
cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
2 2 between t = 0 and t = 2.
1 
∴ v2 = 1 − sin2 t i.e. Z 1
2 distance travelled = 3t2 − 15t + 12 dt
∴ v2 = 1 − 4a2 0
√ Z 2
∴ v = ± 1 − 4a2 − 3t2 − 15t + 12 dt
1

15 2
12 x = t3 − t + 12t + 10
2
dx
a v= = 3t2 − 15t + 12
dt
Solving v = 0 gives:

675
 e Using the table below, a sketch of the The first time the velocity reaches a
particle’s motion can be produced. maximum will occur when k = 0.
t 0 1 2 ∴ the velocity reaches a maximum
x 10 15.5 12 when t = 2π s
t 3 4 t→∞
x 5.5 2 x→∞ 14 a Take upwards as positive.
Before the stone was dropped it
followed the motion of the
balloon, i.e. it moved upwards with
a speed of 10 m/s. ∴ at the moment
when it was dropped v = +10.
Hence, the closest the particle comes The acceleration of the stone was
to O is 2 metres. due to gravity (downward) and
∴ the acceleration is downward,
∴ a = −9.8
1  2
13 ẍ = 2 sin t Z m/s .
2 v= −9.8 dt
Z
a v = ẋ = ẍ dt ∴ v = −9.8t + c.
when t = 0, v = +10 :
Z 1 
∴ v= 2 sin t dt
2 ⇒ c = 10
1 
∴ v = −4 cos t + c ∴ v = −9.8t + 10.
2 Z
when t = 0, v = 1 : x= v dt
⇒c=5 Z
1  ∴ x= −9.8t + 10 dt
∴ v = −4 cos t + 5
2 ∴ x = −4.9t2 + 10t + d
The range of the velocity function is
When t = 0, x = 0: i.e. the starting
[1, 9], hence the maximum velocity is
point was where the stone was
9 m/s.
dropped.
b Time taken to reach maximum ⇒d=0
∴ x = −4.9t2 + 10t
 1  when v = 9.
velocity occurs
when t = 12, x = −4.9(12)2 + 10(12)
∴ −4 cos t + 5 = 9
2
1  = −585.6 m.
∴ cos t = −1 So the stone was 585.6 m below
2 (− sign) its starting point.
1
∴ t = (2k + 1)π, k ∈ Z Hence. the height of the balloon
2
when the stone was dropped was
∴ t = 2(2k + 1)π, k ∈ Z 585.6 m.

676
 Z
b When the stone reached its highest x= ẋ dt
point the velocity must equal zero. Z
∴ −9.8t + 10 = 0 ∴ x= −
1 1
+ dt
50 2(2t + 3) 6
∴ t= 1
Z
1
Z
1
49 ∴ x=− dt + dt
When  50 2 2 2t + 3 6
50  50 
t = , x = −4.9 + 10 1 1
49 49 49 ∴ x = − loge (2t + 3) + t + c
4 6
250
= when t = 0, x = 0 :
49
1
≈ 5.1 m ⇒c= loge (3)
i.e. the stone was 5.1 m above 4
1 1
(+ sign) its starting point. ∴ x = − loge (2t + 3) + t
Hence the greatest height reached by 4 6
1
the stone = 585.6 + 5.1 = 590.7 m. + loge (3)
4
1  3  1
1 ∴ x = loge + t
15 ẍ = = (2t + 3)−2 4 2t + 3 6
(2t + 3)2 1  2t + 3  1
Z ∴ x = − loge + t
ẋ = ẍ dt 4 3 6
Z
∴ ẋ = (2t + 3)−2 dt 2t
16 ẍ =
(1 + t2 )2
(2t + 3)−1 Z
∴ ẋ = +c ∴ ẋ =
2t
dt
−1 × 2 (1 + t2 )2
1 du
∴ ẋ = − +c Let u = 1 + t2 , ⇒ = 2t
2(2t + 3) dx
Hence, Z
when t = 0, ẋ (or v) = 0 : 2t
Z
1
ẋ = dt = du
1 (1 + t )2 2 u2
⇒c=
6 1
1 1 ∴ ẋ = − + c
∴ ẋ = − + u
2(2t + 3) 6 1
and so, ∴ ẋ = − +c
1 + t2
when t = 0, ẋ = 0.5 :
⇒ c = 1.5
1 3
∴ ẋ = − +
1+t 2 2
and so,

677
 Z
1 3 1 − t2
x= − + dt ∴ =0
1 + t2 2 (1 + t2 )2
3 ∴ 1 − t2 = 0
∴ x = −tan−1 (t) + t + c
2
∴ t2 = 1
when t = 0, x = 0 :
∴ t = ±1
⇒c=0
3 ∴ t=1 ∵t≥0
∴ x = −tan−1 (t) + t 1
2 and when t = 1, ẋ = m/s
ẋ , 0 for t ≥ 0 and when 2
1
t = 0, x = 0, and when √ ∴ maximum velocity is m/s
√ √ 3 3 2
t = 3, x = − tan−1 ( 3) +
√ 2 c A CAS calculator can be used to
π 3 3 determine the distance travelled
∴ x=− +
3 2
 3 √3 π  in
Z the
3
third second by evaluating
∴ distance travelled = − m t
2 3 dt
2 1+t
2
Alternatively, distance travelled is equal
to the area under the velocity-time
graph.

Hence, distance travelled in the third

1
second = loge (2) m
2
Alternatively, using the answer to part
t d we have;
17 ẋ = 1
when t = 2, x = loge (5)
(1 + t2 ) 2
a when t = 0, ẋ = 0 m/s 1
when t = 3, x = loge (10)
2
1
b Maximum velocity occurs when ∴ distance travelled = loge (10)
2
ẍ = 0
(1 + t2 ) × 1 − t × 2t 1
∴ ẍ = − loge (5)
(1 + t2 )2 2
1
1 + t2 − 2t2 = loge (2) m
∴ ẍ = 2
(1 + t2 )2
1 − t2
∴ ẍ =
(1 + t2 )2
So,

678
 du
d Let u = 1 + t2 , ⇒ = 2t
dx
1 du
∴ t=
2 dx
Z
x= ẋ dt
Z
1 1
∴ x= du
2 u
1
∴ x = loge (u) + c
2
1
∴ x = loge (1 + t2 ) + c 1
2 ∴ Minimum acceleration = −0.125 = − m/s2
8
When t = 0, x = 0 :
2. By hand
⇒c=0 1 − t2
If ẍ = then,
∴ x=
1
loge (1 + t2 ) (1 + t2 )2
2 ... (1 + t2 )2 × −2t − (1 − t2 ) × 2(1 + t2 ) × 2t
x =
(1 + t2 )4
e As calculated in part b
... −2t(1 + t2 )2 − 4t(1 − t2 )(1 + t2 )
(1 + t2 ) × 1 − t × 2t ∴ x =
∴ ẍ = (1 + t2 )4
(1 + t2 )2
... −2t(1 + t2 ) − 4t(1 − t2 )
2 ∴ x =
1−t (1 + t2 )3 ...
∴ ẍ = For minimum solve x = 0:
(1 + t2 )2
−2t(1 + t2 ) − 4t(1 − t2 )
2 ∴ =0
f when t = 2, ẋ = m/s (1 + t2 )3
5
3 ∴ −2t(1 + t2 ) − 4t(1 − t2 ) = 0
when t = 3, ẋ = m/s
10 ∴ −2t[(1 + t2 ) + 2(1 − t2 )] = 0
∴ average acceleration
3 2 ∴ −2t(−t2 + 3) = 0
− 1
= 10 5 = − = −0.1 m/s2 ∴ −2t = 0 or
3−2 10
−t2 + 3 = 0
g The minimum acceleration can be
... ∴ t = 0 or
found by solving x = 0 by hand,
√
using a CAS calculator to solve
... t=± 3
x = 0 or a graphical approach. Since we are concerned with t ≥ 0, we
must√examine the points when t = 0 and
1. Graphically t = 3. i.e. check which t value gives a
Sketch the graph of ẍ and find the minimum.
minimum. when t = 0:
t −1 0 1
...
x 0.5 0 −0.5
Slope / – \

679
 √
Hence when t = 0, acceleration is a 18 x=2+ t+1
maximum.√ 1
when t = 3: = 2 + (t + 1) 2
√ dx
t 0.5 3 2 v=
... dt
x −1.408 0 0.032
1 1
Slope \ – / ∴ v = (t + 1)− 2
√ 2
Hence when t = 3, acceleration is a dv
a=
minimum. dt
So the minimum acceleration 1 3
√ can be ∴ a = − (t + 1)− 2
found by substituting t = 3 into ẍ 4
1−3 When a = −0.016 m/s2 :
∴ Minimum acceleration = =
(1 + 3)2
1 3
−2 1
= − m/s2 − (t + 1)− 2 = −0.016
16 8 4
3 8
3. CAS ∴ (t + 1)− 2 =
125
The fMin command. 2 2
 3 −
  8 − 3
−2 3
∴ (t + 1) =
125
 125  2
3
∴ t+1=
8
 √3 125 2
∴ t + 1 = √3
8
 5 2
∴ t+1=
2
25
1 ∴ t+1=
∴ Minimum acceleration = − m/s2 4
8 21
∴ t= = 5.25 s
4

19 x = 2 sin t + cos t, t ≥ 0
Instantaneously at rest when v = 0.

680
 dx d2 x
v= 20 = 8 − e−t
dt dt2
∴ v = 2 cos t − sin t
Z 2
dx d x
v= = dt
For v = 0: dt dt2
Z
2 cos t − sin t = 0 ∴ v= 8 − e−t dt
∴ 2 cos t = sin t ∴ v = 8t + e−t + c
sin t
∴ 2= when t = 0, v = 3:
cos t
∴ tan t = 2 ⇒c=2

∴ t = tan−1 (2) ∴ v = 8t + e−t + 2

1
∴ t = 1.1 s and when t = 2, v = 18 + = 18.14 m/s
e2
(using a calculator to obtain answer)

681
Solutions to Exercise 10B
1 u = 15 m/s, v = 48 m/s, t = 11 s 1
s = ut + at2
2
Using v = u + at we have: 1
∴ 100 = 25t + × 3 × t2
48 = 15 + 11a 2
√
∴ 11a = 33 ∴t=
10( 7 − 1)
,t ≥ 0
3
∴ a = 3 m/s2
Time taken ≈ 5.485seconds

2 a u = 5 km/h, v = 41 km/h, t = 10 s
4 u = 20, v = 0, s = 40
Units must be compatible
10 1 Now v2 = u2 + 2as
⇒ t = 10 s = h= h 0 = 202 + 80a
60 × 60 360
Using v = u + at we have:
1 202
41 = 5 + a ∴a=−
360 80
∴ a = 36 × 360 = −5
Acceleration is −5 m/s2
∴ a = 12 960 km/h2

b 12 960 km/h2 = 12 960 5 a u = −10 m/s, a = 4 m/s2 , t = 6 s

1 1
× m/s2 Using s = ut + at2 we have:
12 960 2
s = −60 + 2(6)2 = 12 m
= 1 m/s2
∴ a = 1 m/s2 b Using v = u + at we have:
v = −10 + 24 = 14 m/s

3 a v = 25, u = 10, t = 5 c Using v = u + at we have:

v = u + at 0 = −10 + 4t
∴ 25 = 10 + 5a 10
∴ t= = 2.5 s
a=3 4
The acceleration is 3 m/s2 d v = 4t − 10
Sketching a velocity-time graph
b v = 35, u = 10, t = 5 gives:
1
s = ut + at2
2
∴ s = 87.5
The distance is 87.5 m

c Now s = 100

682
 b i O

Cliff 17.5 m
positive

Take the origin at the top of the

cliff. s = −17.5, u = 21, a = −9.8
1
Using s = ut + at2 we have:
2
1
1 1 −17.5 = 21t + × −9.8 × t2
Distance = (2.5)(10) + (3.5)(14) 2
2 2 ∴ 4.9t2 − 21t − 17.5 = 0
= 37 m Using the quadratic formula
p
21 ± (−21)2 − 4 × 4.9 × −17.5
6 t = 2 s, u = 21 m/s, a = −9.8 m/s2 t=
2 × 4.9
5
1 ∴ t = − or t = 5
a i Using s = ut + at2 we have: 7
2 But t ≥ 0. Therefore, it takes
1
s = 21 × 2 + × −9.8 × 4 5 seconds for the stone to reach
2
the bottom of the cliff.
∴ s = 22.4 m

ii v = 21 − 9.8t ii Using v = u + at
Maximum height occurs when v = 21 − 9.8 × 5 = −28 m/s
v = 0. Therefore, the stone has a velocity
∴ 0 = 21 − 9.8t of −28 m/s when it hits the
ground.
15
∴ t= s
7
Hence the maximum height 7 a u = 14, a = −9.8, v = 0
15
reached occurs when t = s
7 Using v = u + at
So,
1 15 0 = 14 − 9.8t
s = (21 + 0) = 22.5 m
2 7 10
Therefore the maximum height ∴ t= s
7
reached by the stone is 22.5 m. 10
Therefore, it takes s for the ball to
7
reach maximum height.
1 10
b s = (14 + 0) = 10 m
2 7

683
 c 4.9t2 = 100
1000
∴ t2 =
10 s 49
7 r
1000
∴ t= since t ≥ 0
49
√
10 10
∴ t=
7 √
10 10
point of projection Hence, it takes seconds for
7
Time to return to point of the particle
10 20
projection = 2 × = s
7 7 b Using v = u + at
 10 √10 
v = 0 + 9.8
8 a a = −0.1, u = 20, v = 0 7
√ 
Using v = u + at 49 10 10

∴ v=
5 7
0 = 20 − 0.1t √
∴ v = 14 10 m/s
∴, t = 200 s Therefore, the object has a velocity of
Therefore, it takes 200 seconds for √
14 10 m/s when it hits the ground.
the particle to come to rest.

b v = 20 − 0.1t 10 a
Sketching a velocity-time graph positive
gives:

50 m

s = 50, u = −10, a = 9.8

1
Using s = ut + at2 we have:
2
50 = −10t + 4.9t2
∴ 4.9t2 − 10t − 50 = 0
Using the quadratic
p formula
10 ± (−10)2 − 4 × 4.9 × −50
t=
1 2 × 4.9
distance = (200)(20) = 2000 m = 2 km √
2 50 ± 30 30
∴ t=
49
9 a s = 100, a = 9.8, u = 0 ∴ t = −2.33 or t = 4.37
1
Using s = ut + at2 we have:
2

684
 But t ≥ 0. Therefore, it takes 12 a u = 1.2, v = 0,
4.37 seconds for the object to reach s = 3.2, a = −a
the ground.
Using v2 = u2 + 2as
b Taking upwards as the positive ∴ 0 = (1.2)2 + 2(−a)(3.2)
direction. √
50 + 30 30 36
t= ∴ − = −6.4a
49 25
9
Using v = u + at ∴ a= ≈ 0.23 m/s2
40
 50 + 30 √30 
v = 10 − 9.8 b Using v = u + at
49
√ 9
49  50 + 30 30  0 = 1.2 − t
∴ v = 10 − 40
5 49
√ 16 1
∴ v = 10 − 6 30 − 10 ∴ t= =5 s
3 3
√
∴ v = −6 30 m/s
13 Sketch a velocity-time graph of the
situation.
11 a a = −0.8, u = 1, v = 0 v

Using v = u + at
4
0 = 1 − 0.8t
32
5 0 12
∴ t= s T t
4
∴ t = 1.25 s
Hence it takes 1.25 seconds for the
V
book to stop.
1
b Using s = ut + at2 we have: a
rise
Acceleration (gradient) =
2 run
1
s = (1 + 0) × 1.25 4 V
2 ∴ − =
T − 12 32 − T
∴ s = 0.625 m
4(32 − T )
∴ s = 62.5 cm ∴ V=− 1
T − 12
After 32 seconds the particle has
returned to its original position. This
implies that after 32 seconds the
displacement is zero.
Area between graph and t-axis =
1 1
(12 + T ) × 4 + (32 − T )V
2 2

685
 1 b Travelling back towards the original
∴ 2(12 + T ) + (32 − T )V = 0
2 position from t = T to t = 32.
∴ (32 − T )V = −4(12 + T ) 55
Time taken = 32 − T = s.
−4(12 + T ) 4
∴ V= 2
32 − T
Equating equations: 14 a u = 0, s = 4, v = 2
4(32 − T ) 4(12 + T )
− =− 1
T − 12 32 − T using s = (u + v)t
∴ (32 − T )2 = (12 + T )(T − 12) 2
1
∴ T 2 − 64T + 1024 = T 2 − 144 ∴ 4 = (0 + 2)t
2
∴ 64T = 1168 ∴ t=4s
73 Hence it takes the child 4 seconds to
∴ T= go down the slide.
4
4 v2 − v1
acceleration = − b Average acceleration =
T − 12 t2 − t1
4
=− =
2−0
73
− 12 4−0
4 1
16 = m/s2
=− 2
25
= −0.64
∴ a = −0.64 m/s2

686
Solutions to Exercise 10C
1 a i The particle travels with constant 1
ii distance = 4 × 6 + (2)(4)
velocity of 6 m/s for 10 seconds. 2
1
+ (4)(8)
ii distance = area under curve 2
= 6 × 10 = 24 + 4 + 16

= 60 m = 44 m

b i The particle accelerates uniformly f i The particle accelerates uniformly

for 5 seconds by which time it has for 1 second by which time it has
reached 8 m/s. reached 7 m/s. It then decelerates
uniformly until it comes to rest
1 after 2.5 seconds before changing
ii distance = (5)(8) = 20 m
2 direction and continuing to
c i The particle accelerates uniformly decelerate uniformly for a further
for 4 seconds by which time it has 2.5 seconds until it reaches a
2
reached 6 m/s. It then decelerates velocity of −11 m/s.
3
uniformly until it comes to rest
after 10 seconds. 1 13
ii distance = (1)(7) + (7)
2 2 2
1
ii distance = (10)(6) = 30 m 1  5  35 
2 +
2 2 3
d i The particle travels with constant 7 21 175
= + +
velocity of 5 m/s for 7 seconds. It 2 4 12
then decelerates uniformly until it 70
= m
comes to rest after 15 seconds. 3
1 g i The particle travels with constant
ii distance = 5 × 7 + (8)(5)
2 velocity of 10 m/s for 1 second. It
= 35 + 20 then decelerates uniformly until
= 55 m it comes to rest after 3 seconds
before changing direction
e i The particle travels with constant and continuing to decelerate
velocity of 4 m/s for 6 seconds. It uniformly for a further 5 seconds
then decelerates uniformly until until it reaches a velocity of
it comes to rest after 8 seconds −25 m/s.
before changing direction
and continuing to decelerate
uniformly for a further 4 seconds
until it reaches a velocity of
−8 m/s.

687
 Z
1 1
ii distance = (1 + 3) × 10 iii x= − t + 5 dt
2 2
1 1
+ (5)(25) ∴ x = − t2 + 5t + c
2 4
125 Passes through (0, 0)
= 20 + ⇒c=0
2
165 1
∴ distance = m ∴ x = − t2 + 5t
2 4
h i An object starting at −4 m/s b i v = at2 + b
accelerates uniformly until it Passes through (0, 10)
comes to rest after 3 seconds ∴ v = at2 + 10
before changing direction and Passes through (5, 0)
continuing to accelerate uniformly 2
∴ a=−
for a further 3 seconds by which 5
time it has reached 4 m/s. 2
∴ v = − t2 + 10
The particle then decelerates 5
uniformly until it comes to rest dv 4
after 10 seconds before changing ii a = =− t
dt 5
direction and continuing to Z
2
decelerate uniformly for a further iii x= − t2 + 10 dt
5
3 seconds until it reaches a
2
velocity of −3 m/s. ∴ x = − t3 + 10t + c
15
1 1 Passes through (0, 0)
ii distance = (3)(14) + (7)(4) ⇒c=0
2 2
1 2 3
+ (3)(3) ∴ x=− t + 10t
2 15
9
= 6 + 14 + c i By observation, the equation of
2
the line is given by v = 2t − 10
49
=
2 dv
ii a = =2
= 24.5 m dt
Z
iii x= 2t − 10 dt
2 a i By observation, the equation of
1 ∴ x = t2 − 10t + c
the line is given by v = − t + 5
2 Passes through (0, 0)
dv 1 ⇒c=0
ii a = =−
dt 2 ∴ x = t2 − 10t

d i v = at2 + bt + c
t-intercepts are 1 and 5.

688
 ∴ v = a(t − 1)(t − 5) 100
⇒d=
Passes through (0, 30) π
100 π 
⇒a=6 ∴ x=− cos t
π 10
∴ v = 6(t − 1)(t − 5) 100
+ 10t +
∴ v = 6t2 − 36t + 30 π
 10 10  π 
dv ∴ x = 10 t + − cos t
ii a = = 12t − 36 = 12(t − 3) π π 10
dt
Z f i v = aebt
iii x= 6t2 − 36t + 30 dt Passes through (0, 10)
∴ a = 10
∴ x = 2t3 − 18t2 + 30t + d Passes through (loge 2, 40)
Passes through (0, 0) ∴ 40 = 10e(loge 2)
b

⇒d=0
∴ 4 = 2b
∴ x = 2t3 − 18t2 + 30t
∴ 22 = 2b
e i v = a sin bt + c ∴ b=2
amplitude = 10 ∴ v = 10e2t
∴ a = 10
dv
period = 20 ii a = = 20e2t
dt
2π Z
⇒ = 20 iii x= 10e2t dt
b
π
∴ b= ∴ x = 5e2t + c
10
vertical shift upwards of 10 units Passes through (0, 0)
∴ c = 10 ⇒ c = −5
π 
∴ v = 10 sin t + 10 ∴ x = 5e2t − 5
10
dv π 
ii a = = π cos t 3 Distance travelled in the first 15 seconds
dt 10 1 5 625
= × 15 × 100 × = m
Z π  2 18 3
Distance travelled for the next 12
iii x= 10 sin t + 10 dt 5 10 000
10 seconds = 120 ∗ × 100 = m
π  18 3
∴ x=−
100
cos t + 10t + d Using the formula v = u + at
π 10 5
Passes through (0, 0) 0 = 120 × − 8t
18
25
t=
6
Therefore distance travelled in period of
deceleration
1 25 5 3124
= × × 100 × = m
2 6 18 54

689
 Total distance travelled ≈ 3599.2 m 5 The velocity-time graph is
v m/s

4 a
v m/s
14
20

T + 10
0 10 14 ts
0 3 13 17 ts
1
distance = (17 + 10) × 14 = 189 m
– 5(T – 4) 2

b As the particle returns to its original 6 v m/s

position this implies that the forward
displacement is equal to the backward
displacement. V
forward displacement
= backwards displacement
1 0 5T
= (10 + 14) × 20 4T ts
2 5T = 120 s ⇒ T = 24
= 240 m Thus,
So, v m/s
s = −240, u = 0, a = −5,
t = T + 10 − 14 = T − 4
V
1
Using s = u + a t2
2
1
∴ −240 = (−5)(T − 4)2
2 0 96 120 ts
∴ 96 = (T − 4)2 As the distance between stop A and stop
√ B is 500 metres this implies that the area
∴ T −4=4 6
√ under the graph and the t-axis is equal to
∴ T =4 6+4 500.
√
∴ T = 4( 6 + 1)
∴ T ≈ 13.80 s
But we want T + 10
∴ It takes 23.80 seconds for the
particle to return to its original
position.

690
 1 1 50
∴ (96)V + (24)V = 500 rise
2 2 gradient = = 3 =2
1 run 50
∴ V(120) = 500
2 6
Hence the velocity-time graph is:
∴ 60V = 500 v m/s
50
∴ V=
6
25 50
∴ V= m/s 3
3
1
∴ Vmax = 8 m/s
3
Hence, the maximum velocity reached x
1
by the tram is 8 m/s 0 50
ts
3 6
50
rise 6
a= Since the distance travelled is 1000 m
run
V this implies that the area under the graph
∴ a= and the t-axis is equal to 1000.
96
8 1  50  50 
∴ a= Area of first triangle =
3 × 96 2 6 3
25 625
∴ a= m/s2 =
288 9
 625 
∴ Area of both triangles = 2 ×
7 All units must be compatible, so we 9
need to convert everything into metres 1250
=
and seconds. 9
1 km = 1000 m 1250
Distance left to travel = 1000 −
9
5 50
60 km/h = 60 × = m/s 7750
18 3 =
50 9
∴ Maximum velocity is m/s ⇒ The area of the rectangle must equal
3 7750
Maximum rate of acceleration and
9
deceleration is 2 m/s2 . The word ‘rate’ 50 7750
refers to derivative or gradient. ∴ x× =
3 9
dv
Since a = the information means that 155
dt ∴ x= s
the maximum gradient of acceleration 3
Therefore total time to travel
and deceleration is 2.
between the bus stops =
Thus, if the maximum velocity is 50 155 50 205 1
50 + + = s = 68 s
m/s then the time taken to reach 6 3 6 3 3
3
50
that speed must be s because
6

691
 5 For car B:
8 90 km/h = 90 × m/s = 25 m/s 1
18 s = ut + at2
The velocity-time graph is: 2
v m/s
1
∴ s = (2)(T − 20)2
2
x
∴ s = (T − 20)2
25
gradient = 1.25 For car A:
1
s = (20)(20) + 20(T − 20)
2
∴ s = 200 + 20T − 400
0 36 t s
Since the distance travelled is 525 m this ∴ s = 20(T − 10)
implies that the area under the graph and The cars draw level with each other
the t-axis is equal to 525. when their displacements are the same.
1 ∴ (T − 20)2 = 20(T − 10)
∴ (x + 36) × 25 = 525
2
∴ T 2 − 40T + 400 = 20T − 200
∴ x + 36 = 42
∴ T 2 − 60T + 600 = 0
∴ x=6s √
Therefore, the distance covered when ∴ T = −10 3 + 30 or
travelling 90 km/h = 6 × 25 = 150 m √
T = 10 3 + 30
For the deceleration phase: √
rise
= 1.25 ∴ T = 10 3 + 30
run
(practical solution)
25
∴ = 1.25 Time taken by B = T − 20
run
√
∴ run =
25
= 20 s = (10 3 + 30) − 20
1.25 √
Hence, it takes 20 seconds for the = 10 3 + 10
deceleration phase. √
= 10( 3 + 1) s
Thus, the time taken in the acceleration Therefore, the time
phase = 36 − 20 − 6 = 10 s √ taken by car B to
catch car A is 10( 3 + 1) seconds
Therefore, the acceleration phase takes Distance travelled by B = (T − 20)2
10 seconds. √
∴ (T − 20)2 = 100( 3+1)2
∴ (T − 20)2 = 100(3
9 v m/s
√
V + 2 3 + 1)
B
√
∴ (T − 20)2 = 400+200 3
40 √
∴ (T − 20)2 = 200(2+ 3) m
20 Therefore, the distance travelled
A √ by car
B to catch car A is 200(2 + 3) m

0 20 40 T t s

692
10 a The acceleration-time graph is:
2
a m/ s

0 1 T

– 1 t s

– 3

693
 2
The object comes to rest at t = T and
Z
−t2 − t + 6 dt
a = A. Uniform deceleration means 0
same gradient throughout.  1 12 2
A + 1 −3 + 1 = − t − t + 6t
3
∴ = 3 2 0
T 1 8
∴ A = −2T − 1 1 = − − 2 + 12
3
The area between the graph and 22
the t-axis is final velocity − initial =
3
velocity 1
1 =7
∴ 0 − 6 = (T )(A − 1) 3
2 Therefore the distance travelled by
∴ T (A − 1) = −12 2 1
the object is 7 m
Substituting 1 into 2 gives 3
T (−2T − 2) = −12
5
∴ −2T 2 − 2T = −12 11 72 km/h = 72 × m/s = 20 m/s
18
∴ 2T 2 + 2T − 12 = 0 5
108 km/h = 108 × m/s = 30 m/s
∴ T =2 18
The velocity-time graph is:
(practical solution) v m/s
Therefore it takes 2 seconds for the
object to come to rest. Motorcycle
30
b From the a − t graph the relation-
ship between the two variables is
Car
a = −2t − 1 20
Thus, Z
v= −2t − 1 dt
0 3 T t s
∴ v = −t2 − t + c x
Initial velocity is 6 m/s. Acceleration phase for the motorcycle:
⇒c=6 1
(x)(30) = 300
2
∴ v = −t2 − t + 6
Since v ≥ 0 for t ∈ [0, 2] the distance ∴ x = 20 s
travelled can be calculated by Hence it takes 20 seconds for the
evaluating the following definite motorcycle to reach a speed of
integral. 108 km/h.
Car:
s = 20T
Motorcycle:
s = 300 + 30(T − 23)
∴ s = 30T − 390

694
 Equating displacements: 1  160 
+ V × 180 = 3600
30T − 390 = 20T 2 9
160
∴ 10T = 390 ∴ + V = 40
9
∴ T = 39 200
It takes the motorcycle (T − 3) seconds ∴ V= m/s
9
to catch the car. 200 18
∴ V= × km/h
Therefore it takes 36 seconds for the 9 5
motorcycle to catch the car. ∴ V = 80 km/h
Therefore, the distance travelled by A
5 160 and B is 3600 metres and the speed of
12 64 km/h = 64 × m/s = m/s A is 80 km/h.
18 9
5 40
48 km/h = 48 × m/s = m/s b By close inspection it can be seen
18 3
5 80 that the two triangles formed by the
96 km/h = 96 × m/s = m/s two graphs are congruent. Hence the
18 3
The velocity-time graph is: point of intersection between the two
v m/s graphs occurs at
1
× 180 = 90 s
80 2
3
Therefore, the two cars are moving
V with the same speed 90 seconds after
160 A
9 A passed B.
40
The distance between them at this instant
3 B 1  160 40 
= − × 90
2 9 3
= 200 m

0 180 t s
13 ÿ = ke−t , k < 0
a distance travelled by A Z
= distance traveled by B a v = ẏ = ke−t dt

= area under each graph ∴ ẏ = −ke−t + c

=
1  40 80 
+ × 180 When ẏ = 0, t = 0
2 3 3
⇒c=k
= 3600 m
Also, ∴ ẏ = −ke−t + k
∴ ẏ = k(1 − e−t ), k < 0

695
 b The particle decelerates exponentially
with terminal velocity k m/s.

(0,0)

696
Solutions to Exercise 10D
1 dt e2x
1 ẋ = , x>2 ∴ =
2x − 4 dx 1 + e2x
e2x
Z
dx 1 ∴ t=
a = 1 + e2x
dx
dt 2x − 4
dt 1
∴ = 2x − 4 ∴ t = loge (1 + e2x ) + c
dx 2
When x = 0, t = 0:
Z
∴ t= 2x − 4dx
1
⇒ c = − loge (2)
∴ t = x − 4x + c
2
2
1  1 + e2x 
When t = 0, x = 3: ∴ t = loge
2 2
⇒c=3
1 + e2x
∴ t = x2 − 4x + 3 ∴ e2t =
2
∴ t = x2 − 4x + 4 − 4 + 3 ∴ 2e = 1 + e2x
2t

∴ t = (x − 2)2 − 1 ∴ 2e2t − 1 = e2x

√
∴ t + 1 = x − 2 since x > 2 ∴ 2x = loge (2e2t − 1)
√ 1
∴ x= t+1+2 ∴ x= loge (2e2t − 1)
2
∴ When t = 24, x = 7 m
b To find the acceleration when
√
b As x = t + 1 + 2 is an increasing t = log e (5) we need to evaluate
function, the distance travelled in the d2 x 
t = loge (5).
first 24 seconds is√ dt2 
√ dx 1  4e2t 
x(24) − x(0) = ( 25 + 2) − ( 1 + 2) v= =
dt 2 2e2t − 1
=4m 4e2t
Therefore, the distance travelled in = 2t
4e − 2
the first 24 seconds is 4 metres. dv
a=
dt
(4e2t − 2) × 8e2t − 4e2t × 8e2t
2 v = 1 + e−2x =
(4e2t − 2)2
dx −16e2t
a = 1 + e−2x ∴ a=
dt (4e2t − 2)2
dx e2x 1
∴ = 2x + 2x
dt e e
dx 1 + e 2x
∴ =
dt e2x

697
 Z
When t = loge (5): c x= v dt
2 loge (5)
−16e
a=
Z
(4e2 loge (5) − 2)2 ∴ x= 3et − 3 dt
−16eloge (25)
= ∴ x = 3et − 3t + c
(4eloge (25) − 2)2
400 When t = 0, x = 0 :
=−
(98)2 ⇒ c = −3
400
=− ∴ x = 3et − 3t − 3
9604
100 ∴ x = 3(et − t − 1)
=−
2401
Therefore when t = loge (5), 4 a = g − kv, k > 0
100
a=−
2401 dv
a = g − kv
dt
3 a=3+v dt 1
∴ =
dv g − kv
dv
=3+v
Z
a 1
dt ∴ t= dv
g − kv
dt 1
∴ = 1
dv 3 + v ∴ t = − loge (g − kv) + c
Z
1 k
∴ t= dv When t = 0, v = 0 :
3+v
∴ t = loge (3 + v) + c 1
⇒c= loge (g)
k
When t = 0, v = 0 : 1  g 
∴ t = loge
⇒ c = − loge (3) k g − kv
3 + v g
∴ t = loge ∴ ekt =
3 g − kv
g
∴ 3et = 3 + v ∴ g − kv = kt
e
∴ v = 3et − 3 ∴ g − kv = ge−kt
∴ v = 3(et − 1) ∴ kv = g − ge−kt
b If v = 3et − 3 then 1
dv ∴ v = (g − ge−kt )
a= = 3et k
dt g
∴ v = (1 − e−kt ), k > 0
k
For terminal velocity let t → ∞

698
 g
∴ v = (1 − e−∞ ) We
Z now have an integral of the form:
k f 0 (x)
g dx = loge ( f (x))
∴ v = (1 − 0) since e−∞ = 0 f (x)
k Thus,
g 10  π 3 
∴ v= ∴ x= loge cos − t + c
k 3 3 10
g
Therefore, the terminal velocity is . When x = 0, t = 0 :
k
10
⇒c= loge (2)
5 a = −0.3(v2 + 1) 3
π
10  3 
dv 3(v2 + 1) ∴ x= loge 2 cos − t
a =− 3 3 10
dt 10
dt 10
∴ =− 2 a=
450 − v
, v < 450
dv 3(v + 1) 6
50
Z
10 1 dv 450 − v
∴ t=− dv ∴ =
3 v2 + 1 dt 50
10 dt 50
∴ t = − tan−1 (v) + c ∴ =
3 dv 450 − v
√
When t = 0, v = 3 :
Z
1
∴ t = 50 dv
10π 450 − v
⇒c=
9 ∴ t = −50 loge (450 − v) + c
10 10π When t = 0, v = 0 :
∴ t = − tan−1 (v) +
3 9
10π 10 −1 ⇒ = c = 50 loge (450)
∴ −t = tan (v)  450 
9 3
∴ t = 50 loge
π 3 450 − v
∴ − t = tan−1 (v)
3 10 t 450
π ∴ e 50 =
3  450 − v
∴ v = tan − t
3 10 450
∴ 450 − v = t
Z π 3  e 50
b x= tan − t dt t
3 10 ∴ 450 − v = 450e− 50
π 3 
Z sin − t t
3 10 ∴ v = 450 − 450e− 50
∴ x= π dt
3   t 
cos − t
3 10 ∴ v = 450 1 − e − 50

Note that:
d   π 3  3 π 3 
cos − t = sin − t
dx 3 10 10 3 10
So,
3  π 3 
Z sin − t
10 10 3 10
x= π dt
3 3 
cos − t
3 10

699
7 dx 2
√ a = x
a = −0.4 225 − v2 dt 5
√ dt 5
dv 2 225 − v2 ∴ =
∴ =− dx 2x
dt 5 5
Z
1
dv 5 ∴ t= dx
∴ =− √ 2 x
dt 2 225 − v2 5
5
Z
1 ∴ t = loge (x) + c
∴ t= − 2 dv 2
2 15 − v2 When t = 0, x = 5 :
5 v
∴ t = cos−1 +c 5
2 15 ⇒ c = − loge (5)
2
When t = 0, v = 12 : 5  x
∴ t = loge
5 −1 4
  2 5
⇒ c = − cos
2 5 2  x 
∴ t = loge
5 −1 v
  5 5
∴ t = cos
2 15 x 2
∴ = e5t
5 −1 4
  5
− cos 2
2 5 ∴ x = 5e 5t
5  4  5  v 
∴ t + cos−1 = cos−1
2 5 2 15 b When t = 10,
2 4 v
∴ t + cos−1 = cos−1 x = 5e4 ≈ = 273 m
5 50 15
v 2  4 
∴ = cos t + cos−1
15 5 5 1
2  4  9 a = (500 − v), 0 ≤ v < 500
50
∴ v = 15 cos t + cos−1
5 5 dv 500 − v
a =
dt 50
8 v∝x dt 50
∴ =
⇒ v = kx dv 500 − v
Z
1
When x = 5, v = 2 : ∴ t = 50 dv
500 − v
∴ 2 = 5k ∴ t = −50 loge (500 − v) + c
2 When t = 0, v = 0 :
∴ k=
5
2 ⇒ c = 50 loge (500)
∴ v= x  500 
5 ∴ t = 50 loge
500 − v

700
 b from part a: dv v
11 =−
t 500 dt 5
e 50 =
500 − v dt 5
=−
500 dv v
∴ 500 − v = t
Z
1
e 50 ∴ t = −5 dv
t v
∴ 500 − v = 500e− 50
∴ t = −5 loge (v) + c
t
∴ v = 500 − 500e − 50
When t = 0, v = 8 :
 t 
∴ v = 500 1 − e − 50 ⇒ c = 5 loge (8)
8
∴ t = 5 loge
v
10 a = −k(2u − v) t 8
∴ e5 =
dv v
∴ = −k(2u − v) t
dt ∴ v = 8e− 5
dt 1
∴ =− When t = 4,
dv k(2u − v)
Z 4
1 1 v = 8e− 5 ≈ 3.59 m/s
∴ t= − dv
k 2u − v
1 When t = 10,
∴ t = loge (2u − v) + c
k
When t = 0, v = u : 12 a = −kv2
1 When t = 0, a = −20 and v = 30 :
⇒ c = − loge (u)
k
1
∴ −20 = 900k, so k =
1  2u − v 
∴ t = loge 45
k u
The particle will come to rest when v2
v = 0. a a=−
1  2u  45
∴ t = loge dv v2
k u ∴ =−
1 dt 45
∴ t = loge (2) dt 45
k ∴ =− 2
1 dv v
Therefore it takes loge (2) seconds for
k
Z
1
particle to come to rest. ∴ t = −45 dv
v2
45
∴ t= +c
v

701
When t = 0, v = 30 : b From part a:
dx 90
3 =
⇒c=− dt 2t + 3
2 Z
1
45 3 ∴ x = 90 dt
∴ t= − 2t + 3
v 2 Z
2
∴ t+
3
=
45 ∴ x = 45 dt
2 v 2t + 3
45 ∴ x = 45 loge (2t + 3) + c
∴ v=
3 When t = 0, x = 0 :
t+
2
2 × 45 ⇒ c = −45 loge (3)
∴ v=  3  2t + 3 
2 t+ ∴ x = 45 loge
2 3
 23 
90
∴ v= x = 45 loge ≈ 91.66 m
2t + 3 3

702
Solutions to Exercise 10E
1 v2 = 9 − x2  b a=2−v
d 1 2
Now a = v dv
dx 2 ∴ =2−v
dt
d  9 1 2
∴a= − x = −x dt 1
dx 2 2 ∴ =
dv 2 − v
At x = 2, a = −2 Z
1
∴ t= dv
The acceleration is −2 m/s2 . 2−v
∴ t = − loge (2 − v) + c
2 a a = −x When v = 0, t = 0 :
⇒ c = loge (2)
!
d 1 2
∴ v = −x
dx 2 !
2
1 2
Z ∴ t = loge
∴ v = −x dx 2−v
2
When v = −2,
1 1
∴ v2 = − x2 + c !
2 2 1
t = loge
When v = 0, x = 4 : 2

⇒c=8 ∴ t = loge (2−1 )

1 2 1 ∴ t = − loge (2)
∴ v = − x2 + 8
2 2
v = −x2 + 16
2

When x = 0, v = ±4 m/s

703
 c a=2−v b v= x+1
dv dx
∴ v =2−v i = x+1
dx dt
dv 2 − v Z
1
∴ = ∴ t= dx
dx v x+1
dx v 2
∴ = = −1 ∴ t = loge (x + 1) + c
dv 2 − v 2 − v
Z
2 When x = 0, t = 0 :
∴ x= − 1 dv
2−v ⇒c=0
∴ x = −2 loge (2 − v) − v + c ∴ t = loge (x + 1)
When v = 0, x = 0 : ∴ x + 1 = et
⇒ c = 2 loge (2) ∴ x = et − 1
!
2
∴ x = 2 loge −v ii As x = et − 1
2−v
dx
When v = −2, v= = et
! dt
1 d2 x
x = 2 loge +2 ∴ a = 2 = et
2 dt
∴ x = −2 loge (2) + 2
iii From part i. t = loge (x + 1)
∴ x = 2(1 − loge (2))
∴ a = eloge (x+1)
∴ a= x+1
3 a a = −v3
and since v = x + 1
dv
∴ v = −v3 ∴ a=v
dx
dv
∴
dv
= −v2 Alternatively, a = v
dx dx
Z dv
∴ x=
1
− 2 dv v = x + 1 so =1
v dx
1 So a = v × 1 = v
∴ x= +c
v
When v = 1, x = 0 :
⇒ c = −1
1
∴ x= −1
v
1
∴ x+1=
v
1
∴ v=
x+1

704
4 a = −g − 0.2v2 1 −1
∴ t= sin (x) + c
2
dv
∴ v = −g − 0.2v2 When t = 0, x = 1 :
dx
dv −g − 0.2v2 π
∴ = ⇒c=−
dx v 4
1 −1 π
∴
dx
=
v ∴ t = sin (x) −
dv −g − 0.2v2 2 4
π
Z
v ∴ 2t + = sin−1 (x)
∴ x= dv 2
−g − 0.2v2 π
!
Z
v x = sin 2t +
∴ x=− dv 2
g + 0.2v2
Z x = cos(2t)
1 0.4v
∴ x=− dv
0.4 g + 0.2v2 b x = cos(2t)
Using
Z 0 the fact that
f (x) dx
dx = log e( f (x)) ∴ v= = −2 sin(2t)
f (x) dt
1 dv
∴ x=− loge (g + 0.2v2 ) + c ∴ a= = −4 cos(2t)
0.4 dt
5 ∴ a = −4x since
∴ x = − loge (g + 0.2v2 ) + c
2
x = cos(2t)
When x = 0, v = 100 :
Alternatively, v2 = 4(1 − x2 )
5
⇒c= loge (g + 2000) 1 2
2 v = 2(1 − x2 )
2
g + 2000
!
5
∴ x = loge
!
d 1 2
2 g + 0.2v2 a= v
or equivalently, dx 2
g + 0.2v2
!
5 = 2 × (−2x)
x = − loge
2 g + 2000
= −4x
Maximum height occurs when ! v = 0.
5 g + 2000
∴ xmax = loge
2 g 1
6 a a=
1+t
√ dv 1
5 v = 2 1 − x2 ∴ =
dt 1 + t
dx √ Z
1
a = 2 1 − x2 ∴ v= dt
dt 1+t
dt 1
∴ = √ ∴ v = loge (1 + t) + c
dx 2 1 − x2
1
Z
1 When v = 0, t = 0 :
∴ t= √ dx
2 1 − x2 ⇒c=0
∴ v = loge (1 + t)

705
 1 7 a = (2 + x)−2
b a= , x>1
1+x !
d 1 2
v = (2 + x)−2
!
d 1 2 1 ∴
∴ v = dx 2
dx 2 1+x Z
1 2
∴ v = (2 + x)−2 dx
Z
1 1
∴ v2 = dx 2
2 1+x
1 1
1 ∴ v2 = − +c
∴ v2 = loge (1 + x) + c 2 2+x
2
When x = 0, v = 0 :
When v = 0, x = 0 :
1
⇒c=0 ⇒c=
2
1 2 1 2 1 1
∴ v = loge (1 + x) ∴ v =− +
2 2 2+x 2
∴ v2 = 2 loge (1 + x) 2
∴ v2 = − +1
2+x
1 2+x 2
c a= ∴ v2 = −
1+v 2+x 2+x
dv 1 x
∴ = ∴ v =
2
dt 1 + v 2+x
dt
∴ =1+v
dv
Z 8 a a = 1 + 2x
∴ t= 1 + v dv d 1 2
!
∴ v = 1 + 2x
1 dx 2
∴ t = v + v2 + c Z
2 1 2
∴ v = 1 + 2x dx
When t = 0, v = 0 : 2
1
⇒c=0 ∴ v2 = x + x2 + c
2
1
∴ t = v2 + v When x = 0, v = 2 :
2
∴ 2t = v2 + 2v ⇒c=2
1 2
∴ 2t = v2 + 2v + 1 − 1 ∴ v = x2 + x + 2
2
∴ 2t + 1 = (v + 1)2 ∴ v2 = 2x2 + 2x + 4
√ √
∴ ± 2t + 1 = v + 1 ∴ v = 2x2 + 2x + 4
√
∴ v + 1 = 2t + 1 (as x = 0 when v = 0)
as v = 0 when t = 0 √
∴ When x = 2, v = 16 = 4
√
∴ v = 2t + 1 − 1

706
 b a=2−v
dv
∴ v =2−v
dx
dv 2 − v
∴ =
dx v
Z
v
∴ x= dv
2−v
Using long division:
Z
2
∴ x= − 1 dv
2−v
∴ x = −2 loge (2 − v) − v + c
When v = 0, x = 0 :
⇒ c = 2 loge (2)
!
2
∴ x = 2 loge −v
2−v
∴ When v = 1, x = 2 loge (2) − 1

1
9 a = − (v2 + 50)
5
dv 1
a ∴ v = − (v2 + 50)
dx 5
dv 1
∴ = − (v2 + 50)
dx 5v
dv v2 + 50
∴ =−
dx 5v
dx 5v
∴ =− 2
dv v + 50
Z
v
∴ x = −5 dv
v + 50
2
Z
5 2v
∴ x=− dv
2 v + 50
2

5
∴ x = − loge (v2 + 50) + c
2
When x = 0, v = 50 :
5
⇒c= loge (2550)
2

707
 ! !
5 2550 5 v
∴ x = loge 2 ∴ t = − √ tan √
−1
+c
2 v + 50 50 50
Maximum height occurs when v = 0.
!
1 v
5 ∴ t = − √ tan −1
√ +c
∴ xmax = loge (51) ≈ 9.83 m 2 5 2
2
Therefore the maximum height When t = 0, v = 50 :
reached by the particle is 9.83 metres. !
1 −1 10
⇒ c = √ tan √
1 2 2
b a = − (v2 + 50)
5 1 v
!
dv 1 ∴ t = − √ tan −1
√
∴ = − (v2 + 50) 2 5 2
dt 5 !
1 −1 10
∴
dt
=− 2
5 + √ tan √
dv v + 50 2 2
Z Maximum height occurs when v = 0.
1
∴ t = −5
!
dv 1 10
v + 50
2 ∴ t = √ tan−1 √ ≈ 1.01
Z √ 2 2
5 50 Therefore, it takes the particle
∴ t=−√ √ dv
50 v2 + ( 50)2 1.01 seconds to reach maximum
We
Z now have an integral !of the form: height.
a x
dx = tan−1
x +a
2 2 a

708
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a For x = t2 − 7t + 10 So when v = −2, t = 2.5 and
dx x = −1.25, i.e. the particle is 1.25 m
the velocity v = to the left of O.
dt
= 2t − 7
For the velocity to be 0, 2t − 7 = 0 2
7 The acceleration, a = 2t − 3
which implies t =
2 dv
The velocity is zero after 3.5 seconds. = 2t − 3
dt
b acceleration =
dv Antidifferentiating gives v = t2 − 3t+c
dt
When t = 0, v = 3 hence v = t2 − 3t+3
=2
dx
The acceleration is 2 m/s2 . This can be written as = t2 − 3t + 3
dt
c t3 3t2
Hence x = − + 3t + 2
3 2
−
1000
When t = 10, x = −150 + 30 + 2
3
646
=
3
− When t = 10, v = 100 − 30 + 3
Distance travelled is the total = 73
area of the shaded regions So, after 10 seconds, the body is
1 7 1 3 1
= × ×7+ × ×3 215 m from O moving at 73 m/s.
3
2 2 2 2
49 9
= +
4 4
58
=
4
= 14.5 metres

d v = −2
implies 2T − 7 = −2
5
Hence t =
2
!2 !
5 5 5
At t = , x = −7 + 10
2 2 2
5
=−
4

709
3 150 − 125
4 a Deceleration =
0.003
25 000
= m/s2
3

b Distance travelled
= area under v − t graph
0
0.003
= (150 + 125)
2
a Distance travelled is 800 m.
= 0.4125
Total time taken is 100 seconds.
Therefore, thickness is 0.4125
Area under graph gives the distance
metres.
travelled.
1
Hence, × 100 × V = 800 c Deceleration in wood
2
where V m/s is the maximum 125 − 75
velocity reached after T seconds. =
0.008 − 0.003
Therefore, 50V = 800 = 10 000 m/s2
800
and V=
50 d Distance travelled in wood
= 16 m/s 0.005
= (125 + 75)
= 57.6 km/h 2
= 0.5 metre
b Initial segment has gradient = a.
16 75
Therefore, using V = 16, =a e Deceleration in brick =
T 0.002
where T is the time at which maxi-
= 37 500 m/s2
mum velocity is reached and, using
the gradient of the other line segment,
16 f Distance travelled in brick
= −2a 0.002
T − 100 = × 75
32 16 2
Therefore − =
T T − 100 = 0.075 metre
and − 32T + 3200 = 16T
2 5 a Average velocity
Therefore, T = 66
3
Maximum speed occurs after h(2) − h(0)
2 =
1 minute 6 seconds, when the 2
3 110 + 55 × 2 − 5.5 × 4 − 110
brakes are applied. =
2
2 16 = 44 m/s
c Substituting T = 66 in = a gives
3 T The average velocity is 44 m/s.
a = 0.24 m/s2 .

710
 dh dx
b v= b v=
dt dt
= 55 − 11t = √
−2t
2 9 − t2
c 55 − 11 = 44
using the chain rule
The velocity at 1 second is 44 m/s.
−t
v= √
d 55 − 11t = 0 9 − t2
∴ t=5 dv
Now a =
So it takes 5 seconds to reach zero dt
√
!
velocity. −t
9 − t2 − t √
9 − t2
e h(5) = 110 + 55 × 5 − 5.5 × 25 = 247.5 =
9 − t2
Maximum height reached is 247.5 9 − t2 + t2
metres. =− √
(9 − t2 ) 9 − t2
−9
∴ a=
6 Using v = u + at, v = 8 − 2t 3
(9 − t2 ) 2
∴ at v = 0, t = 4.
1 c The maximum magnitude of the
Using x = ut + at2 , x = 8 × 4 − 42 = 16
2 displacement from O is 3 metres.
The golf ball will roll a distance of 16
metres. −t
d Now v = 0, ∴ √ =0
√ p 9 − t2
7 a 5= 9 − t2 ∴ t=0
5=9−t 2 So velocity is zero at t = 0.

t2 = 4 Z 2
t = 2, since t ≥ 0 8 a v= (12 − 6t) dt + 8
√ 0
So the displacement is 5 metres
after 2 seconds. = [12t − 3t2 ]20 + 8
= 12 + 8
∴ velocity = 20 m/s
Z 2
b displacement = (12t − 3t2 + 8) dt
0

= [6t2 − t3 + 8t]20
= 24 − 8 + 16
= 32 m

9 a Distance travelled is area under v − t

711
 graph v(t) = 0.
3 Now at v = 0,
= 60 + 4(12 + x) + x
2
11 35 − gt = 0
= 108 + x
2 35
∴ t=
11 g
Now 108 + x = 218
2
!
1
11 ∴ total distance = 2 ut + at2
∴ x = 110 2
2
35 1
∴ x = 20 = 2 35 × +
g 2
!2 !
35
× (−g) ×
g
!
1225 1225
=2 −
g 2g
1225
= m
distance g
b Average speed =
time !
218 70 70
= c v = 35 − g ×
5+8+3 g g
218 = −35
=
16 So velocity at x = 0 is −35 m/s.
109
=
8
11 Distance is area under v − t graph.
= 13.625 m/s 10
Now at C, = −5
10 a The deceleration of the ball due to 11 − T
gravity is g m/s2 . ∴ 10 = 5T − 55
Using v = u + at, v(t) = 35 − gt ∴ T = 13
i v(3) = 35 − g × 3 10
So, distance (area) = (13 + 6)
= 35 − 3g 2
So velocity is 35 − 3g m/s. (Note: = 95 m
v(3) > 0.)
ii v(5) = 35 − g × 5
= 35 − 5g
So velocity is 35 − 5g m/s. (Note: −
v(5) < 0.)

b The total distance is double the

distance up to the point where

712
 dx c Substitute 2 into 1
12 v= !2
dt g 80
4 h=− + 0.4
∴ v= 2 g
t−1 !
80
a=
dv + (80 + 0.4g) + 0.4
dt g
4 (80 + 0.4g)2
∴ a=− = m
(t − 1)2 2g
(80 + 0.4g)2
So the greatest height is
gt2 2g
13 We know that h = − + ut 1 metres.
2
where h is height, t is time of movement,
u is the initial velocity and g is the d Length of time above the top
gravitational constant. of the tower on the way up
80
= + 0.4 − 0.8
h gt g
a u= +
t 2
!
80
64 0.8g = − 0.4 seconds.
= + g
0.8 2 So the total length time above the top
= 80 + 0.4g of the tower !
So the initial velocity is 80
=2× − 0.4
(80 + 0.4g) m/s. g
!
160
= − 0.8 seconds.
b The height is the greatest when g
velocity is zero.
Using v = u + at,
u − gt = 0
u
t=
g
80
= + 0.4 2
g
So the time taken to! reach the greatest
80
height is + 0.4 seconds.
g

713
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 A x(t) = t3 − 9t2 + 24t − 1 Initial acceleration occurs when
∴ x(3) = 27 − 81 + 72 − 1 = 17 m t = 0.
1
⇒ a = m/s2
2
2 C x(t) = t3 − 9t2 + 24t − 1
x2 − x1 6 C Deceleration phase:
Average velocity =
t2 − t1 (80, 20) and (180, −10)
x(2) − x(0) 30
= v=− t+c
2−0 100
19 − (−1) 3
= ∴ v=− t+c
2 10
20 Passes through (80, 20):
= = 10 m/s ⇒ c = 44
2
3
3 A u = 30, a = −10, t = 2 ∴ v=− t + 44
10
Use v = u + at When v = 0 :
∴ v = 30 + (−10)(2) 3
t = 44
∴ v = 10 m/s 10
440
∴ t=
4 D ! 3
125 2
(0, 0) and 5,
9 ∴ t = 146
3
Where t is in seconds and v is in Which is closest to 147.
m/s.
v2 − v1 7 C x = 2t3 − 10t2 − 44t + 112
acceleration =
t2 − t1 Sketch x for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 and look for
125 the number of zeros.
−0
= 9
5−0
125
=
45
25
= m/s2
9
2
5 B v=5−
t+2
∴ v = 5 − 2(t + 2)−1
dv 2
a= = 2(t + 2)−2 = There are two zeros.
dt (t + 2)2

714
 √ √
8 C a = −x, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 10 E v = 10 sin(πt)
d 1 2
! The velocity-time graph is:
∴ v = −x
dx 2
Z
1 2
∴ v = −x dx y = 10sin(πx)

2
1 2 1
v = − x2 + c
2 2
√
When x = 0, v = 3 :
3
⇒c=
2
1 2 1 3
∴ v = − x2 +
2 2 2
The distance the object has travelled
∴ v = −x + 3
2 2

√ in the first 1.6 seconds can be cal-

∴ v = ± 3 − x2 culated by evaluating the following
definite integral. R
π
!
3π R1 1.6
9 A x = 2 − 2 cos t− 0
10 sin(πt) dt − 1 10 sin(πt) dt
4 2 Using CAS to compute the above we
Using a CAS calculator we can
8 have
determine the velocity when t =
3
by differentiating x with respect to t
8
and making the substitution t =
3

Therefore the distance travelled by

the object in the first 1.6 seconds is
10.53 correct to two decimal places.
8
Therefore the velocity at time t = s
3
3π
is − m/s
2

715
Solutions to extended-response questions
dv
1 a 5 + v = 50
dt
dv
By definition, a = , ∴ 5a + v = 50
dt
50 − v
a=
5
50
When t = 0, v = 0, ∴ a=
5
∴ acceleration = 10 m/s2

dv
b 5 = 50 − v
dt
dv 50 − v
∴ =
dt 5
dt 5
∴ =
dv 50 − v
Z
5
∴ t= dv
50 − v
= −5 loge (50 − v) + c, 50 − v > 0
When t = 0, v = 0,
∴ 0 = −5 loge 50 + c
∴ c = 5 loge 50
∴ t = 5 loge 50 − 5 loge (50 − v)
!
50
= 5 loge
50 − v
!
t 50
∴ = loge
5 50 − v
t 50
∴ e5 =
50 − v
t
∴ (50 − v)e 5 = 50
t
∴ 50 − v = 50e− 5
!
t t
∴ v = 50 − 50e −5
= 50 1 − e−5

716
c i
50

40

30

20

10

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

ii v = 47.5
t 50
∴ e5 =
50 − 47.5
= 20
t
∴ = loge 20
5
∴ t = loge 20
≈ 14.98
 t
Alternatively, use a CAS calculator to solve the equation 50 1 − e 5 = 47.5.
This gives t = 14.98, correct to 2 decimal places.
!
dx t
d i v= = 50 1 − e −5
dt
Z !
t
∴ x= 50 1 − e −5
dt
!
t
= 50 t + 5e −5
+c

When t = 0, x = 0,
∴ 0 = 50(0 + 5e0 ) c
= 250 + c
∴ c = −250
!
t
∴ x = 50 t + 5e −5
− 250
!
t
∴ x = 50 t + e −5
−5 , t ≥0

717
 ii
−

iii Use a CAS calculator

! to solve the equation
t
50 t + 5e− 5 − 5 = 8 for t > 0.
This gives t = 1.32 correct to 2 decimal places.

2 a i v = A − loge (t + B)
If A = 1 and B = 0.5, v = 1 − loge (t + 0.5), t ≥ 0

ii When t = 3, Z 3
position of the particle = 1 − loge (t + 0.5) dt
0

= 1.268 756 (CAS calculator)

= 1.27, correct to two decimal places.
The particle is 1.27 metres from 0 after three seconds.
Z e−0.5 Z e−0.5
iii Distance = 1 − loge (t + 0.5) dt − 1 − loge (t + 0.5) dt
0 0

= 1.371 708 2 − (−0.102 952 2)

= 1.474 660 4
= 1.47, correct to two decimal places.
The particle travels 1.47 metres in the three seconds after passing 0.

