Unit I – Knowledge of History and its importance in Tourism

A. Brief outline of Indian history in ancient, medieval and modern periods:

The history of India starts with the existence of India. It located in the continent of Asia,
India covers 2,973,193 square kilometers of land and 314,070 square kilometers of water.
Making it the 7th largest nation in the world with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometers.
Surrounded by Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh to the North East, China to the North, Pakistan to
the North West, and Sri Lanka on the South East coast.
India is a land of ancient civilizations. India's social, economic, and cultural configurations
are the products of a long process of regional expansion. Indian history begins with the birth of
the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are usually
described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic age. Hinduism arose in the Vedic period.
The fifth-century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, who had converted to
Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. In the eighth
century, Islam came to India for the first time and by the eleventh century had firmly established
itself in India as a political force. It resulted in the formation of the Delhi Sultanate, which was
finally succeeded by the Mughal Empire, under which India once again achieved a large measure
of political unity.
It was in the 17th century that the Europeans came to India. This coincided with the
disintegration of the Mughal Empire, paving the way for regional states. In the contest for
supremacy, the English emerged 'victors'. The Rebellion of 1857-58, which sought to restore
Indian supremacy, was crushed; and with the subsequent crowning of Victoria as Empress of
India, the incorporation of India into the empire was complete. It was followed by India's struggle
for independence, which we got in the year 1947. Here is a brief timeline about the history of
India:
Ancient India History
The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the
Aryans. These two phases are generally described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic periods. The
earliest literary source that sheds light on India's past is the Rig Veda. It is difficult to date this
work with any accuracy on the basis of tradition and ambiguous astronomical information
contained in the hymns. Indus valley civilization, which flourished between 2800 BC and 1800
BC, had an advanced and flourishing economic system. The Indus valley people practiced
agriculture, domesticated animals, made tools and weapons from copper, bronze, and tin and
even traded with some Middle East countries.
The Indus Valley Civilization
A long time ago, in the eastern world, there rose a few civilizations. The main reasons
for the rise of these urban civilizations were access to rivers, which served various functions of
human beings. Along with the Mesopotamian civilization and the Egyptian civilization, rose the
Indus Valley civilization spanning Northwest India and modern-day Pakistan. The largest
amongst the three civilizations, the Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2600 BC, at which
time agriculture in India started flourishing. The fertile Indus valley made it possible for
agriculture to be carried out on a large scale. The most well-known towns of the Indus Valley in
today’s date are Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. Unearthing these two towns showed excavators
glimpses into the richness of the Indus Valley civilization, evidenced in ruins and things like
household articles, war weapons, gold and silver ornament - and so on. The people of the Indus
Valley civilization lived in well-planned towns and well-designed houses made of baked bricks.
In an era of developments and prosperity, civilization, unfortunately, came to an end by around
1300 BC, mainly due to natural calamities.
Vedic Civilization
The next era that India saw was that of the Vedic civilization, flourishing along the river
Saraswati, named after the Vedas, which depict the early literature of the Hindus. The two
greatest epics of this period were the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, still held in great reverence
by the followers of Hinduism.
Buddhist Era
Next came the Buddhist era, during the time of the Mahajanapadas which were the
sixteen great powers, during the 7th and the 6th centuries BC. Prominent powers at the time were
the Sakyas of Kapilavastu and the Licchavis of Vaishali. Buddha, whose original name was
Siddhartha Gautam, was born in Lumbini near Kapilavastu and was the founder of Buddhism - a
religion based on spiritualism. He died at the age of 80 in 480 BC but his teachings spread
throughout southern and eastern Asia and are followed across the world today.
The Invasion of Alexander
When Alexander invaded India in 326 BC, he crossed the Indus River and defeated the
Indian rulers in battle. Noteworthy of the Indians’ attempts at war, was the use of elephants,
something that the Macedonians had never seen before. Alexander then took over the lands of the
defeated kings.
Mauryas
The Mauryas were a dynasty, more than 2300 years ago, with three important rulers —
Chandragupta[founder], his son Bindusara, and Bindusara’s son, Ashoka.
Chandragupta was supported by a wise man named Chanakya or Kautilya. Many of Chanakya’s
ideas were written down in a book titled Arthashastra.
