National Institute of Public Administration

NAME: JOSEPH CHEWE

COURSE: MIS

COMPUTER: 28031859

PROGRAM: Disp

LECTURE: MR. CHIFWALO

Introduction

This essay will focus on information together with their respective information which support
decisions. what is information system? is a formal, sociotechnical, organizational system
designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. From a socialtechnics perspective,
information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and
technology. Information systems can be defined as an integration of components for collection,
storage and processing of data of which the data is used to provide information, contribute to
knowledge as well as digital product that facilitate decision making.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that

processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used to simply refer to a
computer system with software installed. Information Systems is an academic study of systems
with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and
software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute
data an emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users,
processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.
Strategic Information System

Strategic decisions are the decisions that are concerned with whole environment in which the
firm operates, the entire resources and the people who form the company and the interface
between the two. It is the process of charting a course based on long-term goals and a longer-
term vision. By clarifying your company's big picture aims, you'll have the opportunity to align
your shorter-term plans with this deeper, broader mission – giving your operations clarity and
consistency. It aligns short-term objectives with long-term goals, and a mission that defines your
company's big picture purpose. Shorter term goals are expressed in quantifiable milestones that
give you the capacity to measure your success and your adherence to your vision.

Management Information Systems

is used for information and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of
information in an organization and marketing. The study of the management information systems
involves people, processes and technology in an organizational context. In a corporate setting,
the ultimate goal of the use of a management information system is to increase the value and
profits of the business. This is done by providing managers with timely and appropriate
information allowing them to make effective decisions within a shorter period of time While it
can be contested that the history of management information systems date as far back as
companies using ledgers to keep track of accounting.

 First Era –mainframe and minicomputer computing

 Second Era –personal computer
 Third Era –client/server networks
 Fourth Era –enterprise computer
 Fifth Era –cloud clouting

The first era (mainframe and minicomputer computing) was ruled and their mainframe
computers for which they supplied both the hardware and software. These computers would
often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them. As technology advanced, these
computers were able to handle greater capacities and therefore reduce their cost. Smaller, more
affordable minicomputers allowed larger businesses to run their own computing centers in-house
on-site on-premises.

The second era personal computers began in 1965 as microprocessors started to compete with
mainframes and minicomputers and accelerated the process of decentralizing computing power
from large data centers to smaller offices. In the late 1970s, minicomputer technology gave way
to personal computers and relatively low-cost computers were becoming mass market
commodities, allowing businesses to provide their employees access to computing power that ten
years before would have cost tens of thousands of dollars. This proliferation of computers
created a ready market for interconnecting networks and the popularization of the Internet. (The
first microprocessor—a four-bit device intended for a programmable calculator—was introduced
in 1971, and microprocessor-based systems were not readily available for several years. The
MITS Altair 8800 was the first commonly known microprocessor-based system, followed
closely by the Apple I and II. It is arguable that the microprocessor-based system did not make
significant inroads into minicomputer use until 1979, when visicak prompted record sales of the
Apple II on which it ran. The IBM PC introduced in 1981 was more broadly palatable to
business, but its limitations gated its ability to challenge minicomputer systems until perhaps the
late 1980s to early 1990s.)

The third era client/server networks arose as technological complexity increased, costs
decreased, and the end-user (now the ordinary employee) required a system to share information
with other employees within an enterprise. Computers on a common network shared information
on a server. This lets thousands and even millions of people access data simultaneously on
networks referred to as internets.

terms management information system information management system information system

enterprise resources computer science and electoral engineering, and information technology are
often confused. MIS is a hierarchical subset of information systems. MIS are more organization-
focused narrowing in on leveraging information technology to increase business value. Computer
science is more software-focused dealing with the applications that may be used in MIS.
Electrical computer engineering is product-focused mainly dealing with the hardware
architecture behind computer systems. ERP software is a subset of MIS and IT management
refers to the technical management of an IT department which may include MIS.

A career in MIS focuses on understanding and projecting the practical use of management
information systems. It studies the interaction, organization and processes among technology,
people and information to solve problems.

management

While management information systems can be used by any and every level of management, the
decision of which systems to implement generally falls upon the chef information office (CIO)
and chef technology officer (CTO). These officers are generally responsible for the overall
technology strategy of an organization including evaluating how new technology can help their
organization. They act as decision-makers in the implementation process of new MIS.

Once decisions have been made, IT directors, including MIS directors, are in charge of the
technical implementation of the system. They are also in charge of implementing the policies
affecting the MIS (either new specific policies passed down by the CIOs or CTOs or policies that
align the new systems with the organization's overall IT policy). It is also their role to ensure the
availability of data and network services as well as the security of the data involved by
coordinating IT activities.

Upon implementation, the assigned users will have the appropriate access to relevant
information. It is important to note that not everyone inputting data into MIS need necessarily be
management level. It is common practice to have inputs to MIS be inputted by non-managerial
employees though they rarely have access to the reports and decision support platforms offered
by these systems.

.
 Management information systems combine hardware, software and network products in an
integrated solution that provides managers with data in a format suitable for analysis,
monitoring, decision-making and reporting. The system collects data, stores it in a database and
makes it available to users over a secure network. Managers need rapid access to information to
make decisions about strategic, financial, marketing and operational issues. Companies collect
vast amounts of information, including customer records, sales data, market research, financial
records, manufacturing and inventory data and human resource records. However, much of that
information is held in separate departmental databases, making it difficult for decision-makers to
access data quickly. A management information system simplifies and speeds up information
retrieval by storing data in a central location that is accessible via a network. The result is
decisions that are quicker and more accurate.

In addition, we can also define management information systems as the study of information
systems in business and management. The term management information systems (MIS) also
designates a specific category of information systems serving management-level functions.
Management information systems (MIS) serve the management level of the organization,
providing managers with reports and often online access to the organization’s current
performance and historical records. Typically, MIS are oriented almost exclusively to internal,
not environmental or external, events. MIS primarily serve the functions of planning, controlling,
and decision making at the management level. Generally, they depend on underlying transaction
processing systems for their data.

Operational decisions

These decisions relate to day-to-day operations of the enterprise. They have a short-term horizon
as they are taken repetitively. These decisions are based on facts regarding the events and do not
require much of business judgement. Operational decisions are taken at lower levels of man-
agement. As the information is needed for helping the manager to take rational, well informed
decisions, information systems need to focus on the process of managerial decision making.

An executive information system, also known as an executive support system, is a type of

management support system that facilitates and supports senior executive information and
decision-making needs. It provides easy access to internal and external information relevant to
organizational goals. It is commonly considered a specialized form of decision support system.

EIS emphasizes graphical displays and easy-to-use user interfaces. They offer strong reporting
and drill down capabilities. In general, EIS are enterprise-wide DSS that help top-level
executives analyze, compare, and highlight trends in important variables so that they can monitor
performance and identify opportunities and problems. EIS and data warehouse technologies are
converging in the marketplace.

The term EIS lost popularity in favor of business intelligence (with the sub areas of reporting,
analytic and digital dash bold.

        

Conclusion
in this essay I defined the meaning on information system andtogether with their respective
information which support decision. This information really helps the organization ion in many
ways. It helps the organization to send and receive information in a short period of time. This
helps a organization and employees to work effectively when the information is within an
organization

References
Vladimir Zwass (2016-02-10). "Information system Britannica.

O’Hara, Margaret; Watson, Richard; Cavan, Bruce (1999) Information Systems Management.
16 (3): 64. do:10.1201/1