718
 b v = A − loge (t + B)
dv
∴ a=
dt
−1
=
t+B
−1 −1 −1
When t = 10, a = , ∴ =
20 20 10 + B
∴ B = 10
∴ v = A − loge (t + 10)
When t = 100, v = 0, ∴ 0 = A − loge (110)
∴ A = loge (110)
= 4.700 48 . . .
= 4.70, correct to two decimal places.

3 a v = kt(1 − sin(πt))
When v = 0, t = 0 or 1 − sin(πt) = 0
∴ sin(πt) = 1
π
∴ πt = first value only required
2
1
∴ t=
2
It takes half an hour for the train to travel from A to B.
dv
b i a=
dt
= kt(−π cos(πt)) + k(1 − sin(πt))
= −k(sin(πt) + πt cos(πt) − 1)

ii v is increasing from t = 0 to the value of t where v is a maximum, i.e.,

t = 0.176 979 8 from a CAS calculator. Thus the interval of time for which the
velocity is increasing is [0, 0.18], or the first 0.18 hours, correct to two decimal
places.

719
 Z 0.5
c To find k when kt(1 − sin(πt)) dt = 20,
0
Z 0.5
t(1 − sin(πt)) dt = 0.023 678 82 using a CAS calculator
0
Z 0.5 Z 0.5
∴ kt(1 − sin(πt)) dt = k t(1 − sin(πt)) dt
0 0

= k × 0.023 678 82
20
k=
0.023 678 82
= 844.636 81 . . .
= 845, to three significant figures.

4 a i x = 28 + 4t − 5t2 − t3
dx
v=
dt
= 4 − 10t − 3t2

dv
ii a =
dt
= −10 − 6t

iii When v = 0, −3t2 − 10t + 4 = 0

√
10 ± 100 + 48
∴ t=
−6
√
10 − 148
= since t ≥ 0
−6
√
−5 + 37
=
3
≈ 0.36

iv When x = 28, 28 + 4t − 5t2 − t3 = 28

t3 + 5t2 − 4t = 0
t(t2 + 5t − 4) = 0
√
−5 ± 25 + 16
∴ t = 0 or
2
√
41 − 5
As t ≥ 0, t = 0 or
2
= 0 or 0.70, to two decimal places.

720
 v Use a CAS calculator to solve 28 + 4t − 5t2 − t3 = −28. This gives t = 2.92
correct to 2 decimal places. Therefore the particle is 28 m to the left of 0
t = 2.92, correct to two decimal places.

b i For particle B, a = 2 − 6t
Z
∴ v= 2 − 6t dt

= 2t − 3t2 + c
When t = 0, v = 2 ∴ c=2
∴ v = 2t − 3t2 + 2
Z
Now the position of B is x = v dt
Z
= 2t − 3t2 + 2 dt

= t2 − t3 + 2t + d
When t = 0, x = 0 ∴ d=0
∴ x = t2 − t3 + 2t is the position of B at time t.

ii When A and B collide,

28 + 4t − 5t2 − t3 = t2 − t3 + 2t
∴ 28 + 2t = 6t2
∴ 3t2 − t − 14 = 0
∴ (3t − 7)(t + 2) = 0
7
∴ t= since t ≥ 0
3
1
A and B collide after 2 seconds.
3

iii Velocity of A = vA = 4 − 10t − 3t2

Velocity of B = vB = 2t − 3t2 + 2
!2
7 7 7
When t = , vA = 4 − 10 × − 3 ×
3 3 3
−107
=
3
!2
7 7
vB = 2 × − 3 × +2
3 3
−29
=
3

721
 Yes, both particles are travelling to the left at the time of collision.

π π
!
5 a i x = 5 cos t + 1
4 3
π π
!
dx −5π
v= = sin t + 2
dt 4 4 3

dv −5π2 π π
!
ii a = = cos t + 3
dt 16 4 3

25π2 2 π π
!
b i Now from 2 v = 2
sin t +
16 4 3
π π 16v2
!
∴ sin2 t + =
4 3 25π2
2 π π
!
and from 1 x = 25 cos t +
2
4 3
π π
!!
= 25 1 − sin t +2
4 3
16v2
!
= 25 1 −
25π2
16v2
= 25 −
π2
16v2
∴ 25 − x = 2 2
π
π2
∴ v2 = (25 − x2 )
16
π√
∴ v=± 25 − x2
4
π2
ii From 1 and 3 a = − x
16
π √
c v=± 25 − x2
4
When x = −2.5, v ≈ ±3.400 87
The speed is 3.4 cm/s, correct to one decimal place.

722
 −5π2 π π
!
d Now a = cos t +
16 4 3
−5π2 π
!
When t = 0, a = cos
16 3
−5π2
=
32
= −1.542 12 . . .
The acceleration is −1.54 cm/s2 , correct to two decimal places.

e i Distance is modelled by a periodic circular function of amplitude 5. The

maximum distance from 0 is 5 cm.
5π
ii Velocity is modelled by a periodic circular function of amplitude . The
4
5π
maximum speed of the particle is cm/s.
4
5π2
iii Acceleration is modelled by a periodic circular function, amplitude . The
16
5π2
maximum magnitude of acceleration for the particle is cm/s2 .
16
6 For the second lift,
1
a = − (t − 6)
3
1
=− t+2
3
−
t2
∴ v = − + 2t + c
6
When t = 6, v = 24
36
∴ 24 = − + 12 + c
6
∴ 24 = 6 + c
∴ c = 18
t2
∴ v=− + 2t + 18
6

723
 t-axis intercepts : v = 0
t2
∴ − + 2t + 18 = 0
6
1
∴ − (t − 18)(t + 6) = 0
6
∴ t = 18(t ≥ 0)
6
For the first lift, a = −
7
6
∴ v = 24 − t
7
When t = t1 , v = 0,
7
∴ t1 = 24 ×
6
= 28
1
Distance travelled by first lift =
× 24 × 28
2
= 336 m
Z 18 2
t
Distance travelled by second lift = 24 × 6 + − + 2t + 18 dt
6 6
" 3 #18
t
= 144 + − + t + 18t
2
18 6

= 144 + (324 − 132)

= 336 m
The difference between the heights of the lifts when both have come to rest is zero.

7 a a = −30(v + 110)2 , v ≥ 0
dv
This can be written as = −30(v + 110)2
dt
dt 1
∴ =−
dv 30(v + 110)2
Z
1 1
∴ t=− dv
30 (v + 110)2
Z
1
=− (v + 110)−2 dv
30
1
= +c
30(v + 110)

724
 When t = 0, v = 300,
1
∴ 0= +c
30(300 + 110)
−1
∴ c=
12 300
1 1
t= −
30(v + 110) 12 300
1 1
and t + =
12 300 30(v + 110)
12 300t + 1 1
∴ =
12 300 30(v + 110)
410
∴ = v + 110
12 300t + 1
410
∴ v= − 110
12 300t + 1
410 − 110(12 300t + 1)
=
12 300t + 1
300(1 − 4510t)
=
12 300t + 1
300(1 − 4510t)
When v = 0, =0
12 300t + 1
1
Solving for t, t =
4510
300(1 − 4510t) 1
∴ v= , 0≤t≤
12 300t + 1 4510
b

725
 dx 300(1 − 4510t)
c i Now =
dt 12 300t + 1
410
= −110 +
12 300t + 1
Z
410
∴ x= −110 + dt
12 300t + 1
1
= −110t + loge (12 300t + 1) + c, t > 0
30
When t = 0, x = 0 and therefore c = 0
1
∴ x = −110t + loge (12 300t + 1)
30

ii Now a = −30(v + 110)2 , v > 0

dv
∴ v = −30(v + 110)2
dx
dv −30[v + 110]2
=
dx v
dx −v
∴ =
dv 30(v + 110)2
Z
−v
∴ x= dv
30(v + 110)2
Z
1 v
=− dv
30 (v + 110)2
dw
Let w = v + 110, ∴ =1
dv
Z
1 (w − 110)
and x = − dw
30 w2
Z
1 1 110
=− − 2 dw
30 w w
1 11
= − loge (w) − + c, w > 0
30 3w
1 11
= − loge (v + 110) − +c
30 3(v + 110)
When x = 0, v = 300
1 11
∴ 0=− loge (410) − +c
30 3(410)
!
1 11
c= loge (410) +
30 41
! !
1 410 110 11
x= loge − +
30 v + 110 v + 110 41

726
 ! !
1 41 11
iii When v = 0, x = loge −1+
30 11 41
!
1 41 1
= loge −
30 11 41
= 0.019 46 . . .
The bullet penetrates the shield by 0.19 m or 19 mm, to the nearest millimetre.

d i a = −30(v2 + 11 000), v ≥ 0
dv
∴ = −30(v2 + 11 000)
dt
dt −1
∴ =
dv 30(v2 + 11 000)
Z
−1 1
∴ t= dv
30 v + 11 000
2
Z √
−1 11 000
= √ dv
30 11 000 (v2 + 11 000)
!
−1 v
= √ tan −1
√ +c
30 11 000 10 110
!
−1 30
When t = 0, v = 300, ∴ 0= √ −1
tan √ +c
30 11 000 110
!
1 30
∴ c= √ tan √−1
300 110 110
! !!
1 v 30
∴ t= √ − tan −1
√ + tan √
−1
300 110 10 110 110
√
! !
v 30
ii Solving for v, 300 110 t = − tan −1
√ + tan √ −1
10 110 110
√
! !
v 30
tan−1 √ = tan−1 √ − 300 110t
10 110 110
√ √
! !
30
∴ v = 10 110 tan tan √ −1
− 300 110t
110
!
1 30
When v = 0, t = √ −1
tan √ ,
300 110 110
!
1 −1 30
∴ 0≤t≤ √ tan √
300 110 110
√ √ !
110 −1 3 110
or 0 ≤ t ≤ tan
33 000 11

727
 iii

−
,

iv Use a CAS calculator to find the area under the graph in d iii, given by
R 0.0001
0
v dt where v is given in ii.
The value is 0.020255 ≈ 0.020

The distance travelled in the first 0.0001 seconds is 20 mm, to the nearest
millimetre.
!
3 3 364 1281
8 a v(t) = − t − 21t +
2
t−
10 3 6
!
3 364 1281
∴ v(10) = − (10) − 21(10) +
3 2
(10) −
10 3 6
601
=
20
= 30.05
!
dv 3 364
b i =− 3t − 42t +
2
, where 4 ≤ t ≤ 10
dt 10 3

728
 dv
ii a=
dt
!
3 364
=− 3t − 42t +
2
, where 4 ≤ t ≤ 10
10 3
da
a is a maximum when = 0 (concave-down parabola)
dt
da 3
= − (6t − 42)
dt 10
da
When = 0, t = 7
dt
The policeman’s acceleration is a maximum when he has been chasing for three
seconds

c For the policeman, 




 0 0≤t<4
 !
 3 3 364 1281


vP =  t − 21t2 +

− t− 4 ≤ t ≤ 10



 10 3 6
t > 10


30.05


For the motorist, v M = 25 for t ≥ 0.

Z 10 !
3 3 364 1281
d i Distance travelled = − t − 21t +
2
t− dt
4 10 3 6
" !#10
3 14 182 2 1281
= − t − 7t +
3
t − t
10 4 3 6 4

= 90.3
The policeman travelled 90.3 m to reach his maximum speed.

ii Let xP be the distance travelled by the policeman.

For 4 ≤ t ≤ 10, !
3 14 182 2 1281
xP = − t − 7t +
3
t − t +c
10 4 3 6

729
 When t = 4, xP = 0,
−401
∴ c=
5
!
3 14 182 2 1281 401
and xP = − t − 7t +
3
t − t − , 4 ≤ t ≤ 10
10 4 3 6 5
3 4 21 3 91 2 1281 401
=− t + t − t + t− , 4 ≤ t ≤ 10
40 10 5 20 5
For t > 10,
601
xP = t+d
20
903
When t = 10, xP = ,
10
903 601
∴ = × 10 + d
10 20
1051
and d =−
5
601 1051
∴ xP = t− , t > 10
20 5
In summary:




 0 0≤t<4


 3 4 21 3 91 2 1281
 401
− t + t − t +

xP =  t− 4 ≤ t ≤ 10



 40 10 5 20 5
 601 1051
t > 10




 t−
20 5
e

At the point of intersection,

601 1051
25t = t−
20 5
4204
∴ t=
101
= 41.623 76 . . .
The policeman draws level with the motorist 41.62 seconds after the motorist passed
him, correct to two decimal places.

730
9 a

b When vA = vB , 9 − t2 = 8
∴ t2 = 1
which implies t = 1 (t > 0)
and 2t − 6 = 8
∴ 2t = 14
∴ t=7
The cyclists have the same speed after one hour and again after seven hours.

c i Let xA and xB be the distance of the cyclists A and B from the stationary point
after T hours.
xB = 8T
Z 0 ≤ T ≤ 3.
For xA , first consider
T
xA = 9 − t2 dt
0
1
= 9T − T 3
3
Z 3 Z T
For T > 3, xA = 9 − t dt +
2
2t − 6 dt
0 3

= 18 + T 2 − 6T + 9
= T 2 − 6T + 27
Now that
 the1integration has been completed we will change back to t.
3
9t − t 0≤t≤3


xA = 

3
t2 − 6t + 27 t > 3



731
 Use a CAS calculator to find X and Y.
At X, t = 1.73.
At Y, t = 11.69.
Therefore, A passes B 11.7 hours after the start of the race, correct to one
decimal places.

ii B passes A 1.7 hours after the start of the race, correct to one decimal place.
1 3 1
10 a i When VP = VQ , 2 − t + t2 = + t
4 4 2
1 3 5
∴ t2 − t + = 0
4 2 4
∴ t − 6t + 5 = 0
2

∴ (t − 1)(t − 5) = 0
∴ t = 1 or t = 5
The velocities of P and Q are the same at t = 1 or t = 5.

ii

b i Let XPZand XQ be the displacements of particles P and Q from the origin.

1
XP = 2 − t + t2 dt
4
1 1
= 2t − t2 + t3 + c
2 12
When t = 0, XP = 0 and thus c = 0.

732
 1 1
∴ XP = 2t − t2 + t3
2 12
Z
3 1
Now XQ = + t dt
4 2
3 1
= t + t2 + d
4 4
When t = 0, XQ = 0 and thus d = 0.
3 1
∴ XQ = t + t2
4 4
When XP = XQ ,
1 1 3 1
2t − t2 + t3 = t + t2
2 12 4 4
∴ t − 9t + 15t = 0
3 2

∴ t(t2 − 9t + 15) = 0
√
9± 92 − 4 × 15
∴ t = 0 or
2
= 2.208 71 . . . or 6.791 28 . . .
P and Q meet again when t = 2.2, correct to one decimal place.

ii P is further than Q from the starting point for 0 < T < 2.2 and t > 6.8.

11 a i Choose vertically downwards to be the positive direction.

a = 9.8, u = 0, s = 1.2
Use the constant acceleration formula
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 02 + 2 × 9.8 × 1.2
= 23.52
∴ v = 4.849 74 . . . since v > 0
Annabelle’s velocity when she hits the ground is 4.85 m/s, correct to two
decimal places.

733
 ii Use v = u + at
v−u
∴ t=
a
√
23.52 − 0
=
9.8
= 0.49487 . . .
It takes 0.49 seconds, correct to two decimal places, for Annabelle to hit the
ground.

b i a = 9.8 − t
dv
∴ = 9.8 − t
dt
Z
∴ v= 9.8 − t dt

1
= 9.8t − t2 + c
2
When t = 0, v = 0, ∴ c=0
1
∴ v = 9.8t − t2
2
dx 1
ii = 9.8t − t2
dt 2
Z
1
∴ x= 9.8t − t2 dt
2
1
= 4.9t2 − t3 + d
6
When t = 0, x = 0,
and therefore d = 0
1
x = 4.9t2 − t3
6
1
iii Use a CAS calculator to solve 4.9t2 − t3 = 1.2. This gives t = 0.499.
6
So Annabelle hits the ground after 0.50 seconds correct to two decimal places.

c Z vertically upwards to be the positive direction, ∴ a = −4.9

i Choose
v= a dt
Z
= −4.9 dt

= −4.9t + c

734
 When t = 0, v = 0,
∴ c=0
∴ v = −4.9t
Z
∴ x= v dt
Z
= −4.9t dt

= −2.45t2 + d
When t = 0, x = 1.2,
∴ d = 1.2
∴ x = 1.2 − 2.45t2

ii For Annabelle, a = −9.8,

∴ v = −9.8t + c, t ≥ 0.45
When t = 0.45, v = 1.4,
∴ 1.4 = −9.8 × 0.45 + c
= −4.41 + c
∴ c = 5.81
∴ v = 5.81 − 9.8t, t ≥ 0.45
Z
∴ x= 5.81 − 9.8t dt

∴ x = 5.81t − 4.9t2 + d, t ≥ 0.45

When t = 0.45, x = 0,
∴ 0 = 5.81 × 0.45 − 4.9 × 0.452 + d
= 2.6145 − 0.992 25 + d
∴ d = −1.622 25
∴ x = 5.81t − 4.9t2 − 1.622 25, t ≥ 0.45
Use a CAS calculator to solve the equation 1.2 − 2.45t2 = 5.81t − 4.9t2 − 1.622 25.
This gives t = 0.68175041 and substituting gives x = 0.06128014. Thus the
collision between Annabelle and Cuthbert occurs at a distance of 0.06 m, or
6 cm, above the ground, correct to the nearest centimetre.

735
 change in velocity
12 a Acceleration =
change in time
6
∴ 2=
t
∴ t=3
The car is accelerating for three seconds.

b For t ≥ 13, a = −(v + 2)

dv
∴ = −(v + 2)
dt
dt −1
∴ =
dv v + 2
Z
−1
∴ t= dv
v+2
= − loge (v + 2) + c, v ≥ 0
When t = 13, v = 6,
∴ 13 = − loge 8 + c
∴ c = 13 + loge 8
∴ t = 13 + loge 8 − loge (v + 2)
!
8
= 13 + loge
v+2
!
8
∴ t − 13 = loge
v+2
8
∴ et−13 =
v+2
∴ v = 8e13−t − 2, t ≥ 13
When v = 0, 8e13−t = 2,
1
∴ 13 − t = loge
4
∴ t = 13 + loge 4





 2t 0≤t≤3
∴ v= 3 < t ≤ 13


 6

− 2 13 < t ≤ 13 + loge 4


8e
 13−t

c When v = 0, t = 13 + loge 4
= 14.386 29 . . .
The car is in motion for 14.4 seconds, to the nearest tenth of a second.

736
 d

Z 13+loge 4
e Total distance = area of trapezium OABC + 8e13−t − 2 dt
13
13+loge 4
= 3(10 + 13) + [−8e13−t − 2t]13
= 69 + (−8e13−(13+loge 4) − 2(13 + loge 4) − (−8e13−13 − 2 × 13)
 
1 !
loge 4
= 69 + −8e − 26 − 2 loge 4 − (−8e0 − 26)

1
= 69 − 8 × − 26 − 2 loge 4 + 8 + 26
4
= 69 − 2 − 2 loge 4 + 8
= 75 − 2 loge 4
= 72.22741 . . .
The total distance travelled by the car is 72.2 m, to the nearest tenth of a metre.

2
3 − (t − 1) 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

13 a v = 

6 − 2t t>2


737
b The particle comes to rest when v = 0,
i.e. 6 − 2t = 0
∴ t=3
Z 2
1
Distance travelled = 3 − (t − 1)2 dt + ×1×2
0 2
" #2
1
= 3t − (t − 1)3 +1
3 0
! !
1 1
= 3 × 2 − (2 − 1) − 0 − (0 − 1) + 1
3 3
3 3
!
1 1
= 6− − +1
3 3
19
=
3
19
The distance travelled when the particle first comes to rest is units.
3
c For return to original position, the areas on either side of the t axis are equal.

− −

Consider the triangle ABC.

−

1
Area of 4ABC = (T − 3) × 2(T − 3)
2
= (T − 3)2
19
Now (T − 3)2 =
3

738
 r
19
∴ T −3= since T − 3 > 0
3
r
19
∴ T =3+
3
= 5.516 61 . . .
= 5.52, correct to two decimal places.

739
Chapter 11 – Revision of Chapters 6 to 10
Solutions to Exercise 11A
Z 2  x 7 1
1 a 3 arccos dx x = 1 are − and
−2 2 3 3
3π
b When x = 1, y = 2 or y = −4
Z  x
= 2 cos + 2 dx
0 3 Point is in the first quadrant.
  x 3π Therefore, consider the point (1, 2).
= − 6 sin + 2x Gradient of tangent
3 0
−5 × 1 − 2 7
= (−6 sin π + 6π) − (−6 sin 0 + 0) =− =−
1+2 3
= 6π 3
Gradient of the normal is
7
Z 3π Therefore equation is:
b V=π x2 dy 3
y − 2 = (x − 1)
0 7
Z 3π y 3 11
=π 4 cos2 dy y= x+
0 3 7 7
Z 3π  2y  or 3x − 7y = −11
=π 2 + 2 cos dy
0 3
 2y 3π
4 − x3

= π 2y + 3 sin 3 y=
3 0 3x2
= 6π 2 1
=− x+ 2
4
3 3x
x
Asymptotes y = − , x = 0;
2 a √3 3
5x2 + 2xy + y2 = 13 Axis intercept ( 4, 0);
dy −(x3 + 8)
dy dy =
∴ 10x + 2x + 2y + 2y =0 dx 3x3
dx dx dy
= 0 ⇒ x = −2
dy dx
∴ (2x + 2y) = −10x − 2y Stationary point (−2, 1)
dx
d2 y 8
dy −10x − 2y = > 0 for all x. In particular it
∴ = dx2 x4
dx 2x + 2y indicates a local minimum at (−2, 1)
−5x − y y
=
x+y
When x = 1
5 + 2y + y2 = 13
∴ y2 + 2y − 8 = 0
x
O 22/3
∴ y = 2 or y = −4
Therefore, gradient of tangents at

1
 1 + x2 dy
4 a y= 6 (1 + x2 ) = 2xy and y(0) = 2
4 − x2 dx
5 1 dy 2x
= −1 + ∴ =
4 − x2 y dx 1 + x2
Z Z
5 5 1 2x
= −1 + − ∴ dy = dx
4(x + 2) 4(2 − x) y 1 + x2
b ∴ loge |y| = loge (1 + x2 ) + c
1
1 + x2
Z
Area = dx Also y(0) = 2 and ∴ c = loge 2
−1 4 − x2
∴ loge |y| = loge (x2 + 1) + loge 2
1
1 + x2
Z
=2 dx But y > 0
0 4 − x2
1 ∴ loge y = loge (2(1 + x2 ))
Z
5 5
=2 −1 + − dx
0 4(x + 2) 4(2 − x) ∴ y = 2(1 + x2 )
x + 2
 1
 5
= 2 − x + loge  
4 x − 2 0
7 f (x) = arcsin(4x2 − 3)
 5
= − 1 + loge 3] For maximal domain
4
−1 ≤ 4x2 − 3 ≤ 1
5
= loge (3) − 1 2 ≤ 4x2 ≤ 4
2 1
5 loge (3) − 4 ≤ x2 ≤ 1
= 2
2 Maximal√domain√=
 2  2 
− 1, − ∪ ,1
2 2
dy
5 = e2y sin 2x and y(0) = 0
dx
dy 4x2 + 5
∴ e−2y = sin(2x) 8 y= 2
dx x +1
1
Z Z
∴ e−2y dy = sin 2x dx ∴y=4+
1 + x2
1 1 ∴ asymptote y = 4
∴ − e−2y = − cos 2x + c
2 2 dy 2x
When x = 0, y = 0 and therefore c = 0 Now , =− 2
dx (x + 1)2
1 −2y 1
∴ − e = − cos 2x dy
2 2 =0⇒x=0
dx
∴ e = cos 2x
−2y
y-intercept :(0, 5)
1
∴ y = − loge (cos(2x)) The second derivative
2
d2 y 2(3x2 − 1)
=
dx2 (x2 + 1)3
d2 y
When x = 0 2 < 0
dx

2
 Therefore local maximum at (0, 5).
Z 2 √
b (x − 1) 2 − x dx
y
1
du
5 Let u = 2 − x then = −1
dx
4
x=2−u
Z 2 √
∴ (x − 1) 2 − x dx
1
1 2 √ du
Z
x
= −(1 − u) u dx
O 2 1 dx
Z 0
√
= (u − 1) u du
9 x = 2 sin t + 1 1
Z 0

∴
dx
= 2 cos t = (u3/2 − u1/2 ) du
dt 1
2 2 0
y = 2 cos t − 3 = u5/2 − u3/2
5 3 1
dy
∴ = −2 sin t. 4
dt =
15
dy dy dt
= 1
dx dt dx
Z
x−2
c dx
=
−2 sin t 0 x2 − 7x + 12
2 cos t Z 1
x−2
= − tan t. = dx
0 (x − 3)(x − 4)
π dy
When t = , = −1 1
Z
2 1
4 dx = − dx
0 x−4 x−3
 1
1
= 2 loge |x − 4| − loge |x − 3|
Z
10 a e2x cos(e2 x) dx 0
0 9  16 
du = loge − loge
Let u = e2x then = 2e2x 2 3
dx  27 
Z 1 = loge
∴ e2x cos(e2 x) dx 32
0
Z 1
1 du
= cos u dx
2 0 dx
2
1 e
Z
= cos u du
2 1
1 2
= sin u]e1
2
1
= (sin e2 − sin 1)
2

3
 dy 13 a = −(1 + v2 )
11 = −2x2 and y(1) = 2
dx
dv
x0 = 1, y0 = 2, h = 0.1 ∴v = −(1 + v2 )
dx
First step: dv 1 + v2
∴ =−
y1 = y0 + h f (x0 ) dx v
dx v
∴ y1 = 2 + 0.1 × (−2) ∴ =−
dv 1 + v2
∴ y1 = 1.8
Z
v
∴x= − dv
Also, x1 = x0 + h 1 + v2
Z
1 2v
∴ x1 = 1.1 ∴x=− dv
2 1 + v2
Second step 1
∴ x = − loge (1 + v2 )
y2 = y1 + h f (x1 ) 2
When x = 0, v = u
∴ y2 = 1.8 + 0.1 × (−2) × 1.12
1
∴ y2 = 1.558 ∴c= loge (1 + u2 )
2
Also, x2 = 1.2 1  1 + u2 
∴ x = loge
Third step 2 1 + v2
When at rest v = 0
y3 = y2 + h f (x2 )
1
∴ y3 = 1.558 + 0.1 × (−2) × 1.22 ∴x= loge (1 + u2 )
2
∴ y3 = 1.270
14 a = g − 0.4v
Z y2 i
dv
12 V = π x2 dy = g − 0.4v
y1 dt
Z a dt 1
=π 16a4 − 163 y dy ∴ =
0
dv g − 0.4v
Z
 a 5 −0.4
= π 16a4 y − 8a3 y2 ∴t=− dv
0 2 g − 0.4v
= π[16a − 8a ] 5 5 5
∴ t = − loge |g − 0.4v| + c
2
= 8a5 π Since g − 0.4v > 0

4
 5 ∴ x = −100v + 10 000 loge (v + 100) + c
t = − loge (g − 0.4v) + c
2
When x = 0, v = 20
When t = 0, v = 0
∴ c = 2000 − 10 000 loge 120
5
∴c= loge g  v + 100 
2 ∴ x = 2000 − 100v + 10 000 loge
5 5 120
∴t= loge g − loge (g − 0.4v)
2 2 At rest v = 0
5  g  5
= loge x = 2000 + 10 000 loge
2 g − 0.4v 6
2t g Therefore,
∴ e5 = 5
g − 0.4v A = 10 000, B = , C = 2000
2t
6
∴ ge− 5 = g − 0.4v
5g 2t 16 a Use the quotient rule
∴ v = (1 − e 5 ) −2(x2 − 1)
2 f (x) =
∴A=
5g
and B =
2 (x2 + 1)2
2 5
d2 y 4x(x2 − 3)
b =
v dx2 (x2 + 1)3
15 a = −(1 + ) 2
d y √
100 = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x ± 3
dv v dx2
∴v = −(1 + ) d2 y
dx 100 The sign of 2 has to be checked
dx
dv v to the left and right of each of these
∴v = −(1 + )
dx 100 points.
dv 100 + v Points of inflection are
∴ =−  √ √   √ √3 
dx 100v 3
− 3, − , (0, 0) and 3,
dx 100v 2 2
∴ =−
dv 100 + v
Z
10 000
∴x= −100 + dv
v + 100

5
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 C The graph of y = f (x) has an dy
= 6x2
x-intercept at x = 2. This implies dx
1 Gradient perpendicular to the tangent
that the graph of has an (i.e. the gradient of the normal):
f (x) dy 1
asymptote at x = 2. Therefore =− 2
responses A, B and E are incorrect. dx 6x
1 6 C Since car Q accelerates at the same
For the graph of to have a max-
f (x) rate as car P their gradients are the
imum for x ∈ (0, 2) the graph of f (x)
same i.e. they are parallel to each
must have a minimum forx ∈ (0, 2).
other. Thus responses A, B and E are
Looking at the given graph for
incorrect.
y = f (x) there is no minimum.
Since car Q accelerates to a speed
Instead the graph of y = f (x)
of 15 m/s this implies response D is
approaches −∞ as x approaches
incorrect.
0 from the right. Thus the graph
1 Therefore, response C is correct.
of should approach 0 as x
f (x)
approaches 0 from the right. 7 A Passes through the point (1, 1) and
the gradient at any point is twice the
x2 + x + 2 2 reciprocal of the x-coordinate.
2 D = x+1+
x x dy 2
Horizontal asymptote at x = 0. ∴ = , x(1) = 1
dx x
Non-vertical asymptote at y = x + 1. dy
∴ x = 2, x(1) = 1
d2 y dx
3 D = 2 cos x + 1
dx2 dV
8 C =2−2=0
dy dt
∴ = 2 sin x + x + c
dx dQin
= 3 × 2 = 6 g/min
x2 dt
∴ y = −2 cos x + + cx + d
2 dQout Q Q
where c, d ∈ R = ×2=
dt 20 10
Putting c = 1 and d = 0 dQ Q
∴ =6−
x2 dt 10
y = −2 cos x + +x
2 dy 1
9 C =2−x+ 3
4 B distance = area under the curve dx x
1
∴, distance = × 4 × 4 = 8
Z
2 ∴ y= 2 − x + x−3 dx
Therefore the object has travelled a
distance of 8 metres in four seconds. x2 1
= 2x − − 2 +c
2 2x
5 B y = 2x3
10 C Choosing two specific curves to best
Gradient of tangent at any point:
represent the graphs of y = f (x) and

6
 y = g(x) we have:
1
f (x) = 2 and g(x) = (x + 1)(x − 3)
x
Adding these two graphs together
1
⇒ f (x) + g(x) = 2 + x2 − 2x − 3
x
Sketching the graph of f (x) + g(x) d2 y
using a CAS calculator gives: 13 E 2
= e3x
dx
dy 1 3x
= e +c
dx 3
1
y = e3x + cx + d
9
where c, d ∈ R
Putting c = 1 and d = 0
1
∴ y = e3x + x
9
14 B v

12
Thus response C best represents the gradient = -4
graph of y = f (x) + g(x) .

11 B In the first 10 seconds the car

accelerates at a constant rate, thus 3 t
responses C and E are incorrect. The body takes 3 seconds to come to
Since the car decelerates to a speed rest.
1
of 45 km/h response A is incorrect. distance = × 3 × 12 = 18
Response B and D are very similar 2
∴ t = 3 and s = 18
however with close observation
response B is a velocity-time graph 15 A y = 1 − sin(cos−1 x)
and response D is a distance-time Let g(x) = cos−1 x
graph. The information given in the 1
problem deals with velocity and ∴ g0 (x) = − √
1 − x2
time. Thus the correct response is B. dy
∴, = − cos(cos−1 x) × g0 (x)
dx
dy
12 C = 3x2 + 1 with y(1) = 3 1
dx = −x × − √
1 − x2
∴ y = x3 + x + c x
When x = 1, y = 3 : = √
1 − x2
⇒c=1
16 A Responses B and E have non-
∴ y= x +x+1
3
constant deceleration phases,
Using CAS therefore they are incorrect.
Responses C and D do not have a

7
 π √
deceleration phase.
Z
3
Z 3
∴ tan x sec x dx =
2 2
u2 du
Thus response A is the correct 0 0
illustration for the problem. 1 √
= [u3 ]0 3
3
17 B x = 2 sin2 y = 2(sin y)2 1 √
Using the chain rule = ×3 3
3
dx √
= 4 sin y × cos y = 2 sin 2x = 3
dy
dy 1 1
∴ = = cosec 2x 20 D
1
distance = (22 + 38) × 15
dx 2 sin 2x 2 2
dx 15
18 E = −kx = × 60
dt 2
dt 1 = 450
∴ =−
dx kκ
∴ t = −k loge (x) + c for x>0 21 A ÿ = e x + e−2x
When t = 0, x = 20 : 1
ẏ = e x − e−2x + c
2
⇒ c = k loge 20 1
When x = 0, ẏ = :
2
!
20
∴ t = k loge
x ⇒c=0
When t = 20, x = 5 : 1
∴ ẏ = e x − e−2x
20 2
⇒k= 1
loge 4 y = e x + e−2x + d
! 4
20 20 When x = 0, y = 0 :
∴ t= loge
loge 4 x
5
When x = 2, ⇒c=−
4
20 1 5
t= loge 10 ≈ 33.22 ∴ y = e x = e−2x −
loge 4 4 4
Z π
3
19 A tan2 x sec2 x dx
0
du
Let u = tan x ∴ = sec2 x
dx
When x = 0, u = 0
π √
When x = , u = 3
3

8
22 26 C
dy d x
A = 2y + 1 [x tan−1 x] = + tan−1 x
dx dx 1 + x2
Z !
dx 1 x
∴ = ∴ x tan x =
−1
+ tan x dx
−1
dy 2y + 1 1 + x2
Z Z
1 1 x
∴ x = loge (2y + 1) + c for y>− ∴ tan x = x tan x −
−1 −1
dx
2 2 1 + x2
When x = 0, y = 3 : du
Let u = 1 + x2 , ∴ = 2x
1 Z Z dx
⇒ c = − loge 7 x 1 1
∴ dx = du
2 1+x 2 2 u
2y + 1
!
1 1
∴ x = loge = loge |u| (c = 0)
2 7 2
2y + 1 1
∴ e2x = = loge (1 + x2 )
7 2
Z
2x
7e − 1 ∴ tan−1 x dx = x tan−1 x
∴ y=
2
1
23 D Using v2 = u2 + 2as − loge (1 + x2 )
2
v2 = 0 + 2(−10)(−45) = x tan−1 x
√
∴ v2 = 900 − loge 1 + x2
∴ v = 30 since v > 0
1
27 C distance = (240 + 360) × 10
24 B v = t − t2 2
= 5 × 600
dv
a== 1 − 2t
dt = 3000
When t = 5, a = −9 m/s2
dy
√ 28 D = x2 + x
dx
2x + 3
3
Z
25 B dx 1 1
0 9 + x2 ∴ y = x3 + x2 + c
Using CAS: 3 2
1
When x = −3, y = − :
2
1 27 9
⇒c=− + − =4
2 3 2
1 1
∴ y = x3 + x2 + 4
3 2
√ Using CAS:
3
2x + 3
Z
∴ dx ≈ 0.8
0 9 + x2

9
 dy property. Thus response C is also
29 B = 1 − e−x
dx incorrect.
∴ y = x + e−x + c When x = 1.5,
When x = 0, y = 6 :
For response D : y = −8
⇒c=5
For response E : y = 8
∴ y= x+e −x
+5 The given graph is negative for
√ x ∈ (1, 2), thus response D is correct.
30 E y = sin−1 1 − x
√ 32 B y = emx
Let g(x) = 1 − x
dy d2 y
1 = memx and = m2 emx
Then g0 (x) = − √ dx dx 2
2
2 1−x For
d y dy
− 2 − 3y = 0
Using the chain rule dx2 dx
dy g0 (x) ∴ m2 emx − 2memx − 3emx = 0
= p
dx 1 − [g(x)]2 ∴ emx (m2 − 2m − 3) = 0
dy 1
∴ =− √ √ ∴ m2 − 2m − 3 = 0 (since emx , 0)
dx 2 1 − x 1 − (1 − x) ∴ (m + 1)(m − 3) = 0
1 ∴ m = −1 m=3
=− √ √ or
2 1−x x
1 33 B The particle should initially have a
=− √ velocity of 20 m/s. Thus responses
2 x(1 − x)
Using CAS: C and D are incorrect. Since there
are no other forces acting on the
body, except gravity, the acceleration
of the particle should be constant.
Therefore, response E is incorrect.
Since the particle returns to the point
31 D The graph of response A does have
of projection the displacement must
asymptotes at x = 1 and x = 2,
1 be equal to zero. Response A has a
however when x = 0, y = but non-zero displacement. Response B
2
the given graph does not have has a zero displacement.
this property. Thus response A is
incorrect. 34 E Throughout the first phase the
The graph of response B has the acceleration is not constant. Thus
property that when x = 0, y = 0. response A is incorrect.
The given graph does not have Further investigation shows that
this property. Thus response B is during the first phase the car should
incorrect. be accelerating quickly then slowing
The graph of response C should until it reaches a maximum speed
have an asymptote at x = 0, however of 25 m/s. Thus response D is
the given graph does not have this incorrect.

10
 During the third phase the deceler- 39 A The area of the shaded region is
ation is constant. Thus responses B given
Z by 0 Z 1
and C are incorrect.
− f (x) dx + f (x) dx
Therefore, response E is correct. −2 0
Z 1 Z −2
35 B y=e 3x = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
0 0
d2 y
2
= 9e3x 40 C Z
Forπ P: π
dx 2
Z
21
d2 y sin x dx =
2
(1 − cos 2x)dx
2
− 9y = 9e3x − 9e3x = 0 0 0 2
dx # π2
Thus response B is correct.
"
1 1
= x − sin 2x
2 2 0
36 E a = 6t2 + 5t − 3 1 π
Z = ×
5 2 2
v= a dt = 2t3 + t2 − 3t + c π
2 = ≈ 0.785
When t = 0, v = 3 : For Q:
4
π π
⇒c=3
Z Z
4 1 4
cos x dx =
2
(cos 2x + 1) dx
5 0 0 2
∴ v = 2t3 + t2 − 3t + 3 # π4
2
"
1 1
= sin 2x + x
When t = 2, v = 23 m/s 2 2 0

1 1 π
!
37 E v = 4 sin 2t = +
2 2 4
Z
∴s= v dt = −2 cos 2t + c 1 π
=
+ ≈ 0.643
4 8
When t = 0, s = 0 : For
Z π
R: Z π
4 4 1
⇒c=2 sin x dx =
2
(1 − cos 2x) dx
0 0 2
∴ s = 2 − 2 cos 2t " # π4
1 1
= x − sin 2x
2 2
38 E For a rotation
Z about the y-axis 0
y=a
1 π 1
!
V=π x2 dy = −
y=b 2 4 2
y = e2x π 1
= − ≈ 0.143
8 4
1 In ascending order we have: R, Q, P
∴ x = loge y
2 Z 1
Thus the shaded region rotated about e2x
41 C dx
0 e +1
the y-axis is given by: 2x
!2
Z 2
1 du
V=π loge y dy Let u = e2x + 1, ∴ = 2e2x
1 2
dx
Z 2
1 When x = 0, u = 2
∴ V=π (loge y)2 dy
1 4 When x = 1, u = e2 + 1

11
 1 e +1 du
Z 2
45 C distance = area under graph
1
e2x
Z
∴ dx =
0 e2x + 1 2 2 u
1
1 = (4 + 6) × 10
= [loge |u|]e2 +1
2

2 2
1 1
= (loge (e2 + 1) − loge 2) + × 2 × 10
2 2
e2 + 1 = 50 + 10
!
1
= loge
2 2
Using CAS: = 60

46 C g(x) is the upper curve for the

interval x ∈ [0, b]. f (x) is the upper
curve for the interval x ∈ [b, c].
Thus the total area is given by
Z b Z c
g(x) − f (x) dx + f (x) − g(x) dx
42 B Area 0 b
Z −3of region is given by Z c Z b
((9 − x2 ) − (x2 − 9)) dx = f (x) − g(x) dx + −( f (x) − g(x)) dx
−3 b 0
Z 3 Z c Z 0
= 2
(18 − 2x ) dx = f (x) − g(x) dx + f (x) − g(x) dx
−3 b b

43 A Area 47 E Z
Z 1 is given by 1
π (2e2x )2 − 22 dx cos(3x + 1) dx = sin(3x + 1) + c
3
0
1
1
= sin(3x + 1)
Z
=π 4e4x − 4 dx 3
0
× (c = 0)
d2 x
44 D = 4 − e−t Z π
dt2 4
48 A tan x sec2 x dx
dx
v= = 4t + e−t + c 0
du
dt Let u = tan x, ∴ = sec2 x
When t = 0, v = 3 : dx
⇒c=2 When x = 0, u = 0
π
∴ v = 4t + e−t + 2 When x = , u = 1
4
Z π
When t = 2, v = 10 + e−2 1
Z
4
∴ tan x sec x dx =
2
u du
0 0
Z 2
2e2x dx = e2x 20
 
49 B
0

= e4 − 1

12
 Z
sin x When x = 0, u = 1
50 A dx
cos2 x
du When x = 1, u = 3
Let u = cos x, ∴ = − sin x
Zdx
Z 1 √
x 2x + 1dx
Z
sin x du ∴
∴ 2
dx = − 0
cos x u2 Z 3 !
√ 1
!
1 1
= +c = (u − 1) u du
u 1 2 2
1 1
Z 3 3 1
= (c = 0) = u 2 − u 2 du
cos(x) 4 1
= sec x Z π
6 1
1 A B 53 D sinn x cos x dx =
51 A ≡ + 0 64
(2x + 6)(x − 4) 2x + 6 x − 4 Let u = sin x, ∴
du
= cos x
∴ 1 = A(x − 4) dx
When x = 0, u = 0
+ B(2x + 6)
1 π 1
When x = 4, B = When x = , u =
14 6 2
Z π Z 1
1 6 2
When x = −3, A = − ∴ sin x cos x dx =
n
un du
7 0 0
1 1
∴ = #1
(2x + 6)(x − 4) 14(x − 4) "
1 n+1 2
1 = u
−
7(2x + 6)
n+1 0
Z
1 1
Z
1 " !n+1 #
∴ dx = dx 1 1
(2x + 6)(x − 4) 14 x−4 =
1
Z
1
n+1 2
− dx
7 2x + 6 !n+1
1 1 1
1 ∴ × =
=
14
loge (x − 4) n+1 2 64
1 !n+1
− loge (2x + 6) + c 1 n+1
14 ∴ =
1 2 64
−
= 7 loge (2x + 6) 1 n+1
2 ∴ =
1 2n+1 26
+ loge (x − 4) (c = 0)
14 26
1 1 ∴ n+1 = n + 1
∴ a = − and b = 2
7 14
∴ 25−n = n + 1
Z 1 √
52 E x 2x + 1dx When x = 3 :
0
du 22 = 3 + 1 ⇒ 4 = 4
Let u = 2x + 1, ∴ =2 Which is a true statement
dx
1
and x = (u − 1)
2

13
 Z Z
54 E Using CAS: 2x du
∴ √ dx = √
x2 − 1 u
√
= 2 u (c = 0)
√
= 2 x2 − 1

3 A B
58 C ≡ +
(x − 1)(2x + 1) x − 1 2x + 1
∴ 3 = A(2x + 1)
+ B(x − 1)
When x = 1, A = 1
1
When x = − , B = −2
2
Z Z
sin x
Order is: 0 + − 59 C tan x dx = dx
cos x
Z π " # π4 Let u = cos x, ∴
du
= − sin x
4 1 1
55 A cos 2x dx = sin 2x = Z Z dx
2 2 1
0 0 ∴ tan x dx = du
Using a CAS calculator to evaluate u
all of the responses yields that = − loge u + c (u > 0)
Z π
1 2 1
sin 2x dx =
!
1
2 0 2 = loge +c
Z π Z π u
4 1 2
∴ cos 2x dx = sin 2x dx = loge (sec x) + c
0 2 0
Z a Z a 60 C Volume of revolution is equal to
sin x Z π
56 C tan x dx = dx 4
−a −a cos x π (2 sin x − 1)2 dx
0
= [− loge (cos x)]a−a π
Using the substitution u = cos x and
Z
4
=π (1 − 2 sin x)2 dx
for cos x > 0. 0
3π π 3π
When x = − , , cos x = 0
π
" !
2 2 2
Thus loge (cos x) is undefined. 61 B f : 0, → R, f (x) = sin x
2
When x = π, cos π = −1
π
" !
Thus loge√(−1) is undefined.
√ ! g : 0, → R, g(x) = sin 2x
π 2 2 2
cos = and loge is Sketching the two functions over the
4 2 2
defined given domain gives
Z
2x
57 A √ dx
x2 − 1
du
Let u = x2 − 1, ∴ = 2x
dx

14
 Z 1 Z 1
2 1 2
64 A dx = (1 − x)−2 dx
1
−2 (1 − x)2 1
−2
y = sin(x)
y = sin(2x) " # 12
1
=
1−x 1
2
2
=2−
π π π 3
4
=
3
Z Z
1 dx
65 B r dx = s
1 !2
Area bounded by the two graphs f − x2 1
9 − x2
and g is equal to 3
Z π
3
!
sin 2x − sin x dx x
= sin−1 1
+c
0
3
62 C Response A is clearly true. = sin 3x + c
−1

Response B is also true. Z Z

Response D and E are correct dx 1 dx
66 C =
statements. 9 + 4x2 4 9
+ x2
Response C is false because if the 4
Z
1 dx
region shown is rotated about the = 2
y-axis the lower limit should be 4 3
!
+ x2
y = 0 not y = f (0) 2
Note: f (0) , 0 1 2 −1 2x
!
= × tan +c
4 3 3
63 D Z Z
1 1 1 1 −1 2x
!
√ dx = rdx = tan +c
9 − 4x2 2 9 6 3
−x 2
4
1
Z
1 d d
= dx 67 A (sec3 θ) = ((cos θ)−3 )
2
s !
2 dθ dθ
3
2
− x2 = −3(cos θ)−4 × (− sin θ)

1 −1 2x
! = 3 sec4 θ sin θ
= sin +c
2 3 = 3 sec3 θ tan θ
Z
68 A sin2 4x cos 4x dx = k sin3 4x + c
du
Let u = sin 4x, ∴ = 4 cos 4x
dx

15
 Z Z
1 dy
∴ sin 4x cos 4x dx =
2
u2 du 72 D +y=1
4 dx
1 3 dy
= u +c ∴ =1−y
12 dx
1 dx 1
= sin3 4x + c ∴ =
12 dy 1 − y
1 dx −1
∴k= ∴ =
12 dy y − 1
69 A x2 − x − 6 = (x − 3)(x + 2) ∴ x = − loge (y − 1) + c for y > 1
x+7 x+7 ∴ ec−x = y − 1
∴ 2 =
x − x − 6 (x − 3)(x + 2) ∴ y = 1 + ec−x
A B
≡ + ∴ y = 1 + Pe−x where P = ec
x−3 x+2
∴ x + 7 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 3)
x2
Z
When x = 3, A = 2 73 C 1
dx
(x3 + 1) 2
When x = −2, B = −1 du
Let u = x3 + 1, ∴ = 3x2
x+7 2 1 dx
= x2
Z Z
∴ − 1 du
x2 −x−6 x−3 x+2 ∴ 1
dx = 1
3
(x3 + 1) 2 u2
70 D For y = sin−1 (3x)
2√
Let g(x) = 3x, then g0 (x) = 3 = u+c
3
dy g0 (x) 2√ 3
∴ = p = x +1+c
dx 1 − [g(x)]2 3
3 dV
= √ 74 A Given= −2 m3 /s
1 − 9x2 dt
4
d g0 (x) V = πr3
71 C [loge (tan x)] = 3
dx g(x) dV
= 4πr2
where g(x) = tan x dr
d sec2 x and surface area S = 4πr2
∴ [loge (tan x)] = dS
dx tan x ∴ = 8πr
1 cos x dr
= × dS dS dV
2
cos x sin x = ×
1 dt dV dt
= dS dS dr
cos x sin x where = ×
1 dV dr dV
= 1
1
sin 2x = 8πr ×
2 4πr2
2
=
2 =
sin 2x r

16
 dS 2 4 76 A
∴ = × −2 = − 1 1
dt r r =
dS 4 1−x 2 (1 − x)(1 + x)
When r = 5, =−
dt 5 A B
Therefore the surface area is ≡ +
4 1−x 1+x
decreasing at a rate of m2 /s A B
5 ∴1= +
1−x 1+x
75 B
Z
√
3 ∴ 1 = A(1 + x) + B(1 − x)
2 x
√ dx 1
0 1− x2 When x = 1, A =
2
du
Let u = 1 − x2 , ∴ = −2x 1
dx When x = −1, B =
2
When x = 0, u = 1 1 1
√ ∴ 2
=
3 1 1−x 2(1 − x)
When x = , u=
2 4 1
Z 3
√
+
2 x
Z 1
1 4 du 2(1 + x)
∴ √ dx = − √ Z
1 1
Z
1
0 1 − x2 2 1 u ∴ dx = dx
1−x 2 2 1−x
Z 1
1 4 du 1
Z
1
=− √ + dx
2 1 u 2 1+x
√ 14 1
= [− u]1 = − log(1 − x)
2
1 1
=− +1 + loge (1 + x) + c
2 2
1 1 1+x
!
= = loge +c
2 2 1−x
Using CAS:
dr
77 D = 2 cm/s
dt
4 dV
V = πr3 and = 4πr2
3 dr
dV dV dr
∴ = ×
dt dr dt
= 4πr2 × 2
= 8πr2
dV
When r = 10, = 800π
dt

17
78 A Let g(x) = sec θ + tan θ It is known that 0
d g (x)
= (cos θ)−1 + tan θ [loge (g(x))] =
dx g(x)
Then g0 (x) = −(cos θ)−2 × − sin θ d
∴ [loge (sec θ + tan θ)]
dx
+ sec2 θ sec θ(sec θ + tan θ)
=
sin θ sec θ + tan θ
= + sec2 θ
cos2 θ = sec θ
= tan θ sec θ + sec2 θ
79 E x = 3 cos 2t
= sec θ (sec θ + tan θ)
dx
v= = −6 sin 2t
dt
d2 x
a = 2 = −12 cos 2t
dt
π
When t = , a = 12
2

18
Solutions to extended-response questions
Z 25
1 a Volume = πx2 dy
0
Z 25
= 4πydy (x2 = 4y)
0

= [2πy2 ]25
0

= 1250π

dV
b i = −kh, k > 0
dt
Z h !
but V = 2πh =
2
πx dy
2
0
dV
= 4πh
dh
dh dh dV
∴ = ×
dt dv dt
1
= × −kh
4πh
−k
= , k>0
4π
−kt
ii h = + c is the solution of the differential equation.
4π
When t = 0, h = 25,
∴ c = 25
When h = 0, t = 30,
−30k
∴0= + 25
4π
100π
∴k=
30
5t
iii From above h = 25 −
6
!2
5t
iv V = 2π 25 −
6

19
 c i V (25, 1250π)

0 h

ii V
1250π

0 30 t

2 a y
6
y+3=
x−1

0 1 3 x
–3 y = −3

–9

x=1

b Now y + 3x = 9
∴ y = 9 − 3x
6
and also y + 3 =
x−1
6
∴ 9 − 3x + 3 =
x−1
∴ (4 − x)(x − 1) = 2
∴ −4 + 5x − x2 = 2
∴ x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
∴ x = 2 or 3
The points of intersection are (2, 3) and (3, 0).
Z 3 Z 3
6 6
c 9 − 3x − + 3 dx = 12 − 3x − dx
2 x−1 2 x−1
#3
3x2
"
= 12x − − 6 loge (x − 1)
2 2
15 9
∴ Area = 12 − − 6 loge 2 = − 6 loge 2
2 2

20
 dy 6
d =−
dx (x − 1)2
Now gradient of line = −3,
6
∴− = −3
(x − 1)2
∴ (x − 1)2 = 2
√
∴ x−1=± 2
√
∴ x=1± 2
√ √
! !
6 6
Tangents are at points 1 + 2, −3 + √ , 1 − 2, −3 − √
√ √ √ 2 √ 2
i.e., (1 + 2, −3(1 − 2) , (1 − 2, −3(1 + 2)
Equations of tangents
√ √
y + 3(1 − 2) = −3(x − 1 − 2)
√ √
∴ y + 3 − 3 2 = −3x + 3 + 3 2
√
⇒ y = −3x + 6 2
√ √
or y + 3(1 + 2) = −3(x − 1 + 2)
√ √
∴ y + 3 + 3 2 = −3x + 3 − 3 2
√
⇒ y = −3x − 6 2
Z 6 1
3 a 2πk(6 − x) 2 x2 dx = 600 000
0

Let u = 6 − x,
Z 0 1
∴− 2πku 2 (6 − u)2 du = 600 000
6
Z 0 1 3 5
∴ −2πk 36u 2 − 12u 2 + u 2 du = 600 000
6
" 3 5 7 #0
36u 2 12u 2 u2
−2πk − + = 600 000
3 5 7 6
2 2 2
3 5 2 7 600 000
∴ k(24 × 6 2 − 4.8 × 6 2 + × 62 ) =
7 2π
∴ k = 1184.435 . . .
= 1180, correct to 3 significant figures.

21
 Z 3 1
Z 3 1 3 5
b 2πk(6 − x) 2 x2 dx = −2πk 36u 2 − 12u 2 + u 2 du
0 6
" !
3 2 7 5
= −2πk 24 × − 4.8 ×
32 + × 32 32
7
!#
3 5 2 7
− 24 × 6 2 − 4.8 × 6 2 + × 6 2
7
= −470 668 + 600 000
= 129 332
129 332 people live within 3 km of the city centre.

4 a Intercepts with the x axis at x = 10 and x = −10,

∴ parabola is of the form y = k(x2 − 100)
When x = 20, y = 36,
∴ 36 = k(202 − 100)
36
∴k=
300
= 0.12
∴ y = 0.12x2 − 12
Z 36
b Volume = πx2 dy
0

y + 12
36
Z
=π dy
0 0.12
#36
π y2
"
= + 12y
0.12 2 0
π 362
!
= + 12 × 36
0.12 2
π
= (54 + 36)
0.01
= 9000π = 9π litres

22
c A = πx2 , where h = 0.12x2 − 12
π
∴A= (h + 12)
0.12
√
dv − h
∴ = π
dt (h + 12)
0.12
√
−0.12 h
=
π(h + 12)
√
−3 h
= , as required.
25π(h + 12)
d From b, whenZ y = h,
h
y + 12
Volume = π dy
0 0.12
Z h
25y
=π + 100dy
0 3

25h2
!
e i From d, v = π + 100h
6
!
dv 25h
∴ =π + 100
dh 3

dh dh dv
ii = ×
dt dv dt
√
1 −3 h
= !×
25h 25π(h + 12)
π + 100
3
√
−9 h
=
625π2 (h + 12)2

23
 √
dh −9 h
f = × 2
dt 625π 2 h + 24h + 144
2
!
dt −625π 3 1 −1
∴ = h 2 + 24h 2 + 144h 2
dh 9
5
−625π2 2h 2
!
3 1
∴t= + 16h + 288h + c
2 2
9 5
When t = 0, h = 36,
625π2 2 × 65
!
∴c= + 16 × 216 + 288 × 6
9 5
625π2
c = 8294.4 ×
9
Time, when h = 0, is given by
t=c
∴ t = 5 684 892.135 seconds
≈ 65.8 days
It takes approximately 65 days 19 hours for the bucket to empty.
dV
5 = −kh, k > 0
dt
Z h−a
a i Volume (to height h) = πx2 dy
−a
#h−a
πy3
"
= πa y −2
3 −a
π(h − a)3 πa3
! !
= πa (h − a) −
2
− −πa +
3
3 3
πh3
= πa2 h − + πah2 − πa2 h
! 3
−h
∴ V = πh 2
+a
3
h3
!
or V = π ah −
2
, for 0 < h ≤ a
3

ii If a = 10, and V = 1 L = !1000 cm3 ,

h3
then 1000 = π 10h2 −
3
Use a CAS calculator to solve this equation for h. This gives h = 6.3550081 So
the depth water is 6.355 cm, correct to three decimal places.

24
 dV
b = π(2ah − h2 )
dh
dV dV dh
as = ×
dt dh dt
dh
then π(2ah − h2 ) = −kh, k > 0 from above 1
dt
dh
c 1 leads to π(2a − h) = −k
dt
dh −k
∴ =
dt π(2a − h)
dt π(2a − h)
∴ =
dh −k
π
Z
∴t= (2a − h)dh
−k
π h2
!
∴t= 2ah − +c
−k 2
When h = a, t = 0,
π 3a2
!
∴c=
k 2
π 3a2 h2
!!
and t = − 2ah −
k 2 2
When h = 0, t = T,
3a2 π
∴k=
2T
d T = 30 and a = 10, k = 5π ≈ 15.7.

e i dV
dt a
0 h
3
−3a π
(a, 2T
)
dV −3a2 π
= h
dt 2T
ii dh
dt a 2a
0 h
−3a
4T
−3a
(a, 2T
)

25
 dh −3a2
=
dt 2T (2a − h)

a dh −3a2
f i When h = , = !
2 dt a
2T 2a −
2
−3a2
=
3aT
−a
=
T
a dh −3a2
ii When h = , = !
4 dt a
2T 2a −
4
−6a2
=
7aT
−6a
=
7T
g When a = 10, T = 30 and V = 1000, k = 5π and h = 6.355.
dh −k
Now =
dt π(2a − h)
−5π
=
π(2 × 10 − 6.355)
= −0.36643 . . .