Megasthenes was an ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler
of West Asia named Seleucus Nicator.
Ashoka was one of the greatest rulers known to history and on his instructions inscriptions were
carved on pillars, as well as on rock surfaces.
Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in the Brahmi script.
People in different parts of the empire spoke different languages.
The Gupta Dynasty
The Gupta period has been referred to as the Golden Age of Indian history. When
Chandragupt I received the gift of Pataliputra in dowry when he married the daughter of the chief
of the ‘Licchavis’, he started to lay down the foundation of his empire, which extended from the
river Ganges or the Ganga to the city of Allahabad. He ruled for 15 years and was also referred to
as the ‘king of kings’ for his strategic conquests and the flourishing state of India.
Harshavardhana
The last of the ancient kingdoms in India was by the king Harshavardhana, who
ascended the throne at Thanneshwar and Kannauj after his brother died. While successful in a
few of his conquests, he eventually got defeated by the Chalukya Kingdom of Deccan India.
Harshavardhana was well-known for establishing relations with the Chinese, and also for having
high religious tolerance and strong administrative capabilities.
Medieval Indian History
The medieval history of India is renowned for deriving a lot of its character from Islamic
kingdoms. Extending across almost three generations, medieval India included a number of
kingdoms and dynasties: The Chalukyas, Pallavas, Pandyas, Rashtrakutas, Cholas etc.
The Cholas were the most important rulers at this time, the 9th Century AD. Their
kingdom covered a large part of South India, including Sri Lanka and the Maldives. While the
rulers ruled bravely and carried out the annexation of multiple territories in India, the empire
came to an end in the 14th Century AD with an invasion by a man named Kafur Malik. The
monuments from the Chola Dynasty are still intact and are known for their rustic charm.
 The next major empire was that of the Mughals, preceded by a rise in Islamic rulers. The
invasion of Timur was a significant point in Indian history before a Hindu revival movement
called the Bhakti movement, came to be. Finally, in the 16th Century, the Mughal empire started
to rise. One of the greatest empires of India, the Mughal empire was a rich and glorious one, with
the whole of India united and ruled by one monarch. The Mughal Kings were Babar, Humayun,
Sher Shah Suri (not a Mughal king), Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. They were
responsible for setting up efficient public administration, laying out infrastructure, and promoting
the arts. A large number of monuments in India today exist from the Mughal period. The death of
the last Mughal King, Aurangzeb, sowed the seeds of disintegration within India. Influencers of
Islamic architecture in India, the Mughal kings are still looked back in awe.
Chhatrapati Shivaji
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. He
is considered to be one of the greatest warriors of his time and even today, stories of his exploits
are narrated as a part of the folklore. King Shivaji used the guerrilla tactics to capture a part of,
the then, dominant Mughal empire.
Modern Indian History
During the late 16th and the 17th Centuries, the European trading companies in India
competed with each other ferociously. By the last quarter of the 18th Century, the English had
outdone all others and established themselves as the dominant power in India. The British
administered India for a period of about two centuries and brought about revolutionary changes
in the social, political and economic life of the country.
However, the zenith of colonisation was achieved when the British arrived in the early
1600s as traders. Capitalizing on the disintegration that existed in India after the Mughal rule, the
British actively used the strategy of ‘divide-and-rule’ to rule over India for over 2 centuries.
While the British had come in earlier, they only achieved political power in 1757 AD after the
Battle of Plassey.
They took a keen interest in the resources that India had to offered and have been looked
back at as plunderers of India’s wealth of resources - as they took cotton, spices, silk, and tea,
amongst numerous other resources. While they did lay out a massive chunk of India’s
infrastructure, by also bringing the Indians steam engines, it is seldom looked back at as an equal
relationship. The British Raj was divisive and pit Indians against one another, on the basis of
religion; and also mistreated the laborers. The Indians were essentially slaves of the British rule
and were working hard without any returns on their work. This, naturally, led to multiple
mutinies; and prominent freedom fighters came to the forefront. Different ideologies of thought
believed that there were different ways of gaining freedom; however, they all had one common
goal - freedom.