1
6 a f (x) =
+ bx + c
ax2
−(2ax + b)
∴ f 0 (x) =
(ax2 + bx + c)2
f 0 (x) = 0 at stationary points

−b
b For the turning point of f (x), x = , provided b2 − 4ac , 0.
2a !
−b 4a
Coordinates of turning point are ,
2a 4ac − b2

i a>0
−b −b −b
x −1 +1
2a 2a 2a
2a −2a
f 0 (x) = +ve 0 = −ve
(. . .)2 (. . .)2
/ — \

26
 ∴ maximum

ii a < 0
−b −b −b
x −1 +1
2a 2a 2a
2a −2a
f 0 (x) = −ve 0 = +ve
(. . .)2 (. . .)2
\ — /
∴ minimum

c i b2 − 4ac < 0, a > 0 y

1
no vertical asymptote for f (x) = 2 1
ax + bx + c c
asymptote: y = 0
–b x
2a

ii b2 − 4ac < 0, a < 0 y

–b
1 2a
no vertical asymptote for f (x) = 2
ax + bx + c x
asymptote: y = 0 1
c

d i b2 − 4ac = 0, a > 0 repeated root

y
repeated root
−b
asymptotes: y = 0 and x =
2a 1
c

–b x
2a

ii b2 − 4ac = 0, a < 0 repeated root

y –b
repeated root 2a
−b
asymptotes: y = 0 and x = 1
x
2a c

e b2 − 4ac > 0, a√> 0 y

−b + b2 − 4ac
Let α = and β =
√ 2a 1
−b − b2 − 4ac c
2a α
vertical asymptotes: x = α and x = β 0 β x
horizontal asymptote: y = 0 –b 4a
( 2a , 4ac − b2 )

27
 b
7 y = ax2 + , a, b ∈ R+
x2
!!
dy 2b 2a b
a = 2ax − 3 = 3 x4 −
dx x x a

2b
b stationary points where 2ax − =0
x3
b
∴ x4 =
a
r r !
4 b 4 b 1
x=± i.e. ± , 2(ab) 2
a a
r
b
For x =
4

a
r r r
4 b b b
+h
4 4
x −h
a a a h>0
0
f (x) −ve 0 +ve

∴ minimum
r
b
For x = −
4

a
r r r
4 b b b
+h
4 4
x − −h − −
a a a h<0
0
f (x) −ve 0 +ve

∴ minimum
1
c y = ax2 + ∴ b=1
x2 ! !
1 √ 1 √2
Turning points are √4 , 2 a , − √4 , a .
a a

8 a f 0 (x) = −e−x sin x + e−x cos x

When f 0 (x) = 0,
e−x (cos x − sin x) = 0
∴ cos x = sin x
∴ tan x = 1
π
∴ x = + nπ, n ∈ Z
4
π 5π 9π 13π
∴x= , , , , as dom f = [0, 4π]
4 4 4 4

28
b f (a + 2π) = e−2π−a sin(2π + a)
= e−2π (e−a sin a)
∴ f (a + 2π) : f (a) = e−2π : 1

π 5π 9π 13π
c Stationary points found in a are at x = , , ,
4 4 4 4
Nature of stationary points
π 5π 9π 13π
x 0 π 2π 3π 4π
4 4 4 4
f 0 (x) +ve −ve 0 +ve 0 −ve 0 0 +ve
√ √
π π
! !
9π 2 −π 9π 2 −9π
f has local maximum at x = and , i.e., , e4 , , e 4
4 4 4 2 4 2
√ ! √ !
5π 13π 5π 2 −5π 13π 2 −13π
f has local minimum at x = and , i.e., , − e 4 , , − e 4
4 4 4 2 4 2
!
d 1 −x 1
d − e (cos x + sin x) = (e−x (cos x + sin x) − e−x (− sin x + cos x))
dx 2 2
1
= e−x × 2 sin x
2
= e−x sin x
Z π " #π
1 −x
∴ e sin x dx = − e (cos x + sin x)
−x
0 2 0
!
1 1
= − e−π (−1 + 0) − − e0 (1 + 0)
2 2
1
= (e−π + 1)
2
1 + eπ
=
2eπ

e From b f (x + 2π) = f (x) × e−2π

Z π Z π
∴ f (x + 2π)dx = f (x) × e−2π dx
0 0

Let y = x + 2π,
Z 3π
1
∴ f (y)dy = e−2π × (e−π + 1)
2π 2
e−2π −π
= (e + 1)
2
1 + eπ
=
2e3π

29
 π # π4
tan5 θ
Z "
4
9 a tan4 θ sec2 θ dθ =
0 5 0
1
=
5
Z π Z π
4 4
b tan θ dθ =
6
tan4 θ(sec2 θ − 1) dθ
0 0
Z π Z π
4 4
=− tan θ dθ +
6
tan4 θ sec2 θ dθ
0 0
Z π
1 4
= − tan4 θ dθ
5 0

Z π Z π
4 4
c tan θ dθ =
4
− tan2 θ + tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
0 0
Z π
4
= 1 − sec2 θ + tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
0
# π4
tan3 θ
"
= θ − tan θ +
3 0
π 1
= −1+
4 3
π
π
Z !
4 1 1
∴ tan θ dθ = −
6
−1+
0 5 4 3
13 π
= −
15 4

30
10 a i At time t, p is the proportion of the population which has the disease.
dp
∝ p(1 − p)
dt
dp
⇒ = kp(1 − p) for constant k
dt
dt 1
∴ =
d p kp(1 − p)
Z
1 1 1
and t = + dp
k p 1− p
1 p
∴ t = loge + c (since 0 < p < 1)
k 1− p
1
When t = 0, p =
10
1 1
∴ c = − loge
k 9
1 9p
and t = loge
k 1− p
1
When t = 2, p =
5
9
∴ 2k = loge
4
1 9
∴ k = loge
2 4
3
= loge
2
3 9p
ii ∴ t loge = loge
2 1− p
9p 3
∴ = et loge 2
1− p
!t
3
= eloge 2
!t
3
=
2
!4
9p 3
b When t = 4, =
1− p 2
p 9
=
1 − p 16
9
∴p=
25

31
 !t
9p 3
c =
1− p 2
!t
1− p 2
∴ =
9p 3
!t
1 2
∴ −1=9
p 3
!t
1 2
∴ =9 +1
p 3
1
∴p= !t
2
9 +1
3
!t !
!t
3 3
d 9+p=
2 2
!t !t !
1 3 1 3
p > implies > 9+
2 2 2 2
!t
3
and >9
2
loge 9
⇒t> , t > 5.419
loge 1.5

e p

0.1
0 t

32
 dv p
11 a v = − kv2
dx v
p − kv3
=
v
dv p − kv3
∴ =
dx v2
v2
Z
and x = dv
p − kv3
−1
∴x= loge (p − kv3 ) + c, p − kv3 > 0
3k
When v = 0, x = 0
1
∴c= loge p
3k
p − kv3
!
−1
∴x= loge
3k p
p − kv3
e−3kx =
p
p
∴ v3 = (1 − e−3kx )
k
r
p
b lim v = 3
x→∞ k
! !
−1 8 −1 2
12 a θ = tan − tan ,x>0
x x
!
dθ −8 1 −2 1
b ∴ = 2 × !2 − x2 × !2
dx x 8 2
1+ 1+ 8m
x x
−8 2 θ 2m
= +
x2 + 64 x2 + 4 x

dθ −8(x2 + 4) + 2(x2 + 64)

c = 0 when =0
dx (x2 + 64)(x2 + 4)
implies − 8x2 − 32 + 2x2 + 128 = 0
−6x2 + 96 = 0
∴ x2 = 16
x = 4 (positive value taken)
Test for maximum

33
 x <4 4 >4
dθ
+ve 0 −ve
dx
/ — \
∴ θ is a maximum when observer stands
! 4 metres from the screen.
1
When x = 4, θ = tan−1 (2) − tan−1
2
= 0.643 50 . . .
∴ allowable values for θ are 0 < θ < 0.644. !
1
Note that in Question 12 b ii below, we find that tan−1 (2) − tan−1 =
2
! !!
−1 3 −1 3
tan , so we could write 0 < θ < tan .
4 4

d θ (4, 0.644)

0 x (m)

e θ is a minimum for 1 ≤ x ≤ 25 at either side of the two ends.

When x = 1, θ = tan−1 (8) − tan−1 (2)
= 0.339 29 . . .
!
−1 8 −1 2

When x = 25, θ = tan − tan
25 25
= 0.229 87 . . .
! !
−1 8 −1 2
Minimum θ = tan − tan ≈ 0.23
25 25

13 a θ = ∠OBP − ∠OAP (exterior angle of triangle theorem)

!
−1 x
= tan (x) − tan
−1
where x = OP
4

34
 dθ 1 4
b i = − 2 A
dx 1 + x 2 4 + x2
dθ 3 units
=0
dx
16 + x2 − 4(1 + x2 ) θ
B
⇒ =0 1 unit
(1 + x2 )(16 + x2 ) P
O
x
⇒ 16 + x − 4 − 4x = 0
2 2

∴ 3x2 = 12
∴ x2 = 4
∴ x = 2 taking positive value

x 1 2 3
dθ 1 4 1 4
− = +ve 0 − = −ve
dx 2 17 10 25
/ — \
∴ maximum when x = 2
!
1
ii ∴ maximum value for θ = tan (2) − tan
−1 −1
2
!
−1 1
Let tan (2) = α and tan
−1
=β
2
1
∴ tan α = 2 and tan β =
2
tan α − tan β
Now tan(α − β) =
1 + tan α tan β
1
2−
= 2
1+1
3
=
4
π
!
3
∴ θ = α − β = tan −1
as θ, α, β <
4 2

14 a Let h be the height (in metres) of the tank.

V = x2 h and V = 4000
h
∴ x h = 4000
2
x
4000 x
∴h= 2
x

35
 A = x2 + 4xh
4000
= x2 + 4x ×
x2
16 000
= x2 + , as required.
x
b A (m2)

A = x2

0
x (m)

16 000
c Use a CAS calculator to solve x2 + = 2500.
x
This gives x ≈ 6.5103 and x ≈ 46.4259
When 2500 m2 of sheet metal is used, x may be 6.51 m or 46.43 m, correct to two
decimal places.

d From a CAS calculator, the minimum is located at (20, 1200). Therefore A is a

minimum when x = 20.
dA 16 000
Using calculus, = 2x −
dx x2
dA
and = 0 where A is a minimum,
dx
16 000
∴ 2x − =0
x2
16 000
∴ 2x =
x2
∴ 2x3 = 16 000
∴ x3 = 8000
∴ x = 20

15 Dimensions of box are x × 3x × l.

Volume = 3x2 l = 288
96
∴l=
x2

36
 The surface area, A = 2(x × 3x + x × l + 3x × l)
= 2(3x2 + 4xl)
96 768
= 6x2 + 8x × = 6x 2
+
x2 x
dA
Minimum where = 0,
dx
768
i.e. 12x − 2 = 0
x
∴ x3 = 64
∴x=4
x 3 4 5
dA 256
36 − = −ve 0 60 − 30.72 = +ve
dx 3
\ — /
∴ minimum when x = 4
768
The minimum surface area of box = 6 × 16 +
4
= 96 + 192 = 288 cm2

16 a y = kx2
2
Where x = 10, y = 40, ∴ k=
5
2
y = x2 , −10 ≤ x ≤ 10
5
Z y
b Volume = 60 × 2 × x dy
0
√ Z y
1
= 60 × 10 × y 2 dy
0
√ 2 3
= 60 10 × y 2 + c
3
√ 3
= 40 10y 2 + c
V = 0 when y = 0, ∴ c=0
√ 3
∴ Volume = 40 10y 2

37
 5 √
c Full volume = 40 2 10
1 5 √ √ 3
When half full × 40 2 10 = 40 10y 2
2
3
3 40 2
∴ y2=
2
∴ y ≈ 25.198 . . .
∴ Depth is 252 mm.
dV
d = 60
dt
dV √ 1
= 60 10y 2
dy
dy dy dv
∴ = ×
dt dv dt
1
= √ 1
× 60
60 10y 2

1
= √
10y
dt √ 1
∴ = 10y 2
dy
√
2 10 3
∴t= y2 + c
3
When y = 0, t = 0,
∴c=0
√
2 10 3
and t = y2
3
√
2 10 3
e i When y = 20, t = × 20 2
3
= 188.56
Time taken is approximately 189 seconds, or 3 minutes and 9 seconds.
√
2 10 3
ii When y = 40, t = × 40 2
3
≈ 533.33
533.33 − 188.56 = 344.77
Further time taken is 345 seconds, or 5 minutes and 45 seconds.

38
 dv 1 3
17 a For A, =− v
dt 400
dt −400
∴ = 3
dv v
Z
1
∴ t = −400 dv
v3
−400
= + c1
−2v2
When t = 0, v = 20,
1
∴ c1 = −
2
200 1
i.e. t = 2 −
v 2
2t + 1 200
∴ = 2
2 v
1 1
2
= (2t + 1)
v 400
20
vA = √
2t + 1
dv 1 2
For B, =− v
dt 100
dt −100
∴ = 2
dv v
100
∴t= + c2
v
When t = 0, v = 10,
∴ c2 = −10
100
i.e. t = − 10
v
100
∴ t + 10 =
v
100
vb =
t + 10
b Let position
Z be defined by xA and xb .
20
xA = √ dt
2t + 1
√
= 20 2t + 1 + c3

39
 When t = 0, xA = 0,
∴ c2 = −20
√
i.e. xA = 20( 2t + 1 − 1)
Z
100
Now xb = dt
t + 10
= 100 loge (t + 10) + c4 , t + 10 > 0
When t = 0, xb = 0,
∴ c4 = −100 loge 10
t + 10
!
i.e. xb = 100 loge
10

c x (m) xA
xB

0
t (s)

d Use a CAS calculator to solve xA = xb for t. This gives t ≈ 14.3515 and t ≈ 43.8514.
(If your CAS calculator gives just one solution, use the graph to specify limits
on t in order to find the second solution. Therefore object B passes object A after
14 seconds, and object A passes object B after 44 seconds, to the nearest second.
dv
18 a 5 + v = 50
dt
dv 50 − v
∴ =
dt 5
dt 5
and =
dv 50 − v
Z
5
∴t= dt
50 − v
= −5 loge (50 − v) + c, 50 − v > 0

40
 When t = 0, v = 0,
and therefore c = −5 loge 50
!
50
∴ t = 5 loge
50 − v
t 50
and e 5 =
50 − v
−t
50 − v = 50e5
−t
v = 50(1 − e 5 )

b When t = 47.5, v = 50(1 − e−9.5 )

= 49.9963

c v
v = 50
50

0 t

−t
d i x = 50(t + 5e 5 ) + c
t = 0, x = 0, c = −250
−t
∴ x = 50(t + 5e 5 − 5)

ii When t = 6, x = 50(1 + 5e−1.2 )

= 125.2986

41
 dy 2y(N − y)
19 a =
dt N
Z
1 N
∴ dy = t
2 y(N − y)
Z
1 1 1
∴ + dy = t
2 y N−y
!
y
∴ c + loge = 2t
N−y
N
When t = 0, y = ,
4
1
∴ c = − loge
3
= loge 3
!
3y
∴ loge = 2t
N−y
3y = (N − y)e2t
Ne2t
∴y=
3 + e2t
dy (3 + e2t ) × 2Ne2t − Ne2t × 2e2t
=
dt (3 + e2t )2
dy 6Ne2t
∴ =
dt (3 + e2t )2
3N
b t → ∞, y → N since y = N −
e2t + 3
dy 6Ne2t
c = which is always positive, hence the population is always increasing.
dt (3 + e2t )2
!
N dy
d When y = , maximum, i.e., y(N − y) maximum .
2 dt

e i dy 106 106
dt ( 2
, 2 )

106 3 × 106
( 4
, 8 )

0 106 y

42
 N Ne2t
ii =
2 3 + e2t
3 + e2t = 2e2t
1
t= loge 3 ≈ 0.549306
2
−gR2
20 a =
x2
−gR2
!
d 1 2
a i v = 2
dx 2 x
1 gR2
∴ v2 = +C
2 x
When x = R and v = u (initially),
1
c = u2 − gR
2
2gR2
∴ v2 = + u2 − 2gR
x
2gR2
ii v = 0 implies + u2 − 2gR = 0
x
2gR2
∴ = 2gR − u2
x
2gR2
∴x=
2gR − u2
p
iii When u ≥ 2gR.

b For v , 0, we need u2 ≥ 2gR

so, minimum value of u = 2gR
p

When g = 9.8 and R = 6.4 × 106 ,

p
u = 2 × 9.8 × 6.4 × 106
= 11 200 m/s
3600
= 11 200 × km/h
1000
= 40 320
Escape velocity is 40 320 km/h.

43
 e x − e−x
21 f (x) =
e x + e−x
a f (0) = 0

b lim f (x) = 1 as e−x → 0

x→∞

c lim f (x) = −1 as e x → 0
x→−∞

(e x + e−x )(e x + e−x ) − (e x − e−x )(e x − e−x )

d f 0 (x) =
(e x + e−x )2
4
= x always positive.
(e + e−x )2
e f 0 (x) > 0, x ∈ R y

y=1 1
0
x
y = −1
–1

e x − e−x
f Let y =
e x + e−x
∴ ye + ye−x = e x − e−x
x

(y − 1)e x = −(1 + y)e−x

−(1 + y)
∴ e2x =
y−1
1+y
=
1−y
1+y
!
1
x = loge
2 1−y
1+x
!
1
∴ f (x) = loge
−1
for − 1 < x < 1
2 1−x

44
 1 1 − x (1 − x) − (1 + x) × −1
g g0 (x) = × ×
2 1+x (1 − x)2
1 1−x 2
= × ×
2 1 + x (1 − x)2
1
=
1 − x2
1
or g(x) = (loge (1 + x) − loge (1 − x))
2
!
1 1 1
∴ g (x) =
0
+
2 1+x 1−x

h y

y = g ′(x)

–1 0 1 x
1
Z
2 √
Required to prove g0 (x) dx = loge 3
0
1
Z
2 1
Now g0 (x) dx = [g(x)]02
0
!
1 1.5 1
= loge − loge 1
2 0.5 2
1
= loge 3
2
1
= loge 3 2
!
1
22 a i y = 2r sin θ
2
r
ii cos θ =
r+h

45
 dy dy dθ dh
b i = × ×
dt dθ dh dt
!
dy 1
where = r cos θ
dθ 2
r
and h = −r
cos θ
dh r sin θ
which implies =
dθ cos2 θ
dθ cos2 θ
i.e. =
dh r sin θ
cos2 θ
!
dy 1
∴ = r cos θ × × r sin t
dt 2 r sin θ
!
1
r cos θ cos2 θ sin t
2
=
sin θ

ii h = −r cos t + c
t = 0, h = 0,
∴c=r
∴ h = r − r cos t
π
∴ when t = , h = r
2
The height is 6000 km.
π π
iii When t = , θ = and r = 6000,
2 3
π 2 π π
dy 6000 cos 6 cos 3 sin 2
∴ = π
dt sin
3
= 1500 km/h

23 a f (x) = e−x xn
∴ f 0 (x) = nxn−1 e−x − e−x xn
Z Z
∴e x =
−x n
nx e dx − e−x xn dx
n−1 −x

Z Z
i.e. e x dx = n xn−1 e−x dx − e−x xn
−x n

46
 Z ∞
+
b g : R → R, g(n) = e−x xn dx
0
Z ∞
i g(0) = e−x x0 dx
0
Z ∞
= e−x dx
0

= lim [−e−x ]b0

b→∞

= lim (−e−b + e0 )
b→∞

= 1, as lim e−b = 0
b→∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
ii From above, f (x) dx =
0
nx n−1 −x
e dx − e−x xn dx
0 0 0

lim [e−x xn ]b0 = ng(n − 1) − g(n)

b→∞

lim e−x xn = 0
b→∞

∴ ng(n − 1) − g(n) = 0 or g(n) = ng(n − l)

iii If g(n) = ng(n − 1),

then g(n) = n × (n − 1)g(n − 2)
= n(n − 1)(n − 2)g(n − 3)
= n(n − 1) × . . . × 2 × 1g(0)
= n! × 1 since g(O) = 1
= n!

1 2
24 a Vcone = πr2 × 2r Vhemi = πr3
3 3
4
∴ total volume V = πr3 , r ≥ 2
3
dV
b = −t2 (m3 /min)
dt
dV dV dV dr
= 4πr2 and = ×
dr dt dr dt
dr
∴ 4πr2 = −t2
dt

47
 Z Z
2 dr
c 4πr dt = −t2 dt
dt
Z Z
∴ 4πr dr =
2
−t2 dt

4 −t3
∴ πr3 = +c
3 3
t = 0 when r = 10,
4000π
∴c=
3
4 4000π − t3
i.e. πr3 =
3 3
or 4πr = 4000π − t3
3

! 13
4000π − t3
∴r=
4π

d When r = 2, t3 = 4000π − 32π

= 3968π
1
∴ t = (3968π) 3
≈ 23.2
The time taken is 23.2 minutes.

48
Chapter 12 – Vector functions
Solutions to Exercise 12A
1 a r(t) = t i + 2t j Substitute into 1
!2
Let (x, y) be a point on the curve. 2−y
∴ x=
∴ x=t 3
y = 2t ∴ 9x = 4 − 4y + y2
∴ y = 2x is the cartesian equation 1
∴ x = (2 − y)2
Domain is R, range is R 9
Domain is [0, ∞), range is R
b r(t) = 2 i + 5t j
f r(t) = (t − 3) i + (t3 + 1) j
∴ x=2
∴ x=t−3 1
y = 5t
∴ y = t3 + 1 2
∴ x = 2 is the cartesian equation
Domain is {x : x = 2}, range is R From 1 : t = x + 3 3
Substitute 3 into 2
c r(t) = −t i + 7 j ∴ y = (x + 3)3 + 1
∴ x = −t Domain is R, range is R

y=7 g r(t) = (2t + 1) i + 3t j

∴ y = 7 is the cartesian equation ∴ x = 2t + 1
Domain is R, range is {y : y = 7}
x−1
∴ t=
d r(t) = (2 − t) i + (t + 7) j 2
Let (x, y) be a point on the curve. y=3 t

∴ x=2−t 1 x−1

y=3
∴ 2
y=t+7 2 Domain is R, range is (0, ∞)
Substitute 1 into 2
π
!
y = (2 − x) + 7 h r(t) = t − i + cos 2t j
2
y=9−x π
Domain is R, range is R x=t− 1
2
e r(t) = t2 i + (2 − 3t) j y = cos 2t 2
π
∴ x = t2 1 From 1 : t = x + 3
2
y = 2 − 3t Substitute 3 into 2
2−y ∴ y = cos(2x + π)
∴ t=
3 = − cos 2x
Domain is R, range is [−1, 1]

1
 1 y
i r(t) = i + (t2 + 1) j, t , −4
t+4 3
1
∴ x=
t+4
y = t2 + 1 1 –2 0 2 x
1
∴ t = −4
x
Substitute in 1 –3
!2
1
y= −4 +1 b Let x = 2 cos2 (t) and y = 3 sin2 (t),
x
Domain is R\{0}, range is [1, ∞) t∈R
x y
j
1
r(t) =
i+
1
j ∴ = cos2 (t) and = sin2 (t)
t t+1 2 3
1 Adding yields
x= 1 x y
t + = cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)
2 3
1 x y
y= 2 ∴ + =1
t+1 2 3
1 ∴ 3x + 2y = 6
From 1 : t = 3
x The relation is a straight line. The
Substitute 3 into 2
1 domain is [0, 2] and the range is
y= [0, 3].
1
+1 y
x
x 3
∴ y= , x , 0, −1
x+1
Domain is R\{−1, 0}, range is
R\{0, 1}
0 2 x
2 a
c Let x = t and y = 3t2 , t ≥ 0
Let x = 2 cos(t) and y = 3 sin(t), t ∈ R
x y ∴ y = 3x2
∴ = cos(t) and = sin(t) The relation is a parabola.
2 3
Squaring each and adding yields The domain is R+ ∪ {0} and the range
is R+ ∪ {0}.
!2 !2
x y
+ = cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)
2 3 y
x2 y2
∴ + =1
4 9 (5, 75)
The relation represents an ellipse
with centre (0, 0). The domain of the
relation is [−2, 2] and the range is 0 x
[−3, 3].

2
d Let x = t3 and y = 3t2 , t ≥ 0 with centre (0, 0) and asymptotes
2x
1 1
!2 y = ± . The domain is (3, ∞) and
∴ t = x 3 and y = 3 x 3 3
the range is (0, ∞).
2 y
∴ y = 3x 3
The domain is R+ ∪ {0} and the range
2
is R+ ∪ {0}.
y
0 3 x

(1, 3) g Let "x = 4#cos(2t) and y = 4 sin(2t),

0 x π
t ∈ 0,
2
e Let "x = cos(λ) and y = sin(λ), x y
∴ = cos(2t) and = sin(2t)
π
#
4 4
λ ∈ 0, Squaring each and adding yields
2 !2 !2
Squaring each and adding yields x y
+ = cos2 (2t) + sin2 (2t)
x2 + y2 = cos2 (λ) + sin2 (λ) 4 4
∴ x2 + y2 = 1 x2 y2
∴ + =1
The relation represents a circle 16 16
with centre (0, 0) and radius 1. The ∴ x2 + y2 = 16
domain is [0, 1] and the range is The relation represents a circle
[0, 1]. with centre (0, 0) and radius 4. The
y domain is [−4, 4] and the range is
1 [0, 4].
y
4
0 1 x

f Let x = 3!sec(λ) and y = 2 tan(λ), –4 0 4 x

π
λ ∈ 0,
2 h Let x = 3 sec
! (λ) and y = 2 tan (λ),
2 2
x y π π
∴ = sec(λ) and = tan(λ) t∈ − ,
3 2 2 2
!2 !2 x y
x y ∴ = sec2 (λ) and = tan2 (λ)
∴ = sec (λ) and
2
= tan2 (λ) 3 2
3 2
Since sec2 (λ) = tan2 (λ) + 1
Since sec (λ) = tan (λ) + 1
2 2
x y
x2 y2 then = + 1
then = +1 3 2
9 4 ∴ 2x = 3y + 6
x2 y2
∴ − =1 ∴ 3y = 2x − 6
9 4
The relation represents a hyperbola The relation is a straight line. The

3
 domain is [3, ∞) and the range is b x2 + y2 = 4
[0, ∞). ∴ y2 = 4 − x2
y
Let x = 2 cos(t)

(6, 2) ∴ y2 = 4 − 4 cos2 (t)

= 4 sin2 (t)
0 3 x ∴ y = 2 sin(t)
i Let x = 3 − t and y = 5t2 + 6t, t ∈ R ∴ r(t) = 2 cos(t) i + 2 sin(t) j, t ∈ R
∴ t =3−x
c (x − 1)2 + y2 = 4
∴ y = 5(3 − x)2 + 6(3 − x)
∴ y2 = 4 − (x − 1)2
= 5(x2 − 6x + 9) + 18 − 6x
Let x = 2 cos(t) + 1
= 5x2 − 30x + 45 + 18 − 6x
∴ y2 = 4 − (2 cos(t) + 1 − 1)2
∴ y = 5x2 − 36x + 63
The relation represents a parabola. = 4 − (2 cos(t))2
The
" domain! is R and the range is = 4 − 4 cos2 (t)
−9
, ∞. = 4 sin2 (t)
5
y ∴ y = 2 sin(t)

63 18 ∴ r(t) = (2 cos(t) + 1) i
5
, – 95
+ 2 sin(t) j, t ∈ R

d x2 − y2 = 4
∴ y2 = x2 − 4
3 21 x
5
Let x = 2 sec(t)
∴ y2 = 4 sec2 (t) − 4
3 Let r(t) = x i + y j
= 4 tan2 (t)
a y = 3 − 2x
∴ y = 2 tan(t)
Let x = t, t ∈ R
∴ r(t) = 2 sec(t) i + 2 tan(t) j,
∴ y = 3 − 2t
π
( )
∴ r(t) = t i + (3 − 2t) j, t ∈ R t ∈ R\ (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z
2

4
e y = (x − 3)2 + 2(x − 3) 4 a
Let x = t, t ∈ R y
P (2 + 5 cos θ, 6 + 5 sin θ)
∴ y = (t − 3)2 + 2(t − 3) 5
θ 5 sin θ
∴ r(t) = t i + ((t − 3)2 + 2(t − 3)) j, 6 C
5 cos θ
t∈R →
i

f 2x2 + 3y2 = 12
0 2 x
∴ 3y2 = 12 − 2x2 The vector equation for P is given by
2 r(θ) = (2 + 5 cos θ) i + (6 + 5 sin θ) j
∴ y2 = 4 − x2
3
2 b The cartesian equation for P is given
Let x2 = 4 cos2 (t) by (x − 2)2 + (y − 6)2 = 25
3
∴ x = 6 cos2 (t) and y2 = 4 − 4 cos2 (t)
2

√
∴ x = 6 cos(t) = 4 sin2 (t)
∴ y = 2 sin(t)
√
∴ r(t) = 6 cos(t) i + 2 sin(t) j, t ∈ R

5
Solutions to Exercise 12B
1 r(t) = cos t i + sin t j iii The path crosses the y axis when
x=0
a x = cos t ∴ t = −3 and 3
y = sin t 1
b i r(t) = (t + 1) i + j, t > −2
∴ x2 + y2 = cos2 t + sin2 t t+2
∴ x2 + y2 = 1 ∴ x = t + 1, x > −1
∴ t = x−1
b y
1 1
y=
t+2
1
–1 0 1 x ∴ y=
x−1+2
–1 1
∴ y= , x > −1
x+1
c x = 0 so cos t = 0
ii y
π 3π 5π 7π
∴ t= , , , , ...
2 2 2 2
π
i.e. (2n − 1) , n ∈ N 1
2
–1 0 x
2 a i r(t) = (t − 9) i + 8t j
2
iii x = 0
x = t2 − 9 1
∴ t = −1 (since x = t + 1)
y = 8t 2
y t−1 2
From 2 : t = 3 c i r(t) = i+ j,
8 t+1 t+1
Substitute 3 into 1 t > −1
!2
y
x= −9 t−1
8 x= 1
t+1
y2 2
∴ x= −9 y= 2
64 t+1
2
ii y From 2 : t = − 1 3
y
24 Substitute 3 into 1
–9 0 x
–24

6
 (3t − 5) i + (8 − t2 ) j = (3 − t) i + 2t j
!
2
−1 −1
y
x= ! 3t − 5 = 3 − t 1
2
−1 +1 8 − t2 = 2t 2
y
From 1 : t = 2
x=1−y
From 2 t2 + 2t − 8 = 0
y=1−x
t−1 t = 2, −4
Graph x = , t > −1 to find
t+1 ∴ t=2
range of y = 1 − x So the two particles collide at (1, 4)
x when r = i + 4 j
–1 0 1 t
b r1 (t) = (3t − 5) i + (8 − t2 ) j
–1
r2 (s) = (3 − s) i + 2s j
r1 (t) = r2 (s)
t−1
x= 3t − 5 = 3 − s 1
t+1
2 8 − t2 = 2s 2
=1− , t > −1
t+1 From 1 : s = 8 − 3t 3
So for y = 1 − x, x < 1 Substitute 3 into 2
t2 + 2(8 − 3t) − 8 = 0
ii
t2 − 6t + 8 = 0
(t − 4)(t − 2) = 0
∴ t = 2, 4
∴ s = 2, −4
Paths cross at (1, 4) and (7, −8)

c When t = 3,
r1 (t) = 4 i − j
iii x=0
r2 (t) = 6 j
t−1 The displacement vector is
∴ =0
t+1 r1 (3) − r2 (3) = 4 i − 7 j
∴ t=1 ∴ the distance between the two particles
p
= 4 + (−7)2
2
√
3 a r1 (t) = (3t − 5) i + (8 − t2 ) j = 65
r2 (t) = (3 − t) i + 2t j
r1 (t) = r2 (t)

7
4 a r1 (t) = (2t2 + 4) i + (t − 2) j 2 1
∴ s= or s =
3 2
r2 (t) = 9t i + 3(t − 1) j 2 2
s= , x=9× =6
r1 (t) = r2 (t) 3 3
(2t2 + 4) i + (t − 2) j = 9t i + 3(t − 1) j
!
2
y = 3 − 1 = −1
∴ 2t2 + 4 = 9t 3
!
9 3
∴ 2t − 9t + 4 = 0
2 ∴ paths cross at (6, −1) and , −
2 2
∴ (2t − 1)(t − 4) = 0
c t = 3, r1 (3) = 22 i + j
1
∴ t= or t = 4
2 r2 (3) = 27 i + 6 j
Now t − 2 = 3(t − 1) ∴ r2 (3) − r1 (3) = 5 i + 5 j
√
∴ t − 2 = 3t − 3 ∴ distance = 52 + 52
∴ 2t = 1 √
= 50
1 √
∴ t= =5 2
2
1
∴ t = at collision
2 5 a r(t) = (1 + t) i + (3t + 2) j
1
t= , When t = 3,
2
r(3) = 4 i + 11 j
! !
1 9 1
r2 = i+3 −1 j p
!
2 2 2 ∴ distance from origin = (4)2 + (11)2
9 3 √
∴ , − are the coordinates of the = 137
2 2
point where they collide.
b 1= (1 + t)2 + (3t + 2)2
p

b ∴ (1 + t)2 + (3t + 2)2 = 1

r1 (t) = r2 (s) t2 + 2t + 1 + 9t2 + 12t + 4 = 1
(2t2 + 4) i + (t − 2) j = 9s i + 3(s − 1) j 10t2 + 14t + 4 = 0
∴ 2t2 + 4 = 9s 1 (5t + 2)(t + 1) = 0
t − 2 = 3(s − 1) 2
∴ t=− or t = −1
∴ t = 3s − 3 + 2 5

∴ t = 3s − 1
Substitute into 1
2(3s − 1)2 + 4 = 9s
∴ 2(9s2 − 6s + 1) + 4 − 9s = 0
∴ 18s2 − 21s + 6 = 0
∴ (9s − 6)(2s − 1) = 0

8
6 a r(t) = t i + 2t j − 3k 8 r(t) = at2 i + (b − t) j
r(3) = 3 i + 6 j − 3k r(3) = 9a i + (b − 3) j
∴ A = (3, 6, −3) ∴ 9a = 6
√ 2
b distance = 9 + 36 + 9 a=
3
√
= 54 b−3=4
√
=3 6 ∴ b=7
2
c r(4) = 4 i + 8 j − 3k ∴ a= , b=7
3
∴ B = (4, 8, −3)
9 a r(t) = 3 cos t i + 2 sin t j
d
r (4) – r (3)
= xi + yj
r (3)
x = 3 cos t 1
r (4)
y = 2 sin t 2
displacement = r(4) − r(3)
Squaring 1 and 2 gives
= 4 i + 8 j − 3k x2 = 9 cos2 t 3
− (3 i + 6 j − 3k) y2 = 4 sin2 t 4
= i + 2j x2
From 3 : = cos2 t 5
9
7 a r(t) = (t + 1) i + (3 − t) j + 2tk y2
From 4 : = sin2 t 6
4
When t = 2, Adding 5 and 6
r(2) = 3 i + j + 4k x2 y2
+ =1
9 4
b Distance from the point (4, −1, 1)
b When t = 0,
Let a = 4 i − j + k
r(0) = 3 cos(0) i + 2 sin(0) j = 3 i
So r(2) − a = (3 − 4) i + (1 + 1) j
+ (4 − 1)k
= − i + 2 j + 3k
p
∴ distance = (−1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2
√
= 14

9
 3π 10 r(t) = et i + e−t j
c t=
4
! ! a r(t) = x i + y j
3π 3π
i r(t) = 3 cos i + 2 sin j x = et 1
4 4
√
−3 2 √ y = e−t 2
= i + 2j
2 From 1 : t = loge x 3
j
Substitute 3 into 2
2 1
y= t
θ′ e
θ 1
3 2 0 i = log x
2 e e
√ 1
opp 2 = , x ≥ 1 if t ≥ 0
tan θ = = √ x
adj 3 2
2 b When t = 0,
!
2
θ = tan−1 r(0) = e0 i + e−0 j = i + j
3
≈ 33.69◦ c y
starting point
∴ θ0 = 90◦ − 33.69◦ (1, 1)
◦
≈ 56.31
So the bearing of the par- 0 x
ticle from the origin is
360◦ − 56.31◦ = 303.69◦ 11 r(t) = (et + e−t ) i + (et − e−t ) j

ii Initial position is r(t) = 3 i a When t = 0,

j
r(0) = 2 i
2
b When t = loge 2,
θ′
θ
r(loge 2) = (eloge 2 + e− loge 2 ) i
3 2 0 3 i
2 √ + (eloge 2 − e− loge 2 ) j
2
tan θ = √ 1
!
1
!
3 2 r(loge 2) = 2 + i + 2 − j
+3 2 2
2
5 3
θ ≈ 15.44◦ = i+ j
2 2
θ0 ≈ 90◦ − 15.44◦
c r(t) = x i + y j
= 74.56◦
∴ the bearing of the particle x = et + e−t 1
from the initial position is y = et − e−t 2
360◦ − 74.56◦ = 285.44◦

10
 Squaring 1 and 2 c y
x2 = e2t + 2 + e−2t 3
y2 = e2t − 2 + e−2t 4
x
Subtracting 4 from 3
x2 − y2 = 4 (0, 0) (2000 3, 0)

√ 13 rA (t) = 6t2 i + (2t3 − 18t) j

12 r(t) = 100t i + (100 3t − 5t2 ) j,
√ rB (t) = (13t − 6) i + (3t2 − 27) j
0 ≤ t ≤ 20 3
For i direction:
a t = 0 (initial position) 6t2 = 13t − 6
√ 6t2 − 13t + 6 = 0
r(0) = 100(0) i + (100 3(0)
(3t − 2)(2t − 3) = 0
− 5(0)2 ) j
2 3
=0 ∴ t= ,
√ 3 2
In the j direction:
t = 20 3 (final position)
√ √ 2t3 − 18t = 3t2 − 27
r(20 3) = 100(20 3) i
√ √ 2t3 − 3t2 − 18t + 27 = 0
+ [100 3(20 3) (t − 3) is a factor, leaving
√ (t − 3)(2t2 + 3t − 9) = 0
− 5(20 3)2 ] j
√ ∴ (t − 3)(2t − 3)(t + 3) = 0
= 2000 3 i
3
+ (6000 − 6000) j t = 3, and − 3
2
√ 3
= 2000 3 i Therefore, the particles collide at t =
! !2 !2 2
3 3 3
b and rA =6 i+ 2
r(t) = x i + y j 2 2 2
!!
3
x = 100t 1 − 18 j
√ 2
y = 100 3t − 5t2 2 27 81
x = i− j
From 1 : t = 3 2 4
100
Substitute 3 into 2
√ x
!
x
!2 14 r(t) = 3 cos t i + 3 sin t j + k
y = 100 3 −5 The particle is moving along a circular
100 100
path, centred on (0, 0, 1) with radius
√ x2 √
= 3x − , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2000 3 length 3, starting at (3, 0, 1) and moving
2000 anticlockwise, always a distance of 1
‘above’ the x–y plane. It takes 2π units
of time to complete one circle.

11
 !2 !2
z x−1 y−3
+ = cos2 2t
(– 3, 0, 1) −2 −5
(0, 0, 1) + sin2 2t
(0, – 3, 1) (0, 3, 1)

(3, 0, 1) 0 y (x − 1)2 (y − 3)2

∴ + =1
4 25
x The cartesian equation represents an
ellipse with centre (1, 3).
15 r(t) = t i + 3t j + tk The domain is [−1, 3] and the range
t r(t) Point is [−2, 8].
0 0 (0, 0, 0)
b i When t = 0,
1 i + 3 j + k (1, 3, 1) x = 1 − 2 cos 0 and y = 3 − 5 sin 0
2 2 i + 6 j + 2k (2, 6, 2)
=1−2 =3−0
3 3 i + 9 j + 3k (3, 9, 3)
The particle is moving along a linear = −1 =3
The position of the particle at t = 0 is
path, starting at (0, 0, 0) and moving
(−1, 3).
‘forward’ one, ‘across’ three and ‘up’
π
one at each step. ii When t = ,
4
z π π
x = 1 − 2 cos and y = 3 − 5 sin
2 2
3
=1−0 =3−5
2
=1 = −2
1 π
The position of the particle at t =
0 3 6 9 y 4
1 is (1, −2).
2
3 π
iii When t = ,
x 2
x = 1 − 2 cos π and y = 3 − 5 sin π
=1+2 =3−0
16 =3 =3
π
r(t) = (1 − 2 cos 2t) i + (3 − 5 sin 2t) j The position of the particle at t =
2
is (3, 3).
where t ≥ 0

a Let x = 1 − 2 cos 2t and c The particle moves along the ellipse

y = 3 − 5 sin 2t, t ≥ 0 with a period of π, i.e. it takes π units
x−1 y−3 of time to complete one circuit.
∴ = cos 2t and = sin 2t
−2 −5
Squaring and adding yields d The particle moves in an anti-
clockwise direction along the
curve.

12
17 a r(t) = cos2 (3πt) i + 2 cos2 (3πt) j iii t Point
0 (1, 1)
i Let x = cos2 (3πt) and 1
(0, −1)
y = 2 cos2 (3πt), t ≥ 0 4
1
(−1, 1)
∴ y = 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 2
3
(0, −1)
ii y 4
2 1 (1, 1)
The particle is moving along a
parabolic path, starting at (1, 1)
and reversing direction at (−1, 1).
0 1 x 2π
It takes = 1 unit of time for
2π
iii The particle starts at (1, 2) and one cycle.
moves along a linear path towards
the origin. When it reaches c r(t) = et i + e−2t j
(0, 0) it reverses direction and
heads towards (1, 2). It continues i Let x = et and y = e−2t , t ≥ 0
indefinitely in this pattern. It takes ∴ y = (et )−2
2π 1
= units of time to complete = x−2
6π 3
one cycle, i.e. to return to either 1
end point. ∴ y= , x≥1
x2

b r(t) = cos(2πt) i + cos(4πt) j ii

i Let x = cos(2πt) and

y = cos(4πt), t ≥ 0
∴ y = 2 cos2 (2πt) − 1
∴ y = 2x2 − 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1

ii y
1 iii starting at (1, 1) and moving to
–1 1 the ’right’ indefinitely.
2 2
–1 0 1 x

13
Solutions to Exercise 12C
1 a r(t) = et i + e−t j 2 a r(t) = et i + e−t j, t0 = 0
ṙ(t) = et i − e−t j r(t0 ) : r(0) = e0 i + e−0 j = i + j
r̈(t) = et i + e−t j ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(0) = e0 i − e−0 j = i − j
r̈(t0 ) : r̈(0) = e0 i + e−0 j = i + j
b r(t) = t i + t2 j
Cartesian equation:
ṙ(t) = i + 2t j r(t) = x i + y j
r̈(t) = 2 j x = et 1

1 y = e−t 2
c r(t) = t i + t2 j
2 From 1 : t = loge x 3
1 Substitute 3 into 2
ṙ(t) = i + 2t j
2 1
y=
r̈(t) = 2 j x
t ≥ 0 : x ≥ 1, 0 < y ≤ 1
d r(t) = 16t i − 4(4t − 1)2 j
ṙ(t) = 16 i − 32(4t − 1) j
r̈(t) = −128 j

e r(t) = sin t i + cos t j

ṙ(t) = cos t i − sin t j b r(t) = t i + t2 j, t0 = 1
r̈(t) = − sin t i − cos t j r(t0 ) : r(1) = i + j

f r(t) = (3 + 2t) i + 5t j ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(1) = i + 2 j

ṙ(t) = 2 i + 5 j r̈(t0 ) : r̈(1) = 2 j

Cartesian equation
r̈(t) = 0 r(t) = x i + y j
√
g r(t) = 100t i + (100 3t − 4.9t2 ) j x=t 1
√ y = t2 2
ṙ(t) = 100 i + (100 3 − 9.8t) j
Substitute 1 into 2
r̈(t) = −9.8 j y = x2 t ≥ 0 : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
y
h r(t) = tan t i + cos2 t j
ṙ(t) = sec2 t i − 2 cos t sin t j
(1, 1)
= sec2 t i − sin 2t j
r̈(t) = 2 sec2 t tan t i − 2 cos 2t j 0 x

14
 π
c r(t) = sin t i + cos t j, t0 = d r(t) = 16t i − 4(4t − 1)2 j,
6
π
!
π
!
π
! t0 = 1
r(t0 ) : r = sin i + cos j
6 6 6 r(t0 ) : r(1) = 16 i − 36 j
√
1 3 ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(t) = 16 i − 32(4t − 1) j,
= i+ j
2 2 ṙ(1) = 16 i − 96 j,
ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(t) = cos t i − sin t j
r̈(t0 ) : r̈(t) = −128 j
π π π
! ! !
ṙ = cos i − sin j r̈(1) = −128 j
6 6 6 Cartesian equation:
√
3 1 r(t) = x i + y j
= i− j
2 2 x = 16t 1
r̈(t0 ) : r̈(t) = − sin t i − cos t j
y = −4(4t − 1)2 2
π π π
! ! !
r̈ = − sin i − cos j x
6 6 6 From 1 : t = 3
16
√ Substitute 3 into 2
1 3
=− i−
!2
j x
2 2 y = −4 − 1
Cartesian equation: 4
r(t) = x i + y j 1
∴ y = − (x − 4)2
x = sin t 1 4
y = cos t 2 t ≥ 0 : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Square 1 and 2 y
x2 = sin2 t 3 0 4 x
y = cos t
2 2
4
Add 3 and 4 –4
x2 + y2 = sin2 t + cos2 t
∴ x2 + y2 = 1 e
1
y r(t) = i + (t + 1)2 j, t0 = 1
t+1
1 (1 , 3 ) 1
2 2
r(t0 ) : r(1) = i + 4 j
2
–1 0 1 −1
x ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(t) = i + 2(t + 1) j
(t + 1)2
–1 1
ṙ(1) = − i + 4 j
4
2
r̈(t0 ) : r̈(t) = i + 2j
(t + 1)3
1
r̈(1) = i + 2 j
4

15
 π
Cartesian equation: b r(t) = sin(t) i + cos(t) j; t =
2
r(t) = x i + y j
Let x = sin(t) and y = cos(t)
1
x= 1 dx dy
t+1 ∴ = cos(t) and = − sin(t)
dt dt
y = (t + 1)2 2
dy dy dt
1 ∴ = ×
From 1 : t=
−1 3 dx dt dx
x 1
Substitute 3 into 2 = − sin(t) ×
!2 cos(t)
1
y= −1+1 = − tan(t)
x
π dy π
!
1 When t = , = − tan which is
∴ y= 2 dx 2
x2
undefined.
t ≥ 0 : 0 < x ≤ 1, y ≥ 1 π
y
The gradient of the curve at t = is
2
undefined.
(1, 1)
c r(t) = et i + e−2t j; t = 1
Let x = et and y = e−2t
x
O dx dy
∴ = et and = −2e−2t
dt dt
π dy dy dt
3 a r(t) = cos(t) i + sin(t) j; t = ∴ = ×
4 dx dt dx
1
Let x = cos(t) and y = sin(t) = −2e−2t ×
et
dx dy
∴ = − sin(t) and = cos(t) = −2e−3t
dt dt dy
dy dy dt When t = 1, = −2e−3
∴ = × dx
dx dt dx The gradient of the curve at t = 1
1 is −2e−3 .
= cos(t) ×
− sin(t)
d r(t) = 2t2 i + 4t j; t = 2
= − cot(t)
π dy π Let x = 2t2 and y = 4t
!
When t = , = − cot
4 dx 4 dx dy
∴ = 4t and =4
= −1 dt dt
π dy dy dt
The gradient of the curve at t = ∴ = ×
4 dx dt dx
is −1. 1
=4×
4t
1
=
t
dy 1
When t = 2, =
dx 2

16
 The gradient of the curve at t = 2 4 a ṙ(t) = 4 i + 3 j
1
is . r(0) = i − j
2
r(t) = 4t i + 3t j + c1
e r(t) = (t + 2) i + (t2 − 2t) j; t = 3
r(0) = i − j
Let x = t + 2 and y = t2 − 2t
∴ c1 = i − j
dx dy
∴ = 1 and = 2t − 2 ∴ r(t) = (4t + 1) i + (3t − 1) j
dt dt
dy dy dt
∴ = × b ṙ(t) = 2t i + 2 j − 3t2 k
dx dt dx
= (2t − 2) × 1 r(0) = i − j
= 2t − 2 r(t) = t2 i + 2t j − t3 k + c1
dy
When t = 3, = 2(3) − 2 = 4 r(0) = i − j
dx
The gradient of the curve at t = 3 is 4. ∴ c1 = i − j

f ∴ r(t) = (t2 + 1) i + (2t − 1) j − t3 k

1
r(t) = cos(πt) i + cos(2πt) j; t =
4 c ṙ(t) = e2t i + 2e0.5t j
Let x = cos(πt) and y = cos(2πt) 1
r(0) =
i
dx 2
∴ = −π sin(πt) 1
dt ∴ r(t) = e2t i + 4e0.5t j + c1
dy 2
and = −2π sin(2πt) 1
dt r(0) = i + 4 j + c1
dy dy dt 2
∴ = × 1 1
dx dt dx i = i + 4 j + c1
1 2 2
= −2π sin(2πt) × ∴ c1 = −4 j
−π sin(πt)
2 sin(2πt) 1
= ∴ r(t) = e2t i + 4(e0.5t − 1) j
sin(πt) 2
2 × 2 sin(πt) cos(πt)
=
sin(πt)
= 4 cos(πt)
π
!
1 dy
When t = , = 4 cos
4 dx 4
4
=√
2
√
=2 2
1
The gradient of the curve at t = is
√ 4
2 2.

17
d r̈(t) = i + 2t j 5 r(t) = sin t i + t j + cos tk
ṙ(0) = i ṙ(t) = cos t i + j − sin tk
r(0) = 0 r̈(t) = − sin t i − cos tk
For ṙ(t) and r̈(t) to be perpendicular
ṙ(t) = t i + t2 j + c1
ṙ(t) · r̈(t) = 0
ṙ(0) = c1 and
∴ c1 = i (cos t × − sin t) + (− sin t × − cos t)
ṙ(t) = (t + 1) i + t2 j = − sin t × cos t + sin t × cos t
=0
!
12 1
r(t) = t + t i + t3 j + c2
2 3
r(0) = c2 6 ṙ(t) = 2t i + 16t2 (3 − t) j
∴ c2 = 0
! a ṙ(t) = 2 i + (96t − 48t2 ) j
12 1
∴ r(t) = t + t i + t3 j r̈(t) = (96 − 96t) j
2 3 ṙ(t) and r̈(t) are perpendicular when
1 ṙ(t) · r̈(t) = 0
e r̈(t) = sin 2t i − cos t j
2 ∴ (96t − 48t2 )(96 − 96t) = 0
1
ṙ(0) = − i ∴ t = 0 or 1 or 2
2 But when t = 1, r̈(1) = 0
r(0) = 4 j So t = 0 or 2
1 1
ṙ(t) = − cos 2t i − 2 sin t j + c1 b ṙ(0) = 2 i and r̈(0) = 96 j
2 2
1 ṙ(2) = 2 i and r̈(2) = −96 j
ṙ(0) = − i + c1
2
1 1
− i = − i + c1 a2 t2
2 2 7 r(t) = at i + j, a > 0
∴ c1 = 0 4
1 1 a Cartesian equation:
∴ r(t) = − sin 2t i + 4 cos t j + c2 r(t) = x i + y j
4 2
r(0) = 4 j + c2 x = at 1
4 j = 4 j + c2 a2 f 2
y= 2
∴ c2 = 0 4
x
1 1 From 1 : t = 3
∴ r(t) = − sin 2t i + 4 cos t j a
4 2 Substitute 3 into 2

18
 !2
a2 x a4 t 4
y= cos 45◦ = × √
4 a 4 a3 4 + a2 t2
x2 1 at
∴ y= , t ≥ 0 so x ≥ 0 √ = √
4 2 4 + a2 t2
y √ √
2at = 4 + a2 t2
2a2 t2 = 4 + a2 t2
(2, 1) a2 t2 = 4
0 x 4
t2 =
a2
b 2
a2 ∴ t= (t ≥ 0)
r̈(t) = a i + tj a
2
a2
r̈(t) = j 8 r(t) = 2t i + (t2 − 4) j
2
a·b
Using cos θ◦ = a Cartesian equation:
|a| |b|
r(t) = x i + y j
where a = ṙ(t) and b = r̈(t)
x = 2t 1
a2 t a2
!
a · b = (a × 0) + × y = t2 − 4 2
2 2
x
a4 t From 1 : t = 3
= 2
4 Substitute 3 into 2
x2
r r
4 2
a t a4 y= − 4, t ≥ 0 so x ≥ 0
|a| |b| = a2 + × 4
4 4
r y
4a2 + a4 t2 a2
= ×
4 2 0 4 x
r
a2 √ a2
= ( 4 + a2 t2 ) ×
4 2 –4
3 √
a
= ( 4 + a2 t2 )
4

19
b ṙ(t) = 2 i + 2t j 1
9 r = 3t i + t3 j + t3 k
3
r̈(t) = 2 j
At t = 1, ṙ(1) = 2 i + 2 j a ṙ = 3 i + t2 j + 3t2 k
r̈(1) = 2 j
p
b |ṙ| = (3)2 + (t2 )2 + (3t2 )2
a·b
cos θ◦ = p
|a| |b| = 9 + 10t4
where a = ṙ(1) and b = r̈(1) c r̈ = 2t j + 6tk
a·b=4 p
√ d |r̈| = (2t)2 + (6t)2
|a| |b| = 8 × 2 √
= 4t2 + 36t2
4
cos θ◦ = √ √
2 8 = 40t2
1 √
cos θ◦ = √ = 2 10t (assuming t ≥ 0)
2
∴ θ = 45◦ e |r̈| = 16
√
∴ 16 = 2 10t
a·b
c cos θ◦ = √
|a| |b| 8 4 10
∴ t=√ =
where a = ṙ(t) and b = r̈(t) 10 5
4t
cos 30◦ = √ !
4 + 4t2 × 2 1 2
10 r = (V cos α)t i + (V sin α)t − gt j
√ 2
3 t
= √
2 1 + t2 a ṙ = V cos α i + (V sin α − gt) j
√ 2t
1 + t2 = √
3 b r̈ = −g j
4t2
1 + t2 = c ṙ · r̈ = 0
3
t 2 (V sin α − gt)(−g) = 0
1=
3 g2 t − gV sin α = 0
√
∴ t = 3 (t ≥ 0) V sin α
√ t=
At t = 3 seconds the magnitude of g
the angle between ṙ(t) and r̈(t) is 30◦ ṙ and r̈ are perpendicular when
V sin α
t=
g

20
 V sin α Using the trigonometric identity:
d with t = ,
g sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α
V sin α
!
r = (V cos α) i sin 2α
g ∴ = sin α cos α
2
V sin α V 2 sin 2α V 2 sin2 α
! ! !
+ (V sin α) ∴ r= i+ j
g 2g 2g
!2 !
1 V sin α
− g j
2 g
V 2 cos α sin α
!
∴ r= i
g
V 2 sin2 α V 2 sin2 α
!
+ − j
g 2g

21
Solutions to Exercise 12D
1 r(t) = t2 i − (1 + 2t) j where c2 is a constant vector.
r(0) = 0 i + 6 j
a v(t) = ṙ(t) = 2t i − 2 j, the velocity at
∴ c2 = 0 i + 6 j
time t.
∴ r(t) = 2t i + (6t − 4.9t2 + 6) j,
b a(t) = r̈(t) = 2 i, the acceleration at the displacement at time t.
time t.

c r(2) = 4 i − 5 j, r(0) = − j 3 ṙ(t) = 3 i + 2t j + (1 − 4t)k

Average velocity for the first two
a a(t) = r̈(t) = 2 j − 4k, the acceleration
seconds
r(2) − r(0) at time t.
=
2 Z
4i − 5j + j b r(t) = ṙ(t) dt
=
2 Z
= 2i − 2j = 3 i + 2t j + (1 − 4t)k dt
Z Z
= 3dt i + 2t dt j
2 r̈(t) = −g j
Z
a v(t) = ṙ(t) + 1 − 4t dt k
Z
= r̈(t) dt = 3t i + t2 j + (t − 2t2 )k + c
where c is a constant vector.
= −9.8t j + c1 r(0) = j + k
where c1 is a constant vector. ∴ c= j+k
ṙ(0) = 2 i + 6 j
∴ r(t) = 3t i + (t2 + 1) j + (t − 2t2 + 1)k,
∴ c1 = 2 i + 6 j the position at time t.
∴ v(t) = 2 i + (6 − 9.8t) j, p
the velocity at time t. c |ṙ(t)| = 32 + (2t)2 + (1 − 4t)2
p
Z = 9 + 4t2 + 1 − 8t + 16t2
b r(t) = v(t) dt √
Z = 20t2 − 8t + 10,
the speed at time t.
= 2 i + (6 − 9.8t) j dt
Z Z
= 2dt i + 6 − 9.8t dt j

= 2t i + (6t − 4.9t2 ) j + c2

22
d i Minimum speed occurs when 4 r̈(t) = 10 i − gk
20t2 − 8t + 10 is a minimum.
20t2 − 8t + 10 a
" # v(t) = ṙ(t)
2 1
= 20 t − t +
2 Z
5 2 = r̈(t) dt
" #
2 1 1 1
= 20 t − t + + −
2
Z
5 25 2 25 = 10 i − gk dt
" !2 # Z Z
1 23
= 20 t − + = 10dt i − 9.8dt k since g = 9.8
5 50
!2
1 46
= 20 t − +
5 5 = 10t i − 9.8t k + c1 ,
∴ minimum speed occurs when where c1 is a constant vector.
1
t = seconds. ṙ(0) = 20 i − 20 j + 40k
5
Using CAS: ∴ c1 = 20 i − 20 j + 40k
∴ v(t) = (10t + 20) i − 20 j
+ (40 − 9.8t)k,
the velocity at time t.
1 Z
ii When t = , b r(t) = v(t) dt
5
s
!2 ! Z
1 1 = (10t + 20) i − 20 j
Speed = 20 −8 + 10
5 5
r + (40 − 9.8t)k dt
1
= (20 − 40 + 250) Z Z
25 = 10t + 20dt i − 20dt j
1√
= 230 m/s Z
5 + 40 − 9.8t dt k
Using CAS
= (5t2 + 20t) i − 20t j
+ (40t − 4.9t2 )k + c2 ,
where c2 is a constant vector.
r(0) = 0 i + 0 j + 0k
∴ c2 = 0 i + 0 j + 0k
∴ r(t) = (5t2 + 20t) i − 20t j
+ (40t − 4.9t2 )k,
the displacement at time t.

23
 √ 3
5 7 r(t) = 12 t i + t 2 j
r(t) = 5 cos(1 + t2 ) i + 5 sin(1 + t2 ) j
v(t) = ṙ(t)
v(t) = ṙ(t) 1 3 1
= 6t− 2 i + t 2 j
= −10t sin(1 + t ) i + 10t cos(1 + t ) j
2 2
2
Speed:q 6 3
= 1 j + t2 j
|v(t)| = 100t2 sin2 (1 + t2 ) + 100t2 cos2 (1 + t2 ) 2
q t2
!
= 10t sin2 (1 + t2 ) + cos2 (1 + t2 ) 1 3
= 1 6i + tj
= 10t 2
t2
s !
1 92
|ṙ(t)| = 36 + t 1
6 r(t) = 2t i + (t2 − 4) j t 4
v(t) = ṙ(t) = 2 i + 2t j 36 9
Let S = + t
a(t) = r̈(t) = 2 j t 4
dS −36 9
When t = 1, = 2 +
dt t 4
v(1) = 2 i + 2 j dS
Let =0
a·b dt
cos θ◦ = ∴ t2 = 16 ⇒ t = 4 (t ≥ 0)
|a| |b|
Substitute t = 4 into
√ 1
where a = v(1) and b = a(1)
∴ |ṙ(t)| = 3 2
a·b=4 √ 3
√ √ Position : r(4) = 12 4 i + 4 2 2 j
|a| · |b| = 8 × 4
2 = 24 i + 8 j
∴ cos θ = √ Therefore
√ the minimum speed is
8 3 2 m/s and the position of the particle
!
1 when at this speed is 24 i + 8 j.
∴ θ = cos −1
√ = 45◦
2

8 r(t) = 400t i + (300t − 4.9t2 ) j

a r(t) = x i + y j
x = 400t 1
y = 300t − 4.9t2 2
x
From 1 : t = 3
400
Substitute 3 into 2

24
 3 4.9x2 Therefore the maximum height
y= x− 225 000
4 160 000 reached is metres.
3 4.9x2 49
0= x−
4 160 000 d Initial speed : t = 0
120 000x = 4.9x 2
v(0) = 400 i + 300 j
1200 000 √
∴ x= |v(0)| = 4002 + 3002
49
1200 000 = 500 m/s
∴ t=
49 × 400 Therefore, the initial speed is
11 500 m/s.
∴ t = 61 seconds
49
11 e The initial angle is found with the
Therefore, it takes 61 seconds for
49 velocity vector when t = 0.
the projectile to reach the ground.
v(0) = 400 i + 300 j
b v(t) = ṙ(t) = 400 i + (300 − 9.8t) j
3
 !
 3000  ∴ tan θ◦ =
Speed = v 4
 49 
s
∴ θ = 36.87◦
" !#2
3000
= 400 + 300 − 9.8
2
49 9 r00 (t) = −3(sin 3t i + cos 3t j)
√
= 160 000 + 90 000
a
= 500 m/s
Therefore the object hits the ground at r0 (t) = cos 3t i − sin 3t j + c1
500 m/s. r0 (0) = j
3 4.9x2 , i = i + c1
c y=
x−
4 160 000 ∴ c1 = 0
3 9.8x
y0 = − ∴ r0 (t) = cos 3t i − sin 3t j
4 160 000
3 9x 1 1
For maximum : 0 = − r(t) = sin 3t i + cos 3t j + c2
4 80 000 3 3
60 000 = 4.9x r(0) = −3 i + 3 j
600 000 1
∴ x= ∴ − 3i + 3j = j + c2
49 3
!
1
!
3 600 000 r(t) =
y= ∴
3
sin 3t − 3 i
4 49
!
600 000
!2 1 8
4.9 + cos 3t + j
49 3 3
−
160 000
225 000
=
49

25
b r(t) = x i + y j 10 r(t) = 2 cos t i + 4 sin t j + 2t k

x=
1
sin 3t − 3 1 v(t) = r0 (t) = −2 sin t i + 4 cos t j + 2k
3 p
1 8 |v(t)| = 4 sin2 t + 16 cos2 t + 4
y = cos 3t + 2 √
3 3
p
= 4 × sin2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1
1 √
x + 3 = sin 3t 3
3 = 2 1 − cos2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1
8 1 √
y − = cos 3t 4 ∴ |v(t)| = 2 2 + 3 cos2 t
3 3 √
Squaring 3 and 4 t = 0 : |v| = 2 5
1
(x + 3)2 = sin2 3t 5 π √
9 t = : |v| = 2 2
!2 2
8 1 8
y− = cos2 3t 6 ∴ c2 = −3 i + j
3 9 3
Adding 5 and 6 Therefore the √ minimum speed of the
!2 particle
8 1 √ is 2 2 and the maximum speed
(x + 3) + y −
2
= (sin2 3t is 2 5
3 9
Using CAS:
+ cos2 3t)
!2
8 1
∴ (x + 3) + y −
2
=
3 9
The position of the centre
! of the
8
circular path is −3, .
3

c v(t) = r0 (t) = cos 3t i − sin 3t j

a(t) = r00 (t) = −3(sin 3t i + cos 3t j)
Required to show a(t) · v(t) = 0
a(t) · v(t) = (cos 3t × −3 sin 3t)
+ (− sin 3t × −3 cos 3t)
= −3 sin 3t · cos 3t
+ 3 sin 3t · cos 3t
=0
∴ a(t) is perpendicular to v(t).

26
 1 So
11 v(t) = (2t + 1)2 i + √ j 1
2t + 1 r(t) = ((2t + 1)3 − 1) i
6
a a(t) = v0 (t) = 4(2t + 1) i
!
1
+ (2t + 1) − 1 j
2
1
− 3
j
4t3
!
(2t + 1) 2 = + 2t + t i
2
3
When t = 1, √
1 + ( 2t + 1 − 1) j
a(1) = 12 i − √ j
3 3
12 a a(t) = −g j
r
1
|a(1)| = 122 +
27 v(t) = V cos α i + (V sin α − gt) j
r
1 r(t) = V cos αt i
= 144 +
27
gt2
!
+ V sin αt −
r
3889 j
= 2
27
r(t) = x i + y j
r
1 b
= (3 × 3889)
81 x = V cos αt 1
√
11667 gt2
= m/s2 y = V sin αt − 2
9 2
!
9 1 x
â(1) = √ 12 i − √ From 1 : t = 3
11667 3 3 V cos α
! Substitute 3 into 2 !
1 3 x2
!
=√ 108 i − √ j y = V sin α
x
−
g
11667 3 V cos α 2 V 2 cos2 α
1 √
=√ (108 i − 3 j) gx2
11667 ∴ y = x tan α − 2
sec2 α
Therefore the direction of the 2V
As required to prove.
acceleration after 1 second is
1 √
√ (108i − 3j) and the
11667 √ 13 a r0A (t) = j + 2 j, r0B (t) = 2 i + 3 j
11667
magnitude is m/s2 . rA (2) = 3 i + 4 j, rB (3) = j + 3 j
9
rA (t) = t i + 2t j + c1
1 1
b r(t) = (2t + 1)3 i + (2t + 1) 2 j + c1 3 i + 4 j = 2 i + 4 j + c1
6
r(0) = 0 ∴ c1 = i
1 rA (t) = (t + 1) i + 2t j
∴ 0= j + j + c1
6
rB (t) = 2t i + 3t j + c2
1
∴ c1 = − i − j i + 3 j = 6 i + 9 j + c2
6

27
 ∴ c2 = −5 i − 6 j where c is a constant vector.
∴ rB (t) = (2t − 5) i + (3t − 6) j Since r(0) = 0, c = 0
For the same position: r(t) = −at i + bt j
∴
(t + 1) i + 2t j = (2t − 5) i + (3t − 6) j 4 at
Now tan α = and also tan α =
t + 1 = 2t − 5 1 3 bt
at 4
∴ =
2t = 3t − 6 2 bt 3
From 1 : t = 6 ∴ 3a = 4b
3a
From 2 : t = 6 ∴ b= 2
∴ the particles collide when t = 6. 4
Substituting in 1 yields
!2
b rA (6) = (6 + 1) i + 2(6) j 3a
a +
2
= 400
4
= 7 i + 12 j
9a2
rB (6) = (2(6) − 5) i + (3(6) − 6) j ∴ a2 + = 400
16
= 7 i + 12 j 25a2
∴ the position vector of the point of ∴ = 400
16
collision at t = 6 is 7 i + 12 j 16 × 400
∴ a2 =
25
14 a N
= 256
j
∴ a = 16
4
i Substituting in 2 yields
α 3 3 × 16
b=
4
= 12
|ṙ(t)| = 20
∴ ṙ(t) = −16 i + 12 j,
Let ṙ(t) = −a i + b j, a, b ∈ R+ the velocity at time t.
p
∴ |ṙ(t)| = (−a)2 + b2
√ b r(t) = −16t i + 12t j
= a2 + b2
∴ r(5) = (−16 × 5) i + (12 × 5) j
= 20
= −80 i + 60 j,
∴ a + b = 400
2 2
1 the position after five seconds.
Z
r(t) = ṙ(t) dt
Z 15 r = 4 sin(2t) i + 4 cos(2t) j
= −a i + b j dt
a v(t) = ṙ(t)
Z
= 1 − a dt i + b dt j = 8 cos 2t i − 8 sin 2t j, t ≥ 0,
the velocity at time t.
= −at i + bt j + c,

28
 ! !2 ! !
b The speed
p at time t is given by 5 5 5
r = −5 − 2 i + 2j
|v(t)| = (8 cos 2t)2 + (−8 sin 2t)2 2 2 2
p !
= 64 cos2 2t + 64 sin2 2t 25 25
= − − 2 i + 2j
q 4 2
= 64(cos2 2t + sin2 2t) 33
√ = − i + 2 j,
= 64 4
the position of the particle when it is
=8 instantaneously at rest.

c a(t) = r̈(t) c Let r(t) = x i + y j

= −16 sin 2t i − 16 cos 2t j ∴ x = t2 − 5t − 2 and y = 2
∴ y = 2 is the cartesian equation of the
= −4(4 sin 2t i + 4 cos 2t j)
path.
= −4r, Note: x ≥ −
33
the acceleration in terms of r. 4

17 r(t) = 6 sec(t) i + 4 tan(t) j; t ≥ 0

16 ṙ(t) = (2t − 5) i; t ≥ 0
Z a Let r(t) = x i + y j
a r(t) = ṙ(t) dt
Z ∴ x = 6 sec(t) and
= 2t − 5dt i y = 4 tan(t), t ≥ 0
∴ x ≥ 6 or x ≤ −6, y ∈ R
= (t2 − 5t) i + c,
where c is a constant vector. ∴ x2 = 36 sec2 (t) and
r(0) = −2 i + 2 j y2 = 16 tan2 (t)
∴ c = −2 i + 2 j x2 y2
∴ = sec2 (t) and = tan2 (t)
∴ r(t) = (t2 − 5t − 2) i + 2 j, 36 16
the position at time t. = tan2 (t) + 1

b Find r(t) when v(t) = 0 y2

= +1
16
When v(t) = 0,
x2 y2
(2t − 5) i = 0 ∴ − = 1,
36 16
∴ 2t − 5 = 0 a hyperbola with asymptotes at
2x
5 y=±
∴ t= 3
2

29
b v(t) = ṙ(t) ∴ v(t) = 6 tan(t) sec(t) i + 4 sec2 (t) j, t ≥
d 0, the velocity at time t.
=
(6 sec(t)) i
dt
d
+ (4 tan(t)) j 18 r(t) = 4 cos(t) i + 3 sin(t) j; 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
dt
Now let y1 = 6 sec(t) a Let r(t) = x i + y j

=
6 ∴ x = 4 cos t and y = 3 sin t
cos t
∴ x2 = 16 cos2 t and y2 = 9 sin2 t
= 6u−1 where u = cos(t)
x2 y2
dy1 ∴ = cos2 t and = sin2 t
= −6u−2 and 16 9
du
x2 y2
du ∴ + = cos2 t + sin2 t
= − sin(t) 16 9
dt
−6 x2 y2
= ∴ + =1
cos2 (t) 16 9
an ellipse with centre (0, 0)
dy1 dy1 du For 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π:
∴ = ·
dt du dt Range x = [−4, 4] and Range
−6 y = [−3, 3]
= · − sin(t)
cos2 (t) ⇒ Dom(Cartesian eqn) = [−4, 4]
= 6 tan(t) sec(t)
Ran(Cartesian eqn) = [−3, 3]
Also let
y2 = 4 tan(t) y
4 sin(t) 3
=
cos(t)
u
= where u = 4 sin(t) and –4 0 4 x
v
v = cos(t) –3
du dv
∴ = 4 cos(t) and = − sin(t)
dt dt
du dv
dy2 v · − u ·
∴ = dt dt
dt v2
cos(t) · 4 cos(t) − 4 sin(t)[− sin(t)]
=
[cos(t)]2
4 cos2 (t) + 4 sin2 (t)
=
cos2 (t)
4[cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)]
=
cos2 (t)
= 4 sec2 (t)

30
 p
b i c i |v(t)| = (−4 sin t)2 + (3 cos t)2
v(t) = ṙ(t) p
= 16 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t
= −4 sin t i + 3 cos t j, q
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π = 16 sin2 t + 9(1 − sin2 t)
p
v(t) · r(t) = (−4 sin t i + 3 cos t j) = 9 + 7 sin2 t,
the speed of the particle at time t.
· (4 cos t i + 3 sin t j)
p
= −16 sin t cos t ii |v(t)| = 9 + 7(1 − cos2 t)
√
+ 9 sin t cos t = 16 − 7 cos2 t
= −7 sin t cos t
iii The maximum and minimum
−7 speeds are 4 and 3 respectively.
= (2 sin t cos t)
2 Using CAS:
−7
= sin 2t, 0 ≤ 2t ≤ 4π
2
The velocity of the particle is
perpendicular to its position
vector when
v(t) · r(t) = 0
−7
i.e. sin 2t = 0
2
∴ sin 2t = 0
∴ 2t = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π
π 3π
∴ t = 0, , π, , 2π
2 2

ii r(0) = 4 i
π
!
r = 3j
2
r(π) = −4 i
!
3π
r = −3 j
2
r(2π) = 4 i

31
 √
19 r(t) = (t + 2)i + (6t + 1)j 21 a r(t) = ti + (2t + 4)j
√
x = t + 2 and y = 6t + 1 x= t and y = 2t + 4
dx dy dx 1 − 1 dy
= 1 and =6 = x 2 and =2
dt dt dt 2 dt
Hence distance travelled Hence distance travelled
Z 3√ Z 4r
= 1 + 36 dt 1 −1
= x + 4 dt
1 1 4
√ 3 Z 4r
= 37t =
1 −1
x + 4 dt
1
√ 1 4
= 2 37 ≈ 6.086

b r(4) = 2i + 12j
20 r(t) = cos(2t)i + sin(2t)j
r(1) = i + 6j
x = cos(2t) and y = sin(2t)
dx dy r(4) − r(1) = i + 6j
= −2 sin(2t) and = 2 cos(2t) √
dt dt | r(4) − r(1)| = 37
Hence distance travelled
≈ 6.083
Z π q
4
= 4 sin2 (2t) + 4 cos2 (2t) dt
0
π
22 a r(t) = 4 cos(t)i + 3 sin(t)j
Z
4
= 2 dt x = 4 cos(t) and y = 3 sin(t)
0
dx dy
 π = −4 sin(t) and = 3 cos(t)
4 dt dt
= 2t
0 Hence distance travelled
π
= Z π q
2 4
= 16 sin2 (t) + 9 cos2 (t) dt
0

≈ 2.514

b r( π4 ) − r(0) = 4 cos( π4 )i + 3 sin( π4 )j − 4i

|r( π4 ) − r(0)| ≈ 2.423

32
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a r(t) = 2t i + (t2 − 4) j 4 r(t) = 10 sin 2t i + 5 cos 2t j
velocity = ṙ(t) = 2 i + 2t j π π π
a r = 10 sin i + 5 cos j
acceleration = r̈(t) = 2 j 6 3 3
√ 5
When t = 2, ṙ(2) = 2 i + 4 j = 5 3i + j
2
r̈(2) = 2 j
b ṙ(t) = 20 cos 2t i − 10 sin 2t j
b At t = 0, ṙ(0) = 20 i
For r(t) = x i + y j π π π π
At t = , ṙ = 20 cos i − 10 sin j
x(t) = 2t and y(t) = t2 − 4 6 6 3 3
√
x x2 = 10 i − 5 3 j
⇒t= y= −4 To find the angle between these two
2 4
vectors,
or 4y = x2 − 16
use a · b = |a| |b| cos θ
a·b
2 a r(t) = 2t i + 4t j + 8k
2 ⇒ cos θ =
|a| |b|
π
ṙ(t) = 4t i + 4 j Now r(0) · r = 200
6
r̈(t) = 4 i
r π  = 100 + 75 = 5√7
   √
 6 
b r = 4 sin t i + 4 cos t j + t2 k
200 2
ṙ(t) = 4 cos t i − 4 sin t j + 2tk ∴ cos θ = √ =√
20 × 5 7 7
r̈(t) = −4 sin t i − 4 cos t j + 2k
5 r = (cos t + t sin t) i + (sin t − t cos t) j
3 Position vector is given by
ṙ(t) = (− sin t + t cos t + sin t) i
r = 6t i + (t2 + 4) j
ṙ(t) = 6 i + 2t j is a vector along a + (cos t + t sin t − cos t) j
tangent to the path = t cos t i + t sin t j
∴ ṙ(4) = 6 i + 8 j is the vector along the Now, ṙ is a vector along the
tangent at t = 4 √
tangent to the curve, therefore
magnitude |ṙ(4)| = 36 + 64 find the unitp vector in this direction.
|ṙ(t)| = t2 cos2 t + t2 sin2 t
= 10 q
∴ the unit vector along this tangent is
= t2 (cos2 t + sin2 t)
given by √
ṙ 6i + 8j = t2 = t
=
|ṙ| 10
ṙ t cos t i + t sin t j
= 0.6 i + 0.8 j ∴ ṙˆ = =
|ṙ| t
= cos t i + sin t j is the unit vector.

33
6 r = 5(cos t i + sin t j) Similarly, VB = sin t i + cos t j
∴ rB = (− cos t) i
a ṙ(t) = 5(− sin t i + cos t j) is the
+ (sin t) j + c1
velocity at time t.
At t = 0, rB = j
b Speed is the magnitude of velocity ⇒ c1 + (− cos 0) i + (sin 0) j = j
∴ speed = |ṙ(t)| = ⇒ − i + c1 = j
(−5 sin t)2 + 5(cos t)2 = 5
p
∴ c1 = i + j

c r̈(t) = 5(− cos t i − sin t j) ∴ rB = (− cos t + 1) i

+ (sin t + 1) j
= −5(cos t i + sin θ j) If A and B collide, then at some time,
gives the acceleration t, rA = rB
i.e. (sin t + 1) i + (− cos t + 1) j = (− cos t + 1) i
d The dot product (scalar
+ (sin t + 1) j
product) of ṙ(t) and r̈(t) is
Equating gives sin t + 1 = − cos t + 1
ṙ(t) · r̈(t) = (−5 sin t i + 5 cos t j)
or sin t = − cos t
· (−5 cos t i − 5 sin t j)
3π
∴ t= + kπ, k ∈ Z
= 25 sin t cos t 4
Note: Equating i and j components
− 25 cos t sin t gives the same result in this case.
=0 The particles will collide when
⇒ acceleration r̈(t) is at right angles 3π
t= + kπ, k ∈ Z.
to the velocity ṙ(t) 4

8 r(t) = (1 + sin t) i + (1 − cos t) j is the

7 Velocity of particle A is given by
position vector.
VA = cos t i + sin t j
Take the antiderivative to
get the position vector.
i.e. rA = (sin t) i
+ (− cos t) j + c
Given that t = 0, rA = i
⇒ −j + c = i
∴ c= i+ j
∴ rA = (sin t + 1) i
+ (− cos t + 1) j
a velocity ṙ(t) = cos t i + sin t j
acceleration r̈(t) = − sin t i + cos t j
p
For any t, |ṙ(t)| = cos2 t + sin2 t
=1
p
and |r̈(t)| = sin2 t + cos2 t
=1
Therefore, the magnitudes of velocity
and acceleration are constants.

34
 b Let (x, y) represent any At t = 3, c1 + (9) i − (12) j = 7 i + 8 j
point on the cartesian graph. ∴ c1 = −2 i + 20 j
Then r(t) = x i + y j
∴ rB (t) = (3t − 2) i
= (1 + sin t) i + (1 − cos t) j
− (4t − 20) j
∴ 1 + sin t = x and The initial position vector of particle B
or sin t = x − 1 is
rB (0) = −2 i + 20 j
1 − cos t = y
cos t = 1 − y
Now sin t + cos2 t = 1
2 10 Let the particles be A and B.

∴ (x − 1)2 + (1 − y)2 = 1 a VA = t i + j
or (x − 1) + (y − 1) = 1
2 2 Integrating with respect to t gives
 t2 
is the cartesian equation of the path rA = i + (t) j + c
of the particle. 2
At t = 0, rA (0) = i − 2 j
c If displacement is perpendicular to
∴c = i − 2j
velocity,
 t2 
then r(t) · ṙ(t) = 0 ∴ rA = + 1 i + (t − 2) j
i.e. (1 + sin t)(cos t) + (1 − cos t)(sin t) = 0 2
⇒ cos t + sin t = 0  t2 
b rA = + 1 i + (t − 2) j
or cos t = − sin t 2
∴ t=
3π and rB = (s − 4) i + 3 j (given)
4 If their paths cross, then both paths
pass through a point,
9 VA = 2 i + 3 j and VB = 3 i − 4 j t2
 
∴ + 1 i + (t − 2) j = (s − 4) i + 3 j
2
Integrating with respect to t gives
t2
rA = (2t) i + (3t) j + c ∴ +1= s−4 and t − 2 = 3
2

Given that rA (0) = i − j ∴ t=5

2
5
∴ i− j=c ∴
2
+1= s−4

∴ rA = (2t + 1) i + (3t − 1) j s=
25
+5
2
The particles collide after 3 seconds,
= 17.5
⇒ rA (3) = rB (3)  25 
At t = 5, rA = + 1 i + 3j
rA (3) = (2(3) + 1) i + (9 − 1) j 2 
27 
= 7i + 8j i.e., A is at the point , 3 or
2
Now VB = 3 i − 4 j (13.5, 3).
At s = 17.5, rB = (17.5 − 4) i + 3 j
∴ rB = (3t) i − (4t) j + c1
= 13.5 i + 3 j

35
 4
i.e., B is at the point (13.5, 3). ∴ r(2) = i + (4 − 10) j + c
Thus their paths cross at (13.5, 3). 2
= i
c If the particles actually collide, then
∴ 2i − 6j + c = i
they share the same position at the
same time, say t. ∴ c = −i + 6j
∴ the only possibility is at t = 5 as  t2 
points where paths cross include ∴ r(t) = − 1 i + (t2 − 5t + 6) j
2
collisions.
At t = 5, we know that A is at c initial position r(0) = − i + 6 j
(13.5, 3). initial velocity ṙ(0) = 0 i − 5 j = −5 j
B reaches the same point when
s = 17.5.
12 a i Acceleration of the second
Thus, we can conclude that if the
particle is
particles actually collide, then B
r̈2 = 2 i + j
should start 12.5 seconds before A, so
Integrating with respect to t gives
that both reach (13.5, 3) at the same
velocity ṙ2 = 2t i + t j + c
time.
Given that ṙ2 (0) = −4 i,
∴ − 4i = c
11 acceleration r̈(t) = i + 2 j (given)
∴ ṙ2 = (2t − 4) i + t j
a Integrating with respect to t gives
ii Acceleration of the first particle is
ṙ(t) = (t) i + (2t) j + c
r̈1 (t) = i − j
At t = 2, the particle is travelling at
2i − j ∴ velocity ṙ1 (t) = t i − t j + c1
Now ṙ1 (0) = k j,
∴ ṙ(2) = (2) i + (4) j + c
∴ c1 = k j
= 2i − j
∴ ṙ1 (t) = t i − (t − k) j
⇒ c = −5 j
= t i + (k − t) j
∴ velocity ṙ(t) = t i + (2t − 5) j
b At some time t, ṙ1 (t) = ṙ2 (t)
b Integrating again with respect to t
gives i
 t2   t2
⇒ t i + (k − t) j = (2t − 4) i + t j

r= j+ − 5t j + c (position
2 2
vector) ⇒ t = 2t − 4 and k − t = t
At t = 2, the particle passes through i ⇒t=4

ii ⇒ k − 4 = 4
k=8

36
 iii ⇒ 8e2t = 12et
ṙ1 (4) = 4 i − (8 − 4) j 12
⇒ et =
= 4( i + j)is the common velocity. 8
Check with ṙ2 : ṙ2 (4) = (8 − 4) i + 4 j = 1.5
= 4( i + j) ∴ t = loge 1.5

13 r(t) = et i + 4e2t j, t ≥ 0 14 velocity ṙ(t) = (t − 3) j, t > 0

a Let r(t) = x i + y j a All changes position described by the

velocity are parallel to j, therefore the
⇒ et = x and 4e2t = y
path is linear.
∴ y = 4(et )2
 t2 
= 4x2 b r(t) = − 3t j + c
2
or f (x) = 4x2 Now r(0) = 2 i + j,
⇒ c = 2i + j
Now t ≥ 0 ⇒ et ≥ 1
The path of the particle is given by i Therefore the particle moves in
f (x) whose domain is [1, ∞) the direction of j, with
i.e., f : [1, ∞) → R, f (x) = 4x2 t2
x = 2 and y = − 3t + 1, t > 0
2
b r(t) = et i + 4e2t j
∴ x = 2 and y ≥ −3.5
(minimum value of y against t
i ∴ v(t) = et i + 8e2t j
graph)
ii v(0) = e0 i + 8e0 j
ii The particle is at rest when v = 0,
= i + 8j i.e., ṙ(t) = 0
⇒t−3=0
iii Now v(t) = et i + 8e2t j
If it is parallel to 1 + 12 j, then This is when t = 3
et i + 8e2t j = k(1 + 12 j) 9
The point is x = 2 and y = −9+1
for some constant k. 2
= −3.5
⇒ et = k and 8e2t = 12k ∴ the point is (2, −3.5).

37
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 E r = 2t2 i + (3t − 1) j ⇒ 2t − 4 = 0 ∴ t = 2
ṙ = 4t i + 3 j Therefore, the particle comes to rest
after 2 seconds.
∴ r̈ = 4i r(2) = −4( i − j + k) = −4 i + 4 j − 4k
Hence, the particle initially begins at
2 E r = sin(3t) i − 2 cos(t) j
(0, 0, 0) and after traveling 2 seconds
ṙ = 3 cos(3t) i + 2 sin(t) j stops at (−4, 4, −4). After a further
ṙ(π) = −3 i 2 seconds the particle is back at
(0, 0, 0).
Speed = |ṙ(π)|
p distance travelled
= (−3)2
= 2 × |r(2) − r(0)|
=3
= 2 × |(−4, 4, −4)|
√ √
3 B ṙ(t) = 5 i − 4 j + 2k = 2 × 16 + 16 + 16 = 2 48
√
r(0) = 3 i − 6k =8 3m
r(t) = 5t i − 4t j + 2tk + c1
6 C r̈(t) = 2 i − j
r(0) = c1
ṙ(0) = 2 j
∴ c1 = 3 i − 6k
r(0) = 3 i
∴ r(t) = (5t + 3) i − 4 j + (2t − 6)k
ṙ(t) = 2t i − t j + c1
4 E r(t) = (2t3 − 1) i + (2t2 + 3) j + 6tk ṙ(0) = c1
ṙ(t) = 6t i + 4t j + 6k
2
∴ c1 = 2 j
r̈ = 12t i + 4 j ∴ ṙ(t) = 2t i + (2 − t) j
∴ r̈(1) = 12 i + 4 j
!
12
r(t) = t i + 2t − t j + c2
2
2
5 C r(t) = (t2 − 4t)( i − j + k)
r(0) = c2
r(0) = 0
∴ c2 = 3 i
r(4) = 0 !
Note: do not automatically 12
∴ r(t) = (t + 3) i + 2t − t j
2
assume that the distance travelled 2
is zero. Since the position vector is
quadratic, further investigation is
needed.
ṙ = (2t − 4)( i − j + k)
To determine when the particle
comes to rest solve ṙ = 0.

38
 7 C r(0) = i − 5 j + 2k dx
∴ = −2π sin(πt) and
dt
r(3) = 7 i + 7 j − 4k dy
r(3) − r(0) = 3π cos(πt)
Avg. velocity = dt
3 dy dy dt
1 = ·
= (6 i + 12 j − 6k) dx dt dx
3 1
= 3π cos(πt) ·
= 2 i + 4 j − 2k −2π sin(πt)
3
8 E ṙ(t) = 2t i + 3 j = − cot(πt)
2
r(0) = 3 i + j 1
When t = ,
6
r(t) = t2 i + 3t j + c1
π
!
dy 3
r(0) = c1 = − cot
dx 2 6
∴ c1 = 3 i + j
 
 
 
∴ r(t) = (t2 + 3) i + (3t + 1) j 3  1 
= − 
π 
! 
2 
9 C ṙ(t) = t i + et j  tan 
6
r(0) = 3 i 3 √
= − ( 3)
1 2
r(t) = t2 i + et j + c1 √
2 3 3
=−
r(0) = j + c1 2
∴ c1 = 3 i − j
!
12
∴ r(t) = t + 3 i + (et − 1) j
2

= 2 cos(πt) i + 3 sin(πt) j
10 E r(t) √
At ( 3, 1.5):√
2 cos(πt) = 3 and 3 sin(πt) = 1.5
√
3 1
∴ cos(πt) = and sin(πt) =
2 2
π
∴ πt =
6
1
∴ t=
6
x = 2 cos(πt) and
y = 3 sin(πt)

39
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a Let vP = 9 i + 6 j and vQ = 5 i + 4 j
p √
∴ |vP | = 92 + 62 and |vQ | = 52 + 42
√ √
= 81 + 36 = 25 + 16
√ √
= 117 = 41
√ √
The speeds of particles P and Q are3 13 m/s and 41 m/s respectively.
Z
b i rP (t) = vP dt
Z
= 9 i + 6 j dt
Z Z
= 9dt i + 6dt j

= 9t i + 6t j + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

Now rP (4) = 96 i + 44 j,
∴ 96 i + 44 j = 36 i + 24 j + c1
∴ c1 = 60 i + 20 j
∴ rP (t) = (9t + 60) i + (6t + 20) j
∴ rP (0) = 60 i + 20 j, the position vector of P at time t = 0.
Z
rQ (t) = vQ dt
Z
= 5 i + 4 j dt
Z Z
= 5dt i + 4dt j

= 5t i + 4t j + c2 , where c2 is a constant vector.

Now rQ (4) = 100 i + 96 j,
∴ 100 i + 96 j = 20 i + 16 j + c2
∴ c2 = 80 i + 80 j
∴ rQ (t) = (5t + 80) i + (4t + 80) j
∴ rQ (0) = 80 i + 80 j, the position vector of Q at time t = 0.
−−→
ii PQ = rQ (t) − rP (t)
= (5t + 80) i + (4t + 80) j − ((9t + 60) i + (6t + 20) j)
= (20 − 4t) i + (60 − 2t) j

40
 −−→ p
c |PQ| = (20 − 4t)2 + (60 − 2t)2
√
= 400 − 160t + 16t2 + 3600 − 240t + 4t2
p
= 20(t2 − 20t + 200)
p
= 2 5(t2 − 20t + 200)
−−→
P and Q are nearest to each other when |PQ| is a minimum, i.e., when t2 − 20t + 200
is a minimum.
Let y = t2 − 20t + 200
dy
∴ = 2t − 20
dt
dy
When = 0, 2t − 20 = 0
dt
∴ t = 10
Since t − 20t + 200 is a concave-up parabola, P and Q are nearest to each other
2

when t = 10 seconds. p
−−→
When t = 10, |PQ| = 2 5(102 − 20 × 10 + 200)
√
= 2 500
√
= 2 5 metres

2 a Let vA = −3 i + 29 j and vB = v( i + 7 j) = v i + 7v j
Z Z
∴ rA (t) = vA dt ∴ rB (t) = vB dt

= −3t i + 29t j + c1 = vt i + 7vt j + c2

where c1 and c2 are constant vectors.
−−→
AB = rB (t) − rA (t)
= vt i + 7vt j + c2 − (−3t i + 29t j + c1 )
= (v + 3)t i + (7v − 29)t j + c2 − c1
−−→
When t = 0, AB = −56 i + 8 j
∴ c2 − c1 = −56 i + 8 j
−−→
∴ AB = ((v + 3)t − 56) i + ((7v − 29)t + 8) j

b When the particles collide,

rA (t) = rB (t)
∴ rB (t) − rA (t) = 0
−−→
∴ AB = 0
∴ ((v + 3)t − 56) i + ((7v − 29)t + 8) j = 0

41
 ∴ (v + 3)t − 56 = 0 and (7v − 29)t + 8 = 0 1
∴ vt + 3t = 56
∴ vt = 56 − 3t
56 − 3t
∴ v= 2
t
Substituting
  56 − 3t  1 :
2 into
7 − 29 t + 8 = 0
t
∴ 7(56 − 3t) − 29t + 8 = 0
∴ 400 − 50t = 0
∴ t=8
56 − 3 × 8
Substituting t = 8 into 2 : v =
8
=4
The particles collide when v = 4.
−−→
c i If v = 3, AB = ((3 + 3)t − 56) i + ((7 × 3 − 29)t + 8) j
= (6t − 56) i + (8 − 8t) j
−−→
ii When the particles are closest, |AB| is a minimum.
−−→ p
∴ |AB| = (6t − 56)2 + (8 − 8t)2
√
= 36t2 − 672t + 3136 + 64 − 128t + 64t2
√
= 100t2 − 800t + 3200
√
= 10 t2 − 8t + 32
−−→
|AB| is a minimum when t2 − 8t + 32 is a minimum.
Let y = t2 − 8t + 32
dy
∴ = 2t − 8
dt
dy
When = 0, 2t − 8 = 0
dt
∴ t=4
As t − 8t + 32 is a concave-up parabola, A and B are closest after 4 s.
2

−−→ −−→ −−→

3 a BF = CF − CB
= (7 i + 8 j) − (10 i + 2 j + 6k)
= −3 i + 6 j − 6k

42
 −−→
b BF = | BF|
p
= (−3)2 + 62 + (−6)2
√
= 81
=9

9
c Speed of the bee = = 3 m/s.
3
1
d Velocity of the bee, vB = 3 × (−3 i + 6 j − 6k)
9
= (− i + 2 j − 2k) m/s

Z relative to the child be rB (t).

e Let the position of the bee
rB (t) = rB dt
Z
= − i + 2 j − 2k dt

= −t i + 2t j − 2tk + c, where c is a constant vector.

−−→
Now rB (0) = CB, c = 10 i + 2 j + 6k
∴ rB (t) = (10 − t) i + (2t + 2) j + (6 − 2t)k
Check: rB (3) = (10 − 3) i + (2 × 3 + 2) j + (6 − 2 × 3)k
= 7i + 8j
−−→
= CF
p
Now |rB (t)| = (10 − t)2 + (2t + 2)2 + (6 − 2t)2
√
= 100 − 20t + t2 + 4t2 + 8t + 4 + 36 − 24t + 4t2
p
= 9t2 − 36t + 140
The bee is closest to the child when |rB (t)| is a minimum,
i.e., when 9t2 − 36t + 140 is a minimum.
Let y = 9t2 − 36t + 140
dy
∴ = 18t − 36
dt
dy
When = 0, 18t − 36 = 0
dt
∴ t=2
Since 9t − 36t + 140 is a concave-up parabola, the bee is closest to the child after
2

two seconds.

43
 p
|rB (2)| = 9 × 22 − 36 × 2 + 140
√
= 36 − 72 + 140
√
= 104
√
= 2 26
√
The shortest distance between the bee and the child is 2 26 metres.
−−→ −→
4 a i Let JM and JB be the position vectors of the motor boat and the police boat,
respectively,
Z with respect to the jetty, J.
−−→
JM = 6 i dt

= 6t i + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

−−→
When t = 0, JM = 0
∴ c1 = 0
−−→
∴ JM = 6t i
Z
−→
JB = u(8 i + 6 j) dt

= u(8t i + 6t j) + c2 , where c2 is a constant vector.

−→
When t = 0, JB = 400 i − 600 j
∴ c2 = 400 i − 600 j
−→
∴ JB = (400 + 8ut) i + (6ut − 600) j y
400 M
When the motor boat and police boat meet at the J x
j
point M,
−−→ −→ i
JM = JB −600
P
∴ 6t i = (400 + 8ut) i + (6ut − 600) j
∴ 6t = 400 + 8ut and 6ut = 600
 100  100
= 400 + 8 t ∴ u= , t,0
t t
= 1200
∴ t = 200

100
ii When t = 200, u =
200
1
=
2

44
 iii Velocity of police boat = u(8 i + 6 j)
1
= (8 i + 6 j)
2
= 4i + 3j
√
Speed of police boat = 42 + 32
√
= 16 + 9
√
= 25
=5
Speed of police boat is 5 m/s.
−−→
iv When t = 200, JM = 6 × 200 i
= 1200 i
The position of the point where the boats meet is (1200, 0).

b The position of the police boat relative to J is

−→
JB = (4t + 400) i + (3t − 600) j
−→ p
| JB| = (4t + 400)2 + (3t − 600)2
p
= 16t2 + 3200t + 160 000 + 9t2 − 3600t + 360 000
p
= 25(t2 − 16t + 20 800)
√
= 5 t2 − 16t + 20 800
−→
The police boat is closest to J when | JB| is a minimum,
i.e., when t2 − 16t + 20 800 is a minimum.
Let y = t2 − 16t + 20 800
dy
∴ = 2t − 16
dt
dy
When = 0, 2t − 16 = 0
dt
∴ t=8
Since t2 − 16t + 20 800 is a concave-up parabola, the police boat is closest to J when
t=8 √
−→
| JB| = 5 82 − 16 × 8 + 20 800
√
= 5 64 − 128 + 20 800
√
= 5 20 736
= 5 × 144
= 720
After eight seconds, the police boat is closest to J at a distance of 720 metres.
45
 Z
−−→
5 a i OA = 6 i + 3 jdt

= 6t i + 3t j + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

−−→
When t = 0, OA = − i + 2 j,
∴ c = −i + 2j
−−→
∴ OA = (6t − 1) i + (3t + 2) j
−−→ −−→ −−→
ii BA = OA − OB
= (6t − 1) i + (3t + 2) j − (2 i + j)
−−→
∴ BA = (6t − 3) i + (3t + 1) j
−−→ p
b | BA| = (6t − 3)2 + (3t + 1)2
p
= 36t2 − 36t + 9 + 9t2 + 6t + 1
√
= 45t2 − 30t + 10
p
= 5(9t2 − 6t + 2)
−−→
When
p | BA| = 5,
5(9t2 − 6t + 2) = 5
∴ 5(9t2 − 6t + 2) = 25
∴ 9t2 − 6t + 2 = 5
∴ 9t2 − 6t − 3 = 0
∴ 3t2 − 2t − 1 = 0
∴ (3t + 1)(t − 1) = 0
1
∴t = − or t = 1
3
−−→
Assuming t ≥ 0, | BA| = 5 after one second.
−−→
c i When t = 1, BA = (6 × 1 − 3) i + (3 × 1 + 1) j
= 3i + 4j
−−→
BA
c = −−→
| BA|
1
= (3 i + 4 j)
5

46
 1
ii d = (4 i − 3 j)
5
1 1
iii pc + qd = p × (3 i + 4 j) + q × (4 i − 3 j)
5 5
3p + 4q 4p − 3q
= i+ j.
5 5
Since 6 i + 3 j = pc + qd
3p + 4q 4p − 3q
then =6 and =3
5 5
∴ 3p + 4q = 30 1 4p − 3q = 15 2
4 × 1 − 3 × 2 yields 25q = 75
∴ q=3
Substituting q = 3in 1 : 3p + 4 × 3 = 30
∴ 3p = 18
∴ p=6
∴ 6 i + 3 j = 6c + 3d

6 a Let r(θ) = x i + y j
π
∴ x = cos θ and y = − sin θ, 0 < θ <
2
∴ x2 = cos2 θ y2 = sin2 θ
∴ x2 + y2 = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
∴ x2 + y2 = 1, 0 < x < 1, −1 < y < 0
y 1
0 x

–1

−−→
b i At t = 0, P is at the point (16, 0) and OP = a i
∴ a = 16
π −−→ nπ nπ
ii At t = , P is at the point (0, −16) and OP = 16 cos i + b sin j
4 4 4
nπ nπ
∴ 16 cos = 0 and b sin = −16
4 4
The i component equals zero for the first time,
nπ
∴ cos =0
4
nπ π
⇒ =±
4 2
∴ n = ±2

47
 iii Assuming n = 2, then b = −16.
(For n = −2, b = 16.)

iv Let v(t) and a(t) be the velocity and acceleration of P at time t.

d −−→
Then v(t) = OP
dt
d
= (16 cos(2t) i − 16 sin(2t) j)
dt
= −32 sin(2t) i − 32 cos(2t) j
and a(t) = v0 (t)
= −64 cos(2t) i + 64 sin(2t) j
−−→ −−→ −−→
c i PQ = OQ − OP
= (8 sin(t) i + 8 cos(t) j) − (16 cos(2t) i − 16 sin(2t) j)
= (8 sin(t) − 16 cos(2t)) i + (8 cos(t) + 16 sin(2t)) j
= 8((sin(t) − 2 cos(2t)) i + (cos(t) + 2 sin(2t)) j)
−−→
ii |PQ|2 = 82 ((sin(t) − 2 cos(2t))2 + (cos(t) + 2 sin(2t))2 )
= 64(sin2 (t) − 4 sin(t) cos(2t) + 4 cos2 (2t) + cos2 (t)
+ 4 cos(t) sin(2t) + 4 sin2 (2t))
= 64(sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) + 4(cos2 (t) + sin2 (2t))
+ 4(sin(2t) cos(t) − cos(2t) sin(t)))
= 64(1 + 4 + 4(sin(2t − t)))
= 64(5 + 4 sin(t))
−−→
d The minimum distance between P and Q is when |PQ|2 is a minimum,
i.e., when 5 + 4 sin(t) is a minimum.
∴ sin(t) = −1
3π
∴ t= + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
2
 3π
−−→
 
∴ minimum|PQ|2 = 64 5 + 4 sin + 2kπ
2
= 64(5 + 4 × −1)
= 64 × 1
= 64
−−→
∴ PQ = 8
The minimum distance between P and Q is eight centimetres.

48
7 a Let r(t)Zbe the position of the particle at time t.
r(t) = v dt
Z
= (2 cos t) i − (4 sin t cos t) j dt
Z Z
= 2 cos t dt i − 2 sin(2t) dt

= 2 sin t i + cos(2t) j + c, where c is a constant vector.

Now r(0) = 3 j,
∴ 3j = j + c
∴ c = 2j
∴ r(t) = 2 sin t i + (cos(2t) + 2) j, t ≥ 0

b The particle
p comes to rest when |v| = 0.
|v| = (2 cos t)2 + (4 sin t cos t)2
p
= 4 cos2 t + 16 sin2 t cos2 t
q
= 4 cos2 t(1 + 4 sin2 t)
p
= 2 cos t 1 + 4 sin2 t
p
When |v| = 0, 2 cos t 1 + 4 sin2 t = 0
cos t = 0, since 1 + 4 sin2 t > 0
∴
π
∴ t = + kπ, k ∈ Z
2
π
The particle first comes to rest when k = 0 at t = ,
π π 2
r = 2 sin i + (cos(π) + 2) j
2 2
= 2i + j

c i Let r(t) = x i + y j
∴ x = 2 sin t and y = cos(2t) + 2, t ≥ 0
x
∴ = sin t = 1 − 2 sin2 t + 2
2
x2
∴ = sin2 t = 3 − 2 sin2 t
4
x2 x2
∴ = 2 sin2 t =3− , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 3
2 2

49
 ii y

–2 0 2 x

d |v|2 = 4 cos2 t(1 + 4 sin2 t)

= 4 cos2 t(1 + 4(1 − cos2 t))
= 4 cos2 t(5 − 4 cos2 t)
= −16 cos4 t + 20 cos2 t
= −16a2 + 20a, where a = cos2 t, 0 ≤ a ≤ 1
To find the a-axis intercepts,
let − 16a2 + 20a = 0 | v |2

∴ 4a(5 − 4a) = 0
5
∴ a = 0 or
4 0 5 1 5 a
8 4

5
By symmetry, the maximum speed of the particle occurs when a = .
 5 2 8
5 5
When a = , |v|2 = −16 × + 20 ×
8 8 8
−16 × 25 20 × 5
= +
64 8
25
=
4
5
∴ |v| =
2
5
The maximum speed of the particle is .
2
π
e The particle is at rest when t = + kπ, k ∈ Z.
2
3π
The particle comes to rest for the second time when k = 1, i.e., t = .
2

50
 f i d2 = |r(t)|2
= (2 sin t)2 + (cos(2t) + 2)2
= 4 sin2 t + cos2 (2t) + 4 cos(2t) + 4
= 4 sin2 t + cos2 (2t) + 4(cos2 t − sin2 t) + 4
= cos2 (2t) + 4 cos2 t + 4
= cos2 (2t) + 2(cos(2t) + 1) + 4
= cos2 (2t) + 2 cos(2t) + 6, as required.

ii The particle is closest to the origin when d2 is a minimum,

i.e., when cos2 (2t) + 2 cos(2t) + 6 is a minimum,
i.e., when d2 = c2 + 2c + 6 is a minimum, where c = cos(2t).
d
Now (d2 ) = 2c + 2
dc
d 2
When (d ) = 0, 2c + 2 = 0
dc
∴ c = −1
∴ cos(2t) = −1
∴ 2t = π + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
π
∴ t = + kπ, k ∈ Z
2
π
The particle is closest to the origin when t = + kπ, k ∈ Z
2
Z
8 a v(t) = 2 j − 10k dt

= 2t j − 10tk + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

Now v(0) = a i + b j + 20k,
∴ c1 = a i + b j + 20k
∴ v(t) = a i + (b + 2t) j + (20 − 10t)k, the velocity of the ball at time t.
Z
b r(t) = v(t) dt
Z
= a i + (b + 2t) j + (20 − 10t)k dt

= at i + (bt + t2 ) j + (20t − 5t2 )k + c2 , where c2 is a constant vector

Now r(0) = 0,
∴ c2 = 0
∴ r(t) = at i + (bt + t2 ) j + (20t − 5t2 )k, position vector of the ball at timet.

51
 c Assuming the ground is flat in the x–y plane, the ball will return to the ground when
the k component is zero.
20t − 5t2 = 0
∴ t(20 − 5t) = 0
∴ t = 0 or t = 4
The time of flight of the ball is four seconds.

d When t = 4, r(4) = 4a i + (4b + 16) j

Also r(4) = 100 i,
hence 4a = 100
∴ a = 25
and 4b + 16 = 0
∴ b = −4

e The angle of projection is between vectors 25 i − 4 j + 20k (the flight of the ball) and
25 i − 4 j (the vector directly below the flight on the ground).
Using a · b = |a| |b| cos θ, where a = 25 i − 4 j + 20k and b = 25 i − 4 j and θ is the
angle of projection,
√
|a| = 625 + 16 + 400
√
= 1041
√
|b| = 625 + 16
√
= 641
a · b = 625 + 16
= 641
√ √
Then 641 = 641 × 1041 × cos θ
√
641
∴ cos θ = √
1041
∴ θ = 38.307 06
The angle of projection is 38.3◦ , correct to one decimal place.

9 a i Let p(t) = (cos t) i + (sin t) j − k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

= x i + y j + zk
∴ x = cos t, y = sin t, z = −1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
∴ x2 + y2 = cos2 t + sin2 t
=1
The particle P is moving along a circular path centred on (0, 0, −1) with radius

52
 length one.
p(0) = i − k z
π 0
p = j−k y
2
p(π) = − i − k x (0, 0, –1)
 3π  (1, 0, –1)
p = −j − k
2
p(2π) = i − k
As t increases, x decreases from 1 to −1, hence the particle starts at (1, 0, −1) and
moves ‘anticlockwise’ around the circular path a distance of one ‘below’ the x–y
(horizontal) plane. The particle finishes at (1, 0, −1) after one revolution.
p
ii |p(t)| = (cos t)2 + (sin t)2 + (−1)2
p
= cos2 t + sin2 t + 1
√
= 1+1
√
= 2
√
The distance of P from the origin at time t is 2 units.

iii Let ṗ(t) be the velocity of particle P at time t.

ṗ(t) = (− sin t) i + (cos t) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

iv ((cos t) i + (sin t) j) · ṗ(t) = ((cos t) i + (sin t) j) · ((− sin t) i + (cos t) j)

= − cos t sin t + sin t cos t
=0
Hence (cos t) i + (sin t) j is perpendicular to ṗ(t) for any value of t.

v p̈(t) = (− cos t) i − (sin t) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

−−→
b i PQ = q(t) − p(t)
 1 
= (cos 2t) i − (sin 2t) j + k − ((cos t) i + (sin t) j − k)
2
3
= (cos 2t − cos t) i + (− sin t − sin 2t) j + k
2

53
 −−→
s between P and Q at time t is given by |PQ|
ii The distance
 3 2
−−→
|PQ| = (cos 2t − cos t) + (− sin t − sin 2t) +
2 2
2
r
9
= cos2 2t − 2 cos 2t cos t + cos2 t + sin2 t + 2 sin t sin 2t + sin2 2t +
4
r
9
= (cos2 2t + sin2 2t) + (cos2 t + sin2 t) − 2(cos 2t cos t − sin 2t sin t) +
4
r
9
= 1 + 1 + − 2 cos 3t
4
r
17
= − 2 cos 3t, as required.
4
−−→
iii The maximum distance between the particles occurs when |PQ| is a maximum,
17
i.e., when − 2 cos 3t is a maximum.
4
−1 ≤ cos 3t ≤ 1
∴ − 2 ≤ −2 cos 3t ≤ 2
9 17 25
∴ ≤ − 2 cos 3t ≤
4 4 4
r
3 17 5
∴ ≤ − 2 cos 3t ≤
2 4 2
5
The maximum distance between the particles is units.
2
17 25
iv − 2 cos 3t = , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
4 4
∴ 2 cos 3t = −2
∴ cos 3t = −1
∴ 3t = π, 3π, 5π since 0 ≤ 3t ≤ 6π
π 5π
∴ t= , π, when the particles are furthest apart.
3 3

54
 3
v The minimum distance between the particles is units.
2
17 9
vi − 2 cos 3t = , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
4 4
∴ 2 cos 3t = 2
∴ cos t = 1
∴ 3t = 0, 2π, 4π, 6π since 0 ≤ 3t ≤ 6π
2π 4π
∴ t = 0, , , 2π when the particles are closest together.
3 3
!
1
c i p(t) · q(t) = ((cos t) i + (sin t) j − k) · (cos 2t) i − (sin 2t) j + k
2
1
= cos t cos 2t − sin t sin 2t −
2
1
= cos(3t) − , as required.
2

ii p(t) · q(t) = |p(t)| |q(t)| cos POQ

1
From c i, p(t) · q(t) = cos(3t) −
2
√
From a ii, |p(t)| = 2
s
 1 2
|q(t)| = (cos 2t)2 + (− sin 2t)2 +
2
r
1
= cos2 2t + sin2 2t +
4
r
5
=
4
√
5
=
2
p(t) · q(t)
∴ cos POQ =
|p(t)| |q(t)|
1
cos(3t) −
= 2
√
√ 5
2×
2
2  1
= √ cos(3t) −
10 2
√ 
10 1
= cos(3t) −
5 2
55
 iii −1 ≤ cos(3t) ≤ 1
−3 1 1
∴ ≤ cos 3t − ≤
2 2 2
√ √  √
−3 10 10 1 10
∴ ≤ cos(3t) − ≤
10 5 2 10
√ √
−3 10 10
∴ ≤ cos POQ ≤
10 10 √
−3 10
Angle POQ has greatest magnitude when cos POQ =
10
 −3√10 
∴ POQ = cos−1
10
= (161.565 05 . . .)◦
The greatest angle of POQ is 162◦ , correct to the nearest degree.

10 a vB (t) = r0B
= −4α cos(αt) i − 4α sin(αt) j,
q speed of B in terms of α
so the
= 16α2 cos2 (αt) + 16α2 sin2 (αt)
= 4α

b Let rA = x i + y j
∴ x = 2t and y = t
x x
∴ =t ∴ y= , x≥0
2 2
Let rB = x i + y j
∴ x = 4 − 4 sin(αt) and y = 4 cos(αt)
y
∴ x − 4 = −4 sin(αt) ∴ = cos(αt)
4
−(x − 4)
∴ = sin(αt)
4
(x − 4)2 y2
∴ = sin2 (αt) ∴ = cos2 (αt)
16 16
2
(x − 4) y2
∴ + = sin2 (αt) + cos2 (αt)
16 16
=1
∴ (x − 4)2 + y2 = 16, 0 ≤ x ≤ 8, −4 ≤ y ≤ 4

56
 c y path of A
B’s starting point
4
(8, 4)

A’s starting point

0 4 8 x

−4 path of B

d To find the point of intersection of the paths of A and B,

x
substitute y = into (x − 4)2 + y2 = 16
2
 x 2
∴ (x − 4) + 2
= 16
2
x2
∴ (x − 4)2 + = 16
4
∴ 4(x2 − 8x + 16) + x2 = 64
∴ 5x2 − 32x + 64 = 64
∴ x(5x − 32) = 0
32
∴ x = 0 or
5
When x = 0, y = 0.
32 16
When x = , y = .
5 5  32 16 
The points of intersection are (0, 0) and , .
5 5
e From
 32graphs it is clear that the paths of A and B cross at (0, 0) at different times.
16  x 16
At , , t= = for A.
5 5 2 5
16
For B, when t = ,
5  16α 
x = 4 − 4 sin(αt) becomes x = 4 − 4 sin
5
 16α 
and y = 4 cos(αt) becomes y = 4 cos
5
32 16
Now x = and y =
5 5
32  16α  16  16α 
∴ = 4 − 4 sin and = 4 cos
5 5 5 5
 16α  −12  16α  4
∴ 4 sin = ∴ cos =
5 5 5 5
 16α  −3
∴ sin =
5 5

57
 16α
so is in the fourth quadrant.
5
16α −1 3
 
∴ = − sin + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
5 5
The minimum value
16α  3  of α(α > 0) is given when k = 1
∴ = − sin−1 + 2π .
5 5
−5 −1  3  5π
∴ α= sin +
16 5 8
= 1.762 40 . . .
= 1.76, correct to two decimal places.

11 a i a(t) = −9.8 j

ii v(t) = −9.8t j + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

Now v(0) = 2 i,
∴ 2 i = c1
∴ v(t) = 2 i − 9.8t j

iii r(t) = 2t i − 4.9t2 j + c2 , where c2 is a constant vector.

Now r(0) = 0,
∴ 0 = c2
∴ r(t) = 2t i − 4.9t2 j, the position of the glass with respect to the edge of the table
at time t seconds.

b i When the glass hits the floor,

−4.9t2 = −0.8
8
∴ t2 =
49
√
2 2
∴ t=
√7
2 2
It takes seconds for the glass to hit the floor.
7
 2√2  √
2 2
ii r =2× i − 0.8 j
7 7
√
4 2
= i − 0.8 j
7 √
4 2
The glass hits the floor at a horizontal distance from the table of metres.
7
−−→
12 a i OL = 6 i − 3 j

58
 −−→
ˆ
−−→ OL
ii OL = −−→
|OL|
1
= √ (6 i − 3 j)
45
√
5
= (2 i − j)
5
−−→ −−→
b The vector resolute of OY in the direction of OL is given by
−−→ −−→ √
OY · OL −−→
ˆ (7 i + 4 j) · (6 i − 3 j) 5
−−→ OL = √ × (2 i − j)
|OL| 3 5 5
42 − 12
= (2 i − j)
15
= 4i − 2j
The coordinates of the point on the shore closest to the yacht at noon are (4, −2).
−→ −−→ −−→
c i LP = OP − OL
−−→
= r(t) − OL
 7
= 7 − t i + (4 − 2t) j − (6 i − 3 j)
2
 7
= 1 − t i + (7 − 2t) j
2
−→
ii Find |LP|
s
−→
 7 2
|LP| = 1 − t + (7 − 2t)2
2
r
49 2
= 1 − 7t + t + 49 − 28t + 4t2
4
1√ 2
= 65t − 140t + 200
2
−→
The yacht is closest to the navigation sign when |LP| is at a minimum, i.e., when
65t2 − 140t + 200 is a minimum.
Let y = 65t2 − 140t + 200
dy
∴ = 130t − 140
dt
dy
When = 0, 130t − 140 = 0
dt
14
∴ t = , a minimum since 65t2 − 140t + 200
13
is a concave-up parabola.

59
 14
The yacht is closest to the navigation sign after hours, i.e., at 1:05 p.m.
13
s
14 −→ 1  14 2 14
iii When t = , |LP| = 65 × − 140 × + 200
13 2 13 13
r
1 1620
=
2 13
√
9 65
=
13 √
9 65
The closest distance between the sign and the yacht is kilometres.
13

60
Chapter 13 – Dynamics
Solutions to Exercise 13A
1 y ∴ magnitude is 5.66 N, direction
5 is 225◦

θ c y
5 x –1
θ x
a i r = 7i − 2i + 5j
–5
= 5i + 5j
√ i r = 3i − 4i − 5j
ii |r| = 52 + 52
√ = −i − 5j
= 50 p
√ ii |r| = (−1)2 + (−5)2
=5 2 √
≈ 7.07 N = 26

5 ≈ 5.10 N
tan θ◦ =
5 tan θ◦ = 5
∴ θ = 45 ∴ θ = 78.7
∴ magnitude is 7.07 N, direction ∴ magnitude is 5.10 N, direction
is 45◦ is 258.7◦
b y d y
θ x 10

θ
3 x
i r = 2j + 7i − 11i − 6j
= −4i − 4j i r = 8i + 8j − 5i + 2j
√ = 3i + 10j
ii |r| = 16 + 16
√
√ ii |r| = 32 + 102
= 32
√ √
=4 2N = 109

≈ 5.66 N ≈ 10.44 N
10
tan θ =
4◦ tan θ◦ =
4 3
∴ θ = 45 ∴ θ = 73.3◦
∴ magnitude is 10.44 N, direction
is 73.3◦

837
 e y Using the cosine rule,
x
162 = 92 + F22 − 2 × 9 × F2 cos(120◦ )
4 1
∴ 256 = 81 + F22 − 18F2 × −
2
i r = 6i − 6i + 3j − 7j ∴ 175 = F22 + 9F2
= −4j ∴ F22 + 9F2 − 175 = 0
Using the quadratic
√ formula,
ii |r| = 4 N 2
−9 ± 9 − 4 × 1 × −175
F2 =
∴ θ = 270◦ 2
√
∴ magnitude is 4 N, direction is 781 − 9
270◦ =
2
= 9.5 (F2 > 0)
f i r = 5i + 15j + 5i − 15j
∴ |F2 | = 9.5 N, correct to two decimal
= 10i places.

ii ∴ magnitude = 10 N
5
direction = 0◦
F1 + F2 + F3 = F
∴ F3 = F − F1 − F2
2 R = F1 + F2 + F3 = (3i − 2j + k)
= (3i + 2j) + (6i − 4j) + (2i − j) − (2i − j + k) − (3i − j − k)
= 11i − 3j N = −2i + k

3 Using the cosine rule, 6 15°

F 2 = 162 + 122 − 2 × 16 × 12 cos(130◦ ) 400
= 256 + 144 − 384 cos(130◦ ) Component of F in the direction of
motion
= 646.83044 . . .
= 400 cos 15◦
∴ F = 25.43 N
= 386.37033 . . .
The magnitude of F is 25.43 N, correct
to two decimal places. ≈ 386 N

4 F2 7 a y
4N
120° a
9 16 40° b
3N x

838
 i a = 4 cos 40◦ i + 4 sin 40◦ j c y
6N 7N
b = 3i b a
30° 20°
∴ r = 6.064i + 2.57j x
√
ii |r| = 6.062 + 2.572 i a = 7 cos 20◦ i + 7 sin 20◦ j

≈ 6.59 N b = −6 cos 30◦ i + 6 sin 30◦ j

2.57 ∴ r = (7 cos 20◦ − 6 cos 30◦ )i
tan θ◦ =
6.06 + (7 sin 20◦ + 6 sin 30◦ )j
∴ θ = 22.98◦
= 1.382i + 5.394j
∴ magnitude ≈ 6.59 N √
◦ ii |r| = 49 + 36 − 84 cos 50◦
direction ≈ 22.98
≈ 5.57 N
b y
8 N (c) 7 sin 20◦ + 6 sin 30◦
7 N (b) tan θ◦ =
10° 7 cos 20◦ − 6 cos 30◦
10° 6 N (a)
10° ∴ θ = 75◦ 380
x ∴ magnitude ≈ 5.57 N
i a = 6 cos 10◦ i + 6 sin 10◦ j direction ≈ 75.63◦
b = 7 cos 20◦ i + 7 sin 20◦ j d y
a 5N
c = 8 cos 30 i + 8 sin 30 j
◦ ◦
27°
b x
∴ r = (6 cos 10◦ + 7 cos 20◦
27°
5N
+ 8 cos 30 )i ◦

+ (6 sin 10◦ + 7 sin 20◦ i a = 5 cos 27◦ i + 5 sin 27◦ j

+ 8 sin 30◦ )j b = −5 sin 27◦ i − 5 cos 27◦ j
≈ 19.41i + 7.44j ∴ r = 2.19i − 2.19j
p ii
ii |r| = 19.412 + 7.442 p
|r| = 2.192 + (−2.19)2
≈ 20.79 N
≈ 3.09 N
7.44
tan θ = tan θ◦ = 1
19.41
∴ θ ≈ 20.96◦ ∴ θ = 45◦
∴ magnitude ≈ 20.79 N ∴ magnitude ≈ 3.09 N
direction ≈ 20.96◦ direction ≈ 315◦

839
e y 10 N 8
a
25°
25° x
b
10 N

i a = 10 cos 25◦ i + 10 sin 25◦ j

b = 10 cos 25◦ i − 10 sin 25◦ j a Using the cosine rule,
∴ r = 18.13i R2 = 42 + 32 − 2 × 4 × 3 cos 140◦
= 16 + 9 − 24 cos 140◦
ii |r| ≈ 18.13 N
= 43.38506 . . .
tan θ◦ = 0
∴ R ≈ 6.59 N
∴ magnitude ≈ 18.13 N Using the sine rule,
sin(40 − θ)◦ sin 140◦
direction ≈ 0◦ =
3 R
f i a = 8 cos 30◦ i + 8 sin 30◦ j ∴ 40 − θ = 17.02354 . . .

b = −2 cos 45◦ i + 2 sin 45◦ j ∴ θ = 22.97645 . . .

The resultant force has magnitude
c = −10 cos 40◦ i − 10 sin 40◦ j 6.59 N and direction 22◦ 590 .
∴ r = (8 cos 30◦ − 2 cos 45◦
c
− 10 cos 40◦ )i + (8 sin 30◦
° R
+ 2 sin 45◦ − 10 sin 40◦ )j °

∴ r ≈ −2.15i − 1.01j ° θ°
Using the cosine rule,
ii √ R2 = 62 + 72 − 2 × 6 × 7 cos 50◦
|r| = 2.152 + 1.012 = 36 + 49 − 84 cos 50◦
≈ 2.37 N = 31.00584 . . .
1.01
tan θ = ∴ R ≈ 5.57 N
2.15 Using the sine rule,
∴ θ = 25.27◦ (using exact sin(180 − (θ + 30))◦ sin 50◦
=
values for the i and j 7 R
∴ 180 − (θ + 30) = 74.36726 . . .
components)
∴ θ = 75.63273 . . .
∴ magnitude ≈ 2.37 N The resultant force has magnitude
direction ≈ 180◦ + 25.27◦ 5.57 N and direction 75◦ 380 .
≈ 205.27◦
e °
°
≈ 205◦ 170
° °
R

840
 Using the cosine rule, c resolved part = 8 cos 90◦ = 0 N
R2 = 102 + 102 − 2 × 10
d resolved part = 11 cos 145◦
× 10 cos 130◦
= −9.01 N
= 200 − 200 cos 130◦
= 328.55752 . . . 11 a 8 cos 40◦ + 12 cos 15◦ ≈ 17.72 N
∴ R ≈ 18.13 N
The resultant force has magnitude b 8 + 12 cos 55◦ ≈ 14.88 N
18.13 N and is in the positive
direction of the x axis. 12 a Let a = 2i − j and b = 7i + 3j then
1
â = √ (2i − j)
9 a 5
1
Let a = 3i + 4j b · â = (7i + 3j) · √ (2i − j)
5
1
∴ â = (3i + 4j) 1
= √ (14 − 3)
5
5
b = −4i + 3j √
11 5
1 =
∴ b̂ = (−4i + 3j) 5
5 √
11 5 1
c = −2j ∴ (b · â) · â = × √ (2i − j)
5 5
∴ ĉ = −j 11
= (2i − j)
16 5
∴ r= (3i + 4j) The component of (7i + 3j) N in the
5 11
12 direction of 2i − j is (2i − j) N.
+ (−4i + 3j) − 15j 5
5
48 48
!
64 36
! b Let a = 3i + 4j and b = 2i − 3j then
= − i+ + − 15 j 1
5 5 5 5 â = (3i + 4j)
5
= 5j 1
b · â = (2i − 3j) · (3i + 4j)
5
b |r| = 5 N 1
= (6 − 12)
5
direction = 90◦
−6
=
5
10 a resolved part = 12 cos 20◦ = 11.28 N −6 1
∴ (b · â) · â = × (3i + 4j)
5 5
b resolved part = 15 cos 65◦ = 6.34 N −6
= (3i + 4j)
25
The component of (2i − 3j) N in the
−6
direction of 3i + 4j is (3i + 4j) N.
25

841
 p
13 8 |r| = 4.292 + 1.532
10
155° 115° ≈ 4.55 N
1 · 53
11 tan θ =
4 · 29
a 8 + 11 cos 155◦ ≈ −1.97 N ∴ θ = 19.67◦ = 19◦ 400
−−→
4.55 N at angle of 19◦ 400 to OX
b 10 + 11 cos 115 ≈ 5.35 N
◦
−−→
b ||OX : 10 cos 30◦ + 5 cos 110◦
c 11 + 10 cos 115 + 8 cos 155
◦ ◦

≈ −0.48 N + 2 cos 135◦ ≈ 5.54 N

−−→
⊥ OX : 10 sin 30◦ + 5 sin 110◦
14 15 cos 25◦ + 25 cos 80◦ + 50 cos 115◦ + 2 sin 135◦
≈ −3.20 N
≈ 11.11 N
p
|r| = (5.54)2 + (11.11)2
15 B √
= 154.14
6 θ 6·5
≈ 12.42 N
C A 11.11
10 N 2·5 24 N tan θ◦ =
5.54
2.5
tan θ = ∴ θ ≈ 63.52◦ = 63◦ 310
6 −−→
∴ θ = 22.62◦ 12.42 N at angle of 63◦ 310 to OX

6
a 10 + 24 cos 22.62◦ = 10 + 24 × 17 7N
6.5
≈ 32.15 N 50°
10 N
6
b 24 + 10 cos 22.62◦ = 24 + 10 × ||10 N : 10 + 7 cos 50◦ ≈ 14.50 N
6.5
≈ 33.23 N ⊥ 10 N : 5 sin 50◦ ≈ 5.36 N
√
|r| = 14.52 + 5.362
−−→ ≈ 15.46 N
16 a ||OX : 3 + 2 cos 50◦ ≈ 4.29 N
−−→
⊥ OX : 2 sin 50◦ ≈ 1.53 N
1·53

O X 4·29

842
 √
18 10 N b |r| = 142 + 02
8N
60° = 14 N
PN

a ||10 N : 10 + 8 cos 60◦ = 14 N −−→

19 ⊥ OX : P + 5 sin 35◦ − 7 sin 35◦ = 0
⊥ 10 N : 8 sin 60◦ − P ∴ P − 2 sin 35◦ = 0
∴ 8 sin 60◦ − P = 0 ∴ P = 2 sin 35◦
∴ P = 8 sin 60◦ ∴ P ≈ 1.15 N
√
=4 3N
≈ 6.93 N

843
Solutions to Exercise 13B
1 a P = 2 kg × 5 m/s = 10 kg m/s b change in momentum
= 10 × 10 − 10 × 6
b P = 0.3 kg × 0.03 m/s
= 100 − 60
= 0.009 kg m/s
= 40 kg m/s
30 × 1000
c P = 1000 kg × m/s
3600 c change in momentum
1
= 8333 kg m/s = 10 × 3 − 10 × −6
3
= 30 + 60
d P = 6 kg × 10 m/s = 60 kg m/s
= 90 kg m/s
5
e P = 3000 kg × 50 × m/s
18
2 4 a 5 kg = 5 × g N
= 41 666 kg m/s
3 = 5 × 9.8 N
= 49 N
2 a P = 10(i + j) kg m/s
b 3 tonnes = 3 × 1000 kg
b i P = 10(5i + 12j) kg m/s
q = 3 × 1000 × 9.8 N
ii |P| = 102 (52 + 122 ) = 29 400 N
√
= 10 25 + 144
c 60 g = 0.06 kg
= 130 kg m/s
= 0.06 × 9.8 N
= 0.588 N
3 change in momentum
= final momentum 5 a Resultant force, F = 8 × 4 = 32 N
− initial momentum
b F = ma
a change in momentum 1 5 1
∴a= F= = m/s2
= 10 × 3 − 10 × 6 m 10 2

= 30 − 60
|F| 10
= −30 kg m/s 6 a F = ma ∴ m = = = 4 kg
|a| 2.5

b |F| = m |a|
= 2 × 3.5
=7N

844
7 R − mg = ma 10 F = ma
∴ 96 = ma + mg = 9 × 10−31 × 6 × 1016
∴ 96 = m(a + g) = 5.4 × 10−14 N
96
∴ =m
a+g 11 F = ma
96
∴ m= ∴ 2i + 10j = 2a
1.2 + g
∴ m ≈ 8.73 kg ∴ a = i + 5j

8 F 12 F = ma
∴ (8i + 2j + (2i − 6j) = 10a
∴ 10a = 10i − 4j
75g 2
∴ a=i− j
(F − 75g)j = ma 5
F − 75g
∴ a=
75 13 2·5g
F − 75g
∴ −1 =
75
mg
∴ −75 = F − 75g
∴ F = 75g − 75 a ∴ mg − 2.5g = m
∴ F = 660 N ∴ m(g − 1) = 2.5g
2.5g
∴ m=
g−1
9 +ve When at rest the reading is
2·5g 2.5g
kg wt ≈ 2.78 kg wt.
g−1
mg b T
2.5g − mg = m ẍ
ẍ = 2
mg
∴ 2.5g = mg + 2m
T − mg = 2m
2.5g
∴ =m ∴ T = mg + 2m
g+2
(g + 2) × 2.5g
∴ m = 2.076 kg =
The reading would be 2.076 kg wt. g−1
≈ 3.35 kg wt.

845
 5 125 R
14 u = 50 × = m/s 16 +ve
18 9
v=0
10 g
t = 10
R − mg = ma
Use v = u + at
∴ R = mg + ma
v−u
∴ a=
t = m(g + a)
125 = 10(9.8 + 1.5)
0−
= 9
10 = 113 N
−25
=
18 17 u = 5, t = 3, v = 8
Now m = 25 × 1000
Using v = u + at,
= 25 000 kg v−u
a=
∴ F = ma t
−25 8−5
= 25 000 × =
18 3
2 =1
= −34 722 N
9 F = ma
=5×1
15 F = ma
=5N
= 16 × 0.6i
= 9.6i
18 F = ma
and F = F1 + F2 + F3
1
∴a= (F)
∴ F3 = F − F1 − F2 m
= 9.6i − (−10i − 15j) − (16j) 1
= ((8i + 12j) + (6i − 4j))
4
= 19.6i − j 1
= (14i + 8j)
4
7
= i + 2j m/s2
2

846
19 F = 600 − 550 = 50 ∴ (4g − Fr )i + (R − 10g)j = 10ai
F = ma i component : 4g − Fr = 10a
1

F 50 1 j component : R − 10g = 0
∴ a= = =
m 300 6
∴ R = 10g
2
u = 0, t = 3
Fr = µR
Using v = u + at
= 0.2 × 10g
1
v=0+ ×3 = 2g
3
6
1 Substitute
3 into
1
= ∴ 4g − 2g = 10a
2
The velocity after three seconds is
1 ∴ 2g = 10a
m/s. g
2 ∴ a=
5
R
∴ a ≈ 1.96 m/s2
20 +ve

b v = at
85 g = 1.96(10)
R − 85g = ma = 19.6 m/s
∴ R = 85 × 9.8 + 85 × −2
= 85 × 7.8 22 R
= 663
The reaction force is 663 N. 20 × 200g 8000g N

200 × 103g N
21 R

0·2R 4g

10g

a F = (4g − Fr )i + (R − 10g)j
F = ma

847
 Resultant force in direction of motion 62.5 − FR = 37.5
= 8000g − 4000g ∴ FR = 25 N
= 4000g ∴ Pushing force = 62.5 N, and
∴ 4000g = 200 × 10 ẍ 3
Resistance = 25 N
4000g
∴ ẍ =
200 × 103
g 24 N
=
50
g 20 000 N F
∴ ẋ = t + c
50
200 000g
but ẋ = 0 when t = 0
(F − 20 000)i = ma
∴ c=0 F − 20 000
g ∴ a=
Hence ẋ = t 200 000
50 F − 20 000
25 ∴ 0.2 =
30 km/h = 30 000 m/h = m/s 200 000
3 ∴ F = 0.2 × 200 000 + 20 000
25
hence when ẋ = : ∴ F = 60 000 N
3
25 g Now,
= t
3 50 20 000

∴ t=
50 × 25
= 42.517 −20 000i = ma
3g −20 000
It takes 42.517 seconds to go from rest ∴ a=
to 30 km/h. 200 000
1
∴ a = − m/s2
10
23 N
25 R
FR P

250g μR 10
F = ma
10g
One man : P − FR = 250 × 0.15
P − FR = 37.5
1

Two men : 2P − FR = 250 × 0.4

2P − FR = 100
2

2 − 1 gives P = 62.5
Substitute P into
1

848
 a = 0 since velocity ∴ (24 − µR)i + (R − 4g)j = mai
is constant ∴ R − 4g = 0
∴ 10 − µR = 10 × 0 ∴ R = 4g
10
∴ µ= ∴ 24 − 4gµ = 0
R
∴ 4gµ = 24
Now R − 10g = 0
6
∴ R = 10g ∴ µ= ≈ 0.612
g
10 1
∴ µ= =
10g g 28 T
5
=
49

200g
26 R

a F = ma
0·025R
∴ (T − 200g)j = maj
0·1g
a = 0 m/s
a FR = µR ∴ T − 200g = 0
= 0.025 × 0.1g ∴ T = 200g N
= 0.0245 N T = 1960 N

b −0.0245i = ma b (T − 200g)j = maj

−0.0245 ∴ ma = T − 200g
∴ a=
0.1 ∴ 200 × 0.5 = T − 200g
= −0.245 m/s2
T = 200g + 100 = 2060 N
u = 10, t = 20
Using v = u + at
29 a For a smooth surface, µ = 0
= 10 − 0.245 × 20
∴ (10 − 0)i + (R − 5g)j = 5ai
= 5.1 m/s
∴ 10 = 5a
∴ a = 2 m/s2
27 R

μR 24 N

4g

849
b R

FR 20 N

5g
R = 5g
∴ (20 − FR )i = mai
∴ 20 − 0.3 × 5g = 5a
20 − 1.5g
∴ a=
5
= 1.06 m/s2

850
Solutions to Exercise 13C
1 Method 1 Resolve parallel and i : mg sin 45◦ i = mai
perpendiculat to the 5 N force. ∴ ma = mg sin 45◦
FRes = (3 cos 50◦ + 5) i + 3 cos 40◦ j
∴ FRes ≈ (6.928 . . . ) i + (2.298 . . . ) j ∴ a = g sin 45◦
FRes = √a 9.8
= √
∴ |a| ≈ 6.9282 + 2.2982 ≈ 7.3 N 2
Angle θ of inclination to the 5 N force is ≈ 6.93 m/s2
2.298 . . .
given by tan θ =
6.928 . . .
∴ θ ≈ 18.4◦ 4
R
μR
j i
Method 2 Use triangle of forces and the
cosine rule
mg
2 a i component : 10 cos 30 = 5a ◦ 45°
√ i: (−µR + mg sin 45◦ )i = mai
5 3 = 5a mg
√ −µR + √ = ma
1
∴ a = 3 m/s2 2
j: R = mg cos 45◦
b b
R 20 R= √
mg

2
FR 2
30° Substitute
2 into
1
µmg mg
∴ − √ + √ = ma
5g 2 2
vertical : R + 20 sin 30◦ = 5g g − µg
a= √
∴ R = 5g − 10 2
horizontal : (20 cos 30◦ − FR )i = mai g(1 − µ)
a= √ m/s2
∴ ma = 20 cos 30◦ − FR 2
√
20 3
∴ 5a = − 0.3(5g − 10) 5 Resolving parallel to the plane .
2
√ 10g cos 60◦ − 10 ≈ 39 N
10 3 − 1.5g + 3
a= The acceleration≈
39
m/s2
5 10
= 1.124 m/s2 Resolving perpendicular to the plane
R = 10g cos 30◦ ≈ 84.9 N

3 R j i

mg
45°

851
 √ √
6 FR 2 2F − 4g + 2F
∴ 2a =
R j i 4
√
∴ 8a = 3 2F − 4g
60g 8a + 4g
F= √
60° 3 2
!
j : R = 60g cos 60◦ g
8 + 4g
4
= 30g = √
3 2
i : (FR − 60g sin 60 )i = mai◦
6g
∴ ma = FR − 60g sin 60◦ = √
3 2
∴ 60 × −8 = FR − 60g sin 60◦ 2g
= √
∴ FR = 60g sin 60◦ − 60◦ × 8 2
√
= 29.223 N = 2g N

7 R F 8 R 30

45° 30°
μR

20g
2g N
vertical:
vertical : R + F sin 45◦ = 2g
R + 30 sin 30◦ − 20g = 0
F
∴ R = 2g − √ ∴ R = 20 × 9.8
2
√ 1
4g − 2 f − 30 ×
= 2
2
horizontal : (F cos 45◦ − µR)i = 2a = 196 − 15
√ √ !! = 181 N
2F 1 4g − 2F
∴ − = 2a
2 2 2
9 P
R j i

θ
μR
θ° mg
Resolving in the j direction:
R = mg cos θ
Resolving in the i direction:
P − µR − mg sin θ = ma

852
 1 Resolving in the i direction:
∴ a= (P − µ mg cos θ − mg sin θ)
m ∴ mg sin 60◦ − µR = ma
P √
= − µg cos θ − g sin θ mg 3 mg
m ∴ − 0.8 = ma
2 2
√
R
g 3 4g
10 i ∴ − =a
2 10
√
30° 5g 3 − 4g
∴ a=
10
30° √
mg g(5 3 − 4)
= m/s2
Resolving in the i direction: 10
−mg sin 30◦ = ma = 4.57 m/s2
mg s = 5, u = 0, v =?
∴ − = ma
2
g Use v2 = u2 + 2as
∴ a=− √
2 v = 0 + 2 × 4.57 × 5
g
∴ a=− i
2 = 6.76
∴ speed = |v| = 6.76 m/s
11 μR
R i
j 12 R
j
i
60°
mg 0·25R
mg
60° 20°
Resolving in the j direction: j : R = mg cos 20◦
∴ R − mg cos 60◦ = 0 i : −0.25R − mg sin 20◦ = ma
mg ∴ −0.25(mg cos 20◦ ) − mg sin 20◦ = ma
∴ R− =0
2 ∴ a = g(− sin 20◦ − 0.25 cos 20◦ )
mg
∴ R=
2 = −0.577g
≈ −5.65 m/s2
Using v2 = u2 + 2as,
−(10)2
∴ s=
2(−5.65)
= 8.84 m

853
 When retuning: Using v2 = u2 + 2as
R 0·25R 4g
j =2× ×x
i 5
8gx
mg =
20° 5
i : 0.25R − mg sin 20◦ = ma
r
8gx
∴ v=
∴ 0.25(mg cos 20◦ ) − mg sin 20◦ = ma s
5
∴ a = g(0.25 cos 20◦ − sin 20◦ )
!
8gx 5
= ×
∴ a = −1.05 m/s2 5 5
Using v2 = u2 + 2as
r
40gx
=
= 2 × −1.05 × −8.84 25
p
√ 40gx
v = 18.58 =
5
= 4.31 m/s 2
=
p
10gx m/s
5
13 j i b R
R

5 0·3R
θ 4
θ mg
θ mg 3 Resolving vertically:
4
If tan θ = , then sin θ =
4 R − mg = 0
3 5
∴ mg sin θi + (R − mg cos θ)j = ma ∴ R = mg
Resolving horizontally:
a ∴ ma = mg sin θ 0.3R = ma
∴ a = g sin θ ∴ 0.3mg = ma
4g
= ∴ a = 0.3g
5
= 2.94 m/s2
≈ 7.84 m/s2 So,
u = 0, s = x,
p
2 10gx
u=
5
a = −2.94 m/s2
v=0
s =?

854
 using v2 = u2 + 2as 15 FR
R j i
v2 − u2
∴ s=
2a
4 θ
− × 10gx
∴ s = 25 θ 1000g
6g θ 1
− 20
10
! !
8gx 10
∴ s= ×
5 6g a Resolve in the i direction
8x ∴ (FR − 1000g sin θ) = 0
∴ s= m
3 1000g
∴ FR − =0
20
14 R ∴ FR − 50g = 0
F
∴ FR = 50g
μR θ
= 490 N
Mg
b R F
a Resolve perpendicular to the plane:
F sin θ + R = Mg
Resolve parallel to the plane:
θ 1000g
F cos θ − µR = Ma
(F − mg sin θ − FR )i
1
∴ a = (F cos θ +(R − mg cos θ)j = mai
M
− µ(Mg − F sin θ)) ∴ F − FR − mg sin θ = ma
F 1000g 1000g
= (cos θ+µ sin θ)−µg ∴ F− − = 1000(a = 1)
M 20 20
b R F = 1000
1000g
μR
+ ×2
20
θ
Mg
= 1980 N
F
Resolve perpendicular to the plane:
F sin θ + Mg = R 16 N
Resolve parallel to the plane:
F cos θ − µR = Ma 3N
8
1 0·5g
∴ a= (F cos θ θ
M 3
sin θ =
− µ(F sin θ + Mg)) 5
4
=
F
(cos θ−µ sin θ)−µg cos θ =
M 5

855
a Resolve perpendicular to the plane: 20
∴ it goes metres up the plane i.e.
N = 0.5g cos θ g
20
= 0.4g when t = 0, x = , v = 0
g
Resolve parallel to the plane: Resolve parallel to the plane:
3N 3N
− − 0.5g sin θ = 0.5 ẍ − 0.5g sin θ = 0.5 ẍ
8 8
3 2 g 3 1 3 2 g 3 1
− × g − × = ẍ × g − × = ẍ
8 5 2 5 2 8 5 2 5 2
3g 3g 1 3g 3g 1
− − = ẍ − = ẍ
20 10 2 20 10 2
9g 3g
∴ − = ẍ − = ẍ
10 10
!
1 2 3g
d v ∴ ẍ = −
2 9g 10
∴ =− 1
!
dx 10 d v2
1 2 3g 2 3g
∴ v =6− x ∴ =−
2 10 dx 10
1 9gx 1 3g
∴ v2 = − +c ∴ v2 = − x + c
2 10 2 10
When x = 0, v = 6 20
When x = , v = 0
g
∴ 18 = c
3g 20
1 2 9gx ∴ 0=− × +c
∴ v =− + 18 10 g
2 10
9gx ∴ c=6
When v = 4, −10 = −
10 When x = 0, v2 = 12
10 × 10 √
i.e. =x i.e v = 12
9g √
100 = 2 3 m/s
∴ =x
9g ≈ 3.46 m/s
∴ x ≈ 1.13 m

3N 17 10 N
b j
N 8
i
P
30°
+ve
0·5g 8N
θ Resolve in the j direction:
O
9gx 10 − 8 cos 60◦ = 6
When v = 0, − = −18 Resolve in the i direction:
10
20 8 cos 30◦ − P
∴ x=
g

856
 ∴ F = (8 cos 30 − P)i + 6j b R F
√ 30°
∴ |F|2 = 48 − 8 3P + P2 + 36
√
= 84 − 8 3P + P2
5g
For |F| = m|a| 30°
√
84 − 8 3P + P2 = 100 Resolve perpendicular to the plane:
√ F cos 60◦ + R = 5g cos 30◦
∴ P2 − 8 3P − 16 = 0 √
√ √
8 3 ± 192 + 64 5g 3 F
P= R= −
2 2 2
√ √
8 3 ± 16 5g 3 1
= = −
2 2 2
√ √ √
15 g 3 + 5g
!
= 4 3 + 8 or 4 3 − 8 +
√ 2 2
= (4 3 + 8) N √
√ 9g 3 − 5g 15
∴ P = 4 3 + 8 is the required force. = −
4 4
g √ 15
= (9 3 − 5) −
18 R F 4 4
Resolve parallel to the plane:
1
R 30° F cos 30◦ − R − 5g cos 60◦ = 5 ẍ
5
5
√ !√
30° 5g 15 g 3 + 5g 3
+
! 2 2 2
R ◦
F − − 5g sin 30 i g √ 15 5g
5 − (9 3 − 5) − − = 5 ẍ
+ (R − 5g cos 30◦ ) j = mai 20 20 2
∴ ẍ = 1.22 m/s2
a ∴ R − 5g cos 30◦ = 0
√
5g 3
∴ R=
2
and
R
F − − 5g sin 30 = ma
5
√
g 3 5g
∴ F− − = 5 × 1.5
2 2
∴ F = 5 × 1.5
√
g 3 + 5g
+
2
= 40.49 N

857
Solutions to Exercise 13D
1 F − S = ma
10
T T 10 − S = 6 ×
11
60
8g ∴ S = 10 −
10g 11
∴ T = S = 4.55 N
a 10g − T = 10a
1

T − 8g = 8a
2
3
1 +
2 gives 2g = 18a
2g
∴ a= T T
18
g 1·5 kg 2 kg
=
9
1·5g
Substitute into
2 2g
8g
T − 8g =
9 a T − 1.5g = 1.5a
1
8g
T = 8g + 2g − T = 2a
2
9
80g 1 +
2 gives 0.5g = 3.5a
= 0.5g
9 ∴ a=
3.5
≈ 87.1 N g
=
g 7 !
b ∴ a= m/s2 ≈ 1.09 m/s2 From 2 2g − T = 2
g
9 7
2g
∴ T = 2g −
2 a R 7
F 12g
=
7
11g
= 16.8 N
F = 10 N
F = ma g 9.8
b ∴ a= = = 1.4 m/s2
7 7
10 = 11a
10
∴ a= ≈ 0.91 m/s2 4 a R T
11
T
b R
5g
S F 25° Mg

6g

858
 Mg − T = M 4g − T = 4a
∴ Mg − M = T T
∴ a=g−
M(g − 1) = T 4
T and T − 2g sin 30◦ = 2a
∴ M=
1
g−1 ∴ T = g + 2a
T − 5g sin 25◦ = 5 !
T
∴ T = 5g sin 25 + 5◦ =g+2 g−
4
= 5(g sin 25◦ + 1)
2
T
5(g sin 25 + 1)
◦ = g + 2g −
From
1 M= 2
g−1 3T
= 2.92 kg ∴ = 3g
2
2
b From
2 T = 5(g sin 25◦ + 1) ∴ T = × 3g
3
= 25.71 N = 2g
= 19.6 N
5 a R T
T
b ∴ a=g−
T 4
4g
19.6
=g−
8g 4
8g − T = 8a = 4.9 m/s2
T
∴ a=g−
8 7 a R1 T T
R2
and T = 4a
4a 10g 5g
∴ a=g− 30° 45°
8
a
=g−
2
3a
∴ =g
2
2g 98
∴ a= = m/s2
3 15
98 2
b T = 4a = 4 × = 26 N
15 15

6 a R T
T

2g
30° 4g

859
 10g sin 30◦ − T = 10a
1 a T − 750 = ma
T − 5g sin 45◦ = 5a
2 ∴ T − 750 = 5000 × 2
1 +
2 gives
∴ T = 10 750 N
10g sin 30◦ − 5g sin 45◦ = 15a
√ b
5g 2
5g − = 15a 40 000 − T − FR = 10 000a
2
√ ∴ 40 000 − 10 750 − FR = 20 000
10g − 5g 2
∴ = 15a
2 ∴ FR = 40 000 − 10 750
√
10g − 5g 2 − 20 000
∴ a=
30 = 9250 N
√
2g − g 2
=
6
≈ 0.96 m/s2
10

√ T T
2g − g 2
b T − 5g sin 45 = 5 ×
◦
3 kg
6 x kg
∴ T = 5g sin 45◦
√ T = 37.5 N
2g − g 2
+5× ∴ xg − T = xα
6 1

≈ 39.4 N ∴ T − 3g = 3a
2

From
1 xg − 37.5 = xa
8 i : (T − 20)i = mai ∴ x(g − a) = 37.5
∴ T − 20 = 5 × 0.8 37.5
∴ x=
3
∴ T = 24 N g−a
37.5
j : mg − T = ma From
2 a= −g
3
∴ T = m(g − 0.8) ∴ a = 2.7 m/s2
4
∴ 24 N = 9m Substitute
4 into
3
∴ m = 2.67 kg 37.5
∴ x=
g − 2.7
9 R2 R1 ∴ x = 5.28 kg
T T
750 N 40 000 N
FR
5000g 10 000g

860
11 Engine: 12 a R1 R2
T2 T
j a
60 000 N i
R T
8g 12g
engine 5g
T
θ 40 000g 5g − T = 5a
1
Tmck:
∴ T = 20a
2
T
R
1 +
2 gives

5g = 25a
8000g g
θ ∴ a = m/s2
5
a engine: T 2 = 8a
(60 000 − 40 000g sin θ − T )i = ma
g
1 =8×
∴ 60 000 − (40 000g) − T = 40 000a 5
8
8g
∴ a=
1 =
40 000 5
(60 000 − 5000g − T ) = 15.68 N
truck:
1
T − (8000g) = 8000a b T = 20a
8
g
∴ T = 8000a + 1000g = 20 ×
Substitute T into a: 5
1 = 4g N
∴ a=
40 000
= 39.2 N
(60 000 − 6000g − 8000a)
g
∴ a=
6 6
− g−
a c a= m/s2
4 40 5 5
6a 30 3 = 1.96 m/s2
∴ = − g
5 20 20
30 − 3g
∴ a= 13 R
24 T
μR
∴ a = 0.025 m/s2 T
0·5g

b T = 8000(0.025) + 1000g 0·2g

∴ T = 10 000N u = 0, s = 3, t = 3

861
 1
∴ s = ut + at2 √
Substituting 2 into
1 gives
2 T − µ2 3g − 2g = 4 3
1
∴ s − ut = at2 For B:
2 6g − T = 6
2(s − ut)
∴ a= ∴ T = 6(g − 1) 4
t2
2(3 − 0) Substitute
4 into
√3
= ∴ 6(g − 1) − µ2 3g − 2g = 4
9
√
6
= m/s2 ∴ 4g − 10 = 2 3 gµ
9 4g − 10
2 ∴ µ= √
= m/s2 2 3g
3
0.2g − T = ma ∴ µ = 0.86

∴ 1.96 − T = 0.2 ×
2 b ∴ T = 6(g − 1) = 52.8 N
3
137
∴ T= N 15 R2
75
T μR2
and T − µR = ma T
R
137 2 3g
∴ − µ 0.5g = 0.5 ×
75 3 4·2g
 137 2 θ
∴ µ= − 0.5 × ÷ 0.5g
75 3
a 4.2g sin θ − T = ma
= 0.305
∴ 4.2g × 0.6 − T = 4.2 × 2
14 R T ∴ T = 2.52g − 8.4
T
A = 16.296 N
B
μR 4g
30° 6g
b T − µR2 = ma
a For A: ∴ 16.296 − µ3g = 3 × 2
Resolve parallel to the plane:
∴ 3gµ = 10.296
T − µR − 4g sin 30◦ = ma
1
Resolve perpendicular to the plane: ∴ µ = 0.35
R − 4g cos 30◦ = 0
√
∴ R = 2 3g 2

862
Solutions to Exercise 13E
1 F = (10 − t)2 2 a F = 10 sin(t)
using ΣF = ma using ΣF = ma
∴ 10a = (10 − t)2 ∴ 5a = 10 sin(t)
(10 − t)2 ∴ a = 2 sin(t)
∴ a=
10 Z
dv (10 − t)2 ∴ v= 2 sin(t)dt
∴ =
dt 10
Z ∴ v = −2 cos(t) + c
1
∴ v= (10 − t)2 dt When t = 0, v = 4 :
10
1 ⇒c=6
∴ v = − (10 − t)3 + c
30
∴ v = −2 cos(t) + 6
When t = 0, v = 0 : Now, Z
⇒c=
100 x = (−2 cos(t) + 6)dt
3
1 100 ∴ x = −2 sin(t) + 6t + d
∴ v = − (10 − t)3 +
30 3 When t = 0, x = 0 :
100
When t = 10, v = m/s
3 ⇒d=0
i.e. the velocity after 6 seconds is
100 ∴ x = −2 sin(t) + 6t
m/s
3
Now, Z  b F = 10 + 5x
1 100 
x= − (10 − t) + 3
dt ∴ 5a = 10 + 5x
30 3
1 (10 − t)4 100 ∴ a=2+x
∴ x=− × + t+d
30 4 × −1 3 d  1 2
1 100 ∴ v =2+x
∴ x= (10 − t)4 + t+d dx 2
120 3 1 2
Z
When t = 0, x = 0 : ∴ v = (2 + x)dx
2
Z
250
⇒d=− ∴ v = (4 + 2x)dx
2
3
1 100 250 ∴ v2 = 4x + x2 + c
∴ x= (10 − t)4 + t−
120 3 3
When t = 10, x = 250 m When v = 4, x = 0 :
Hence, the distance travelled is 250 m ⇒ c = 16
∴ v2 = 4x + x2 + 16
√
∴ v = 4x + x2 + 16
√ √
When x = 4, v = 48 = 4 3 m/s

863
c F = 10 cos2 (t) 100
3 F=
(t + 5)2
∴ 5a = 10 cos2 (t)
100
∴ a = 2 cos2 (t) ∴ 6a =
(t + 5)2
 d2 x  50
∴ = 2 cos2 t ∴ a=
dt2 3(t + 5)2
Z
dx dv 50
∴ = 2 cos2 (t)dt ∴ =
dt dt 3(t + 5)2
Using the identity 50
Z
1
1 ∴ v=

dt
cos (t) = 1 + cos t
2 2
3 (t + 5)2
2Z
dx
= (1 + cos2 (t)dt 50 (t + 5)−1
∴ ∴ v= × +c
dt 3 −1
dx 1 50
∴ = t + sin(2t) + c ∴ v=− +c
dt 2 3(t + 5)
dx When t = 0, v = 10 :
When t = 0, v = = 0:
dt
40
⇒c=0 ⇒c=
3
dx 1 50 40
∴ = sin(2t) + t ∴ v=− +
dt 2 3(t + 5) 3
So, 110
When t = 10, v =
Z 
1 
m/s
x= sin(2t) + t dt 9
2 i.e. the velocity after 10 seconds is
1 1 100
∴ x = − cos(2t) + t2 + d m/s
4 2 9
Now,
When t = 0, x = 0 :
Z 
50 40 
x= − + dt
1 3(t + 5) 3
⇒d=
4 50 40
∴ x = − loge (t + 5) + t + d
1 1 1 3 3
∴ x = − cos(2t) + t2 +
4 2 4 When t = 0, x = 0 :
1 2
∴ x = (2t − cos(2t) + 1) 50
4 ⇒d= loge (5)
3
50  5  40
∴ x= loge + t
3 t+5 3
and when t = 10 :
50  1  400
x= loge +
3 3 3
400 50
∴ x= − loge (3) m
3 3

864
 t Z   1 
4 F = 1 − sin ∴ v= 1 − cos t dt
4 2
m=1
1 
∴ v = t − 2 sin t + c
using ΣF = ma 2
t When t = 0, v = 0 :
a = 1 − sin
4 ⇒c=0
dv t 1 
∴ = 1 − sin ∴ v = t − 2 sin t
dt 4 2
Z   t 
∴ v= 1 − sin dt 1 
4 b If v = t − 2 sin t
t 2
∴ v = t + 4 cos +c then Z   1 
4 x= t − 2 sin t dt
When t = 0, v = 0 : 2
12  1
⇒ c = −4 ∴ x = t + 4 cos t + d
t 2 2
∴ v = t + 4 cos −4 When t = 0, x = 0 :
4
So, Z  t  ⇒ d = −4
x= t + 4 cos − 4 dt 1 1 
4 ∴ x = t2 + 4 cos t − 4
2 2
1 t
∴ x = t2 + 16 sin − 4t + d
2 4
When t = 0, x = 0 : 6 F = 12t − 3t2

⇒d=0 using ΣF = ma
12 t 4a = 12t − 3t2
∴ x = t + 16 sin − 4t
2 4 3
∴ a = 3t − t2
4
Z 
1  3 2
5 F = 1 − cos t ∴ v= 3t − t dt
2 4
3 1
a using ΣF = ma ∴ v = t2 − t3 + c
2 4
m=1 When t = 0, v = 2 :
1 
a = 1 − cos t ⇒c=2
2
3 1
∴ v = t2 − t3 + 2
2 4

865
 When t = 4, v = 10 m/s b
Hence the velocity after 4 seconds is
10 m/s

t
7 F=
t+1
t 1
Using long division =1−
t+1 t+1
Using ΣF = ma
m=1
1
a=1−
t+1 c distance
Z 
1  Z 30 travelled
∴ v= 1− dt = (−4e−0.5t + 4)dt
t+1 0
∴ v = t − loge (t + 1) + c  30
= 8e−0.5t + 4t
When t = 0, v = 0 : 0

⇒c=0 = 8e −15
+ 120 − 8

∴ v = t − loge (t + 1)
When t = 10, v = 10 − loge (11) ≈ 7.6 m/s
Hence, the velocity after 10 seconds is
7.6 m/s
≈ 112 m
Alternatively, using CAS to
determine the distance travelled in the
first 30 seconds we have

t
8 a F = e− 2
using ΣF = ma
t
0.5a = e− 2 
14 − 2t 0 ≤ t ≤ 5

9 F(t) = 

t
∴ a = 2e− 2 100t−2 t > 5

Z
t as F = ma
∴ v= 2e− 2 dt F F
∴ a= =
m 10
t
∴ v = −4e− 2 + c

F(t)  1.4 − 0. 2t 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
∴ a(t) = =

When t = 0, v = 0 : 10 10t−2 t>5

Note that the signed area under an a–t
⇒c=4
graph gives change in velocity. This
t
∴ v = −4e− 2 + 4 concept can be used to determine the
 t speed of the body when t = 10.
∴ v=4 1−e −2
m/s

866
 Z
a Sketch the a–t graph v= 10t−2 dt

10
v=− +d
t
From part a, when t = 5, v = 4.5:
⇒ d = 6.5
10
∴ v = − + 6.5 for t > 5
t
Hence,
2
1.4t − 0.1t 0 ≤ t ≤ 5


v(t) = 

10
− + 6.5 t > 5


t
for t ∈ [0, 10], v(t) ≥ 0
Change in velocity Z
1 10 Hence the distance travelled in the
= (0.4 + 1.4) × 5 + 10t−2 dt firstZ10 seconds
2 5 5
 10 = (1.4t − 0.1t2 )dt
= 4.5 + −10t−1 0
5 Z 10 
10 
= 4.5 + 1 + − + 6.5 dt
5 t
= 5.5 275
Alternatively, using CAS we have = − 10 loge (2) m (using CAS)
6

When t = 0, v = 0.
When
t = 10, v = 0 + change in velocity
∴ v = 5.5
∴ Speed = |v| = 5.5 m/s

b Distance travelled can be found by

determining the area under the v–t
graph.
For 0 ≤Zt ≤ 5:
v = (1.4 − 0.2t)dt

∴ v = 1.4t − 0.1t2 + c
From part a, when t = 0, v = 0:
⇒c=0
∴ v = 1.4t − 0.1t2 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
For t > 5:

867
10 F = kv 11 F = −kv
using ΣF = ma using ΣF = ma
ma = kv ma = −kv
kv kv
∴ a= ∴ a=−
m m
dv kv dv kv
∴ = ∴ v =−
dt m dx m
dt m dv k
∴ = ∴ =−
dv kv dx m
Z Z
m 1 k
∴ t= dv ∴ v=− 1 dx
k v m
m k
∴ t = loge (v) + c ∴ v=− x+c
k m
When t = 0, v = u : When x = 0, v = V :
m
⇒ c = − loge (u) ⇒c=V
k
m v k
∴ t = loge ∴ v=− x+V
k u m
kt v k
∴ v=V− x
 
∴ = loge m
m u
kt v
∴ em =
u
kt
∴ v = ue m
So, Z
kt
x = u e m dt

um kt
∴ x= em + d
k
When t = 0, x = 0 :
um
⇒d=−
k
um kt um
∴ x= em −
k k
um  kt 
∴ x= e m − 1 metres
k

868
12 F = b − cv 13 When the body is projected upwards:
using ΣF = ma
∴ ma = b − cv
b − cv
∴ a=
m
2
dv b − cv kv
∴ =
dt m using ΣF = ma
dt m
∴ = −mg − kv2
dv b − cv ∴ a=
Z
1 m
∴ t=m dv dv −mg − kv2
b − cv ∴ v =
m dx m
∴ t = − loge (b − cv) + d dv −2mg − 2kv2
c ∴ =
When t = 0, v = 0 : dx mv
dx mv
m
⇒ d = loge (b) ∴ =
c dv −mg − kv2
Z
! m 2kv
m
∴ t = loge
b ∴ x=− dv
c b − cv 2k mg + kv2
m
ct b
! ∴ x = − loge (mg + kv2 ) + c
∴ = loge 2k
m b − cv
When x = 0, v = u :
ct b m
∴ em = ⇒c= loge (mg + kv2 )
b − cv 2k
b ct  mg + ku2 
∴ b − cv = ct = be− m m
∴ x= loge
em 2k mg + kv2
ct Maximum height is reached when v = 0
∴ cv = b − be− m m  mg + ku2 
 ct  ∴ x= loge
∴ cv = b 1 − e −m 2k mg
m  ku2 
b ct  ∴ x= loge 1 + (1)
∴ v= 1−e −m
m/s 2k mg
c Hence, the maximum height reached =
Terminal velocity is the limiting velocity m  ku2 
as t → ∞ loge 1 +
b  2k mg
= 1 − e−∞ Now take the highest point as the origin.
c
b
= (1 − 0)
c
b
=
c
b
Hence, the terminal velocity is m/s
c

869
 2 m  ku2  m  mg 
kv ∴ loge 1 + = loge
2k mg 2k mg − kv2
ku2 mg
∴ 1+ =
mg mg − kv2
mg + ku2 mg
∴ =
mg mg − kv2
mg mg − kv2
∴ =
mg + ku2 mg
using ΣF = ma
(mg)2
ΣF ∴ = mg − kv2
∴ a= mg + ku2
m
(mg)2
mg − kv2 ∴ kv = mg −
2
∴ a= mg + ku2
m
dv mg − kv2 mg(mg + ku2 )
∴ v = ∴ kv2 =
dx m mg + ku2
dx mv (mg)2
∴ = −
dv mg − kv2 mg + ku2
mgku2
Z
m 2kv
∴ x= dv ∴ kv2 =
2k mg − kv2 mg + ku2
m mgu2
∴ x = − loge (mg − kv2 ) + c ∴ v2 =
2k mg + ku2
At highest point x = 0, v = 0 : s
m mgu2
⇒c= loge (mg) ∴ v=
2k mg + ku2
m  mg  r
mg
∴ x= loge (2) ∴ v=u
2k mg − kv2 mg + ku2
The object returns to the point of r
projection when (1) = (2). mg
∴ Speed = |v| = u
mg + ku2

870
 4 When t = 50, v = 25 + 25 = 50
14 F=
x Hence, when t = 50, v = 50 as
using ΣF = ma required
4
∴ 0.2a = 50
x b a=
25 + v
20
∴ a= dv 50
x ∴ v =
dx 25 + v
d 1 2
  20
∴ v = dv 50
dx 2 x ∴ =
Z dx 25v + v2
1 20
∴ v2 = dx dx 25v + v2 1 1
2 x ∴ = = v + v2
dv 50 2 50
1
∴ v2 = 20 loge (x) + c
Z 
1 1 
2 ∴ x= v + v2 dv
2 50
When v = 0, x = 1 : 1 1 3
∴ x = v2 + v +c
⇒c=0 4 150
1 2 When x = 0, v = 0 :
∴ v = 20 loge (x)
2 ⇒c=0
∴ v2 = 40 loge (x) 1 1 3
∴ x = v2 + v
∴ v = ± 40 loge (x)
p
4 150
When
∴ v = 40 loge (x) 2500 4375
p
v = 50, x = 625 + = m
(as the body is moving on the positive x 3 3
Hence, when v = 50 the distance
axis), as required.
from
4375
O to P is m
50 3
15 a Use F =
25 + v
50
∴ a=
25 + v
dv 50
∴ =
dt 25 + v
dt 25 + v 1 v
∴ = = +
dv 50 2 50
Z 
1 v
∴ t= + dv
2 50
1 v2
∴ t = v+ +c
2 100
When t = 0, v = 0 :
⇒c=0
1 v2
∴ t = v+
2 100

871
 v2
c For t > 50 use F = −
1000
dv v2
∴ v =−
dx 1000
dv v
∴ =−
dx 1000
dx 1000
∴ =−
dv v
Z
1
∴ x = −1000 dv
v
∴ x = −1000 loge (v) + c
4375
When v = 50, x = :
3
4375
⇒c= + 1000 loge (50)
3
 50  4375
∴ x = 1000 loge +
v 3
When v = 25,
4375
x = 1000 loge (2) +
3
≈ 2151.48 m
Hence, when v = 25 the distance
from O to P is ≈ 2151.48 m

872
Solutions to Exercise 13F
1 a ∠PQR = 180◦ − 120◦ = 60◦ 3 a
∠RPQ = 180◦ − 80◦ = 100◦

b P2 = 72 − 52
b ∠QPR = 180 − 100 = 80
◦ ◦ ◦
√
∴ P = 24
∠RQP = 180◦ − 120◦ = 60◦ √
∴ P=2 6N

5
c cos(180◦ − θ) =
7
!
5
∴ 180 − θ = cos
◦ −1
c ∠QPR = 180◦ − 115◦ = 65◦ 7
∠PRQ = 180◦ − (90◦ + 65◦ ) = 25◦ ∴ 180◦ − θ = 44.42◦
∴ θ = 135.58◦
Hence, the angle the 5 N force makes
with the 7 N force is 135.58◦

2 a 4 a
θ

b P2 = 22 + 52
√
∴ P = 29 N b Using the cosine rule,
102 = P2 + P2 − 2P2 cos 140◦
2
c tan(180◦ − θ) = 100 = 2P2 (1 − cos 140◦ )
5
P2 = 28.31
!
2
∴ 180 − θ = tan
◦ −1
5 ∴ P = 5.32 N
∴ 180◦ − θ = 21.80◦
!
2
∴ 180 − θ = tan −1
∴ θ = 158.20◦ 5
Hence, the angle the P N force makes ∴ 180 − θ = 21.80◦
with the 5 N force is 158.20◦

873
5 a PN Using the cosine rule,
QN 80° P2 = 102 + 102 − 2(10)(10) cos 130◦
θ°
115° P2 = 328.56
5N ∴ P = 18.13 N
Firstly, θ = 360 − (115 + 80 )
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

= 165◦ O
80° 60°
7
P
∴
Q
=
P
=
5 100° 120°
sin 165◦ sin 115 ◦ sin 80◦
5 5g
∴ Q= × sin 165◦ Using Lami’s theorem,
sin 80◦ P 5g
∴ Q = 1.31 N ∴ =
sin 120◦ sin 140◦
∴ P=
5
× sin 115◦ ∴ P = 66.02 N
sin 80◦
= 4.60 N 8 5N
Hence, P = 4.60 N, Q = 1.31 N
120°
5 3
b PN
10 N
130°
QN
70° θ° Along the force 10 N, the sum of the
resolved parts in newtons is
5N √
10 + 5 cos 120 + 5 3 cos 210◦ = 0
◦
Q 5 P
◦
= ◦
= Along the force 5 N, the sum of the
sin 160 sin 130 sin 70◦
5 resolved parts in newtons
√ is
∴ Q= ◦
× sin 160◦ 5 + 10 cos 120 + 5 3 cos 90◦ = 0
◦
sin 130
√
= 2.23 N Along the 5 3 N force, the sum of the
5 resolved
√ parts in newtons is
∴ P= × sin 70◦ 5 3 + 10 cos 210◦ + 5 cos 90◦ = 0
sin 130◦
= 6.13 N ∴ the particle is in equilibrium.
Hence, P = 6.13 N, Q = 2.23 N
9 PN

6 10 N 10 N 155° 155°
50°
50°
10 N 10 N

PN

10

P 130°
10

874
 a The resultant force, P, of the two Resolve in the direction of Q
10 N forces is shown above. Q + 10 cos 60◦ + 15 cos 150◦ = 0
The direction of the resultant of the √ !
3
two forces occurs along the bisector ∴ Q + 5 + 15 × − =0
2
of the angle between the forces. (this √ !
is the rhombus property) 15 3
∴ Q= −5 N
2
b P + 10 cos 155◦ ≈ 7.99 N
+10 cos 155◦ = 0 Resolve in the direction of P
P + 15 cos 120◦
∴ P − 18.13 = 0
+ 10 cos 210◦ = 0
∴ P = 18.13 N ! √
1 3
∴ P + 15 × − + 10 × − =0
c 18.13 N is the magnitude of P at an 2 2
angle of 155◦ with each 10 N force. √
15 + 10 3
∴ P=
2
10 QN ≈ 16.16 N
80°
PN
45° 12 8 N 16 N
23 N θ
Along the force P N, the sum of the
resolved parts in newtons is 10 N
P + Q cos 80◦ + 23 cos 135◦ = 0 1
Perpendicular to the force P N, the sum a 8
of the resolved parts in newtons is
10 180° – θ
23 cos 45◦ + Q cos 190◦ = 0 2
−23 cos 45◦ 16
From ,2 Q= 3
cos 190◦
Substitute 3 into 1 b Using the cosine rule,
P = −Q cos 80 − 23 cos 135◦
◦
102 = 162 + 82
23 cos 45◦ × cos 80◦
= − 23 cos 135◦ − 2(8)(16) cos(180◦ − θ)
cos 190◦ 55
∴ P = 13.40 N ∴ cos(180◦ − θ) =
64
Q = 16.51 N ∴ θ = 180 − 30.75 = 149.25◦
◦ ◦

11 10 N 13 5 N 100°
3N
Q
60° θ
15 N
120° PN
PN

875
 a Substitute T into 2
180° – θ 5 5P cos(15◦ ) 3
∴ × = P cos(75◦ ) + 2g
P 80° 4 5
3 3 cos 15◦
" #
∴ P − cos(75 ) = 2g
◦
4
3 cos 15◦ − 4 cos 75◦
!
b Using the cosine rule,
∴ P = 2g
∴ P2 = 32 + 52 − 2(3)(5) cos 80◦ 4
8g
∴ P2 = 28.79 i.e. P =
3 cos 15 − 4 cos 75◦
◦
∴ P = 5.37 N ≈ 42.09 N
c Using the cosine rule, 5P cos 15◦
∴ T=
∴ 32 = 52 + 5.372 4
5 cos 15◦ × 8g
− 2(5)(5.37) cos(180◦ − θ) =
4(3 cos 15◦ − 4 cos 75◦ )
∴ cos(180◦ − θ) = 0.835
≈ 50.82 N
∴ θ = 180◦ − 33.41◦ = 146.59◦

15 13
14 14 θ ψ
2·5 5 12
1·5
θ T ψ θ
T2
T1
θ
90 – θ 105°
P
2 75° 5g
2g Method 1: Resolving forces
Note: Resolve horizontally
3
cos θ = 5g = T 1 cos ψ + T 2 cos θ
5
12 5
sin θ =
4 5g = T 1 × + T2 ×
1
5 13 13
Resolve horizontally Resolve vertically
T cos(90◦ − θ) = P cos(15◦ ) T 1 cos θ = T 2 cos ψ
i.e. T sin θ = P cos(15◦ )
1
i.e. T 1 ×
5
= T2 ×
12
Resolve vertically 13 13
T cos θ = P cos 75◦ + 2g 12
2
i.e. T 1 = T 2
From 1 5
P cos(15◦ )
T=
sin θ
5P cos(15◦ )
=
4

876
Substitute in
1 16 P N 10 N
12 12 5T 2 50°
5g = × T2 +
5 13 13 220°
(144 + 25)T 2
∴ 65g = 12 N
5
325
∴ = T2 a Perpendicular to P N
169
∴ 10 cos 140◦ + 12 cos(220◦ − θ) = 0
12 325
∴ T1 = × g −10 cos 140◦
5 169 ∴ cos(220◦ − θ) =
60g 12
T1 =
13 ∴ θ = 220 − cos−1 (0.638)
◦

≈ 45.23 N θ = 169.67◦
Method 2: Triangle of forces
b Along the force P N
T1 ∴ P + 10 cos 50◦
5g + 12 cos(169.67◦ + 50◦ ) = 0
θ T2
∴ P = −10 cos 50◦ − 12 cos 219.67◦
T 1 = 5g sin θ
= 2.81 N
12
= 5g ×
13
60g
=
13
≈ 45.23 N

877
Solutions to Exercise 13G
1 F1 = 2i and F2 = −3j 3t2
d x = t2 and y =
∴ resultant force F = F1 + F2 = 2i − 3j 2
3x
∴ y= , x≥0
a Use F = ma 2
2i − 3j = a = ẍ
3 r(t) = 5t2 i + 2(t2 + 4)j
b magnitude of acceleration
√
√
|a| = 4 + 9 = 13 a When t = 0, r(0) = 8j

c ẍ = 2i − 3j b x = 5t2 , y = 2t2 + 8
∴ ẋ = 2ti − 3tj + c x
∴ t2 =
When t = 0, ẋ = 0 5
∴ c=0 2x
∴ y= + 8, x ≥ 0
∴ ẋ = v = 2ti − 3tj 5

p √ c F = ma
d speed = |ẋ| =4t2 + 9t2 = t 13
√ ṙ = 10ti + 4tj
When t = 1, speed = 13
r̈ = 10i + 4j
e velocity gives direction of ∴ F = 2(10i + 4j)
motion ≈ 303.69◦
= 20i + 8j N

2 F = 4i + 6j
4 r(t) = 5(5 − t2 )i + 5(t2 + 2)j
a F = ma implies 2a = 4i + 6j
a r(0) = 25i + 10j
∴ a = 2i + 3j
b x = 5(5 − t2 ) and y = 5(t2 + 2)
b r̈ = 2i + 3j
∴ x = 25 − 5t2
∴ ṙ = 2ti + 3tj + c
∴ 5t2 = 25 − x
When t = 0, ṙ = 0
∴ c=0 25 − x
∴ t2 =
5
∴ ṙ = 2ti + 3tj !
25 − x
∴ y=5 +2
3t2 5
c ∴ r = t2 i + j + c1
2 = 25 − x + 10
As r = 0 when t = 0, c1 = 0 = 35 − x
2
3t Also x = 5(5 − t2 )
∴ r = t2 i + j ∴ x ≤ 25
2
∴ y = 35 − x for x ≤ 25

878
 c ṙ = −10ti + 10tj b i F = mr̈
r̈ = −10i + 10j
!
8
= 10 8i + j
F = mr̈ 3
80
= 5(−10i + 10j) = 80i + jN
3
= −50i + 50j N s
!2
80
ii |F| = 802 +
5 F1 = 2i + j and F2 = i − 2j 3
∴ resultant force F = F1 + F2 = 3i − j 80 √
= 10 N
3
a Using F = ma
∴ 3i − j = 2a 7 r(t) = 2t2 i + (t2 + 6)j
3 1
∴ i− j=a a
2 2
3 1 x = 2t2 and y = t2 + 6
∴ acceleration is i − j m/s2
2 2 x
∴ y = + 6 as 2t2 ≥ 0 for all t, x ≥ 0
3 1 2
b r̈ = i − j x
2 2 ∴ y = + 6 for x ≥ 0
2
3 t
ṙ = ti − j + c b ṙ(t) = 4ti + 2tj
2 2
The particle starts at rest and √
therefore c = 0 c speed = |ṙ(t)| = 16t2 + 4t2
3 t √
∴ ṙ = ti − j = 20t2
2 2
3 t √
∴ the velocity is ti − j m/s = 2t 5
2 2
√ √
3 t2 2t 5 = 16 5
c r = t2 i − j + c2 √
4 4 16 5
When t = 0, r = 2i − 2j ∴ t= √ =8
∴ c2 = 2i − 2j 2 5
Hence,
√ the speed of the particle is
t2
! !
32 16 5 m/s after 8 seconds.
∴ r= t +2 i− +2 j
4 4
d r̈(t) = 4i + 2j

6 a For the acceleration ∴ F = 2(4i + 2j)

27i + 9j − (3i + j)
r̈ = = 8i + 4j N
3
∴ 27i + 9j = 3i + j + 3r̈
1
∴ r̈ = (24i + 8j)
3
8
∴ r̈ = 8i + j m/s2
3

879
 1 40x
8 F= (15i + 25j) ∴ t2 + 40t =
10 3
!
1 40x
a Using F = mr̈ thus y =
8 3
1
(3i + 5j) = 10r̈ 5x
2 =
3
1 and
(3i + 5j) = r̈ 40x
20 t2 + 40t =
3
t
b ṙ(t) = (3i + 5j) + c 40x
20 ∴ t2 + 40t + 400 − 400 =
3
ṙ(0) = 3i + 5j 40x
∴ [(t + 20)2 − 400] =
t 3
∴ ṙ(t) = (3i + 5j) + 3i + 5j r
20 40x + 1200 40x + 1200
! ! ∴ t= − 20,
3t t 3 3
= +3 i+ +5 j
20 4 ≥0

3t2
!
t2
! ∴ x ≥ −30
c r(t) = + 3t i + + 5t j + c1 Hence,
40 8 5x
When t = 0, r(t) = 0i + 0j y = , x ≥ −30
3
∴ c1 = 0
3t2 t2
! !
∴ r(t) = + 3t i + + 5t j 9 y = 3x
40 8
! ṙ = 5i + aj
3 × 36
r(6) = +3×6 i a
40 = 3 as velocity gives
5
62
!
+ +5×6 j direction of motion
8
∴ a = 15
207 69
= i+ j ∴ ṙ = 5i + 15j
10 2
The speed in the direction of the y axis
= 20.7i + 34.5j
is 15 m/s. √
3t2 t2 The speed of the particle = |ṙ| = 52 + 152
d x= + 3t, y = + 5t √
40 8 = 250
3 2 1 2 √
= (t + 40t) = (t + 40t) = 5 10 m/s.
40 8

880
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 mass of man = 75 kg b 1 gives 5T − 15g = 15a
5×
mass of the lift = 500 kg 2 gives 15g − 3T = 15a
3×
acceleration of the lift = 2 m/s2 Subtracting yields 8T − 30g = 0
acceleration due to gravity = g m/s2 ∴ T=
30
g
8
15
= g
4
(g = acceleration due to gravity)

a The force R exerted by the floor on 3 m = mass of the skier

the man is given by μR
R − 75 × g = 75 × 2
or R = 75(g + 2) N
θ
= 885 N Resolving in i direction:
b total mass of the lift and the man µR − mg sin θ = −ma 1

= 575 kg Resolving in j direction:

R = mg cos θ 2
T − Mg = Ma Substituting
2 into 1 gives
i.e. T − 575 × g = 575 × 2 µmg cos θ − mg sin θ = −ma
∴ T = 575(g + 2) N ∴ a = g(sin θ − µ cos θ)
= 6785 N
4 By Newton’s second law,
2 For the 3 kg mass,
a
T − 3g = 3a (Newton’s 2nd law)
1
100 − µR = ma
For the 5 kg mass,
5g − T = 5a
2 i.e. 100 − 0.4(10g) = 10a
∴ a = (10 − 0.4g) m/s2

μR

a Adding 2 gives 2g = 8a
1 and b If another block of mass 10 kg is
1
! placed on top of the first one, then
∴ a= g m/s2 m = 20 kg
4
∴ 100 − µ(20g) = 20a
∴ a = (5 − 0.4g) m/s2

881
 20 6 mass of the car m = 1000 kg
5 m = 5 kg, F = N at t seconds
(t + 1)2
initial velocity u = 60 km/h
a F = ma 6.0
= m/s
20 1 3.6
∴ at t seconds, a = × 24
(t + 1) 2 5 final velocity v = m/s
4 3.6
= m/s2
(t + 1)2 t=5s
v−u
∴ a=
Z
b velocity v = adt t
24 60
−
Z
4
= dt = 3.6 3.6
(t + 1)2 5
Z
24 − 60
= 4(t + 1)−2 dt =
3.6 × 5
4(t + 1)−1 = −2 m/s2
= + c1
−1 ∴ the retarding force using F = ma is
−4 1000 × −2 = −2000 N
= + c1
t+1 i.e., the retarding force acting in a
Since the body starts from rest,
direction opposing motion is 2000 N.
v(0) = 0
−4
⇒ + c1 = 0 7 Since the body is in limiting equilib-
t+1
rium, all the forces balance each other.
or c1 = 4
Resolving mg in the directions of i
−4
∴ v= +4 and j, we see that mg sin θ acts along
t+1
the inclined plane and mg cos θ acts
4t
= m/s perpendicular to it.
t+1
μR
Z
c displacement d = vdt
θ
Z
−4
= + 4dt
t+1 ∴ for equilibrium, R = mg cos θ
= −4 loge (t + 1) + 4t and µR = mg sin θ
+ c2 , t + 1 > 0 (µ = coefficient of friction)
mg sin θ
At t = 0, d = 0, ∴ µ=
R
⇒ −4 loge (0 + 1) + 4(0) + c2 = 0
mg sin θ
c2 = 0 =
⇒ mg cos θ
∴ d = (4t − 4 loge (t + 1)) m
= tan θ

882
 Then the inclination of the plane is b If a particle of mass 480 kg is to
increased to φ be lowered by the same rope, the
∴ the body will begin to slide down. maximum tension is again 400 kg wt.
Let the acceleration be a. Now 480g − T = 480a
⇒ mg sin φ − tan θ mg cos φ = ma or 480g − 480a = T
(since µ = tan θ and R = mg cos φ)
∴ 480g − 480a ≤ 400g
μR
i.e. 80g ≤ 480a
80g
φ ⇒ a≥
480
sin θ g
⇔ mg sin φ − mg cos φ = ma i.e. a ≥ m/s2
cos θ 6
g sin φ cos θ − g cos φ sin θ
⇔a=
cos θ
g 9
= sin(φ − θ) Given that F = 3 + 6x
cos θ
8 The maximum possible tension is F = ma implies 3 + 6x = 3 ẍ
400 kg wt. ⇒ 1 + 2x = ẍ
!
1 2
a When the particle is hauled upwards, d v
2
T − 320g = 320a 1 + 2x = since
dx
i.e. 400g − 320g = 320a !
1 2
d v
⇒ 80g = 320a 2
a=
80g dx
∴ a= Integrating both sides:
320 1
g ∴ x + x2 + c = v2
= m/s2 2
4
g When x = 0, v = 2
∴ maximum acceleration = m/s2 .
4 ⇒ c=2
1 2
∴ v = x + x2 + 2
2
p
∴ v = 2(x + x2 + 2)
x = 2, v = 2(2 + 4 + 2)
p
When
√
= 16
= 4 m/s

883
10 m = 3 kg, F = 3i + 6j N, v(0) = i + 2j s = 1000,
1000 = 50u + 1250a
3i + 6j
a F = ma implies a = ∴ 20 = u + 25a
2
3
2 gives 5 = −15a
1 −
= i + 2j
1
∴ a=−
3
b i a = i + 2j
(which shows deceleration)
∴ v(t) = ti + 2tj + c1 10
1 25 = u −
Substituting in ,
Now v(0) = i + 2j, 3
85
u=
∴ i + 2j = c1 3
1 85
∴ v(t) = ti + 2tj + i + 2j Using v = u + at, and a = − , u =
3 3
= (t + 1)i + (2t + 2)j and t = 50,
85 1 35
v= − × 50 =
= (t + 1)(i + 2j) 3 3 3
Using v2 = u2 + 2as, and
ii Speed = |v| 1 35
a=− , u= and v = 0,
√ 3 !2 3
= (t + 1) 1 + 4 35 1
√ 0= −2× ×S
= 5(t + 1) 3 3
1225 3 1
∴ s= × = 204
c v(t) = (t + 1)(i + 2j) 9 2 6
The train will travel a further
t2 1
!
∴ r(t) = + t (i + 2j) + c2 204 metres before coming to rest.
6
2
Since the particle is initially at the
v−u
origin, r(0) = 0, 12 a =
t
⇒ c2 = 0 15 − 0
=
t2
!
60
i.e. r(t) = + t (i + 2j)
2 1
= m/s2
4
d The equation of the straight line in
F = ma
which the particle moves is given by
r = k(i + 2j), k ≥ 0 1
= 9000 ×
4
or y = 2x, x ≥ 0
= 2250 N

1 13 The train is travelling with uniform

11 Using s = ut + at2 , t = 20 and s = 500,
2 velocity on level ground. As it begins
500 = 20u + 200a the ascent, the initial velocity is
∴ 25 = u + 10a 1 u = 20m/s.
1 ∴ F = R, where F = force of engine,
Using s = ut + at2 , t = 50 and
2 R = resistance.

884
 Also, on the incline, N = mg cos θ, since If the board is 5 cm thick, then
N and mg cos θ balance each other. s = 0.05 m
and v2 − 2002 = 2 × −2 × 105 × 0.05
∴ v2 = 2002 − 2 × 2
θ
× 105 × 0.05
∴ F − R − mg sin θ = ma = 20 000
3
⇒ − mg = ma √
50 ∴ v = 20 000 since v ≥ 0
3 √
or a=− g = 100 2 m/s
50
Now v = u + 2as
2 2

16 Let the mass of the body in the lift be

3
gives 0 = (20) − 2 × g × s
2
m kg.
50
2 When the lift accelerates upwards,
50 × 20
∴ s= T − mg = ma
6g
10 000 ⇒ 10g − mg = ma
1
= m
3g

14 Let the mass of the body in the lift be

m kg and the force of the lift on the body When the lift accelerates downwards,
be F. mg − T = m(2a)
Then F − mg = m f ⇒ mg − 7g = 2ma
2
(since the lift moves upwards)
a
2 − 2 × 1 gives
i.e. F = m(g + f ) N
−27g + 3mg = 0
27g
⇒ m=
3g
= 9 kg
∴ weight of the particle is 9 kg wt.
15 Initial velocity of the bullet = 200 m/s
At s = 10 cm (= 0.1 m), its velocity is 0 1 +
b 2 gives 3g = 3ma
Using v2 − u2 = 2as 3g
⇒a=
gives 0 − 200 = 2 × a × 0.1
2 3m
g
−2002 = m/s2
∴ a= 9
2 × 0.1
= −200 000 17 By Newton’s second law,
= −2 × 10 m/s
5
for particle A, m1 g − T = m1 a
1

and for particle B, T − m2 g = m2 a

2

885
 19 Given that m1 > m2 , then the tension
will cause A to be pulled up the plane.
Both A and B will move with the same
acceleration, say a.
For A, T − m2 g sin α = m2 a 1

a Adding 1 and 2 gives For B, m1 g − T = m1 a

2

m1 g − m2 g = m1 a + m2 a
(m1 − m2 )g
a= m/s2
m1 + m2 α

m1 g − T T − m2 g
b From
1 and ,
2 = a Adding
1 and 2 gives
m1 m2
m1 g − m2 g sin α = (m1 + m2 )a
⇒ m1 m2 g − m2 T = m1 T − m1 m2 g
∴ T (m1 + m2 ) = 2m1 m2 g g(m1 − m2 sin α)
⇒ a=
2m1 m2 g m1 + m2
∴ T= N ∴ particle A will move up the plane
m1 + m2
with an acceleration
g(m1 − m2 sin α)
a= m/s2
18 The forces involved are represented in m1 + m2
the sketch.
b From 1 and 2 we have
Friction can be neglected as the surface T − m2 g sin α m1 g − T
is smooth. =
m2 m1
We have T = m2 a 1
m1 T − m1 m2 g sin α = m1 m2 g − m2 T
and m1 g − T = m1 a
2
T (m1 + m2 ) = m1 m2 g + m1 m2 g sin α
m1 m2 g(1 + sin α)
∴ T= N
m1 + m2

20 Resolving the weight mg along the plane

and perpendicular to the plane, we get:
a Adding 1 and
2 gives R = mg cos α
m1 g = (m1 + m2 )a and by Newton’s second law:
∴ a=
m1 g
m/s2 mg sin α − µR = ma
m1 + m2
∴ ma = mg sin α − µ mg cos α
b Therefore, A is pulled along the ⇒ a = g(sin α − µ cos α)
table towards the pulley with μR
acceleration a.
Now T = m2 a
m1 m2 g α
= N
m1 + m2

886
21 Friction can be neglected as the table is e From part d, it takes B, and
smooth. 4
also A, p seconds to travel
For B, 6g − T = 6a
1 3g
1 metre. Now as B has the reached
For A, T = 10a
2
the floor, there is no longer any
a Adding
1 and
2 gives tension in the string, so A will travel
6g = 16a the next 1 metre with constant
velocity (there are now no horizontal
3
⇒ a = g m/s2 forces acting on A as the horizontal
8
table is smooth).
30 For the constant velocity, use
2 we get T =
b From g
8 3
v2 = u2 + 2as where u = 0, a = g
15 8
= gN and s = 1
4 3
v2 = 0 + g
c Two forces acting on the pulley are 4
p
shown in the diagram. Since the 3g
v=
forces are equal in magnitude, they 2
are represented by the sides of an s = vt
isosceles triangle. p
3g
Further they are at right angles. Now using 1 = t
2
By the triangle law, the resultant
2
force
√ is t= p
√ 3g
T 2 + T 2 = 2T
◦
So the time it takes A to reach the
in the direction of 45
√ to the
15 2 edge is
horizontal, i.e., g N. 4 2 6
4 p + p = p
3g 3g 3g

22 a Particle A:
10 sin 60◦ − T = 10 ẍ (1)
Particle B:
T − 3g = 3 ẍ (2)
1
d Using s = ut + at2 , Add equations (1) and (2).
2
1 3 √
1 = 0 + × g × t2 (5 3 − 3)g = 13 ẍ
2 8 √
16 5 3−3
∴ t2 = ẍ = g
3g √ 13
5 3−3
4 The acceleration is g m/s2 .
∴ t = p since t ≥ 0 13
3g
b From (2)
≈ 0.74 s

887
 √
15 3 − 9 24 If the two forces each equal to P N act at
T = 3g + g
√13 a point, inclined at 120◦ , we can use the
3g(10 + 5 3) triangle law to find the resultant.
= N
13 It can be seen that the forces make an
angle of 60◦ in the triangle. But the two
23 a 3g − T = 3 ẍ . . . (1) forces being equal make the remaining
two angles of the triangle equal 60◦ .
T − g = 5 ẍ . . . (2)
Thus, we have an equilateral triangles
∴ 2g = 8 ẍ and hence the resultant R must also have
g a magnitude of P N.
∴ ẍ = m/s2
4
b Use v2 = u2 + 2as
2g g
v2 = =
4p 2 Alternative method
2g
∴v= m/s As before, we can resolve along the
2 direction of one force and a
c Particle B: perpendicular direction.
p v = u + at
Use
2g g
= t
2 p4
2 2g
∴t= This gives
g p P + P cos 120◦ = P(1 + cos 120◦ )
2 2g ◦
It hits the ground after seconds and P cos
p30
g
Particle A: ∴ R = P2 (1 + cos 120◦ )2 + P2 cos2 30◦
√
While B is moving the acceleration is =P 1
g
still m/s2 =P
4 p
2 2g
Therefore it travels 1 metre in
g 25 The particle rests in equilibrium.
seconds
The Let T be the tension in the string, now
p velocity ispthen inclined at 60◦ to the vertical. Hence,
2 2g g 2g
× = the angles between the three forces are
g 4 2
Then the force acting on A = −g N 90◦ , 150◦ and 120◦ as shown in the
So −g = 5 ẍ diagram.
g
Hence ẍ = −
5
Use v2 = 2as again
g 2g
0= − ×s
2 5
5
∴s= m By Lami’s theorem:
4

888
 P T 5g P T 2g
= = ⇒ = =
sin 120◦ sin 90◦ sin 150◦ sin(90 + θ) sin 90
◦ ◦ sin(180◦ − θ)
5g P 2g
∴ P= × sin 120◦ ⇒ =T =
sin 150◦ cos θ sin θ
√ 2g
3 ⇒ P= × cos θ
5g × sin θ
= 2 10g 4 3
1 = × since sin θ =
3 5 5
2 8g
√ = N
= 5g 3 N 3
2g
and T =
sin θ
26 The final position of the particle in 10g
equilibrium is as shown in the diagram. = N
3
From the right triangle,
2
cos θ = 27 The forces may be represented by a
2.5
4 triangle of vectors.
= T 1 = 5g cos θ
5
5
!
−1 4 = 5g ×
∴ θ = cos
5 13
25g
= N
θ 13
T 2 = 5g sin θ
12
= 5g ×
The three angles between the forces are 13
90◦ , 180◦ − θ and 90◦ + θ. 60g
= N
13
25g
The tension in the two strings is N
13
60g
and N.
13

θ θ

889
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 D P = 3(6i + 8j) 5 D
∴ P = 18i + 24j N
T
p
∴ |P| = (18)2 + (24)2 θ
√
∴ |P| = 900
∴ |P| = 30

2 E R − mg = ma mg
∗
Note the positioning of θ
∴ R = ma + mg
Resolving in the j direction:
∴ R = 10 × 4 + 10g ∴ N + T cos θ − mg = 0
∴ R = 40 + 10g
6 B
∴ R = 138 N N
3 B
8N μ=0

6N
R
p θ
R= (8)2 + (6)2
√ mg
∴ R= 100 Resolving down and parallel to the
∴ R = 10 N plane:
mg sin θ = ma
4 B For the 5 kg mass:
∴ a = g sin θ
5g − T = 5a (1)
For the 3 kg mass: 4g
∴ a= m/s2
T − 3g = 3a (2) 5
(1) + (2): 7 B
8a = 2g 10
g
∴ a = m/s2 120°
4 10
R

890
 Using the cosine rule: a body experiencing acceleration
R2 = 102 + 102 − 2(10)(10) cos(120◦ ) must also be experiencing a net
∴ R2 = 200 − 200 cos(120◦ ) force. This force is referred to as the
centripetal force.
∴ R2 = 300 Therefore, if the external resultant
√
∴ R = 10 3 N force on a body is zero then the body
cannot be moving. in a circle.
8 B Resolving perpendicular to the
plane: 10 C R
N + T sin θ − W = 0
∴ N = W − T sin θ
Resolving parallel to the plane: FR 54 N
T cos θ − F = 0
∴ F = T cos θ
∴ µN = T cos θ
9g
T cos θ Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
∴ µ=
N R = 9g
T cos θ
∴ µ= Resolving parallel to the plane:
W − T sin θ 54 − FR = ma
9 B When an object moves in a circle, ∴ 54 − µR = 18
it is constantly changing direction.
Because of this direction change the ∴ µR = 36
body is accelerating. This accelera- 36
∴ µ=
tion is directed inwards towards the 9g
centre of the circle. And according 4
∴ µ = ≈ 0.41
to Newton’s second law of motion g

891
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a 42 − T − 4g = 0
42 N
∴ T = 42 − 4g
4g
≈ 2.8 N T

b 42 − 4g = 4 ẍ
42 − 4g
∴ ẍ =
4
= 0.7 m/s2
1
c i For constant acceleration, s = ut + at2
2
1 21 − 2g 2
∴ 5=0×t+ × ×t
2 2
20
∴ = t2
21 − 2g
s
20
∴ t= since t ≥ 0
21 − 2g
≈ 3.78
It takes approximately 3.78 seconds to reach the surface.
ii The velocity of the buoy as it reaches the surface is given by
v = u + at
s
21 − 2g 20
=0+ ×
2 21 − 2g
= 5(21 − 2g) m/s
p

≈ 2.65
The velocity of the buoy is approximately 2.65 m/s when it reaches the surface.

d When the buoy leaves the water it is acting under only gravitational force,
therefore use
v2 = u2 + 2as
Now u = 5(21 − 2g), a = −g, v = 0,
p

∴ 0 = 5(21 − 2g) − 2gs

5(21 − 2g)
∴ s=
2g
≈ 0.357
The buoy reaches a height of approximately 0.357 metres.

892
2 a i For the 2.8 kg mass
T 2 − 2.8g = 2.8a
1
T2
For the 2.2 kg mass T2

T 1 + 2.2g − T 2 = 2.2a
2 2.8g
T1 2.2g
For the 3 kg mass
T1
3g − T 1 = 3a
3
3g

Substitute from
3 in
2 for T 1 ,
∴ 3g − 3a + 2.2g − T 2 = 2.2a
∴ 5.2g − T 2 = 5.2a
4

Add
1 and ,
4

∴ T 2 − 2.8g + 5.2g − T 2 = 8a
∴ 2.4g = 8a
∴ 0.3g = a

ii Substitute in ,
3
3g − T 1 = 3 × 0.3g
∴ 3g − 0.9g = T 1
∴ T 1 = 2.1g

b ẍ = 0.3g
∴ ẋ = 0.3gt + c T T

When t = 0, ẋ = 0, 2.2g
2.8g
∴ c=0
∴ ẋ = 0.3gt
When t = 1.5, ẋ = 0.3 × 1.5g
= 0.45g
2.8g − T = 2.8a
and T − 2.2g = 2.2a
∴ 0.6g = 5a
∴ a = 0.12g
(in the opposite direction to the initial velocity)

893
 Using v2 = u2 + 2as, 0 = u2 − 2 × 0.12g × s
(0.45g)2
with u = 0.45g ∴ s=
0.24g
= 8.26875
The 2.2 kg mass falls a further distance of 8.27 metres, correct to two decimal
places.

3 a i 0.4g − T = 0.4 ẍ
1 R
T
μR
T − 0.4 × 0.2g = 0.2 ẍ
2 T
1 +
2 gives 0.2g
0.4g − 0.08g = 0.6 ẍ
0.4g
0.32g
∴ ẍ =
0.6
8g
=
15
≈ 5.23 m/s2

8g
ii 0.4g − 0.4 × =T
15
14g
∴ T=
75
≈ 1.83 N

b Consider the system before it strikes the floor.

v2 = u2 + 2as
8g
v2 = 2 × 1.5 ×
15
8g
v2 =
5
For the particle on the table, after the 0.4 kg particle hits the floor,
T − µR = m ẍ
T = 0, µ = 0.4, R = 0.2g,
∴ −0.2g × 0.4 = 0.2 ẍ
−0.4g = ẍ
Use v2 = u2 + 2as
8g
When v = 0, 0 = − 2 × 0.4g × s
5
8g
∴ s= ÷ 0.8g
5
=2

894
 The particle goes a further two metres after the 0.4 kg particle hits the floor.

4 Let F be the tractive force of the engine.

50
a i Resistance force for the engine = × 60 000
1000
= 3000 N
30
Resistance force for the truck = × 12 000
1000
= 360 N
Resolving parallel to the plane with the whole system: R2
F
F − 72 000g sin α − 3000 − 360 = 0 R1 T
T
1 3000 60 000g
∴ F = 72 000g × + 3000 + 360 360
200 α 12 000g
= 360g + 3360 ≈ 6888 N

ii Let T N be the tension in the coupling.

Resolving parallel to the plane for the engine:
1
F − T − 60 000g × − 3000 = 0
200
60 000g
∴ T = (360g + 3360) − − 3000
200
= 60g + 360
≈ 948 N

b i F − 72 000g sin α − 3000 − 360 = 72 000 × 0.1

∴ F = 360g + 10 560
≈ 14 088 N

60 000g
ii T = (360g + 10 560) − 60 000 × 0.1 − − 3000
200
= 60g + 1560
≈ 2148 N

5 a i ẍ = −(a + bv2 )
dv
v = −(a + bv2 )
dx
dv −(a + bv2 )
∴ =
dx v

895
 dx −v
ii From i, =
dv a + bv2
dw dx −v
Let w = a + bv2 , = 2bv and =
dv dv w
Z
−v
x= dv
w
Z
−1 1
= dw
2b w
−1
= loge (a + bv2 ) + c, a + bv2 > 0
2b
When x = 0, v = u,
1
∴ c= loge (a + bu2 )
2b
1
∴ x = (loge (a + bu2 ) − loge (a + bv2 ))
2b
a + bu2
!
1
x= loge
2b a + bv2
The train comes to rest when v = 0,
a + bu2
!
1
i.e. x = loge
2b a
bu2
!
1
= loge 1 +
2b a

896
 dv
b i = −(a + bv2 )
dt
dt −1
∴ =
dv a + bv2
−1
= !
a
b +v 2
b
pa !
−1
= √ b
ab b + v2
a
√ !
−1 b
∴ t = √ tan √ v + c
−1
ab a
When t = 0, v = u,
√ !
1 b
∴ c = √ tan √ u
−1
ab a
√ ! √ !
1 b 1 b
∴ t = √ tan−1 √ u − √ tan−1 √ v
ab a ab a
√ !
1 b
When v = 0, t = √ tan−1 √ u
ab a

ii If b = 0.005, a = 2 and√u = 25, !

1 0.005 × 25
then t = √ tan−1
√
0.01 2
= 10 tan−1 (1.25) ≈ 8.96
It takes 8.96 seconds for the train to stop.

897
6 a mg − 0.02mv2 = m ẍ
∴ ẍ = g − 0.02v2
v2 50g − v2
∴ ẍ = g −
=
50 50
2
dv 50g − v
∴ v =
dx 50
dv 50g − v2
∴ =
dx 50v
dx 50v
∴ =
dv 50g − v2
Let w = 50g − v2
dw
∴ = −2v
dv
Z
1
∴ x = −25 dw
w
= −25 loge (50g − v2 ) + c, 50g − v2 > 0
When x = 0, v = 0,
∴ c = 25 loge (50g)
!
50g
and x = 25 loge
50g − v2
x 50g
b e 25 =
50g − v2
s !
−x
∴ v= 50g 1 − e 25

c v v= 50g

0 x

898
7 a T − 200g sin 60◦ − 200g cos 60◦ µ = 0
√
∴ 200g − 100g 3 − 100gµ = 0
√
200 − 100 3
∴ µ=
100
√
=2− 3
∴ µ ≈ 0.2679

b If the value of M is 200, the crate is on the point of moving up the plane. Consider
the crate being on the point of moving√ down the plane.
Then Mg sin 60 − T − (2 − 3)R = 0
◦

√
Mg 3 1
− 200g − (2 − 3) × Mg × = 0
p
∴
2 2
Mg √ √
∴ ( 3 − (2 − 3)) = 200g
2
Mg √
∴ (2 3 − 2) = 200g
2
√
∴ M = 100( 3 + 1) kg
√
The crate will remain stationary for 200 ≤ M ≤ 100( 3 + 1)

c i Let M = 150. The mass will move up the plane.

T
200g − T = 200 ẍ 1 T

T − 150g cos 30 − 150g sin 30 µ = 150 ẍ

◦ ◦

√ 150g
∴ 200g − 75g 3 − 75gµ = 350 ẍ 60° 200g
√ √
∴ 200g − 75g 3 − 75g(2 − 3) = 350 ẍ
∴ 200g − 150g = 350 ẍ
∴ 50g = 350 ẍ
g
∴ = ẍ
7
g
The acceleration is m/s2 .
7

ii 200g − T = 200 ẍ (from )

1
g
∴ T = 200g − 200 ×
7
1200g
=
7
1200g
The tension is N.
7

899
 g 2g
iii When the rope breaks, the 200 kg mass has a speed of × 2 = m/s and has
7 7
1 2g
travelled at2 = metres in the two seconds.
2 7
2g 2g
Using v2 = u2 + 2as, with u = , a = g and s = 50 − ,
!2 7 ! 7
2g 2g
v2 = + 2 × g × 50 −
7 7
4 2 4
∴ v2 = g + 100g − g2
49 7
v ≈ 30.54, since v ≥ 0
The speed of the 200 kg weight when it hits the ground is 30.54 m/s.

8 a v = 125(1 − e−0.1t )
dv
= 12.5e−0.1t
dt

b i P − 20v = 250 × 12.5e−0.1t

∴ P = 3125e−0.1t + 20v
= 2500(1 − e−0.1t ) + 3125e−0.1t
= 2500 + 625e−0.1t
= 625(4 + e−0.1t )

ii P = 20v + 3125e−0.1t
!
v
= 20v + 3125 1 −
125
= 20v + 3125 − 25v
= 3125 − 5v
= 5(625 − v)

iii When v = 20, P = 3025 N

iv When t = 30, P = 2500 + 625e−3

≈ 2531.117 N

c P
3125
2500

0 t

900
9 a Resolving perpendicular to the plane: R T
θ
T sin θ + R = Mg cos α
∴ R = (Mg cos α − T sin θ) N
α Mg

b Resolving parallel to the plane:

T cos θ − Mg sin α − 0.1R = 0
1
T cos θ − Mg sin α − (Mg cos α − T sin θ) = 0
10
0.1Mg cos α + Mg sin α
∴ T= N
cos θ + 0.1 sin θ
!
3 4
Mg 0.1 × +
5 5
c i T=
cos θ + 0.1 sin θ
Mg
× 4.3
= 5
cos θ + 0.1 sin θ
43Mg
=
50(cos θ + 0.1 sin θ)
8.6g
= N
cos θ + 0.1 sin θ

ii Let y = cos θ + 0.1 sin θ

dy
= − sin θ + 0.1 cos θ
dθ
dy 1
= 0 implies tan θ =
dθ 10
∴ θ = 0.09967c
or θ = 5.71◦ = 5◦ 430
8.6g
This maximises cos θ + 0.1 sin θ, and minimises .
cos θ + 0.1 sin θ
√
86 101 1 10
iii Minimum T = g N, since sin θ = √ and cos θ = √ .
101 101 101
d Resolving the forces produces the same expression to be maximised as before, i.e.,
clearly no effect. So θ = 5◦ 430

901
 5 12
10 If sin θ = , then cos θ = .
13 13

a i N = 50g × cos θ N

12
= 50g ×
13
600g θ° 50g
= N
13

ii Friction force = µ N
= 0.1 N
60g
= N
13
60g
b 50g sin θ − = 50 ẍ
13
250g 60g
∴ − = 50 ẍ
13 13
19g
= ẍ
65
19g
The acceleration down the plane is m/s2 .
65
c i Constant acceleration
Use v2 = u2 + 2as
19g
=2× × 10
10
76g
=
13
∴ v ≈ 7.569 m/s
The speed of the particle at the bottom of the plane is 7.569 m/s.

ii v = at
76g 19g
= t
19 65
t ≈ 2.64
The time taken to reach the bottom is 2.6 seconds.

d i 300 − 250t + 50g sin θ − 5g cos θ = 50 ẍ F

250g 60g
300 − 250t + − = 50 ẍ
13 13 50g
θ°
ẍ ≈ 8.86 − 5t

902
 dv
ii Let = 8.86 − 5t
dt
5t2
∴ v = 8.86t − +c
2
When t = 0, v = 0,
∴ c=0
5t2
∴ v = 8.86t −
2
dx 5t2
i.e. = 8.86t −
dt 2
2
8.86t 5t3
∴ x= − +c
2 6
When t = 0, x = 0,
∴ c=0
5
x = 4.43t2 − t3
6
5
When x = 10, 10 = 4.43t2 − t3
6
Using a CAS calculator to find t, the particle reaches the bottom of the slope
when t = 1.865.

903
Chapter 14 – Revision of Chapters 12 and 13
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a v(t) = cos t i + cos(2t) j dv
3 a v − 5 = 10
dt
b a(t) = − sin t i − 2 sin(2t) j dv v − 5
=
r dt 10
1
c |r(t)| = sin2 t + sin2 2t dt 10
4 b =
p dv v − 5
= sin2 t + sin2 t cos2 t t = 10 loge |v − 5| + c
√
= | sin t| 1 + cos2 t When t = 0, v = 0
p
= | sin t| 2 − sin2 t ∴ c = −10 loge | − 5|
|v − 5|
d √ ∴ t = 10 loge
5
|r(t)| = cos2 t + cos2 2t t
p ∴ 5e 10 = |v − 5|
= cos2 t + 1 − sin2 2t To satisfy the initial conditions we
t
=
p
= cos t + 1 − 4 sin t cos t
2 2 2 have v 5 − 5e 10

q
= cos2 t + 1 − 4 sin2 t(1 − sin2 t)
4 Reolving parallel to the plane, we have
5g cos 60◦ = T
p
= 2 − 5 sin2 t + 4 sin4 t
5g
T=
e x = sin t and y = sin t cos t 2
x = sin t
2 2

and 1
5 a r(t) = 2 sec ti + tan t j
y = sin t cos t = sin t(1 − sin t)
2 2 2 2 2
2
∴ y = x (1 − x )
2 2 2 1
∴ x = 2 sec t and y = tan t
2
x
2 a 50g − R = 50 ∴ = sec t and 2y = tan t
2
R = 50g − 50 x2
∴ 1 + 4y = 2
R ≈ 440 N 4
2
x
b R − 50g = 50 − 4y2 = 1 x ≥ 2, y ≥ 0
4
R = 50g + 50
R ≈ 540 N b v(t) = 2 tan t sec t i + 0.5 sec2 t j

1
 π π 1 π √ 1
c v = 2 tan i+ sec2 j b r(t) = 10ti + (10 3t − gt2 ) j
3 3 2 3 2
√ 4 √ 1
= 4 3i + j ∴ x = 10t and y = 10 3t − gt2
2 2
π √ g 2
∴ |v |2 = 52 ∴ y = 3x − x
3 200
π √
∴ |v | = 2 13
3 9 Let |Q| = m
m
F = 5(4i + 3 j) + √ (i − 2 j)
5
k
6 Acceleration = m 2m
v = (20 + √ )i + (15 − √ ) j
5 5
When a = 2, v = 1 ⇒ k = 2
40m m2 60m 4m2
|F|2 = 400 + √ + + 225 − √ +
Z Z
v dv = 2 dt 5 5 5 5

v2 |F| = 25
= 2t + c
2 40m m2 60m 4m2
∴ 625 = 400 + √ + + 225 − √ +
When t = 0, v = −2 ⇒ c = 2 5 5 5 5
v2 20m
∴ = 2t + 2 ∴ − √ + m2 = 0
2 5
√
v2 = 4(t + 1) ∴ −4 5m + m2 = 0
√ √
∴ v = −2 t + 1, ∴ m = 0 or m = 4 5.
√
since when t = 0, v = −2 If |Q| is non-zero, |Q| = 4 5 newtons

7 10 a 25 − T = 15a . . . (1)
v(t) = e i − e
2t −2t
k T = 4a . . . (2)
1 1 ∴ 25 = 19a
r(t) = e2t i + e−2t k + c
2 2
25
r(0) = i + j − 2k a=
19
1 1 100
∴ r(t) = (e2t + 1)i + j + (e−2t − 5)k ∴T =
2 2 19
5 19 100
∴ r(loge 2) = i + j − k Tension is
19
N
2 8

8 a a(t) = − j t
v(t) = −gt j + c
√
v(0) = 10i + 10 3 j
√
∴ v(t) = 10i + (10 3 − gt) j

2
 b 25 − 15gµ − T = 15a . . . (1) 13 a
T − 4gµ = 4a . . . (2) v(t) = − sin(2t)i + 2 cos(2t) j

∴ 25 − 19gµ = 19a r(t) = cos(2t)i + sin(2t) j + c

19g It is given that r(0) = 2i − j

25 − = 19a
2 ∴ r(t) = (cos(2t) + 1)i + (sin(2t) − 1) j
50 − 19g
∴a= m/s2
38 b r(t) = (cos(2t) + 1)i + (sin(2t) − 1) j
x − 1 = cos 2t and y + 1 = sin 2t
11 Resolve parallel to the plane
1 ∴ (x − 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 1
10g cos 60◦ + × 10g cos 30◦ = 10 ẍ
4
√ c For this 2 cos 2t = 0 and − sin 2t < 0
5 3g π 3π
5g + = 10 ẍ cos 2t = 0 ⇒ t = , and
5π
4 4 4 4
√
20g + 5 3g But only two of these satisfy
ẍ = π 5π
40 − sin 2t < 0 ∴ t = ,
We use v = u + at√ 4 4
20g + 5 3g
0=8− t
40 √ gt2
320 14 r(t) = 14 3ti + (14t − )j
t= √ 2
20g + 5 3g
gt2
=
64 a t 14t − =0
√ 2
(4 + 3)g gt
√ t(14 − = 0
64(4 − 3) 2
=
13g 28
t = 0 or t =
g
The particle reaches the ground in
12 a Resolve parallel to the plane 28
m ẍ = −mg cos(θ)µ − mg sin(θ) seconds
g
∴ ẍ = −g(µ cos θ + sin θ) √
b x = 14 3t
Use v2 = u2 + 2 ẍ × x
gt2
2gx sin θ − u 2 y = 14t −
µ= 2
(2gx cos θ) √
3 g 2
∴y= x− x
b x increased by 44% (Results from the 3 1176
factor 1.22 ) c Reaches maximum
14
height when t =
g

3
 √
14 g  14 2 3 5g
Maximum height = 14 × − ×
g 2 g
196 196
= −
g 2g
98
=
g
98
Maximum height = = 10 metres
g

15 We use a triangle of forces.

√
2 5
cos θ = sin θ =
3 3
100 = 2T 2 (1 − cos 2θ) cosine rule
100
= T2
2 − 2 cos 2θ
100
T2 =
2 − 2(1 − 2 sin2 θ)
25
T2 =
sin2 θ
25
T2 =
5
9
T 2 = 45
√
∴ T = 3 5 kg wt

4
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 C V = (x − 2)2 T2 T1
sin 30◦ = and cos 30◦ =
dx 20 20
∴ = (x − 2)2
dt
Z ⇒ T 2 = 20 sin 30 and
◦

∴ t = (x − 2)−2 dx T 1 = 20 cos 30◦

Therefore, response E is not true
−1
∴ t=
x−2 3 C
(letting c be zero)
1

1
∴ x−2=−
t
1
∴ x=2−
t An accurate representation would be
dx 1
v= = 2
dt t
2
d x 2
∴ a= 2 =− 3
dt t
−2
= !3 from
1
−1
x−2
This is equivalent to response C.
(x − 2)3
= −2 ×
−1 4 A For the 5 kg mass:
= 2(x − 2)3 5g − T 1 = 5a 1
For the 3 kg mass:
2 E Representing the forces in a triangle
T 1 − 3g = 3a 2
1 + :
2
2g = 8a
g
∴ a=
4
X
5 C F = ma
∴ a = −ky
T2 T1
Using the sine rule = dv
sin 30◦ sin 60◦ ∴ = −kv
∴ T 2 sin 60 = T 1 sin 30◦
◦ dt
∴ T 2 cos 30◦ = T 1 cos 60◦
Using the trigonometric ratios for the
30◦ angle

5
 Z
1 1 9 A
∴ t=− dv
k v
1
∴ t = − loge v + c
k
When t = 0, v = V
1
⇒ c = loge V
X
k F = ma
!
1 V ∴ ma = mg − kv2 m
∴ t = loge
k v
∴ a = g − kv2
V
∴ ekt = dv
v ∴ v = g − kv2
V ds
∴ v = kt
e
10 D r(t) = sin 2ti + e−t j
∴ v = Ve−kt
ṙ(t) = 2 cos 2ti − e−t j
6 B
When t = 0,
ṙ(0) = 2i − j
Speed = |ṙ(0)|
√
Let R be the reaction of the platform = 22 + 12
√
on the particle. Newton’s second law = 5 m/s
of motion gives
R − mg = m f 11 E
∴ R = m f + mg
∴ R = m(g + f )
X
7 B F = ma
θ
∴ 3i + 4j = 10a
3 3
∴ a=
1
(3i + 4j) = 0.3i + 0.4j As tan θ = ⇒ sin θ = and
10 4 5
4
cos θ =
8 C r(t) = 2t2 i + t3 j 5
Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
ṙ(t) = 4ti + 3t2 j R − w cos θ = 0
When t = 1 ∴ R = w cos θ
ṙ(1) = 4i + 3j ∴ R= w
4

1
5
Speed = |ṙ(1)| Resolving parallel to the plane:
√
= 42 + 32
= 5 m/s

6
 1 15 B
w sin θ − R = wa
2 Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
!
3
∴ w−
1 4
w = wa N = W cos θ
5 2 5 Resolving parallel to the plane:
1 P − F − W sin θ = 0
∴ w = wa
5 ∴ P = W sin θ + F
1
∴ a=
5 16 B ẍ(t) = 2i + tj
w
Resultant force, F = ma =
5 t2
The horizontal component of this ẋ(t) = 2ti + j+c
2
force is
w 4 4w When t = 0, ẋ(t) = 2i
cos θ = × =
5 5 25
⇒ c = 2i
12 E v = 4 sin 2tZ t2
s= 4 sin 2t dt ∴ ẋ(t) = (2t + 2)i + j
2
= −2 cos 2t + c 17 E
When t = 0, s = 0 :
⇒c=2
∴ s = 2 − 2 cos 2t
Stage 1:
4 3 As the lift is accelerating uniformly
13 B sin θ = ⇒ cos θ = the tension in the string remains
5 5
constant but at a higher level
compared to the next two stages and
the pulling force is greater.
Stage 2:
The particle is now moving with
θ constant speed (but not accelerating),
Resolving parallel to the plane: thus the tension in the string remains
60g sin θ = 60a constant but its magnitude is less
4 than at stage one since there is no
∴ a= g acceleration.
5
14 B Average velocity
(4, −1, 4) − (2, 5, 2)
=
2
(2, −6, 2)
=
2
= (1, −3, 1)
= j − 3j + k

7
 Stage 3: 22 B
For the particle to be retarding to
rest a force in the opposite direction
to motion is acting but it is acting
in the same direction as the weight
force. Thus the tension in the string θ
is low but constant as the retardation
Resolving parallel to the plane:
is uniform.
F − mg sin θ = 0
18 E
∴ F = mg sin θ

23 D

Resolving parallel to the plane:

4g + F − 20g sin 30◦ = 0
∴ F = 10g − 4g = 6g Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
Thus, the frictional force is 6g R = 4 kg wt
Newtons up the plane.
0.4R = 0.4 × 4 = 1.6 kg wt
19 D ṙ(t) = 2ti + 3j Thus, the least force that will cause
∴ r(t) = t2 i + 3tj + c the block to move is 1.6 kg wt.

r(0) = 3i + j 24 D The force diagram given can be

⇒ c = 3i + j redrawn using the triangle of forces
as shown below.
∴ r(t) = (t2 + 3)i + (3t + 1)j
X 
20 A  F  = ma

|3i + 4j| = 5a
√
25 = 5a
∴ a = 1 m/s2
21 E F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
As 52 = 32 + 42
F3 = −F1 − F2 The triangle must be a right-angled
= (−3, −2, −1) triangle. Therefore, the angle θ is
90◦ .
+ (−1, 2, 0)
= (−4, 0, −1)
∴ F3 = −4i − k

8
 ! √
25 E 3 3 3
The sum = − + 2 i + j
2 2
√
1 3 3
= i+ j
2 2
√
3 3
tan θ = 2
q 1
5a =(0.3g)2 + (0.4g)2 2
√
r ∴ tan θ = 3 3
g2 √
= 3 3
4
=
g tan θ = 2
2 1
g 2
∴ a= = 0.98 m/s2
10 29 D
X μ
26 C F = ma
∴ 5 = 8a
5
∴ a= m/s2 θ
8
27 E Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
N = mg cos θ
Forces acting parallel to the plane:
mg sin θ − µN
∴ mg sin θ − µmg cos θ
∴ mg(sin θ − µ cos θ)
Therefore, the magnitude of all
the forces acting on the particle is
mg(sin θ − µ cos θ)
Using the cosine rule,
R2 = 58 − 42 cos 130◦ 30 D For the 5 kg mass:
5g − T = 5a
1
= 58 + 42 cos 50◦
For the 3 kg mass:
28 C The vector of magnitude 3 N in T − 3g = 3a
2
component form is: 1 + :
2
3 cos 120◦ i + 3 sin 120◦ j 2g = 8a
The vector of magnitude 2 N in g
∴ a = m/s2
component form is: 4
2 cos 0◦ i + 2 sin 0◦ j

9
31 A 33 D r(t) = (t2 − 2t)(i − 2j + 2k)
Particle initially begins at the origin.
Particle is at rest when
ṙ(t) = 0
ṙ(t) = (2t − 2)(i − 2j + 2k) = 0
θ
r(t) = 0 when t = 1
For the 3kg mass: T = 3 Thus, the particle begins at the origin
For the 4 kg mass: and after 1 second is instantaneously
4 sin θ − T = 0 at rest at the point (−1, 2, −2). After
a further second the particle returns
∴ 4 sin θ = 3
to the origin. Therefore, the distance
3
∴ sin θ = travelled by the particle in the first
4
two seconds is equal to twice the
∴ θ = 48.6◦ distance covered in the first second.
(correct to one decimal place) Distance travelled

1 = 2 × |r(1) − r(0)|
32 C r(t) = 4ti − t2 j
3 = 2|r(1)| since r(0) = 0
Average velocity in the third p
= 2 × (−1)2 + 22 + (−2)2
second is
=2×3
= r(3) − r(2)
! =6m
4
= (12i − 3j) − 12i − j !
3 13
34 C r(t) = t − 4t + 15t i
2
5 3
= 4i − j
3
!
15 2
+ t − t j
3
Average speed in the third 2
second is ṙ(t) = (t2 − 8t − 15)i + (3t2 − 15t)j
= |r(3) − r(2)| r̈(t) = (2t − 8)i + (3t − 15)j
Instantaneously at rest when ṙ(t) = 0
r
25
= 16 + t2 − 8t + 15 = 0 and 3t2 − 15t = 0
9
(t − 5)(t − 3) = 0 and 3t(t − 5) = 0
r
169
=
9 t = 3 or 5 and t = 0 or 5
13
= ∴ t=5
3 Therefore, the particle is
1
= 4 m/s instantaneously at rest when
3
t = 5.
r̈(5) = 2i + 15j

10
35 E r(t) = (3t3 − t)i + (2t2 + 1)j + 5k 38 D Redrawing the given situation using
ṙ(t) = (9t2 − t)i + 4tj + 5k triangle of forces we have

r̈(t) = 18ti + 4j
!
1
r̈ = 9i + 4j2
2
 !
 1  √ √
r̈  = 81 + 16 = 16
2

36 E
ṙ(t) = sin ti + cos 2tj Using the sine rule
1 T2 T1
∴ r(t) = − cos ti + sin 2tj + c ◦
=
2 sin 40 sin 50◦
r(0) = 6i − 4j ∴ T 2 sin 50◦ = T 1 sin 40◦

⇒ c = 7i − 4j ∴ T 2 sin(90 − 40)◦ = T 1 sin(90 − 50)◦

1
! ∴ T 2 cos 40◦ = T 1 cos 50◦
∴ r(t) = (7 − cos t)i + sin 2t − 4 j Using the trigonometric ratios for
2
the 50◦ angle sin 50◦ = T 1 and
37 D r̈(t) = i − j cos 50◦ = T 2
Therefore, response D is not true.
∴ ṙ(t) = ti − tj + c
ṙ(0) = 3j 39 C Using P = mv
⇒ c = 3j (30, −15, 10) = 5v
∴ ṙ(t) = ti − (3 − t)j ∴ v = (6, −3, 2)
p
|v| = 62 + (−3)2 + 22
!
12 12
r(t) = t i + 3t + t j + d √
2 2
= 49
r(0) = 2i
= 7 m/s
⇒ d = 2i
! !
12 12
∴ r(t) = 2 + t i + 3t − t j
2 2
!
12 t
= 2+ t i+ (6 − t)j
2 2

11
Solutions to extended-response questions
displacement
1 a average velocity =
time taken
r1 (0) = −2j
r1 (10) = 20i − 102j
displacement = r1 (10) − r1 (0)
= 20i − 102j + 2j
= 20i − 100j
∴ average velocity = (20i − 100j) ÷ 10
= 2i − 10j

b ṙ1 (t) = 2i − 2tj

c When t = 3, ṙ1 (t) = 2i − 6j

= 2(i − 3j)
i.e., direction is determined by the vector i − 3j
√
d speed = 4 + 4t2
Speed is minimum when 4 + 4t2 is a minimum.
Minimum when t = 0.
displacement
e average velocity =
time
= 2i − 10j
When 2i − 2tj = 2i − 10j
i.e., when t = 5,
the velocity is equal to the average velocity.

f if the particles are coincident,

(t3 − 4)i − 3tj = 2ti − (t2 + 2)j
i.e. t3 − 4 = 2t and − 3t = −t2 − 2
∴ t3 − 2t − 4 = 0 and t2 − 3t + 2 = 0
∴ (t − 2)(t2 + 2t + 2) = 0 and (t − 1)(t − 2) = 0
∴ t = 2 is a solution.
Note: t = 1 is not a solution of t2 + 2t + 2 = 0.

12
2 a Considering the 2m particle:
T = 2mg 1
Considering the m particle, resolving || to the plane: μ
T − µR − mg sin α = 0
2 α

Resolving ⊥ to plane: R = mg cos α

3
Substitute from
3 and
1 in
2
2mg − µmg cos α − mg sin α = 0
∴ 2 − µ cos α − sin α = 0
sin α − 2
∴ µ=−
cos α
2 − sin α
=
cos α
b i For the 5m particle:
5mg − T = 5ma
1
For the m particle: μ
T − µR − mg sin α = ma
2 α

∴ R = mg cos α
3

2 − sin α
Now µ = (from a)
cos α
1 T = 5mg − 5ma
From
Substituting in
2
2 − sin α
!
5mg − 5ma − mg cos α − mg sin α = ma
cos α
∴ 6ma = 5mg − (2 − sin α)mg − mg sin α
∴ 6ma = 3mg
g
∴ a=
2
g
The acceleration of the particles is .
2

13
 1
ii Using s = ut + at2
2
1 g
2 = × t2
2 2
8
∴ = t2
g
s
8
∴ =t
g
∴ t ≈ 0.9035
The particle takes 0.9035 seconds to go 2 m up the slope.

3 r̈(t) = −16(cos 4ti + sin 4tj)

a ṙ(t) = 4(sin 4ti + cos 4tj) + c

When t = 0, ṙ(0) = 4j,
∴ 4j = 4j + c
∴ c=0
∴ ṙ(t) = − sin 4ti + cos 4tj
∴ r(t) = cos 4ti + sin 4tj + d
Now r(0) = j,
∴ j=i+d
∴ j−i=d
∴ r(t) = (cos 4t − 1)i + (sin 4t + 1) j

b x = cos 4t − 1 and y = sin 4t + 1

x + 1 = cos t y − 1 = sin 34t
∴ (x + 1) + (y − 1) = 1
2 2

Position vector of the centre is −i + j

c r̈.ṙ = 0
Therefore, r̈ is perpendicular to ṙ, i.e., acceleration is always perpendicular to
velocity.
! !
t t
4 r = 18 cos i + 13.5 sin j
3 3

14
 ! !
t t
a When 18i = r, 18i = 18 cos i + 13.5 sin j
3 3
!
t
∴ 18 = 18 cos
3
!
t
⇒ cos =1
3
t
⇒ = 0, 2π, 4π, . . .
3
⇒ t = 0, 6π, 12π, . . .
The skater takes 6π seconds to go around the rink once.
! !
t t
b i ṙ = −6 sin i + 4.5 cos j
3 3
! !
2π 2π
When t = 2π, ṙ = −6 sin i + 4.5 cos j
3 3
√ ! !
3 9 −1
= −6 i+ × j
2 2 2
√ 9
∴ for t = 2π, velocity = −3 3i − j
4
! !
t t
ii r̈ = −2 cos i − 1.5 sin j
3 3
! !
2π 2π
When t = 2π, r̈(2π) = −2 cos i − 1.5 sin j
3 3
√
3 3
=i− j
4
s ! !
2 t 81 t
c i speed = 36 sin + cos2
3 4 3
s ! !!
2 t 81 2 t
= 36 sin + 1 − sin
3 4 3
s !
81 144 − 81 2 t
= + sin
4 4 3
s !
1 2 t
= 81 + 63 sin
2 3
s !
3 2 t
= 9 + 7 sin
2 3

15
 ! !
t 3
ii Maximum when sin 2
= 1, maximum = × 4 = 6 .
3 2
!
t
i.e., when sin = ±1
3
t π 3π 5π
= , , ,...
3 2 2 2
3π 9π 15π
i.e. t = , , ,...
2 2 2
π
!
= 3 + nπ , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
2
π
!
The skater’s speed is greatest when t = 3 + nπ , n ∈ N ∪ {0}.
2
! !
t t
d r̈ = −2 cos i + 1.5 sin j
3 3
1
=− r
9
s ! !
t 9 2 t
acceleration magnitude = 4 cos2 + sin
3 4 3
s !! !
2 t 9 2 t
= 4 1 − sin + sin
3 4 3
s !
7 2 t
= 4 − sin
4 3
!
t
∴ acceleration is a maximum when sin =0
3
which implies t = 0, 3π, 6π, . . .
t = 3nπ, n ∈ N ∪ {0}

5 a For the 3 kilogram block:

3g sin α − µR1 − T = 3 ẍ (parallel to plane) μ
μ
and R1 = 3g cos α (⊥ to plane)
°−α α

∴ 3g sin α − µ3g cos α − T = 3 ẍ

For the 2 kilogram block,

16
 T − 2g cos α − µR2 = 2 ẍ (parallel to plane)
and R2 = 2g sin α (⊥ to plane)
∴ T − 2g cos α − 2µg sin α = 2 ẍ
For the case when ẍ = 0
3g sin α − 3µg cos α − T = 0
1

and T − 2g cos α − 2µg sin α = 0

2

From 1 T = 3g sin α − 3µg cos α

2 3g sin α − 3µg cos α − (2g cos α + 2µg sin α) = 0
Substitute in
∴ 3g sin α − 2g cos α = µ(3g cos α + 2g sin α)
3g sin α − 2g cos α
i.e. µ =
3g cos α + 2g sin α
4 4 3
As tan α = , sin α = and cos α = ,
3 5 5
4 3
3g × − 2g ×
µ= 5 5
3 4
3g × + 2g ×
5 5
12g − 6g
=
9g + 8g
6
=
17
b The equations are:
10g cos α − µR2 − T = 10 ẍ
μ
° μ
where R2 = 10g sin α

°−α α

i.e. 10g cos α − 10µg sin α − T = 10 ẍ

1

and T − µR1 − 3g sin α = 3 ẍ

where R1 = 3g cos α
i.e. T − 3µg cos α − 3g sin α = 3 ẍ
2
Add 1 and 2
10g cos α − 10µg sin α − 3µg cos α − 3g sin α = 13 ẍ
3 4 6
As cos α = , sin α = and µ = ,
5 5 17
ẍ = 0.1064 m/s 2 Substitute in 1 to find T = 30.065N

17
6 a i ṙ1 (t) = 3 cos 2ti + 4 sin 2tj
3
r1 (t) = sin 2ti − 2 cos 2tj + c
2
As r1 (0) = −2j, c = 0
3
∴ r1 (t) = sin 2ti − 2 cos 2tj
2
ii r̈1 (t) = −6 sin 2ti + 8 cos 2tj

iii If displacement and velocity vectors are perpendicular

r1 . ṙ1 = 0 implies
!
3
sin 2ti − 2 cos 2tj .(3 cos 2ti + 4 sin 2tj) = 0
2
9
⇒ sin 2t cos 2t − 8 cos 2t sin 2t = 0
2
−7
⇒ sin 2t cos 2t = 0
2
⇒ sin 4t = 0
πn
∴ t= , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
4
The displacement and velocity vectors are perpendicular when
πn
t= , n ∈ N ∪ {0}.
4
3
iv x= sin 2t and y = −2 cos 2t
2
2x y
∴ = sin 2t and = cos 2t
3 −2
4x2 y2
∴ + =1⇒ 16x2 + 9y2 = 36
9 4

18
 3
b r1 (t) = sin 2ti − 2 cos 2tj
2
3
r2 (t) = sin 2ti + 2 cos 2tj + (a − t)k
2
For r1 (t) = r2 (t)
2 cos 2t = −2 cos 2t, since a − t = 0
∴ 4 cos 2t = 0
∴ cos 2t = 0
π
⇒ 2t = (2n + 1) , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
2
π
∴ t = (2n + 1) , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
4
π
Therefore, a = (2n + 1) , n ∈ N ∪ {0}, for the particles to collide.
4
7 a For particle A, equation of motion is:
T − g sin 30◦ = ẍ
1
For particle B, equation of motion is:
g − T = ẍ
2 °

∴ g − g sin 30◦ = 2 ẍ
1
g = 2 ẍ
2
g
= ẍ
4
g
2 g−T =
b From equation
4
3g
∴ T=
4

c Using v2 = u2 + 2as
1
v2 = 2 × g × 1
4
g
=
r 2
g
∴ v= when particle B hits the ground.
2
d Particle A will first continue to travel up the plane and will come to rest instanta-
neously

19
 r
g
0= − g sin 30t
2
r
gt g
=
2 2
r
2 g
t=
g 2
s
2
=
g
≈ 0.903
For the string to become taut A must return to the position where it was when B hit
the ground. With constant acceleration, A will take the same amount of time coming
down.
∴ time before it becomes taut is 0.903 seconds.
1
8 a where tan θ =
2
θ

Consider the triangle

2 1
∴ cos θ = √ , sin θ = √ θ
5 5

The displacement
√ vector in km,
√ at time t seconds, is given by.
! !
225 5 225 5
r= cos θ ti + sin θ tk
3600 3600
√ ! √ !
225 5 2 225 5 1
= × √ ti + × √ tk
3600 5 3600 5
t
= (2i + k)
16
√
b i V = 720 2 km/h
√
2
= km/s
5
The unit vector velocity is as shown in the diagram.

20
 √
2
∴ V= √ (i − j)
5 2
= 0.2(i − j)
dr2
i.e. = 0.2(i − j) −
dt
and r2 = 0.2t(i − j) + c
When t = 0, r2 = −1.2i + 3.2j + k
∴ r2 = 0.2t(i − j) − 1.2i + 3.2j + k
= (0.2t − 1.2)i + (3.2 − 0.2t)j + k

ii r2 = r1
2t
⇒ 0.2t − 1.2 =
1
16
t
and =1 2
16
and 3.2 − 0.2t = 0 3
When t = 16, 1 = 2, RHS of
LHS of 1 =2

∴ LHS = RHS
2 = 1, RHS of
LHS of 2 =1

∴ LHS = RHS
3 = 0, RHS of
LHS of 3 =0

∴ LHS = RHS
Therefore t = 16 is a solution of all three equations.
∴ collision takes place after 16 seconds.

9 a i Equations of motion:
1.3g − T = 1.3 ẍ
T − 1.2g = 1.2 ẍ
Adding 0.1g = 2.5 ẍ
0.1g
acceleration, ẍ =
2.5
g
= m/s2
25

21
 g
ii 1.3g − T = 1.3 ×
25
1.3g
∴ T = 1.3g −
25
!
1.3
= 1.3 − g
25
156g
= N
125

iii Using V = u + at
g
V =0+ ×2
25
2g
= m/s
25
1
and s = × a × t2
2
1 g
= × ×4
2 25
2g
= metres
25
2g
The velocity of the 1.2 kg particle after two seconds is m/s and the distance
25
2g
travelled is metres.
25
2g
b i Velocity of the lighter particle after 2 seconds = m/s
25
2g
∴ combined velocity =
25
The acceleration of the system is recalculated:
2.2g − T = 2.2 ẍ
and T − 1.3g = 1.3 ẍ
are the equations obtained from Newton’s second law.
Adding gives 0.9g = 3.5 ẍ
0.9g
∴ ẍ =
3.5
Note that this is the opposite direction to the initial velocity.

22
 2g 0.9g
After t seconds, velocity = −t×
25 3.5
2g t × 9g
= −
25 35
2g 9gt
velocity = 0 implies =
25 35
35 × 2 14
t= = seconds
9 × 25 45
14
System is at rest after a further seconds.
45
ii The distance travelled after the lighter particle picks up the 1 kg mass:
!2
2g 14 1 9g 14
s= × − × ×
25 45 2 35 45
28g 14g 14g
= − =
1125 1125 1125
2g 14g
∴ total distance travelled = +
25 1125
90g 14g
= +
1125 1125
104g
= metres
1125
10 a

1
i Using equation of motion s = ut + at2 ,
2
1
when s = 70, 70 = u + a 1
2
∴ 140 = 2u + a 2

and when s = 130, 130 = 2u + 2a

3

3 gives 10 = −a
2 −

∴ a = −10 m/s2
and this is consistent with motion in the third second.

ii Retardation is 10 m/s2 .
From equation 1 70 = u − 5

∴ 75 = u
∴ displacement s = (75t − 5t2 ) m

23
 b Using v2 = u2 + 2as
when v = 0, 0 = 752 − 2 × 10 × s
752
∴ s=
20
= 281.25
i.e. AB = 281.25 m

1
c i When t = 1 ,
2 !2
3 1 3
first particle’s displacement from A = 75 × − × 10 ×
2 2 2
225 90
= −
2 8
405
=
4
= 101.25 m
Therefore, the first particle is (281.25–101.25) metres from B, i.e., 180 metres
from B.
∴ BC = 180 m

ii For the second particle’s motion:

!2
3 1 3
180 = 75 × + × a ×
2 2 2
9
∴ 67.5 = a
8
∴ a = 60 m/s2

11 a i hj, for 0i + 0j at the foot of the cliff.

ii initial velocity = V cos αi + V sin αj

b i a = −gj v = −gtj + c
but v = V cos αi + V sin αj when t = 0
∴ v = V cos αi + (V sin α − gt)j
!
1
ii x = (V cos α)ti + h + V(sin α)t − gt j is the position vector.
2
2

24
 c Highest point is reached when the velocity j component is 0,
i.e. V sin α − gt = 0
V sin α
∴ t=
g
d When it hits the sea, the position vector j component is equal to zero.
1
i.e. h + V(sin α)t − gt2 = 0
2
1
∴ gt2 − V(sin α)t − h = 0
2
q
V sin α + V 2 sin2 α + 2gh
i.e. t = as t ≥ 0
g

12 a For r(t) = (t − 1)i + (t2 − 1)j

Let x = t − 1 and y = t2 − 1
Then t = x + 1 and y = (x + 1)2 − 1
= x2 + 2x

b r(t) = (e−t − 1)i + (e−2t − 1)j

Let x = e−t − 1 and y = e−2t − 1
Then e−t = x + 1 and y = (x + 1)2 − 1
= x2 + 2x

c i r1 (0) = −i − j
and r2 (0) = 0i + 0j

ii r01 (t) = i + 2tj

and r02 (t) = −e−t i − 2e−2t

iii r1 (t) = r2 (t)

(t − 1)i + (t2 − 1)j = (e−t − 1)i + (e−2t − 1)j
For collision
t − 1 = e−t − 1 and t2 − 1 = e−2t − 1
By trial and error, t = 0.57,
∴ r1 (0.57) = −0.43i − 0.68j
and r2 (0.57) = −0.43i − 0.68j

25
13 a i 1000g + 80g − T = 1080
∴ T = 1080g − 1080
= 9504 N

ii Considering the man on the floor

80g − R = 80
∴ R = 80g − 80
= 704 N

b Take the position of the hand of the man as the coin is released as the origin.
Consider the motion of the coin. It may be assumed that initial velocity is 0.
ẍc = −g
ẋc = −gt + c
but when t = 0, ẋc = 0
∴ ẋc = −gt
−gt2
and xc = +d
2
when t = 0, x = 0 and ∴ d=0
−gt2
i.e. xc =
2
For the floor of the lift, ẍL = −1
ẋL = −t
−t2
xL = +c
2
when t = 0, xL = −2
−t2
and ∴ xL = −2
2

26
 When the coin hits the floor,
xL = xc
−t2 −gt2
∴ −2=
2 2
2 2
gt t
− =2
2 2
t2
(g − 1) = 2
2
4
t2 =
g−1
i.e. t ≈ 0.6742
It takes 0.6742 seconds to hit the ground.

c Assume each person weighs 80 kg.

Then total weight = 80ng + 1000g
where n is the number of people.
Newton’s second law gives
T − (80ng + 1000g) = (80n + 1000) × 1
i.e. T = 80ng + 1000g + 80n + 1000
= (80n + 1000)(g + 1)
For T = 20 000,
20 000 = (80n + 1000)(10.8)
1851.852 − 1000 = 80n
851.852 = 80n
10 ≈ n
The lift can carry a maximum of 10 passengers.

14 r1 = Vti and r2 = 2V(t − t0 )j

a i When t = 0,
r1 = 0 and r2 = −2Vt0 j
i.e., train 1 is at O at time t = 0
T 1 goes through O first. −

ii Train 2 goes through O when

27
 r2 = 0
i.e. 2V(t − t0 ) = 0
⇒ t = t0
Train 2 goes through O, t0 units of time after train 1.
p
b i distance apart = V 2 t2 + 4V 2 (t − t0 )2
Let x = V 2 t2 + 4V 2 (t − t0 )2
dx
then = 0 implies
dt
2tV 2 + 8V 2 (t − t0 ) = 0
2t + 8t − 8t0 = 0
∴ 10t = 8t0
4
t = t0
5
and this is a minimum because V 2 t2 + 4V 2 (t − t0 )2 is a quadratic with positive
coefficient of t2 .
s
!2 !2
4 4
ii distance apart, x = V 2 t0 + 4V 2 t0 − t0
5 5
s
16 2 2 4t02 V 2
= t V +
25 0 25
s
20t02 V 2
=
25
√ √
2t0 V 5 2 5
= = t0 V
5 5 √
2 5
i.e., the minimum distance between the trains is t0 V units.
5
4
iii When t = t0
5
4
r1 = t0 Vi
5
!
4
and r2 = 2V t0 − t0 j
5
−2
= Vt0 j
5

28
15 a F − µR = m ẍ
1
∴ ẍ = (F − µmg) μ
m
!
1
d V2
2 1
= (F − µmg)
dx m
1 2 1
V = (F − µmg)x + c
2 m
When x = 0, V = 0
∴ c=0
2
∴ V2 = (F − µmg)x
m
r
2
∴ at collision, V = (F − µmg)d
m
i.e., the
r first particle hits the second with a velocity of
2
V= (F − µmg)d
m

b i retardation: − µ3mg = 3m ẍ
∴ ẍ = −µg
i.e., the retardation is µg.

ii Byrthe conservation of momentum

2
m (F − µmg)d = 3mV
m
where V isrthe velocity of the two particles moving together
1 2
∴ V= (F − µmg)d
3 m

29
 !
1 2
d V
2
c = −µg
dx
1 2
V = −µgx + c
2
r
1 2
When x = 0, V = (F − µmg)d
3 m
!
1 1 2
∴ × (F − µmg)d = c
2 9 m
!
1 2
∴ V = −2µgx +
2
(F − µmg)d
9 m
When x = d, V = 0
2
∴ 0 = −2µgd + (F − µmg)d
9m
2
2µgd = (F − µmg)d
9m
9mµg = F − µmg
∴ F = 10mgµ

16 a i r(0) = 0i + 0j
√
ii ṙ(t) = 10i + (10 3 − 9.8t)j
√
When t = 0, ṙ(0) = 10i + 10 3j
√
∴ |ṙ(0)| = 100 + 300 = 20
Direction given by θ where
√
10 3 √
tan θ = = 3
10
i.e. θ = 60◦ (60◦ to the horizontal).

iii r̈(t) = −9.8j

x
b i time taken =
10
√
! !
x x x
ii position vector, r = xi + 10 3 − 4.9 × j
10 10 10
√
= xi + (x 3 − 0.049x2 )j

30
 x
iii velocity when t =
10
√
! !
x 9.8x
ṙ = 10i + 10 3 − j
10 10
√
= 10i + (10 3 − 0.98x)j
√
iv velocity, ṙ(t) = −0.8 × 10i + (10 3 − 0.98x)j
√
= −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x)j

c i r̈(t1 ) = −9.8j
∴ ṙ(t1 ) = −9.8t1 j + c
√
When t1 = 0, ṙ(0) = −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x)j
√
∴ ṙ(t1 ) = −9.8t1 j + −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x)j
√
= −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x − 9.8t1 )j
√
ii r(t1 ) = −8t1 i + (10 3 t1 − 0.98xt1 − 4.9t12 )j + c
√
When t1 = 0, r(t1 ) = xi + (x 3 − 0.049x2 )j
√ √
∴ r(t1 ) = (x − 8t1 )i + (x 3 − 0.049x2 + 10 3 t1 − 0.98xt1 − 4.9t12 )j

31
 d It hits the ground
√ when the j component
√ is zero,
i.e., when x 3 − 0.049x + 10 3t1 − 0.98xt1 − 4.9t12 = 0
2

√ √
⇒ 4.9t12 + (0.98x − 10 3)t1 + 0.049x2 − x 3 = 0
√ q √ √
10 3 − 0.98x ± (0.98x − 10 3)2 − 4(0.049x2 − x 3)4.9
⇒ t1 =
9.8
√ q √ √
10 3 − 0.98x ± 0.9604x2 − 19.6 3x + 300 − 0.9604x2 + 19.6x 3
=
9.8
√ √
10 3 − 0.98x ± 300
=
9.8
√ √
10 3 − 0.98x ± 10 3
=
9.8
√
20 3 − 0.98x
∴ t1 = , since t1 > 0
9.8
e It will hit the same position if the i component is 0
∴ x = 8t1
√ !
20 3 − 0.98x
i.e. x = 8
9.8
√
∴ 9.8x + 7.84x = 160 3
√
∴ 17.64x = 160 3
√
160 3
∴ x=
17.64
≈ 15.71 metres

17 a r(0) = 5i

b i r(t1 ) = (5 − 3t1 )i + 2t1 j + t1 k

r(t2 ) = (5 − 3t2 )i + 2t2 j + t2 k

ii r(t2 ) − r(t1 ) = 3(t1 − t2 )i + 2(t2 − t1 )j + (t2 − t1 )k

= (t2 − t1 )(−3i + 2j + k)

c The displacement between r(t1 ) and r(t2 ) is a scalar multiple of −3i + 2j + k.

32
 √
d i i(−3i + 2j + k) = −3 = 14 cos θ
−3
∴ cos θ = √
14
!
−3
∴ θ = cos √ −1
= 143.30◦
14
∴ the acute angle is 36.70◦ .

ii When t = 6, −

r(6) = −13i + 12j + 6k

When t = 0,
now r(0) = 5i
Shortest distance = 18 tan 36.7◦ km
= 13.42 km

18 a r1 (t) = (2 − t)i + (2t + 1)j

x=2−t y = 2t + 1
∴ t =2−x and y = 2(2 − x) + 1
= 4 − 2x + 1
= 5 − 2x, x ≤ 2 as 2 − t ≤ 2 for t ≥ 0

b i r1 (t) = 2i + j + t(−i + 2j)

= a + tb

ii When t = 0, r1 (0) = a
and b is a vector parallel to the path of the particle, i.e., representing the velocity
of the particle.

c i r1 (t) = r2 (t)
(2 − t)i + (2t + 1)j = c + t(2i + j) when t = 5
i.e. − 3i + 11j = c + 10i + 5j
∴ c = −13i + 6j

ii |a − c| = | − 13i + 6j − (2i + j)|

= | − 15i + 5j|
√
= 250
√
Distance = 5 10 metres

33
19 a r1 (1) = 13i + j + 5k

b r1 (t) = 16i + 3k + t(−3i + j + 2k)

r2 (t) = 3i + j + 11k + t(2i + j − k)
1
Unit vector parallel to path of first plane = √ (−3i + j + 2k)
14
1
and, to the second = √ (2i + j − k)
6
√ √
c (−3i + j + 2k).(2i + j − k) = 14 6 cos θ
√ √
−6 + 1 − 2 = 14 6 cos θ
−7
√ = cos θ
14 × 6
∴ acute angle magnitude is 40.20◦ .

d Paths cross (note: planes do not meet) since r1 (t) , r2 (t) for any t.
Now r1 (t) = r2 (s)
16 − 3t = 3 + 2s
1

t =1+s
2

3 + 2t = 11 − s
3
Substitute
2 into
1
16 − 3(1 + s) = 3 + 2s
16 − 3 − 3s = 3 + 2s
13 − 3 = 5s
∴ s = 2 and t = 3.
Check in 3
LHS = 3 + 6 = 9, RHS = 11 − 2 = 9
∴ paths cross at 7i + 3j + 9k

e r2 (t) − r1 (t) = (16 − 3t − 3 − 2t)i + (t − 1 − t)j + (3 + 2t − 11 + t)k

= (13 − 5t)i − j + (3t − 8)k

34
 p
f distance = (13 − 5t)2 + 1 + (3t − 8)2 km
minimum when − 10(13 − 5t) + 6(3t − 8) = 0
⇒ −130 + 50t + 18t − 48 = 0
⇒ −178 + 68t = 0
89
⇒ t=
34
√
1190
∴ minimum distance = km
34
1 1
20 a The displacement vector = 6 × (4i + 3j) where (4i + 3j) is the unit vector in the
5 5
direction of 4i + 3j.
6
b i r(1) = −7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
1
= ((−35 + 24)i + (10 + 18)j)
5
1
= (−11i + 28j)
5
12
ii r(2) = −7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
1
= ((−35 + 48)i + (10 + 36)j)
5
1
= (13i + 46j)
5
6t
iii r(t) = −7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
c i b(t) = (7t − 4)i + (9t − 1)j
The paths of the hiker and the cyclist cross when r(t) = b(s) for t, s ∈ R+ .
6t
−7i + 2j + (4i + 3j) = (7s − 4)i + (9s − 1)j
5
! !
24t 18t
∴ −7 i+ + 2 j = (7s − 4)i + (9s − 1)j
5 5
Equating coefficients

35
 24t
− 7 = 7s − 4 .
5
∴ 24t = 35s + 15
1

18t
and + 2 = 9s − 1
5
∴ 18t = 45s − 15
45s − 15
∴ t=
18
15s − 5
∴ t=
2
6
Substituting
2 into
1 gives

15s − 5
24 × = 35s + 15
6
∴ 60s − 20 = 35s + 15
∴ 25s = 35
7
∴ s=
5
! !
7 7
∴ b(s) = 7 × − 4 i + 9 × − 1 j
5 5
29 58
= i+ j
5 5
i.e., the hiker meets the road at the point defined by the position vector
29 58
r(t) = j + j.
5 5
!
7
ii t = 35 × + 15 ÷ 24
5
64 8
∴ t= =
24 3
2
The hiker takes 2 hours to reach the road.
3
!
6t
iii b(t) − r(t) = (7t − 4)i + (9t − 1)j − −7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
1
= ((35t − 20 + 35 − 24t)i + (45t − 5 − 10 − 18t)j)
5
1
= ((15 + 11t)i + (27t − 15)j)
5
d = |b(t) − r(t)|
1p
= (15 + 11t)2 + (27t − 15)2
5

36
iv Minimum when d2 is a minimum.
Consider the derivative of d2 with respect to t and equate it to zero.
22(15 + 11t) + 54(27t − 15) = 0
1700t − 480 = 0
24
t=
s 85
!2 !2
24 1 24 24
when t = , d = 15 + 11 × + 27 × − 15
85 5 85 85
Shortest distance is 3.91 km.

37
Chapter 15 – Linear combinations of random
variables and distribution of sample means
Solutions to Exercise 15A
1 a C = 450 + 0.5X
0.5
π  πx 
Z
4 a Pr(X < 0.5) = cos dx
0 4 4
b π  πx 0.5
c 950 1200 1450 1700 1950 2450
= sin
4 4 0
π
Pr(C = c) 0.05 0.15 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.05 = sin
8
c Pr(C > 2000) = 0.05 = 0.3827

b Pr(Y > 2) = Pr(3X − 1 > 2)

2 a W = 2.5X − 5 = Pr(X > 1)
 πx 2
= sin
w -5 −2.5 0 2.5 4 1
b
1 3 3 1 = 0.2929
Pr(W = w)
8 8 8 8
1 x+2
2.5
Z
c Pr(W > 2) = 5 a Pr(X < 2.5) = dx
8 0 16
1  x2 0.5
Z 0.3 = + 2x
16 2 0
3 a Pr(X < 0.3) = 3x2 dx
0 = 0.5078
 0.3
= x3
0 b Pr(Y > 2) = Pr(4X + 2 > 2)
= (0.3) 3
= Pr(X > 0)
= 0.027 = 0.5

b Y = X+1
Pr(Y ≤ 1.5) = Pr(X ≤ 0.5) 6 a Y = 3X + 2
Z 0.5 E(X) = 3 × 25 + 2 = 77
= 3x2 dx Var(X) = 9 × 9 = 81
0
 0.5 b U = 5 − 2X
= x3
0 E(U) = 5 − 2 × 25 = −45
= 0.125 Var(U) = 4 × 9 = 36

c V = 4 − 0.5X
E(V) = 4 − 0.5 × 25 = −8.5

1
 Var(V) = 0.25 × 9 = 2.25 10
Pr(X1 + X2 > 3)
Z 0 Z 1 = Pr(X1 = 1, X2 = 3) + Pr(X1 = 1, X2 = 4) + . . .
7 a E(X) = 0.2x dx + 0.2x + 1.2x2 dx
−1 0 = 0.45
 0  1
= 0.1x 2
+ 0.1x + 0.4x2 3
−1 0

= 0.4 1 2 3 4 5
11 a E(X1 ) = + + + + =3
5 5 5 5 5
Z 0 Z 1
b E(X ) =
2
0.2x dx + 2
0.2x2 + 1.2x3 dx 1 4 9 16 25
−1 0 b E(X12 ) = + + + + = 11
 0.2x3 0  0.2x3 1 5 5 5 5 5
= + + 0.3x4 Var(X1 ) = 11 − 32 = 2
3 −1 3 0

= 0.4333 . . . c E(X1 − X2 ) = E(X1 ) − E(X2 ) = 0

1.3
Var(X) = − (0.4)2 = 0.2733
3 d E(X1 − X2 ) = E(X1 ) + E(X2 ) = 4

8 a
S 3 4 5 6 7 12 a E(2X1 + 3) = 2 × 18 + 3 = 39

1 1 7 2 1 b Var(2X1 + 3) = 4 × 4 = 16
Pr(S = s)
6 9 18 9 9
c E(X1 + X2 ) = 18 + 18 = 36
b 5
2 d Var(2X1 ) = 4Var(X1 ) = 16
c
3
e Var(X1 + X2 ) =Var(X1 )+Var(X2 ) = 8

9 a
Pr(X1 − X2 = 0) 13 E(X + Y) = 17 + 32 = 49 minutes
√
= Pr(X1 = 1, X2 = 1) + Pr(X1 = 2, X2 = 2) + . . . sd(X + Y) = (VarX + VarY =
(4.9 + 7 ) = 8.5446 minutes
p
1 1 2 2
=6× ×
6 6
1
=
6 14 E(C + M) = 50 + 145 = 195 mL
√
sd(X + Y) = (VarC + VarM =
b Pr(X1 + 3X2 = 6) √
(25 + 100) = 11.1803 mL
= Pr(X1 = 3, X2 = 1)
1 1
= ×
6 6 15 T = 3B + 2A
=
1 E(T ) = 3 × 750 + 2 × 1000 = 4250 grams
36 √
sd(T ) = (9 × 25 + 4 × 50) =
20.6155 grams

2
Solutions to Exercise 15B
1 E(P + C) = 12
p + 14 = 26 E(X − Y) = 0p
sd(P + C) = (62 + 82 ) = 10 sd(X − Y) = (2 × 30002 ) = 4242.64
Pr(X > 30) = 0.3446 Pr(X − Y < −7500) + Pr(X − Y > 7500) = 0.0771

2 E(A + B) = 5 + 8 = 13 6 µ = 82, σ = 9
√ √
Try 8 people: µ = 8 × 82 = 656, σ = (881) =
sd(A + B) = (0.0025 + 0.04) = 0.2062
25.4558
Pr(X > 13.4) = 0.0262 Pr(weight < 680) = 0.8271
√
Try 7 people: µ = 7 × 82 = 574, σ = (781) =
23.8118
3 Pr(M > E) = Pr(M − E > 0)
Pr(weight < 680) = 0.9999 . . .
E(M − E) = 63 − 68 = −5
√ Answer: 7 people
sd(M − E) = (100 + 49) = 12.2066
Pr(M > E) = 0.3410
7 µ20 = 140, σ20 = 2.236
Pr(total > 145) = 0.0127
4 Pr(A > B) = Pr(A − B > 0)
E(A − B) = 0.425 − 0.428 = −0.003
√ 8 a µ3 = 900, σ3 = 17.3205
sd(A − B) = (0.0001 + 0.0004) Pr(total > 1000) = 0.0019
= 0.02236
Pr(A > B) = 0.4466 b µ = 1200, σ4 = 20
Pr(total > 1250) = 0.0062

5 Let X represent student 1, and Y √

9 µ = 10 − 12 = −2, σ = (9 + 16) = 5
represent student 2.
Pr(X − Y < 0) = 0.6554

3
Solutions to Exercise 15C
1 Answers will vary. 2 Answers will vary.

4
Solutions to Exercise 15D
1 a Pr(X > 80) = 0.0478 16
6 E(X̄) = 266, sd(X̄) = √
7
6 Pr(X̄ > 280) = 0.0103
b E(X̄) = 70, sd(X̄) = √ = 4.2426
2
Pr(X̄ > 80) = 0.0092
6000
7 E(X̄) = 32500, sd(X̄) = √
c Much less likely that the mean will be 10
this large. Pr(X̄ < 28000) = 0.0089

15
8
2 E(X̄) = 74, sd(X̄) = √ = 4.6188 8 E(X̄) = 100, sd(X̄) = =3
5
3 Pr(X̄ > 105) = 0.0478

0.003 0.03
3 E(X̄) = 25.025, sd(X̄) = √ = 0.0013 9 E(X̄) = 1, sd(X̄) = √
5 20
Pr(X̄ < 0.98) = 0.0014
4 a Pr(X > 120) = 0.0912
0.05
15 10 E(X̄) = 10, sd(X̄) = √
b E(X̄) = 100, sd(X̄) = √ 50
3 Pr(X̄ > 10.1) = 0.0786
Pr(X̄ > 120) = 0.0105

c Much less likely that the mean will be 11 Pr(sum of 20 customers < 60)
this large. = Pr(X̄ < 60/30)
= Pr(X̄ < 3)
1
5 a Answers will vary E(X̄) = 3.5, sd(X̄) = √
20
0.01 Pr(X̄ < 3) = 0.0127
b E(X̄) = 1, sd(X̄) = √ = 0.002
25

5
Solutions to Exercise 15E
Z 10.1 Z 1
4 2
1 a Pr(X > 10.1) = 5 dx b E(X) = x (5 − x2 ) dx
10.0 0 9
= 0.65185
 10.1
= 5x
10.0 Z 1
4 3
= 0.5 E(X ) =
2
x (5 − x2 ) dx
0 9

b E(X) = 10.1 = 0.48148

Z 10.2 Var(X) = 0.05637,
E(X ) =
2
5x dx
10.0 sd(X) = 0.2378
10.1
Pr(X̄ > 0.5) = 0.9998

= 5 × x2/3
10.0

= 102.0133
5 E(X) = 8, E(X 2 ) = 65.8√
Var(X) = 102.0133 − 10.12
Var(X) = 1.8, sd(X)r= 1.8
= 0.0033 1.8
E(X̄) = 8, sd(X̄) =
sd(X) = 0.0577 40
Pr(X̄ < 7.5) = 0.0092
E(X̄) = 10.1,
0.0577
sd(X̄) = √ 6 p = 0.55, n = 100
3 E(X) = 100 × 0.55
Pr(X̄ > 10.12) = 0.0288
= 55,
Var(X) = 100 × 0.55 × 0.45
2 E(X̄) = 3.2,
1.6 = 24.75,
sd(X̄) = √ √
52 sd(X) = 24.75
Pr(X̄) < 2.5) = 0.0008
Pr(X > 50) = 0.8426

3 E(X̄) = 1200,
200 7 p = 0.15, n = 1000 E(X) = 150,
sd(X̄) = √
64 Var(X) = 1000 × 0.15 × 0.85 = 127.5
Pr(X̄) < 1150) = 0.0228 Pr(X > 200) = 0.000005

4 a Pr(X > 0.5) = 0.7292 8 a Pr(0.85 < X < 1.10) = 0.7745

b E(X) = 154.91, sd(X) = 5.910

Pr(140 < X < 160) = 0.7996

6
Solutions to Exercise 15F
1 X̄ = 7.4, σ = 1.8, n = 40 10 X̄ = 38.59, σ = 10, n = 22
CI = (6.84, 7.96) CI = (35.32, 43.68)

2 X̄ = 32.6667, σ = 15, n = 24 11 X̄ = 3.286, σ = 0.4, n = 30

CI = (26.67, 38.67) CI = (3.1435, 3.4298)

 1.96σ 2
3 X̄ = 14.6, σ = 1/3, n = 49 12 n = , σ = 100, m = 20
CI = (14.51, 14.69) m
n = 97

4 a (24.75,26.05)  1.96σ 2
13 n = , σ = 2.0, m = 0.5
m
b X̄ = 25.4, σ = 2, n = 100 n = 62
CI = (25.008, 25.792)
 1.96σ 2
c larger sample gives narrower interval 14 n = , σ = 50, m = 10
m
n = 97
5 X̄ = 71.1, σ = 6.4, n = 15  1.96σ 2
CI = (67.86, 74.34) 15 n = , σ = 150, m = 20
m
n = 217
6 X̄ = 130, σ = 10, n = 50
CI = (127.23, 132.77)  1.96σ 2
16 n = , σ = 15
m
7 X̄ = 4.025, σ = 3, n = 24 a m = 2, n = 217
CI = (2.825, 5.225)
b m = 1, n = 865

8 X̄ = 29.5, σ = 10, n = 100 c Increased by a factor of 4

CI = (27.54, 31.46)
17 90% : (30.77, 40.63)
9 X̄ = 24.18, σ = 4, n = 33 95% : (29.82, 41.58)
CI= (22.82, 25.55) 99% : (27.97, 43.43)

7
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 µ = 15, σ2 = 25 3 µ = 65, σ = 7, n = 10
E(X̄) = 65
a Y = 2X + 1 7
sd(X̄) = √
E(Y) = 2E(X) + 1 = 31 10
Var(Y) = 4Var(X) = 100
4 x̄ = 155, σ = 50, n = 25
b U = 10 − 3X
E(U) = 10 − 3E(X) = −35 a 155
Var(U) = 9Var(X) = 225
sd(U) = 15 b 155 ± 19.6

c V = Y + 2U  1.96σ 2
= 2X + 1 + 2(10 − 3X) 5 a n= , σ = 150, m = 20,
m
n = 225
= −4X + 21
E(V) = −39, Var(V) = 400 b Decrease √
the margin of error by a
factor of 2
Z 1.6
1
2 a Pr(X < 1.6) = 2(1 − ) dx
x2

1
1.6 6 This situation is binomial with n = 60
= 2 x + 1/x and p = 0.95
1

= 0.45 a Expected number = 60 × 0.95 = 57

b Pr(Y ≤ 3.5) = Pr(X ≤ 1.75) b Pr(X = 60) = (0.95)60

 1 1.75
=2 x+
x 1
9
=
14

8
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 C T = X1 + X2 + · · · + X100 9 A
E(T ) = 100 × E(X) = 8000 σ = 25, n = 100
Var(T ) = 100 × Var(X) = 1000 1.96σ
m = √ = 7.30
Pr(T > 10000) = 0 n
10 E
2 E µ = 10, σ = 1.5  1.96σ 2
E(T ) = 12 × 10 = 120 n= ; σ = 6.7, m = 1.4
√ m
sd(T ) = (12 × 1.52) = 5.196 n = 88
Pr(T > 130) = 0.0271
11 C
3 A Binomial with n = 50 and p = 0.9
µ = 3.6, σ2 = 1.44 E(X) = 50 × 0.9 = 45
Y = 3 − 4X
12 B An increase in the level of con-
E(Y) = −11.4
fidence will result in a wider
Var(Y) = 16Var(X) = 23.04
confidence interval.
sd(Y) = 4.8
13 A
4 B
554 I True
E(X̄) = 1732, sd(X̄) = = 55.4
10 II false
5 C III false
IV false
6 A Thus only I is true.

7 B 14 C Decreased by a factor of 2

8 D
X̄ = 162, σ = 84, n = 50
95% CI = ($138.72, $185.28)

9
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 E(X) = 60, sd(X) = 20

a Pr(X < 54) = 0.3807

b Pr(a < X < b) = 0.95

a = 1.96 × 20 + 60 = 20.8
b = 1.96 × 20 + 60 = 99.2
20
c i n = 5, E(X̄) = 60, sd(X̄) = √
5
Pr(X̄ < 54) = 0.2512
√
ii E(T ) = 300, sd(T ) = 20 × 5
Pr(T < 270) = 0.2512

iii Binomial with p = 0.3807, n = 5

Pr(X > 2) = 0.2847

d Pr(c < X̄ < d) = 0.95

20
c = −1.96 × √ + 60 = 42.47
5
20
b = 1.96 × √ + 60 = 77.53
5
10.2 − µ
2 Pr(X > 10.2) = 0.05 ⇒ = 1.6449
σ
6.1 − µ
Pr(X̄ < 6.1) = 0.025 ⇒ √ = −1.9600
σ/ 7
Solving gives µ = 7.37, σ = 1.72

3 a E(T x ) = 8000, sd(T x ) = 200 Pr(T x > 8440) = 0.0138

b E(T y ) = 2700, sd(T y ) = 40 Pr(T y > 2800) = 0.0062

c E(T w ) = 800, sd(T w ) = 25 Pr(T w > 860) = 0.0082

d E(T x + T y + T w ) = 11500
√
sd(T x + T y + T w ) = (2002 + 402 + 252) = 205.487
Pr(all > 12000) = 0.0075

4 a µ = 14.5, σ = 2.4
2.4
i n = 20, sd(X̄) = √
20

10
 Pr(12 ≤ X̄ ≤ 15) = 0.8243
2.4
ii n = 50, sd(X̄) = √
50
Pr(12 ≤ X̄ ≤ 15) = 0.9296

b i x̄ = 12.5, n = 20, σ = 2.4

(11.448, 13.552)

ii x̄ = 13.5, n = 50, σ = 2.4

(12.835, 14.165)
12.5 × 20 + 13.5 × 50
iii x̄ = = 13.21
70
n = 70, σ = 2.4
(12.648, 13.772)
 1.96 × 2.4 2
iv n = = 89
0.5
5 a i A: (14.513, 16.087)

ii B: (11.073, 13.127)

iii Yes, industry A seems more satisfied.

b i point estimate = X̄A − X̄B = 15.3 − 12.1 = 3.1

ii Var(X̄A − X̄B ) = Var(X̄A ) + Var(X̄B )

2.22 3.12
= +
30 35
sd(X̄A − X̄B ) = 0.6602

iii 95% CI for the difference between the means (1.906, 4.494)

iv That is,we are 95% confident that the mean score for Industry A is between 1.9
and 4.5 points higher than the mean score for Industry B

11
Chapter 16 – Hypothesis testing for the mean
Solutions to Exercise 16A
1 H0 : µ = 2.4
H1 : µ < 2.4
2 H0 : µ = 2.66 H1 : µ > 2.66
3 H0 : µ = 60
H1 : µ > 60
σ = 4.50, n = 25, x̄ = 65.80
p-value= 0.00002
4 H0 : µ = 34
H1 : µ < 34
σ = 8, n = 50, x̄ = 32.5
p-value = 0.0924
5 a good evidence against H0
b insufficient evidence against H0
c strong evidence against H0
d strong evidence against H0
e very strong evidence against H0
6 Reject H0 at the 5% level of signifi-
cance. There is good evidence that the
mean is less than 50.
7 Do not reject H0 at the 5% level of
significance. There is insufficient
evidence that the mean is greater than
10.
8 Reject H0 at the 5% level of signifi-
cance. There is good evidence that the
mean is less than 40.
9 a H0 : µ = 2.9 H1 : µ > 2.9
b p -value = 0.003
c Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
that the average monthly weight gain
has increased with the new diet.
10 a H0 : µ = 3.6 H1 : µ < 3.6
b σ = 1.2, n = 11, x̄ = 2.6
p -value = 0.003
c Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
that the mean number of residents has
decreased.
11 a H0 : µ = 42150 H1 : µ < 42150
b σ = 10, 000, n = 20, x̄ = 39, 500
p -value = 0.118
c No, since the p-value is greater than
0.05 we can cannot reject H0 and
conclude that the mean income for
this town is the same as the rest of the
state.
12 a H0 : µ = 10 H1 : µ < 10
b σ = 0.5, n = 50, x̄ = 10.2
1004
 p -value = 0.002
c Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
that the mean tar content of the
cigarettes has decreased.
14 H0 : µ = 20 H1 : µ > 20
13 a H0 : µ = 3.5 H1 : µ > 3.5
b σ = 1.5, n = 50, x̄ = 4.0
p -value = 0.009
c Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
that the average service time has
increased.
σ = 3, n = 12, x̄ = 23
p -value = 0.0003
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.01
we can reject H0 and conclude that the
students who sleep 8 hours score higher
on the test.
1005
Solutions to Exercise 16B
1 a H0 : µ = 0.5
H1 : µ , 0.5
b σ = 0.04, n = 25, x̄ = 0.52
p -value = 0.012
c Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
that the mean diameter of the ball
bearings has changed.
2 H0 : µ = 2 H1 :µ , 2
σ = 0.02, n = 20, x̄ = 1.99
p -value = 0.025
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05
we can reject H0 and conclude that the
average weight of the bags has changed.
3 H0 : µ = 40 H1 : µ , 40
σ = 10, n = 56, x̄ = 43
p -value = 0.025
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05
we can reject H0 and conclude that the
average stay in this hospital is different
from the others.
4 H0 : µ = 484 H1 : µ , 484
σ = 42, n = 30, x̄ = 456
p -value = 0.0003
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.01
we can reject H0 and conclude that
the average number of visitors to the
museum has changed.
5 H0 : µ = 2 H1 : µ , 2
σ = 1.2, n = 19, x̄ = 2.85
p -value = 0.0015
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05
we can reject H0 and conclude that the
average hours children watch TV in this
town has changed.
6 H0 : µ = 60 H1 : µ , 60
σ = 10, n = 30, x̄ = 65
p -value = 0.0062
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05
we can reject H0 and conclude that the
mean life of batteries has changed after
the new process.
7 a H0 : µ = 9 H1 : µ , 9
σ = 2, n = 20, x̄ = 8.5
p -value = 0.2636
No, since the p-value is greater than
0.05 we cannot reject H0 . There is
insufficient evidence that the mean
number of hours children sleep has
changed.
b (7.6235, 9.3765)
c Also leads us to not reject H0 since
the hypothesised value (9) is within
the interval.
8 H0 : µ = 55000 H1 : µ , 55000
σ = 5000, n = 50, x̄ = 53445
a p -value = 0.0279
Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we reject H0 We can conclude
that theaverage starting salary for
graduates of this university diffrs
from the rest of the state.
1006
b (52059, 54831) hypothesised value (55000) is not
within the interval.
c Leads us to reject H0 since the

1007
Solutions to Exercise 16C
1 a Pr(|Z| > 1) = Pr(Z > 1) + Pr(Z < −1) 3
Pr(|X − µ| ≥ 8.5) = Pr(X ≤ µ − 8.5) + Pr(X ≥ µ + 8.5)
= 2 Pr(Z < −1)
= Pr(X ≤ 39) + Pr(X ≥ 56)
= 0.3173
= 0.1841
b Pr(|Z| ≤ 0.5) = Pr(−0.5 ≤ Z ≤ 0.5)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ 0.5) − 1 4
= 0.3829 Pr(|X − µ| ≥ 23) = Pr(X ≤ µ − 23) + Pr(X ≥ µ + 23)

c = Pr(X ≤ 597) + Pr(X ≥ 643)

Pr(|Z| ≥ 1.75) = Pr(Z ≥ 1.75) + Pr(Z ≤ −1.75) = 0.2145
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −1.75)
√ 
= 0.0801

20 
5 Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ 1) = Pr |Z| ≥


5
d Pr(|Z| ≤ 2.1) = Pr(−2.1 ≤ Z ≤ 2.1)
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 0.8944)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ 2.1) − 1
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −0.8944)
= 0.9643
= 0.3711
e
Pr(|Z| ≥ 0.995) = Pr(Z ≥ 0.995) + Pr(Z ≤ −0.995)
6 a !
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −0.995) |2.52 − 2.56|
Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ |x0 − µ|) = Pr |Z| ≥ √
0.09/ 30
= 0.3198
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 2.4343)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −2.4343)
2 Pr(|X − µ| ≥ 5) = Pr(X ≤ µ − 5) + Pr(X ≥ µ + 5)
= 0.0149
= Pr(X ≤ 0) + Pr(X ≥ 10)
b
= 0.3173 |2.57 − 2.56|
!
Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ |x0 − µ|) = Pr |Z| ≥ √
0.09/ 30
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 0.6086)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −0.6086)
= 0.5428

7 a !
|25 450 − 27 583|
Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ |x0 − µ|) = Pr |Z| ≥
13525/10
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 1.5771)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −1.5771)
= 0.0149

1008
 b !
|30 000 − 27 583|
Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ |x0 − µ|) = Pr |Z| ≥
13525/10
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 1.7871)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −1.7871)
= 0.0739

!
15
8 Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ 3) = Pr |Z| ≥
7
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 2.1429)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −2.1429)
= 0.0321

 √ 
0.25 × 10 
9 Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ 0.25) = Pr |Z| ≥


0.5
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 1.58114)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −1.58114)
= 0.1138

 √ 
2 × 20 
10 a Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ 2) = Pr |Z| ≥


5
= Pr(|Z| ≥ 1.78885)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ −1.78885)
= 0.0736

b H0 : µ = 15; H1 : µ , 15. Do not reject H0 ,

since 0.0736 is greater than 0.05.

c You want the p-value to be less than √ 0.05.

a × 20 
Pr(|X̄ − µ| ≥ a) = Pr |Z| ≥


5
 √ 
 −a × 20 
2 Pr Z ≥  ≤ 0.05
5
 √ 
 −a × 20 
Pr Z ≥  ≤ 0.025
5
√
−a × 20
≤ −1.95996
5
a ≥ 2.191..
More than 2.19 minutes

1009
Solutions to Exercise 16D
1 H0 : weight game the same
H1 : weight gain is higher
a A Type I error would be concluding
the weight gain is higher on the
special diet when it fact it is the same.
b A Type II error would be concluding
the weight gain is the same on the
special diet when it fact it is higher.
2 H0 : test scores have not improved under
the new program
H1 : test scores have improved under the
new programs
a A Type I error would be concluding
the test scores have improved under
the new program when it fact they
have not.
b A Type II error would be concluding
the test scores have not improved
under the new program when in fact
they have.
3 H0 : test shows no TB
H1 : test shows TB
a A false positive is a Type I error.
i.e., test is positive when in fact the
person does not have TB .
b A false negative is a Type II error.
i.e., test is negative when the person
does have TB.
1010
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a H0 : µ = 70 H1 : µ , 70 standard deviations away from the
hypothesised mean than the p-value will
b Type I error: Concluding the pulse be very small (< 0.00001).
rate changes after exercise for one
minutes when it doesn’t.
5 a H0 : µ = 4 H1 : µ > 4
c Type II error: Concluding the pulse
rate doesn’t change after exercise for b Type I error: Concluding that praise
one minutes when it does. does increase happiness when it
doesn’t.

2 a i do not reject H0 c Type II error: Concluding praise does

not increase happiness when it does.
ii do not reject H0

b i reject H0 6 When calculating a p-value we calculate

x̄ − µ
a z-value using: z = √ An increase
ii do not reject H0 n
in the value of the z-value will result in a
c i reject H0 decrease in the p-value. Thus

ii reject H0 a decrease

d i reject H0 b decrease

ii reject H0 c no effect

d increase
3 a H0 : time is the same H1 : time is
reduced when there is no noise
7 a 18 or 22
b p-value = 0.02. Yes, since the
p-value is less than 0.05 we reject b p-value = 0.044
H0 . We can conclude that the time to
c Reject H0 and conclude that the
solve the puzzle is less when there is
population mean is not 20
no background noise.

c 2% of the time. 8 a
Pr(|Z| > 1.5) = Pr(Z > 1.5) + Pr(Z < −1.5)
4 Yes the teaching method has been = 2 × 0.0608
effective. If the sample mean is 5
b 0.9108

1011
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 A 7 A Since a Type I error means rejecting the
null hypothesis when it is in fact true it
2 B can only happen if the null hypothesis is
rejected.
3 B
8 C We are looking for options which do not
4 C H0 : µ = 70 H1 : µ , 70 contain words similar to ‘more’ or ‘less’
σ = 10, n = 25, x̄ = 76.5
9 E
p -value = 0.0012 H0 : µ = 8 H1 : µ < 8
σ = 2, n = 25, x̄ = 7.5
5 A We would want the strongest p -value = 0.1056
evidence possible
10 D Increasing the sample size will decrease the
96 − 100
6 E Pr (X̄ ≤ 96|µ = 100) = Pr (Z ≤ √ p-value
21 50
= Pr (Z ≤ −1.347)
= 0.0890

1012
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a H0 : µ = 42 H1 : µ < 42

b i 4/100 = 0.04

ii Good evidence

iii Reject H0 and conclude the bookcase assembly time is reduced.

c p-value = 0.0368

d These answers are very similar.

e i For the two tail test p-value = 10/100 = 0.1

ii Do not reject as p-value > 0.05

iii Theoretical p-value = 0.0736. A bit different but would lead to the same
conclusion.

2 a H0 : µ = 70 H1 : µ > 70

b Answers will vary

c i,ii Answers will vary, but if the p-value is < 0.05 then the null hypothesis should be
rejected.

d Theoretical p-value = 0.0062

e Answers should be similar

f Concluding that the batteries last longer when they don’t.

g Concluding that the batteries don’t last longer when they do.

h The answer should be approx double the answer to ci p-value = 0.0124

3 a i H0 : µ = 32 H1 : µ , 32

ii p-value = 0.0059

iii Reject H0 and conclude the age of marriage for males has changed.

b i H0 : µ = 29 H1 : µ , 29

1013
 ii p-value = 0.0029

iii Reject H0 and conclude the age of marriage for females has changed.

c i males: (32.58, 35.42)

ii does not contain 32 as expected

d i females: (29.69, 32.32)

ii does not contain 29 as expected

1014
Chapter 17 – Revision of Chapters 15-16
Solutions to Technology-free questions
σ
1 a E(X 2 ) = Var(X) + [E(X)]2 √ = 0.5
n
=4+9
= 13 σ
5 a X̄ ± 1.96 × √ = 84 ± 1.96 × 2
n
b E(3X − 7) = 3E(X) − 7 = 2
= 84 ± 3.92
c Var(3X − 7) = 9 × Var(X) = 36 (= (80.08, 87.92))
Z 1 b 3.92
2 a E(X) = 2x(1 − x) dx
0
 2 1 6 Random variable X is binomial with
= x2 − x3
3 0 n = 30 and p = 0.9
1
= a E(X) = 0.9 × 30 = 27
3
b Pr(X = 30) = (0.9)30
Z 1
b E(X ) =
2
2x2 (1 − x) dx
0
1 4 1
2
= x − x 3 7 Since the p-value is not less than 0.05,
3 2 0 we would not reject the null hypothesis,
1
= and conclude that the mean is still 10.
6
1 7
c E(4X + 1) = 4 × +1= 8 a Since the p-value is less than 0.05,
3 3
we would reject the null hypothesis,
1 1 and conclude that the mean is less
d E(2X 2 − X) = 2 × − =0
6 3 than 20.

3 2X + Y has a normal distribution. b A two tail test will have a p-value

E(2X + Y) = 10 + 20 = 30 which is double that of a one tail test.
Var(2X + Y) = 4Var(X) + Var(Y)
i Thus, for the two tail test p-value
= 4 × 0.22 + 0.12 = 0.09.
= 0.17
√ ii Since the p-value is not less than
sd(2X + Y) = 0.17 = 0.4123
0.05, we would not reject the null
hypothesis, and conclude that the
4 X̄ is normally distributed with mean mean is still 20.
µ = 45 and standard deviation

1
9 a H0 : µ = 95 H1 : µ < 95
2 b p-value will be smaller. We will
b p-value = = 0.02
100
c Since the p-value is less than 0.05
but not less than 0.01 we classify
this a good evidence against the null
hypothesis.
d Since the p-value is less than 0.05,
we would reject the null hypothesis,
and conclude that students who
meditate for 20 minutes complete the
puzzle more quickly.
10 a i p-value < 0.05, so we reject H0
and conclude that the mean has
changed from 50.
ii p-value > 0.01, so we do not
reject H0 and conclude that the
mean is still 50.
still reject when α = 0.05, possibly
change when α = 0.01.
σ 2
11 a X̄ ± 1.96 × √ = 14.6 ± 1.96 ×
n 5
≈ 14.6 ± 0.784
= (13.816, 15.384)
b This would not lead us to reject H0
since the hypothesised value (14) lies
within the interval.
σ 2
12 X̄ ± 1.96 × √ = 49.2 ± 1.96 ×
n 10
= (48.808, 49.592)
This would lead us to reject H0 since
the hypothesised value (48) does not lie
within the interval.
2
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B X − Y is normally distributed. 6 D X + Y is normally distributed
E(X − Y) = 58 − 52 = 6 E(X + Y) = 13
Var(X − Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y) sd(X + Y) = (12 + 1.52 ) ≈ 1.803
p
c − 13
= 82 + 62 = 2.326
1.803
= 100 c = 17. 2
sd(X − Y) = 10
7 B n = 25, x̄ = 4.5, σ = 1.5
Pr(X − Y < 0) = 0.2743
p-value= 0.0956
2 A X̄ is normally distributed.
4.5 8 D H0 : µ = 30 H1 : µ > 30
Mean = 42, sd = √ σ = 7, n = 15, x̄ = 36.2
20
Pr(38 < X̄ < 43) = 0.8398 p-value= 0.0003
Yes, since the p-value is less than
3 C 5X + 10Y is normally distributed. 0.05 we reject H0
E(5X + 10Y) = 4300
p + 10Y)
sd(5X 9 D
= (25√ × 30 + 100 × 10 )
2 2

= 50 13 10 B n = 25, x̄ = 9.1, σ = 3
(7.555, 10.645)
4 C X̄ = 5.3, n = 20, σ = 0.04
CI = (5.212, 5.388) 11 E
 1.365 2 12 C
5 D n = 2.5758 × ≈ 138
0.3

3
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a Pr(X = 4) = 0.43 × 0.6 = 0.0384

b Pr(X > 4) = 1 − [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4)]

= 0.0256
5
c E(Y) = E(X1 + X2 + · · · + X30 ) = 30 × = 50
3
10 100
d Var(Y) = Var(X1 + X2 + · · · + X30 ) = 30 × =
9 3
e Y is approximately normally distributed.
Pr(Y > 60) = 0.0416

2 Pr(X > 1.02) = 0.057

1.02 − µ
= 1.5805
σ
µ = 1.5805σ + 1.02 . . . Equation1
Pr(X̄ > 1.01) = 0.033
1.01 − µ
√ = 1.8384
σ/ 6
µ = 0.7505σ + 1.01 . . . Equation 2
Solving gives µ = 1.001, σ = 0.012

3 a Pr(k1 < X < k2 ) = 0.95

k1 − 80
= −1.96 ⇒ k1 = 40.8
20
k2 − 80
= 1.96 ⇒ k2 = 119.2
20
b Pr(c1 < X̄ < c2 ) = 0.95
c1 − 80
√ = −1.96 ⇒ c1 = 71.2
20/ 20
c2 − 80
√ = 1.96 ⇒ c2 = 88.8
20/ 20
4 a i H0 : µ = 62 H1 : µ , 62

ii n = 80, x̄ = 63.1, σ = 4
p -value = 0.0139

iii No, since the p-value is more than 0.01 we cannot reject H0 and conclude that
mean is 62.

4
 b i H0 : µ = 64 H1 : µ < 64

ii n = 80, x̄ = 63.1, σ = 4
p -value = 0.0221

iii Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05 we reject H0 and conclude that mean is
less than 64.

5 a x̄ = 1000.54

b i H0 : µ = 1000 H1 : µ > 1000

ii n = 10, x̄ = 100.54, σ = 1.75

p -value= 0.1645

iii No, since the p-value is more than 0.05 we cannot reject H0 and conclude that
machine does not need adjustment.

6 a µ = 55, σ = 5
Pr(X < 48) = 0.0803

b Pr(a < X < b) = 0.95

a − 55
= −1.96
5
a = 45.2
b − 55
= 1.96
5
b = 64.8
σ 5
c i µ = 55, √ = √
n 10
Pr(X̄ < 50) = 0.0008

ii T = X1 + X2 + · · · + X10
E(T ) = 550
√
sd(T ) = 10 × 52 ≈ 15.811
T is normally distributed: Pr(T > 580) ≈ 0.0289

iii p = Pr(X < 50) = 0.159

binomial n = 10, p = 0.159
Pr(X > 3) = 1 − Pr(X ≤ 2) = 0.2037
5
d E(X̄) = 55 sd(X̄) = √
10
Pr(c < X̄ < d) = 0.95

5
 c − 55
√ = −1.96
5/ 10
c = 51.90
d − 55
√ = 1.96
5/ 10
d = 58.10

6
Chapter 18 – Revision of Chapters 1-17
Solutions to Technology-free questions
d d 4 arccos(2a − 1) = 3π
1 a (2y2 − xy3 ) = 0
dx  3π 
dy dy 2a − 1 = cos
4y − [3xy2 + y3 ] = 0 4
dx dx
1
dy 2a = − √ + 1
[4y − 3xy2 ] = y3 2
dx
y3 1  1 
dy
= a= 1− √
dx 4y − 3xy2 2 2
dy y2 e
= , y,0 4
dx 4 − 3xy f 0 (x) = −
When y = −1, 2 + x = 8 ⇒ x = 6 x − x2
1
dy 1 1 f0 = −8
= = 2
dx 4 + 18 22
Use y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
dx
 1
b x = 3 sin 2t ⇒ = 6 cos 2t y − 2π = −8 x − y = −8x + 4 + 2π
dt 2
dy
y = −3 cos 2t ⇒ = 6 sin 2t
dt 3 a Resultant rate= 4 − 6 = −2 litres per
s
Z 2π  2  2 minute.
3 dx dy
L= π + dt Therefore time to empty is 20 min-
dt dt
6 utes
Z 2π
3 p
= π
36 cos2 2t + 36 sin2 2t dt b
dm
6 = rate of inflow − rate of outflow
  2π dt
= 6 π
3 m
=− ×6
6 40 − 2t
3m
= 3π =−
20 − t
m(0) = 10
2 a − 1 ≤ 2x − 1 ≤ 1
0 ≤ 2x ≤ 2
0≤x≤1
The interval [0, 1]

b [0, 4π]
1
c f = 4 arccos 0 = 2π
2

1
 dm 3m Z 3
c =− f (x) dx
dt 20 − t 0
Z Z
1 1
dm = − 3
x+3
Z
dt
3m 20 − t = dx
0 x2 + 3
1
loge m = loge (20 − t) + c1 3
Z
x 3
3 = + 2 dx
+3 x +3 x2
loge m = loge (20 − t)3 + c 0
1 √  √3 3
loge 10 = loge 203 + c = loge (x2 + 3) + 3 arctan x
2 3 0
m(0) = 10 1 √ √
= loge (12) + 3 arctan( 3) − loge 3
1 2
∴ c = loge π
800 = loge 2 + √
1 3
∴ loge m = loge (20 − t)3 + loge
800
(20 − t)3 5 a
∴m= 1
s
1
r
800  dy 2
Z Z
81
1+ dx = x + 1 dx
m 0 dx 0 4
d At time t, concentration =
40 − 2t 1 1√
Z
m
= 0.2 = 81x + 4
40 − 2t 2 0
(20 − t)2 1 du
= Let u = 81x + 4 ⇒ = 81
1600 5 dx
s
1 Z 1 Z 85
20 − t = ±40 × √
 dy 2 1 1
5 ∴ 1+ dx = u 2 du
√ 0 dx 162 4
t = 20 − 8 5 minutes 1  3 85
= u2
243 4
√
4 a y=0 85 85 − 8
=
243
x2 + 6x − 3
b f 0 (x) = − √
(x2 + 3)2 b 10
x2 + 6x − 3 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 − 12 = 0 6 a i 95 + i)(4 + i) = 19 + 9i
(x + 3)2 = 12 √ √ √
√ ii ( 3 + i)(−2 3 + i) = −7 − 3i
x = −3 ± 2 3
√  1  3  11 i
√ iii +i − +i =− −
!
−2 3
−3 − 2 3, √ , 2 4 8 4
3 + (−3 √− 2 3)2 !
√ 2 3 iv (1.2 − i)(0.4 + i) = 1.48 + 0.8i
−3 + 2 3, √
3 + (−3 + 2 3)2
b i (ab − 1) + (a + b)i
c

2
 a+1 du 1
ii b = b Let u = loge x ⇒ =
a−1 dx x
Z e Z 1
b loge x
iii dx = u du
1 x 0
 u2 1
=
2 0
a 1
−1
−1
0 =
2

9 a E2X1 + 5) = 2 × 18 + 5 = 41

b Var2X1 + 5) = 4 × 4 = 16
1
7 Pr(Y = −2) = ; c E(X1 + X2 ) = 18 + 18 = 36
36
1
Pr(Y = −1) =
6 d Var(2X1 ) = 4 × 4 = 16
1 1 13
Pr(Y = 0) = + =
9 4 36 e Var(X1 + X2 ) = 4 + 4 = 8
1
Pr(Y = 1) = ;
3
1 dy
Pr(Y = 2) = . 10 a = e x+y
9 dx
1 dy
a = e x ey
9 dx
Z Z
13 e dy =
−y
e x dx
b
36
e−y = −e x + c
1
c y(1) = 1 ⇒ c = e−1 + e1
3
y = − loge e + e−1 − e x


1 1 1 2 1
d E(Y) = −2 × − + + =
36 6 3 9 3 b −∞, loge (e + e−1 )

loge x c
8 a y= dy
x = e x+y
dx
dy 1 − loge x
= When x = 0, y = − loge (e + e−1 − 1)
dx x2
dy dy −1 1
=0⇒x=e and ∴ = e− loge (e+e −1 =
dx dx e + e−1 − 1
 1
∴Equation of tangent
∴ Stationary point P e,
e x
y= − loge (e + e−1 − 1)
Q(1, 0) e+e −1 −1

3
 dy √ 1
11 a = x(4 + y2 ) 13 a RHS= x−1+ √
dx x−1
x−1+1 x
Z Z
1
dy = x dx = √ = √
4 + y2 x−1 x−1
1 −1 y 1 2
tan = x + c1 b Z a
2 2 2
y Volume = π [ f (x)]2 dx
tan−1 = x2 + c 2
2 a
x2
Z
π =π dx
y(0) = 2 ⇒ c = 2 x−1
4 Z a
 π 1
∴ y = 2 tan x +
2 =π + x + 1 dx
4 2 x−1
1 2 a
π π π

b − < x2 + < = π loge (x − 1) + x + x
2 4 2 2 2
π π 1
⇔x + <
2
= π(loge (a − 1) + a2 + a − (2 + 2)
4 2 2
 √π √π  1 2
⇔x∈ − , = π(loge (a − 1) + a + a − 4)
2 2 2
r
x 3 √ 1
c y=− +2 3+ 4 (x − 1)(x + 2)2
8 π 16 14 y = x + 3 − 2 =
x x2
dy 8 dy
= 1 + 3 and = 0 ⇒ x = −2
x a b dx x dx
12 a 2
= + Axis intercepts (−2, 0), (1, 0);
(1 − x) x − 1 (x − 1)2
Asymptotes x = 0, y = x + 3;
x = a(1 − x) + b
Local maximum (2, 0)
⇒ a = 1 and b = −1 y

x 1 1
⇒ 2
= 2
−
(1 − x) (1 − x) 1−x
3
Z 4
x x
b dx −3 −1 0
2 (1 − x)2
Z 4
1 1
= 2
− dx
2 (1 − x) 1−x
 1 4
= + loge (1 − x)
1−x 2
15 a Gradient of the line x + y = 1 is−1
1
= − + loge | − 3| + 1 − loge | − 1| Let c = ai + bi be a vector parallel to
3
the line Therefore a = −b √
2
= + loge 3 The magnitude of c = ai + bi = 2b2
3 1
2b2 = 1 ⇒ b = ± √
2

4
 √
1 3± 3
Therefore unit vectors = ± √ (i − j) m=
2 6
−−→
b The OP0 = j where P0 (0, 1) is −−→
a point on the line. The vector 16 a AC = 2i + j + 2k
P0 P = mi + (n − 1) j is parallel to r = (1 + 2t)i + (t + 2) j + (2t − 1)k
−−→
n−1 r · AC = 9t + 2
the line. Therefore = −1 −−→ 2
m r perpendicular to AC ⇒ t = −
Therefore n = −m + 1. m + n = 1, 9
−−→
OP = mi + (1 − m) j −−→
b AB = i + (m − 2) j + 2k
−−→ −−→
AB · AC = 2 + m − 2 + 4
√ + (1 − m) j) · (i − j) =
c (mi
−−→ −−→
2√ 2 AB · AC = 0 ⇒ m = −4
2m − 2m + 1
2 √
2√ 2
m − (1 − m) = 2m − 2m + 1 17 a a = 1, b = 1
2
6m2 − 6m + 1 = 0
b c = 3, d = 2

5
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B For stationary points solve f 0 (x) = 0. x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1
Use the quotient rule to find f 0 (x). dy dy
2x2 − x + 1 3x2 + 3y2 + 3y + 3x =0
f (x) = dx dx
x−1
Substitute (2, −1):
(x − 1)(4x − 1) − (2x2 − x + 1)(1)
f 0 (x) = dy dy
(x − 1)2 12 + 3 −3+6 =0
dx dx
2x2 − 4x
= 9
dy
= −9
(x − 1)2 dx
2x(x − 2) dy
= = −1
(x − 1)2 dx
Thus f (x) = 0 if 2x(x − 2) = 0, i.e.
0
4 E For a maximum gradient, find where
x=0
the derivative of the gradient is zero,
or x = 2.
i.e. solve f 00 (x) = 0. Use the product
2 D For inflexion points solve f 00 (x) = 0. rule for differentiation.
Either use the quotient rule twice or f (x) = e x sin x
first simplify the expression. f 0 (x) = e x sin x + e x cos x
x2 − 3x + 2
f (x) = = e x (sin x + cos x)
x2
= 1 − 3x−1 + 2x−2 f 00 (x) = e x (sin x + cos x)

f 0 (x) = 3x−2 − 4x−3 + e x (cos x − sin x)

f 00 (x) = −6x−3 + 12x−4 = 2e x cos x

−6x + 12 Thus f 00 (x) = 0 if cos x = 0, i.e.
= π
x4 x=
Thus f 00 (x) = 0 if −6x + 12 = 0, i.e. 2
x = 2. since 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
π π π
Then f 0 = e 2 (1 + 0) = e 2 .
3 B Use implicit differentiation (as a 2
general expression for the derivative To be sure that this gives the maxi-
is not required, substitute before mum gradient, check the endpoints:
simplifying). the gradients are f 0 (0) = 1 and
f 0 (π) = −eπ .
π
Since each these is smaller than e 2
and as there just the one stationary
point on the interval, this stationary
point is a maximum.

5 A Use polar form and De Moivre’s

theorem on the numerator.

6
 √  5π  du
1− 3i = 2cis 8 A Let u = tan x, so = sec2 x
3 dx
√ 3 = 1 + tan2 x
!
5π
(1 − 3i) = 2 cis
3
×3
3 = 1 + u2 .
= 8cis (5π) π
x = 0, u = 0; x = , u = 1.
4
= −8 Z π Z 1
4 u3
√ 3 (tan x) dx =
3
du
0 1+u
2
(1 − 3i) −8 1−i 0
= ×
1+i 1+i 1−i
Z 1
u 
−8 + 8i = u− du
= 0 1 + u2
2 "
1 1
= −4 + 4i = u2 − loge
2 2
#1
6 D Multiply through by the denom-
× (1 + u )
2
inator, simplify and solve the
0
equation. 1 1
z − 2i = 2z − 6 + 4i = − loge 2
2 2
−z = −6 + 6i 1 − loge 2
=
2
z = 6 − 6i
(Of course, you could use a CAS, but
7 E A quick check shows that expanding it is worthwhile seeing the solution
the expressions in alternatives A, B using formal techniques.)
and D does not produce a constant
term of +4. 9 B As the integrand is not a standard
Now (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 − i) = z2 +2z+2. type, and a numerical solution is
Multiplying by z−1 will not produce required, this is definitely a CAS
a constant term of +4, so that rules question.
out alternative D. So alternative E The syntax
R will be something like:
k
must be correct, but here is a check: solve 0 xe−x dx = 0.5, k .
(z + 2)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i) This gives 1.7, correct to one dp.
= (z + 2)(z2 − 2z + 2)
10 A As in question 9, the integrand is
= z − 2z + 4
3
not a standard type so this is a CAS
(Alternatively, use the factor theorem question.
to show that z + 2 is a factor and
then apply the quadratic formula
to factorise the resulting quadratic
term.)

7
 θ √
Use a definite integral: Now solve cot = 3 or equiva-
Z x
y(x) = x loge x dx + 2, θ 2 1
2 lently tan = √ . The solution on
2 3
as y(2) = 2, so θ π π
Z 3 (0, π] is = , i.e. θ = .
 θ2 6√  π3
y(3) = x loge x dx + 2
2 So cot ≥ 3 on 0, .
2 3
= 4.30746 (CAS)
14 A Since the velocity is positive for
≈ 4.31 t ≥ 0, the distance travelled is
given
Z 10 by
11 B Change to sin and cos and simplify:
sin(2x) 1 4t
tan(2x) = , sec(2x) = . dt = [2 loge (1 + t2 )]10
cos(2x) cos(2x) 0 1+t 2 0

Multiply above and below by =2 loge (101)−2 loge (1)

cos(2x):
tan(2x) √ = 2 loge (101)
=− 3
1 + sec(2x) ≈ 9.23
sin(2x) √
=− 3 15 D The highest point is reached when
cos(2x) + 1
2 sin x cos x √ v = 0.
= − 3 dv
Since a = , the acceleration
2 cos2 x dt
√
tan x = − 3 equation can be re-written as
dv 20 + v2
2π =− or equivalently
x= as 0 ≤ x ≤ π dt 50
3 dt 50
=− .
12 C If f (x) = g(x), then dv 20 + v2
sec x = cosec (2x). To find the time, use a definite
Change to sin and cos and simplify: integral: Z
0
1
1 1 t = −50 dv
= 200 20 + v
2
cos x sin(2x) Z 200 √
50 20
2 sin x cos x = cos x = √ dv
20 0 20 + v2
1
sin x = as cos x , 1 50
"
v
!#200
2 = √ tan √ −1
This has 2 solutions for −π ≤ x ≤ π. 20 20 0
(Alternatively graph f, g with a
!
50 −1 200
CAS.) = √ tan √ ≈ 17.3121
20 20
θ So the time taken is about
13 D Now cot ≤ 0 on 17 seconds.
2
[−π, 0), cot(0) is undefined
θ
and as θ → 0+ , cot → ∞. 16 D One method is to try two values
2 for x.

8
 Let x = 0: (x − 2)2 (y − 1)2
π equivalently − =1
− sec b = cosec 9 4
3 Asymptotes are given by:
2
= √ (x − 2)2 (y − 1)2
3 − =0
√ 9 4
3 y−1 (x − 2)
cos b = − =±
2 2 3
7π 2(x − 2)
b= y=1±
6 3
π
Let x = : 2 1
6 y = x − or
π
!
aπ 7π 3 3
− sec + = cosec 2 7
6 6 2 y=− x+
3 3
=1
Now check the restrictions on t.
(a + 7)π "
π
!
cos = −1 On 0, , x ≥ 5 and y ≥ 1,
6 2
(a + 7)π corresponding to the ‘top half’ of the
=π
6 branch of the hyperbola to the right
a+7=6 of the centre (2, 1).
a = −1 π
#
On , π , x ≤ −1 and y ≤ 1,
7π 2
Thus a = −1 and b = . corresponding to the ‘bottom half’
6
(Alternatively, you could use a of the branch of the hyperbola to the
CAS to plot the graphs of the cosec left of the centre (2, 1).
function and each possible sec Each of these two sections of the
function to see if any match the complete hyperbola is asymptotic to
2 1
cosec function.) just y = x − . So the graph has
3 3
just the one asymptote.
17 B Using the product rule:
d(x loge y) 1 dy 19 A Equating coefficients of i, j and k
= loge y + x × gives the simultaneous equations:
dx y dx
x dy 2m + p = 3 1
= loge y +
y dx 3m + n − 2p = 0
2
It follows that:
d(x loge y) x dy −m − 3n − 2p = 0
3
− = loge y
dx y dx
2 −
3 :

18 D x + 2 + 3 sec(t), y = 1 + 2 tan(t). 4m + 4n = 0, i.e. m + n = 0

4
Since sec2 (t) = 1 + tan2 (t), 1 +
2 2 : 7m + n = 6 5
(x − 2)2 (y − 1)2
5 − 4 : 6m = 6, so m = 1.
then: =1+ or
9 4 Substituting gives n = −1 and p = 1.

9
 2π 2π
However, this is not enough to Z
3
Z
3
determine whether the vectors are = π
1dx − π
sin2 (2x)dx
6 6
linearly dependent or independent.
2π
2π Z
Check whether one of the given 3
= [x] π3 − π
sin2 (2x)dx
vectors can be expressed as a linear 6 6
combination of the other two. In ! Z 2π
particular, as b and c are clearly not 2π π 3
= − − π sin2 (2x)dx
parallel, do there exist constants k 3 6
6
and l such that a = kb + lc? 2π
π
Z
3
Equating coefficients of i, j and k = − π sin2 (2x)dx
2
gives the simultaneous equations: 6
Alternative C comes from the direct
l=2 6
use of a double angle formula.
k − 2l = 3
7 Alternative D comes from the
−3k − 2l = −1 8 identity
6 l = 2. Substituting π
!
From ,
cos(2x) = sin − 2x , so
7 gives k = 7. Then
in 2
−3k − 2l = −25 , −1, so con- π 
cos2 (2x) = sin2 − 2x
stants k and l do not exist and 2
the three vectors are linearly 1
= sin2 (π − 4x))
independent. 2
R 1R 21 A The given asymptotes can be
20 E Since cos2 (2x)dx , cos3 (2x), rearranged to give the equation
6
the expression in alternative E is not 9
(y − 3)2 = (x + 1)2
equal to the given definite integral. 4
So the hyperbola has equation
(The other alternatives come about 9
by re-expressions. (y − 3)2 − (x + 1)2 = k for some
4
Alternative A comes from the constant k.
substitution u = 2x. Since the graph passes through (0, 0),
Alternative B comes from the substitute to find k:
identity cos2 (2x) = 1 − sin2 (2x), so 9 27
k =9− =
Z 2π 4 4
3
cos2 (2x)dx 9 27
π So (y − 3)2 − (x + 1)2 = .
6 4 4
Z 2π
3
= π
(1 − sin2 (2x))dx
6

10
 4 dM dv
Multiplying through by gives F=v +M
27 dt dt
4(y − 3)2 (x + 1)2 dv
− = 1. = −cv + (m − ct)
27 3 dt
22 C The significant thing here is the dv F + cv
=
coefficients of the cos and sin terms dt m − ct
in each alternative. These give the q
values of the semi-axes lengths, 25 A |a| = p2 + q2 + 1;
√
so they should be (±)4 and (±)2 |b| = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3.
respectively. The scalar resolute of a in the
2 1
Alternative C has the incorrect direction of b is = (p − 2q + 2).
values of 2 and 1 respectively. Note 3 3
Simplifying gives p = 2q.
that eliminating the parameter gives The scalar resolute of
(x + 2)2
+ (y − 1)2 = 1 in this case. b in the direction of a is
4 1
(Check that eliminating the 2= p (p − 2q + 2).
p2 + q2 + 1
parameter in each of the other alter- Substitute p = 2q and solve:
natives gives the correct equation 2
(x + 2)2 (y − 1)2 =2
4q2 + q2 + 1
p
+ = 1.)
16 4 q
5q2 + 1 = 1
23 D From the given equation:
2 − 2i 5q2 + 1 = 1
Z2 =
1+i
2(1 − i) 1 − i 5q2 = 0 ⇒ q = 0
= × Thus p = 2q = 0.
1+i 1−i
2
2(1 − i) 26 B When x = 0, y = e0 = 1. To make it
=
2 easy to use implicit differentiation,
= (1 − i)2 rewrite the equation in logarithmic
z = 1 − i or − 1 + i form.
So one value of z could be −1 + i. y = e xy

24 Let M kg be the mass at time t s. loge y = xy

Since the mass decreases at c kg/s, 1 dy dy
=y+x
M = m − ct. y dx dx
As the mass is not constant, Substitute (0, 1) :
Newton’s second law of motion takes dy
d
the form F = (Mv) (note that this =1+0=1
dt dx
is not the same as F = Ma). By the
27 D Let R be the normal reaction force,
product rule:
m the mass of the particle, µ the
coefficient of friction and a the
acceleration of the particle up the

11
  x
plane (as the particle is slowing 1 mean that y+c = cos−1
Does ?
down, a will be negative). a
Check the endpoints of the domain:
Perpendicular to the plane: π
x = −a, y = π − c; x = 0, y = − c.
R = mg cos 40◦
1 2
But this is inconsistent with the
Parallel to the plane (taking direction
range of the inverse. So the rule is a
of motion as the positive direction):
little trickier.
1 can also be written
−µR − mg sin 40◦ = ma 2 x
cos(2π − (y + c)) = .
Substitute 1 into
2 and cancel the a
Solving this for y:  
factor of m: x
−µg cos 40◦ − g sin 40◦ = a 2π − (y + c) = cos−1
a
Solving for µ gives: −1 x
 
y + c = 2π − cos
−a − g sin 40◦ a
µ=
g cos 40◦ −1 x
 
y = 2π − c − cos
Since the forces are constant, so is a
Now check the endpoints:
the acceleration. Use the constant
x = −a, y = 2π − c − π = π − c;
acceleration formula v = u + at:
0 = 16 + 2.3a π 3π
x = 0, y = 2π − c − = − c.
2 2
16 These are the correct end-
a=−
2.3 points of the range. So  
Substituting for a and g: x
16 f −1 (x) = 2π − c − cos−1 .
− 9.8 sin 40◦ a
2.3 (Note: this is rather involved. An
µ= = 0.08754.
9.8 cos 40◦ alternative is to note that from ,1
Thus correct to 3 dp, the coefficient one of alternatives C, D or E is
π
of friction is 0.088. correct. Checking x = 0 gives − c
2
3π 3π
28 E Let y = a cos(x + c). in C, + c in D and − c in E, so
2 2
Check the range of f before E must be correct.)
proceeding. a a
f (π − c) = a cos π = −a 29 C x= ⇒ t = − 1.
t+1 x
 3π 3π Substitute for y :

f − c = a cos =0
2 2 a 2
Since a ≥ 0, the range is [−a, 0]. y=1+t =1+ 2
−1
So the inverse x
" has domain # [−a, 0]
3π a2 − 2ax + 2x2
and range π − c, −c =
2 x2
For the inverse rule, interchange x So one of alternatives B or C is
and y and solve for y: correct.
x = a cos(y + c) t = 0, x = a; t → ∞, x → 0.
x Thus x ∈ (0, a].
cos(y + c) = 1
a

12
30 E Note that 33 D The gradients shown are non-
d 3
(x − 3x2 + 4) = 3x2 − 6x negative for all values of x and y.
dx
None of the curves given in
= 3x(x − 2) alternatives A, B, C or E satisfy
= −3x(2 − x) this fact. Checking their derivatives
so use the substitution shows that they have negative
u = x3 − 3x2 + 4. gradients for x < 0.
x = 1, u = 2; x = 2, u = 0. For x = − ,
1 dx 1
= 2 ⇒
dy
= y2 ,
Then: y dy y dx
Z 2 so the gradients are positive for all
x(2 − x)(x3 − 3x2 + 4) dx values of y. In addition, for any two
1
1
Z 0 values of y, the gradients are the
=− u du same, which matches the slope field
3 2
given.
31 C The slopes shown are negative and
approaching zero as x increases. 34 E The gradients are zero when x = 0,
1 so this eliminates alternatives
Only the curve given by y = has
x B and C. Alternative A can be
this property for x between 0 and 2.
eliminated since the gradients in this
The curves given in all the other
case are all non-negative.
alternatives have positive slopes for
The slope field suggests vertical
this domain.
slopes when y = 0, which agrees
π
32 E The gradients at x = ± are zero, with alternatives D and E. Now in
2 the first quadrant, where x > 0 and
which eliminates alternatives A and
C; the gradients at x = 0 are positive, y > 0, the slopes are negative. This
which eliminates alternatives is consistent with alternative E but
B and D. Only alternative E satisfies not D.
both of these.

13
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a S − R is a random variable of a normal distributionwith E(S − R) = 12 − 10 = 2 and
Var (S − R) = 9 + 16 = 25
∴ µ = 2 and σ = 5
Pr(R < S ) = Pr(S > R) = Pr(S − R > 0) = 0.6554. . . .

b 2R − S 1 − S 2 is normally distributed with E(2R − S 1 − S 2 ) = 20 − 24 = −4 and

= 4 × 9 + 16 + 16 = 68
Var (2R − S 1 − S 2 ) √
∴ µ = −4 and σ = 68
Pr(2R > S 1 + S 2 ) = Pr(2R − S 1 − S 2 > 0) = 0.3138 . . .

2 a Let L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 be identical independent random variables that each give the length
of a tile.
E(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 20 × 4 = 80
Pr(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 > 80) = 0.5
1 1
b L − W is a is the random variable of a normal distributionwith E( L − W) = 0
2 2
1
Pr( L − W) > 0) = 0.5
2
c E(S − T ) = 50 × 20 − 80 × 10 = 200 cm
and Var(S − T ) = 50 × 0.01 + 80 × 0.01 = 1.3 cm2

3 a Let T = 81 T i where the T i are independent random variables of the thickness of

P

each piece of paper.

E(T ) = 8 × 0.1 = 0.8 mm and Var(T ) = 8 × 0.0052 . Therefore sd(T ) =
0.0143 . . . mm.

b Let T 1 be the random variable of the thickness of one sheet of paper. E(8T 1 ) =
8 × 0.1 = 0.8 mm and Var(8T 1 ) = 64 × 0.0052 . Therefore sd(8T 1 ) = 0.04 mm
1
4 a For x > 0, f 0 (x) = loge x + x × − 3 = loge x − 2 (using the product rule).
x

b For x > 0, solve f (x) = 0 : x(loge x − 3) = 0

loge x = 3 ⇒ x = e3
So the coordinates of A are (e3 , 0).

c At A, x = e3 and the gradient of the tangent is f 0 (e3 ) = 1oge e3 − 2 = 3 − 2 = 1.

So the equation of the tangent is y − 0 = 1(x − e3 ), i.e. y = x − e3 .

d For x values between O and A, the graph lies below the x axis (check with a CAS or
simply note that f (1) = −3). The tangent cuts the y axis when x = 0, i.e. at y = −e3 .

14
 1 1
So the area bounded by the tangent and the coordinate axes is × e3 × e3 = e6
2 2
(area of triangle formula).
The area bounded by the graph of y = f (x) and the x axis is
Z e3 Z e3
− f (x) dx = − (x loge x − 3x) dx
0 0
1
= e6 (using a CAS since the integrand is non-standard)
4
This is half the previous area, so the required ratio is 2:1.
a + b sin x
5 a y= , 0<a<b
b + a sin x
i Use the quotient rule:
dy (b + a sin x)(b cos x) − (a + b sin x)(a cos x)
=
dx (b + a sin x)2
b2 cos x + ab sin x cos x − a2 cos x − ab sin x cos x
=
(b + a sin x)2
(b2 − a2 ) cos x
=
(b + a sin x)2
π
ii The derivative is zero when cos x = 0. Since this occurs at multiples of ,
2
it follows that the corresponding values of sin x are 1 and −1. Now when
a+b a−b
sin x = 1, y = = 1; when sin x = −1, y = = −1. So these are the
b+a b−a
maximum and minimum values of y.
1 + 2 sin x
b y= , −π ≤ x ≤ 2π
2 + sin x
!
1 1
i x = 0, y = , so the y intercept has coordinates 0, .
2 2

1 5π π 7π 11π
ii y = 0, sin x = − ⇒ x = − , − , , on [−π, 2π]. So the x intercepts
2 ! 6 6! 6 6!
π
!
5π 7π 11π
have coordinates − , 0 , − , 0 , , 0 and , 0.
6 6 6 6

π 3π π
iii On [−π, 2π], sin x = −1 at x = − and x = ; sin x = 1 at x = . So the
2 !2 2!
π π
!
3π
stationary points have coordinates − , −1 , , 1 and , −1 .
2 2 2

iv Please insert graph from student text answers page 642.

v The required area, using area between two curves, is

15
 3π
1 + 2 sin x √
Z !
2
− (−1) dx = 2π(3 − 3) using a CAS to do the integration
−2
π 2 + sin x
(since it is not a standard type).
√
6 a r cos(x − a) = cos x + 3 sin x
√
r cos x cos a + r sin x sin a = cos x + 3 sin x
r cos a = 1
1
√
r sin a = 3
2

1 + 2 gives r = 4, so r = 2.
2 2 2

1 π π
1 cos a =
Then from , ⇒ a = since 0 < a < .
2 3 2
√ π
!
Thus cos x + 3 sin x = 2 cos x − .
3

b Since −1 ≤ cos ≤ 1, the range is [−2, 2].

c x = 0, y = 1, so the y intercept has coordinates (0, 1).

√
d y√= 0, cos x + 3 sin x = 0. This can be re-arranged and solved on [0, 2π]:
3 sin x = − cos x
1
tan x = − √
3
5π 11π
x= ,
6 6
π
! !
Alternatively, solve the equation in the equivalent form 2 cos x − = 0.
3
! !
5π 11π
So the coordinates are , 0 and , 0.
6 6

e Using the equivalent form gives:

π √
!
2 cos x − = 2
3
π
!
1
cos x − = √
3 2
π π π
x− =− ,
3 4 4
π 7π
x= ,
12 12

16
 π √
loge (3 + 2 3)
Z
2 1
f √ dx = using a CAS to do the integration (since it
0 cos x + 3 sin x 2
is not a standard type). Alternatively, a by-hand solution using the equivalent form
can be found with some effort.
π
!
Z π Z π cos x −
2 1 1 2 3
! dx = ! dx
0 π 2 0 π
2 cos x − cos2 x −
3 3
π
!
Z π cos x −
1 2 3
= ! dx
2 0 2 π
1 − sin x −
3
Z 1
1 2 1
= √ du
2 − 1 − u2
3
2
π
!
using the substitution u = sin x − .
3
!
1 1 1 1
Now partial fractions gives = + .
1 − u2 2 1 − u 1 + u
So the integral becomes:
Z 1 ! 1
1 2 1 1 1
√ + du = [− log |1 − u| + log |1 + u|] 2√
4 − 3 1−u 1+u 4 e e
−
3
2 2
# 1
 1 + u  2
" 
1
= loge  √
4  1 − u  − 3
2
√ !
1 2− 3
= loge 3 − loge √
4 2+ 3
√ !
1 3(2 + 3)
= loge √
4 2− 3
√ √ !
1 3(2 + 3) 2 + 3
= loge √ × √
4 2− 3 2+ 3
1 √
= loge 3(2 + 3)2
4
1 √
= loge 3(7 + 4 3)
4
√
loge (21 + 12 3)
=
4
The answer appears different from the CAS answer, but they are in fact the same:

17
 √ √
loge (3 + 2 3) 2 loge (3 + 2 3)
=
2 4
√
loge (3 + 2 3)2
=
4
√
loge (9 + 12 + 12 3)
=
4
√
loge (21 + 12 3)
=
4
(Of course, a CAS is very quick, but it is instructive to see the by-hand solution.)
5π
g Since the graph starts at (0, 1) and cuts the x axis at , the volume V is given by
6
Z 5π
6
V= π( f (x))2 dx
0
5π
π
Z !
6
=π 2
4 cos x − dx
0 3
Z 5π
π
! !
6
= 2π cos 2 x − + 1 dx
0 3
using the alternative form and a double angle substitution. Thus:
Z 5π
π
! !
6
V=π 2 cos 2 x − + 2 dx
0 3
# 5π
π
" ! 6
= π sin 2 x − + 2x
3 0
!!
5π 2π
= π sin π + − sin −
3 3
√ !
5π 3
=π +
3 2
π √
= (10π + 3 3)
6
7 a As OP is parallel to RQ, ∠ORQ and ∠POR are supplementary. So ∠POR = π − θ.
Join O to Q, so that the trapezium consists of two isosceles triangles, each of whose
equal sides have length r cm.
In isosceles triangle QOR, the base angles are equal, so ∠OQR = ∠ORQ = θ.
Since the angle sum of a triangle is π radians, ∠QOR = π − 2θ.
Now ∠POQ = ∠POR − ∠QOR = (π − θ) − (π − 2θ) = θ.
1 1 1
Area 4POQ = r2 sin θ and area 4QOR = r2 sin(π − 2θ) = r2 sin(2θ).
2 2 2
So the area A cm2 of the trapezium is given by

18
 1 1 1
A = r2 sin θ + r2 sin(2θ) = r2 (sin θ + sin(2θ)).
2 2 2
dA 1 2
b = r (cos θ + 2 cos(2θ))
dθ 2
1
= r2 (cos θ + 2(2 cos2 θ − 1))
2
1
= r2 (4 cos2 θ + cos θ − 2)
2
dA
= 0 ⇒ 4 cos2 θ + cos θ − 2 = 0.
dθ
Now there are limits to the value of θ.
As Q approaches P, θ approaches 0; in the limit, the trapezium degenerates to a
diameter of the circle and has area 0. So θ ≥ 0.
π
As Q moves clockwise, R moves counter-clockwise and θ approaches ; in the limit,
2
π
Q and R coincide and the trapezium is a right-angled triangle. So θ ≤ .
2
The quadratic equation in cos θ has two solutions, only one of which gives an angle
in the correct domain. So to test for a maximum, check the value of the derivative at
the extreme values of θ:
dA 1 2 3
θ = 0: = r (4 cos2 0 + cos 0 − 2) = r2 > 0
dθ 2 2
π dA 1 2 π π
!
θ= : = r 4 cos2 + cos − 2 = −r2 < 0
2 dθ 2 2 2
Since the gradient changes from positive to negative, the solution to the equation
in the correct domain gives a maximum area.

c Using the quadratic formula and discarding

√ the negative solution, the quadratic
−1 + 33
equation has solution cos θ = ⇒ θ ≈ 0.935929.
8
1
So the maximum area is r2 (sin 0.935929 + sin(1.871858)) = 0.880086r2 .
2
Substituting r = 10 gives 88.01 cm2 , correct to 2 dp.

d From part c, the maximum area in terms of r is 0.880086r2 cm2 . Use the perimeter
of the trapezium to find the value of r.
First find the side lengths of PQ and QR in terms of r and then express the perimeter
p cm in terms of r.
Recall from part a that the trapezium consists of two isosceles triangles, 4POQ and
4QOR.
In 4POQ, ∠POQ = θ and OP = OQ != r. A perpendicular from O to PQ bisects the
θ
angle and the base, so PQ = 2r sin .
2
In 4QOR, ∠ORQ = θ and OQ = OR = r. A perpendicular from O to QR bisects the

19
 base, so QR = 2r cos θ.
θ θ
! ! !
So p is given by p = r + r + 2r sin + 2r cos θ = 2r 1 + sin + cos θ .
2 2
For θ ≈ 0.935929, p = 2r(1 + sin(0.467964) + cos(0.935929)) = 4.088283r.
But p = 75, so solving for r gives r = 18.3451.
Then the maximum area is 0.880086r2 = 296.19 cm2 , correct to 2 dp.
dv v
8 a = − (1 + v2 ), t > 0, initial velocity of 10 m/s.
dt 50
dt 50
i Inverting gives =− , so the time taken to go from 10 m/s to 5 m/s is
dv v(1 + v2 )
R5 50
given by − 10 dv.
v(1 + v2 )
!
104
ii Using a CAS for evaluation gives 25 loge seconds.
101
(Alternatively, the substitution u = v2 eventually leads to this result.)
dv dv dt
b i = ×
dx dt dx
dv dx
= ÷
dt dt
v
= − (1 + v2 ) ÷ v
50
−(1 + v2 )
=
50
dx 50
ii =−
dv 1 + v2
x = −50 tan−1 v + c
When x = 0, v = 10.
0 = −50 tan−1 10 + c
c = 50 tan−1 10
x = 50(tan−1 10 − tan−1 v)

20
 x
iii = tan−1 10 − tan−1 v
50
x
tan v = tan−1 10 −
−1
50
!
x
v = tan tan 10 −
−1
50
!
x
10 − tan
50
= ! (using the formula for tan(A − B))
x
1 + 10 tan
50

iv From part iii, when v = 0, x = 50 tan−1 10 ≈ 73.56. So the displacement of the

particle when it first comes to rest is 74 metres, correct to the nearest metre.

9 a Let y = x cos(πx).
dy
i Using the product rule, = cos(πx) − πx sin(πx).
dx
ii Use
Z part i:
(cos(πx) − πx sin(πx)) dx = x cos(πx)
Z
1
sin(πx) − π x sin(πx) dx = x cos(πx)
π
Z
1
π x sin(πx) dx = sin(πx) − x cos(πx)
π
Z
1 x
x sin(πx) dx = sin(πx) − cos(πx)
π2 π
b f (x) = sin(πx) + px

i f 0 (x) = π cos(πx) + p, so f 0 (1) = π cos(π) + p = −π + p. Then f 0 (1) = 0 if p = π.

ii Substituting p = π gives f 0 (x) = π cos(πx) + π = π(1 + cos(πx)).

Since the least value of cos(πx) is −1, then 1 + cos(πx) ≥ 0, so f 0 (x) ≥ 0.

c Please insert graph from student text answers page 642.

21
 Z 1
d V= π( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 1
=π (sin(πx) + πx)2 dx
0
Z 1
=π (π2 x2 + 2πx sin(πx) + sin2 (πx)) dx
0
1
π
Z !
= π x + 2π x sin(πx) + (1 − cos(2πx)) dx
3 2 2
0 2
!#1
π3 x3 π
"
1
= + 2 sin(πx) − 2πx cos(πx) + x − sin(2πx) (using part aii)
3 2 2π 0
π3 π
!
= + 2π + −0
3 2
π3 5π
= +
3 2
(2π + 15)π
2
=
6

e f (x) = sin(πx) + πx, so f (1) = sin(π) + π = π.

π
g(x) = k arcsin(x), so g(1) = k arcsin(1) = k × .
2
So f (1) = g(1) if k = 2.

f A quick plot of the graph of y = g(x) = 2 arcsin(x) shows that it lies beneath the
graph of y = f (x) on (0,Z1). So the required area, using area between two curves, is
Z 1 1
( f (x) − g(x)) dx = (sin(πx) + πx − 2 arcsin(x)) dx
0 0

= 1.0658
using a CAS to do the integration (since it is not a standard type).
Thus the area of the region enclosed by the two graphs is 1.066, correct to 3 dp.

g From above, y(x) = f (x) − g(x) ≥ 0 on [0, 1] and y(0) = y(1) = 0. So there will be a
maximum on (0, 1).
y0 (x) = f 0 (x) − g0 (x)
2
= π cos(πx) + π − √
1 − x2
2
y0 (x) = 0 ⇒ π cos(πx) + π − √ =0
1 − x2
Use the ‘solve’ command of a CAS to find the value of x on (0, 1).

22
 This gives x = 0.57189 . . ., so the value of a is 0.572, correct to 3 dp.

10 a First note that the component of the weight force acting down and parallel to the
plane on the 4 kg particle is 4g sin 30◦ = 2g.

i Equation for the particle, parallel to the plane: T − 2g = 4b.

Equation for the container: 3g − T = 3b.
g
ii Adding the equations in part i gives g = 7b, so b = .
7
18g
Substituting in the first equation gives T = .
7
√ √
11 a Distance of A From O is 22 + 12 + 22 = 9 = 3.
√ √
Distance of B from O is m 12 + 12 + 12 = 3m.
√
So if the points are equidistant from O, then m = 3.
−−→ −−→ −−→
b i OA = a, OC = −a = −OA, so A, O and C are collinear. Thus AC is a diameter
of the circle. Also, note that from part a, the radius of the circle is 3 units.
−−→ √ √ √
ii AB = ( 3 − 2)i + ( 3 + 1) j + (− 3 − 2)k
−−→ √ √ √
CB = ( 3 + 2)i + ( 3 − 1)j + (− 3 + 2)k
−−→ −−→
AB · CB = (3 − 4) + (3 − 1) + (3 − 4) = 0
As the vectors are non-zero, they are perpendicular. So ∠ABC = 90◦ .

23
 (Alternatively, you can do this without writing the vectors in component form:
−−→ −−→
AB = b − a, CB = b + a
−−→ −−→
AB · CB = (b − a)·(b + a)
=b·b−a·a
= b2 − a2 = 9 − 9 = 0
since a = b = 3, the radius of the circle.)

c i If D is a point on the circle with position vector d, then d · d = d2 = 9 (since

the radius of the circle is 3). Thus:
(ka + lb)·(ka + lb) = 9
k2 a2 + 2kla·b + l2 b2 = 9
√ √
Now a2 √= b2 = 9 and a·b = 3(2 − 1 − 2) = − 3, so substituting gives
9k2 − 2 3kl + 9l2 = 9 [∗ ]

ii Substitute k√= 1 into [∗ ] and solve for l.

9l2 − 2 3l + 9 = 9
√
l(9l − 2 3) = 0
√
2 3
l = 0,
9
k = 1, l = 0 : d = a = 2i − j + 2k
√ √
2 3 2 3 2 8 1 4
k = 1, l = :d =a+ b = 2i − j + 2k + (i + j − k) == i − j + k
9 9 3 3 3 3
d Let P have position vector d for some values of k and l. As OP bisects AB, then
OP is also perpendicular to AB (a radius bisects any chord at right angles). Thus:
(ka + lb)·(b − a) = 0
lb2 − ka2 + (k − l)a·b = 0
√ √
From part ci, a2 = b2 = 9 and a·b = − 3, so this gives 9(l − k) + 3(l − k) = 0.
The solution to this equation is l = k. Substitute into [∗ ]:
√ 3 √
(18 − 2 3)k2 = 9 ⇒ k = q = l (+ve so P on arc AB)
√
18 − 2 3
Then d = ka + lb
3
= q (a + b)
√
18 − 2 3
3 √ √ √
= q (( 3 + 2)i + ( 3 − 1)j + (− 3 + 2)k)
√
18 − 2 3

24
 √ √ √
e ka + lb = (2k + 3l)i + (−k + 3l)j + (2k − 3l)k
r = (5 − t)i + (2 + t)j + (t − 3)k
Equate√components:
2k + 3l = 5 − t
1
√
− k + 3l = 2 + t
2
√
2k − 3l = t − 3
3

1
1 +
3 : 4k = 2, so k = .
2
3
2 + 3 : k = 2t − 1, so t = .
4
√
√ 17 13 13 3
Subst. in 1 : 1 + 3l = ⇒l= √ = .
4 4 3 12
!
3 17 11 9
f r = i+ j− k
4 4 4 4
 ! √
 3  1 p 2 491
r  = 17 + 112 + 92 = ≈ 5.54
4 4 4
This is greater than 3, the radius of the circle, so the particle lies outside the circle
at this time.
√
12 a z3 + a = 0 and z1 = 3 − 3i

i z31 + a = 0
a = −z31
√
= −( 3 − 3i)3
√ √
= −(3 3 − 27i − 27 3 + 27i) (using (c − d)3 = c3 − 3c2 d + 3cd2 − d3 )
√
= 24 3
√
ii Since a is
√ real, a second
√ solution
√ 3 is the complex conjugate, so z 3 = 3 + 3i.
Now 24 √3 = 8 × 3 √3 = (2 3) , so the equation √ can be written in the form
z = −(2 3) = (−2 3) and hence z2 = −2 3.
3 3 3

b Please insert diagram from student text answers page 643.

c i Since z2 is one of the points, it must satisfy the equation. Hence:

25
 b = |z2 − z1 | + |z2 − z3 |
√ √ √ √
= |−2 3 − 3 + 3i| + | − 2 3 − 3 − 3i|
√ √
= |−3 3 + 3i| + | − 3 3 − 3i|
√ √
= 27 + 9 + 27 + 9
=6+6
= 12

ii The set
√ of points is described
√ by
|z − ( 3 − 3i)| + |z − ( 3 + 3i)| = 12 [∗ ] √
The line through z1 and z3 is a vertical line with
√ real component 3. So any
complex number on this line is of the form 3 + ki where k is real.
∗
Substitute
√ into
√ [ ]: √ √
| 3 + ki − ( 3 − 3i)| + | 3 + ki − ( 3 + 3i)| = 12
|(k + 3)i| + |(k − 3)i| = 12
|k + 3| + |k − 3| = 12
k > 3 : k + 3 + k − 3 = 12 ⇒ k = 6
k < −3 : −k − 3 − k + 3 = 12 ⇒ k = −6
√
So the required complex numbers are 3 ± 6i.

iii The required set of points forms an ellipse (using the converse of the property
that the sum of lengths from two points is constant
√ for an ellipse).
Now the ellipse √ passes through the points 3 ± 6i on the vertical line with √
equation x = 3, and from part ci, √ it also passes through the point −2 3 on the
x axis. It is clear that the point
√ 4 3 also satisfies the equation.
√
So the ellipse has centre ( 3,√0), axes of symmetry x = 3 and y = 0 and so its
(x − 3)2 y2
equation takes the form + 2 = 1.
a2 b √
The extreme√ points show that the semi-axes lengths are 3 3 and 6 respectively,
= 3 3 and b = 6. Thus:
i.e. a √
(x − 3)2 y2
+ =1
27 36
(Alternatively, you could substitute z = x + yi into [∗ ] and attempt to simplify.
Using the geometrical property of an ellipse is rather more elegant!)

13 a x = 3 sin(t), y = 6 cos(t) − a, 0 < a < 6.

x2 (y + a)2
i Using sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) = 1 gives + = 1.
9 36
ii Substitute y = 0 and solve for x:

26
 x2 a2
+ =1
9 36
x2 a2
=1−
9 36
36 − a2
=
36
36 − a2
x2 =
4
√
36 − a2
x=±
2
(y + a)2 x2
b =1−
36 9
9 − x2
=
9
(y + a) = 4(9 − x2 )
2

p
y + a = 2 9 − x2 (negative square root gives curve below x axis)
p
y = 2 9 − x2 − a
√
So the required function f has rule f (x) = 2 9 − x2 − a.
d p p 1 1
c (x 9 − x2 ) = 9 − x2 + x × (−2x)(9 − x2 )− 2
dx 2
p x2
= 9 − x2 − √
9 − x2
A p A − (9 − x2 )
d i √ − 9 − x2 = √
9 − x2 9 − x2
x2 + A − 9
= √
9 − x2
x2
= √ if A = 9
9 − x2

x2
!
p p 9 p
ii 9− x2 − √ = 9−x − √
2 2
− 9 − x from part i
9 − x2 9 − x2
p 9
= 2 9 − x2 − √
9 − x2

27
 x2
Z p ! p
e 9−− √x2 dx = x 9 − x2 from part c
9 − x2
Z p !
9 p
2
2 9−x − √ dx = x 9 − x2 using the result of part d ii
9 − x2
Z p Z
9 p
2 9 − x dx =
2 √ dx + x 9 − x2
9 − x2
!
−1 x
p
= 9 sin + x 9 − x2
3
Z p !!
1 p −1 x
9 − x dx = x 9 − x + 9 sin
2 2
2 3

f Using symmetry together with the results in parts a ii, b and e, the required area A is
given by √
Z 36−a2 p !
2
A=2 2 9 − x2 − a dx
0
√
2
" p ! # 36−a
2
x
= 2 x 9 − x2 + 9 sin−1 − ax
3 0
√ r √ √
36 − a2
! !
36 − a2 36 − a2 a 36 − a2
=2 × 9− + 9 sin −1
−
2 4 6 2
√ √ ! √ !
a 36 − a2 36 − a2 a 36 − a2
=2 + 9 sin−1
−
4 6 2
√ ! √
36 − a2 a 36 − a2
= 18 sin−1 −
6 2

g From the result of part a i, the curve is an ellipse.

From part f with a = 0, A = 18 sin−1 (1) = 9π.
Now a = 0 corresponds to half the ellipse lying above the x axis.
So the area of the region enclosed by the curve is 18π.
√
h Use a = 0 and rotate the curve with Cartesian equation y = f (x) = 2 9 − x2 about
the y axis to find the required volume V. Thus V is given by

28
 Z 3
V=2 π( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 3 p
= 2π (2 9 − x2 )2 dx
0
Z 3
= 2π 4(9 − x2 ) dx
0
" #3
4
= 2π 36x − x3
3 0

= 2π(108 − 36)
= 144π

14 x = sin t, y = sin 4t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

a y = sin 4t
= 2 sin 2t cos 2t
= 4 sin t cos t(1 − 2 sin2 t)
= 4x cos t(1 − 2x2 )
y2 = 16x2 cos2 t(1 − 2x2 )2
= 16x2 (1 − sin2 t)(1 − 2x2 )2
= 16x2 (1 − x2 )(1 − 2x2 )2

dx dy
b = cos t, = 4 cos 4t
dt dt
dy dy dx
= ÷
dx dt dt
4 cos 4t
=
cos t
dy π π
c i = 0 when cos 4t = 0, so 4t = (2n + 1) ⇒ t = (2n + 1) , n = 0, 1, . . ..
dx 2 8
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π
In the given domain, this gives solutions , , , , , , , .
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1
ii x2 = sin2 t = (1 − cos 2t); for the t values in part i, the corresponding values of
√ 2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
cos 2t are ,− ,− , , ,− ,− , .
2 2 2 2 2√ 2 2√ 2
2− 2 2+ 2
Then x2 takes just two values, and , so x takes the four values
4 4

29
 q √ q √ q √ q √
2− 2 2+ 2 2− 2 2− 2
− ,− , and .
2 2 2 2
iii For the t values in part i, y = sin 4t alternates 1, −1, 1, −1, . . .. So the coordinates
of the
q stationary points
q are √
√ q √ q √
2− 2 2− 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
! ! ! !
− ,1 , − , −1 , − ,1 , − , −1 ,
2 2 2 2
q √ q √ q √ q √
2− 2 2− 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
! ! ! !
,1 , , −1 , ,1 , , −1
2 2 2 2

1 π 3π dy 4 cos 4t √ √
iv At x = √ , t = , so = = −4 2, 4 2.
2 4 4 dx cos t
1 5π 7π dy 4 cos 4t √ √
At x = − √ , t = , so = = 4 2, −4 2.
2 4 4 dx cos t
dy 4 cos 4t
At x = 0 and y = 0, t = 0, π, 2π so = = 4, −4.
dx cos t
3π dy
v At x = −1, t = and then cos t = 0, so is undefined.
2 dx
π dy
At x = 1, t = and then cos t = 0, so is undefined.
2 dx
d There are 4 identical regions of one type and 4 of a second type.
1
Find the area A1 bounded by the curve in the 1st quadrant from x = 0 to x = √ .
2
Z √1
2
A1 = y dx
0
Z π
4 dx
= y dt
0 dt
Z π
4
= sin 4t cos t dt
0
Z π
4
= 2 sin 2t cos 2t cos t dt
0
Z π
4
=4 sin t cos t(2 cos2 t − 1) cos t dt
0
Z π
4
=4 cos2 t(2 cos2 t − 1) sin t dt
0
du
Now use the substitution u = cos t, so = − sin t.
dt

30
 π 1
t = 0, u = 1; t = , u= √ .
4 2
Z √1
2
A1 = 4 u2 (2u2 − 1)(−1) du
1
Z √1
2
=4 (u2 − 2u4 ) du
1
" # √1
1 3 2 5 2
=4 u − u
3 5 1
√ √ ! !
2 2 1 2
=4 − −4 −
12 20 3 5
√
2( 2 + 2)
=
15
1
Find the area A2 bounded by the curve in the 4th quadrant from x = √ to x = 1.
!2
π π
Use this quadrant since the curve here corresponds to t = to t = .
4 2
Using the same method as for A1 , and noting that this region lies below the x-axis,
the required
Z integral after substitution becomes
0
A2 = −4 u2 (2u2 − 1)(−1) du
√1
2
Z 0
=4 (2u4 − u2 ) du
√1
2
" #0
2 1
= 4 u5 − u3
5 3 √1
2
√ ! √
2 2
=0−4 −
20 12
√
2 2
=
15 √
16( 2 + 1)
So the area of the enclosed region is 4(A1 + A2 ) = .
15
e The volume V can be found without the use of the parameter t (though it is not
wrong to find it with the parameter). It is given by

31
 Z 1
V=2 π( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 1
= 2π 16x2 (1 − x2 )(1 − 2x2 )2 dx
0
Z 1
= 32π (x2 − x4 )(1 − 4x2 + 4x4 ) dx
0
Z 1
= 32π (x2 − 4x4 + 4x6 − x4 + 4x6 − 4x8 ) dx
0
Z 1
= 32π (x2 − 5x4 + 8x6 − 4x8 ) dx
0
" #1
1 8 4
= 32π x3 − x5 + x7 − x9
3 7 9 0
!
1 8 4
= 32π − 1 + −
3 7 9
64π
=
63
πt πt
! !
15 a x = 5 sin , y = 20 sin , t ≥ 0. So:
30 15
πt πt
! !
y = 40 sin cos (sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ)
30 30
πt
!
= 8x cos
30
2 πt
!
y = 64x cos
2 2
30
2 πt
!!
= 64x 1 − sin
2
30
x2
!
= 64x 1 −
2
25
64x2 (25 − x2 )
=
25
dx π πt dy 4π πt
! !
b = cos , = cos
dt 6 30 dt 3 15

32
 i x = 0 when t = 0, 30, 60, 90, . . . .
dx π dy 4π dy 4π π
t = 0, 60, . . . : = , = ⇒ = ÷ = 8.
dt 6 dt 3 dx 3 6
π dy 4π π
!
dx dy 4π
t = 30, 90, . . . : =− , = ⇒ = ÷ − = −8.
dt 6 dt 3 dx 3 6
So the gradients of the curve in this case are ±8.

ii Since x = 3 does not give ‘nice’ values for t, use Cartesian form in this case.
64x2 (25 − x2 )
y2 =
25
64
= (25x2 − x4 )
25
dy 64
2y = (50x − 4x3 )
dx 25
dy 32(50x − 4x3 )
=
dx 25y
64 × 9 × 16 96
When x = 3, y2 = ⇒y=± .
25 5
dy 32(150 − 108)
= !
dx 96
25 × ±
5
32 × 42
=
±5 × 96
14
=±
5
πt πt
! !
c i r(t) = 5 sin i + 20 sin j
30 15
π πt πt
! !
4π
ṙ(t) = cos i+ cos j
6 30 3 15
π
! !
7.5π 4π 7.5π
ṙ(7.5) = cos i+ cos j
6 30 3 15
π π π
! !
4π
= cos i + cos j
6 4 3 2
π 1
= × √ i
6 2
√
π 2
= i
12
√
π 2
ii From part i, the speed is .
12

33
d There are 4 identical regions, so the area A is given by
Z 5
A=4 y dx
0
Z 15
dx
=4 y dt
0 dt
15
πt π πt
Z ! !
=4 20 sin × cos dt
0 15 6 30
40π 15 πt 2 πt
Z ! !
= 2 sin cos dt
3 0 30 30
πt π πt
! !
du
Now use the substitution u = cos , so = − sin .
30 dt 30 30
t = 0, u = 1; t = 15, u = 0.
80π 0 2 30
Z !
A= u − du
3 1 π
Z 1
= 800 u2 du
0
" #1
1
= 800 u3
3 0
800
=
3
e By symmetry, there must be a point on the curve in the first quadrant that gives the
greatest distance.
Now if sd(t) is the distance of a general point in the first quadrant from O, then
2 πt 2 πt
! !
d(t) = 25 sin + 400 sin , 0 < t < 15.
30 15
Finding the maximum ‘by hand’ looks rather difficult, so this is a case for the use
of a CAS. Either find where the derivative is zero and substitute, or if your CAS
has an ‘fMax’ facility, use this. The syntax in the latter case will be something like
‘fMax(d(t), t)|0 < t < 15’, where the function
√ ! is first defined as d(t).
3 14
30 cos−1
16 325
The maximum occurs at t = , and substitution gives dmax = .
π 16
f The volume V can be found without the use of the parameter t (though it is not
wrong to find it with the parameter). It is given by

34
 Z 5
V=2 π( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 5
128π
= (25x2 − x4 ) dx
25 0
" #5
128π 25 3 1 5
= x − x
25 3 5 0
!
128π 3125
= − 625
25 3
6400π
=
3
x3
16 f (x) = , a>0
x2 + a
3x2 (x2 + a) − x3 × 2x
a f 0 (x) =
(x2 + a)2
x4 + 3ax2
=
(x2 + a)2
(4x3 + 6ax)(x2 + a)2 − (x4 + 3ax2 ) × 2(x2 + a) × 2x
f 00 (x) =
(x2 + a)4
(4x3 + 6ax)(x2 + a) − 4x(x4 + 3ax2 )
=
(x2 + a)3
−2ax3 + 6a2 x
=
(x2 + a)3

b f 0 (x) = 0 if x2 (x2 + 3a) = 0. Since a > 0, the only solution is x = 0.

Since x2 (x2 + 3a) > 0 for all non-zero values of x, it follows that the stationary point
is an inflexion point (the gradient is positive both sides of x = 0).
f (0) = 0, so (0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.

c f 00 (x) = 0 if 2ax(−x2 + 3a) = 0.

From part b, x = 0 gives a stationary point of inflexion. √
So non-stationary√points of inflexion
√ are given by x = ± 3a. Then:
√ 3a 3a 3 3a
f (± 3a) = ± =±
4a 4 √ !
√ 3 3a
So the coordinates of the non-stationary points of inflexion are ± 3a, ± .
4
ax
d Division shows that f (x) can be rewritten as f (x) = x − 2 .
x +a
As x → ±∞, the fractional term approaches zero, i.e. f (x) → 0.
So y = x is an asymptote.

35
 e Please insert graph from student text answers page 643.

f The enclosed
Z a area A!is given by
x3
A= x− 2 dx
0 x +a
Z a
ax
= dx
0 x +a
2

a a 2x
Z
= dx
2 0 x2 + a
" #a
a
= loge (x + a)
2
2 0
!
a
= loge (a + a) − loge (a)
2
2
a
= loge (a + 1)
2
1
Since the area is to be loge 2, it is evident that a = 1.
2
x3
17 f (x) = , a>0
x2 − a
3x2 (x2 − a) − x3 × 2x
a f 0 (x) =
(x2 − a)2
x4 − 3ax2
=
(x2 − a)2
(4x3 − 6ax)(x2 − a)2 − (x4 − 3ax2 ) × 2(x2 − a) × 2x
f 00 (x) =
(x2 − a)4
(4x3 − 6ax)(x2 − a) − 4x(x4 − 3ax2 )
=
(x2 − a)3
2ax3 + 6a2 x
=
(x2 − a)3
√
b f 0 (x) = 0 if x2 (x2 − 3a) = 0. This has solutions x = 0 and x = ± 3a. To test
the nature of the stationary points, check the sign of the derivative. Since the
denominator is positive, only √ the numerator
√ needs to be considered.
Now x (x − 3a)√= x (x + 3a)(x − 3a), so:
2 2 2

x < − 3a, f 0 (x) > 0

√
− 3a < x < 0, f 0 (x) < 0
√
0 < x < 3a, f 0 (x) < 0
√
x > 3a, f 0 (x) > 0

36
 √
Then it follows that√ x = − 3a gives a maximum, x = 0 gives a stationary point of
inflexion and x =√ 3a gives√a minimum.
√ 3a 3a 3 3a
f (± 3a) = ± =± and f (0) = 0.
2a 2
√ ! √ !
√ 3 3a √ 3 3a
So − 3a, − is a local maximum, 3a, is a local minimum and
2 2
(0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.

c f 00 (x) = 0 if 2ax(x2 + 3a) = 0.

The only solution is x = 0 and from part b, (0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.
ax
d Division shows that f (x) can be rewritten as f (x) = x + 2 .
x −a
As x → ±∞, the fractional term approaches zero, i.e. f (x) → 0.
So y = x is an asymptote.
√ √
Also as x2 − a → 0, f (x) → ±∞, so x = a and x = − a are vertical asymptotes.

e Please insert graph from student text answers page 644.

√
f If there
√ is a stationary
√ point
√ where x = 4 3, then from part b, it must correspond to
x = 3a, i.e. 3a = 4 3 ⇒ a = 16.

18 f (x) = x arcsin(x), g(x) = arcsin(x), −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

x
a f 0 (x) = arcsin(x) + √
1 − x2
Observe that f (0) = 0.
0

For −1 < x < 0, f 0 (x) < 0 (since both terms are negative); for 0 < x < 1, f 0 (x) > 0
(since both terms are positive).
Thus x = 0 gives a minimum, and the test also shows that there are no further
stationary points.
As f (0) = 0, then (0, 0) is a minimum turning point.
√ 1 1
1 1 − x2 − x × (1 − x2 ) 2 × (−2x)
b f 00 (x) = √ + 2
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1 − x2 + x2
= √ + 3
1 − x2 (1 − x2 ) 2
1 − x2 1
= 3
+ 3
(1 − x2 ) 2 (1 − x2 ) 2
2 − x2
= 3
(1 − x2 ) 2

37
 But −1 < x < 1, so the second derivative is positive for all values of x in this
interval. Thus there are no points of inflexion.

c If x < 0, arcsin(x) < 0 and so x arcsin(x) > 0 (product oftwo negative numbers).
If x > 0, arcsin(x) > 0 and so x arcsin(x) > 0.
Also, f (0) = 0, so f (x) ≥ 0 for all values of x in the domain.

d ( f x) = g(x), then f (x) − g(x) = 0, i.e. arcsin(x)(x − 1) = 0.

Then either x = 1 or arcsin(x) = 0, i.e. x = 0.

e Please insert graph from student text answers page 644 (BUT note correction is
required for this graph!!!).
R1
f The required area A is given by A = 0 arcsin(x)(1 − x)dx.
This is a non-standard integrand, which suggests the use of a CAS.
3π
This gives A = − 1.
8
dx dy 1
19 = −3y, = sin 2t, t = 0 : y = − , x = 0.
dt dt 2
Note that the first equation involves three variables, whereas the second involves
two, just y and t. Thus to find x and y in terms of t, you need to first solve the second
equation for y and then substitute its solution into the first equation.
dy
a = sin 2t
dt
1
y = − cos 2t + c
2
1
t = 0, y = −
2
1 1
− =− +c⇒ c=0
2 2
1
So y = − cos 2t.
2
Substitute and solve for x :
dx 3
= cos 2t
dt 2
3
x = sin 2t + d
4
t = 0, x = 0
0=0+d ⇒ d =0
3
So x = sin 2t.
4

38
b sin2 2t + cos2 2t = 1
!2
4x
+ (−2y)2 = 1
3
16x2
+ 4y2 = 1
9
dy dy dx
c = ÷
dx dt dt
!
3
= sin 2t ÷ cos 2t
2
2
= tan 2t
3
d The x and y coordinates at a general point t are the solutions found in part a. So the
equation of the!tangent is !
1 2 3
y − − cos 2t = tan 2t x − sin 2t
2 3 4
1 sin2 2t 1
!
2
y= tan 2t x − − cos 2t
3 2 cos 2t 2
1 sin2 2t + cos2 2t
!
2
= tan 2t x −
3 2 cos 2t
!
2 1
i.e. y = tan 2t x −
1
3 2 cos 2t
For the x!intercept, let y = 0 in :1
2 1
tan 2t x − =0
3 2 cos 2t
!
2 1
tan 2t x =
3 2 cos 2t
1 3 cos 2t
x= ×
2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
3
= cosec 2t
4
For the y-intercept, let x = 0 in :
1
1 1
y=− = − sec 2t
2 cos 2t 2
1
e Using base × height and noting that the values of the intercepts will be negative
2
for some values of t, the area is given by

39
  !  
1  3 1   3 1
 cosec 2t × − sec 2t  =  ×

2 4 2 16 sin 2t cos 2t 

 
 3 1 
= ×
 8 sin 4t 
 
 3
=  cosec 4t

8 
π π kπ
Now the minimum value of | cosec 4t| is 1 when 4t = ± + 2kπ ⇒ t = ± + ;
2 8 2
3π π π 3π
thus t = . . . , − , − , , , . . ..
8 8 8 8
!
3
f From part a or b, the x axis intercepts of the curve are ± , 0 , so the circle has
4
9
equation x2 + y2 = .
16
There are many possible answers, but keeping to the ‘2t’ parameter setup used for
3 3
the ellipse, one answer would be x = sin 2t, y = cos 2t.
4 4
g The area of a circle is πr2 and the area of an ellipse is πab. So the area of the region
!2 ! !
3 3 1 3π
enclosed by the circle and the ellipse is π −π = .
4 4 2 16
R3
Alternatively, the area A is given by A = 4 04 (y1 − y2 )dx, where y1 is the equation of
the circle and y2 is the equation of the ellipse in the first quadrant. To avoid square
3 1
roots, use the parametric forms y = cos 2t for the circle and y = cos 2t for the
4 2
1
ellipse (NOT y = − cos 2t since then corresponding values of t land you in different
2
quadrants).
Z π !!
4 3 1 dx
A=4 cos 2t − cos 2t
0 4 2 dt
Z π ! !
4 1 3
=4 cos 2t cos 2t dt
0 4 2
Z π
3 4
= cos2 2t dt
2 0
Z π
3 4
= (1 + cos 4t) dt
4 0
" # π4
3 1
= t + sin 4t
4 4 0
3 π 3π
= × =
4 4 16

40
 R3
h Using the notation as in part g, the volume V is given by V = 2 04 (y21 − y22 ) dx.
In this case, there is no need to use parametric form since no square roots are
involved. Thus:
Z 3 ! !!
4 9 1 16 2
V = 2π 2
− x − 1 − x dx
0 16 4 9
Z 3 !
4 5 5 2
= 2π − x dx
0 16 9
" #3
5 5 3 4
= 2π x− x
16 27 0
!
15 5 5π
= 2π − =
64 64 16

1
20 x = t2 , y = t3 − t
3
1
a y = t3 − t
3
!
12
=t t −1
3
!2
12
y =t t −1
2 2
3
!2
x
= x −1
3
!2
x
So g(x) = x − 1 .
3

dy dy dx
b = ÷
dx dt dt
t2 − 1
=
2t
Then stationary points occur for t2 − 1 = 0, i.e. t = ±1.
2 2
t = 1 : x = 1, y = − ; t = −1 : x = 1, y = .
3 ! 3
2
So the stationary points are 1, ± .
3
!2
x
c g(x) = x − 1 = 0 when x = 0, 3. From this and the stationary points in part c, the
3
curve has a loop to the right of the y axis (you can confirm this by plotting the curve

41
 with a Z
CAS). So the area A of the region enclosed by the curve is given by
3
A=2 y dx
0
√
Z − 3
dx
=2 y dt
0 dt
√
Z − 3 !
13
=2 t − t (2t) dt
0 3
Z − √3 !
14 2
=4 t − t dt
0 3
" #− √3
1 5 13
=4 t − t
15 3 0
√
3 3 √
!
=4 − + 3
5
√
8 3
=
5 √
(Note:√when the parameter is introduced, x = 3 corresponds to either
√ t = 3 or
t = − 3. But the formula for y√shows that between t = 0 and t = 3, y is negative
between t = 0 and t = − 3, y is positive; so the upper terminal should be
while √
t = − 3 or you will get a negative result.)
Z 3
d V= π( f (x))2 dx
Z 3 !2
x
=π x −1 dx
0 3
3
x3 2x2
Z !
=π − + x dx
0 9 3
" 4 #3
x 2x3 x2
=π − +
36 9 2 0
!
9 9
=π −6+
4 2
3
= π
4

42