The British queen had asserted that the aim of the British was to help India progress -
however, multiple problems arose without the consultation of Indian leaders. One important
instance of this was when in the First World War, Britain launched an attack on Germany on
behalf of India, even though India did not wish for that to happen; and millions of Indian soldiers
were at the forefront of the British Indian Army during both the world wars - further fuelling the
Indian resistance. Over a million Indian soldiers were killed in both the World Wars.
Outline of India’s struggle for freedom from the British colonial rule
When one surveys the history of countries in the world today which have succeeded in
freeing themselves from the clutches of colonial powers, the struggle for freedom in India – non-
violent and peaceful as it was – surely represents a unique example. It’s a shining example of
people from different castes, creeds, races, communities and faiths coming together in an uprisal
against exploitation and discrimination. What is indeed remarkable about the movement is the
fact that it is a saga of sacrifices, unending patience and remarkable unity among groups
otherwise divided on political, regional and ethnic grounds.
 The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim
of ending British rule in India. It lasted from 1857 to 1947. The first nationalistic revolutionary
movement for Indian independence emerged from Bengal. Various developments culminated in
the call for independence and, finally, led to the grant of independence in 1947.

B. Growth and development of travel related activity / Genesis of modern tourism

in India
Evolution of tourism in the world has taken thousands of years to reach the present level.
It has been the product of various kinds of interactions of human being with their environment
and surroundings and has evolved in different stages. Since the ancient times education and
religion have been seen as factors for the growth of tourism. Tourism also got impetus due to
growing need of trade and commerce.
The development of tourism can be been seen through a historical perspective. It has a
wide variation from the beginning to present times.
Tourism in Early Periods
Since the early times, people have been travelling from one place to another in search for
food, for trade, for religious purposes and even for education. But this travelling was limited and
restricted to places which were close by due to many reasons. They were lack of roads,
unavailability of food, insecurity on the roads and even lack of knowledge of places as well as
routes. At times travelling became easier when it was given royal patronage.
A very good example of such travelling may be traced back to Maurya times in 262 BC.
Because of royal patronage from emperor Ashoka, people could travel to far flung places like
Patliputra (Patna), Lumbini, Kapilvastu, Sarnath and Gaya. At each place, memorials and rest
houses were set up where travellers could rest. Trees were planted along the road to provide a
comfortable journey to travellers. Harsh Vardhan was also a great supporter of Buddhism. He
built many Dharamsalas for the travellers. A number of monasteries were also built for the
pilgrims. This shows how travel facilities were being improved and travel was made easier.
The first set of foreigners to visit India were perhaps the Persians. There are many
evidences of caravans from Persia visiting India. Several expeditions crossed from Greece via
Persia or Mesopotamia to India. Greek accounts reveal that in India, chariot roads were well laid
out and horses, elephants and camels were a common mode of transport. There is also reference
to trade, commerce and cultural exchanges between Persia and India. Hieun -tsang, a devout
Chinese Buddhist came to India in 633 AD, and found his journey hard and perilous. His mission
was to collect and translate ancient Buddhist scriptures.
In cities, bazaars provided access to goods brought from the hinterland. Travellers were
accommodated in places meant for overnight stay. They were known as sarais and were built near
the city gates where all services were provided to them. Entertainment and dancing halls were
allowed; gambling was licensed and was a source of income for the state. During the rule of the
Mughals, the emperors travelled extensively and contributed towards development of roads and
other facilities. Even today we find remains of the past like the mile stones, sarais and a network
of roads and paths that make all parts of this vast country accessible.
Tourism in Colonial Period
Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, on the western coast of Kerala, in 1498 and paved the
way for trade and commerce between India and Europe. The next to arrive were the Dutch and
the British. The internal conflict among Indian Kingdoms provided opportunities to the foreign
traders to gradually establish their political influence. Amongst them, the British emerged as
winners and gradually captured power from Indian rulers. Their influence grew with time and
finally they took charge of the entire country. Soon they developed a network of railways in India
which proved to be a great means to move from one place to another.
Tourism in Modern Period
Indian railways were the biggest infrastructural facility in the field of transport for
domestic travellers. The first train was introduced in 1853 between Bombay (Mumbai) to Thane
mainly for commercial purposes. The rail network in India increased the possibility of travelling
in comfort. Soon the movement of international tourists got enhanced with the introduction of air
travel in the country.
The air transport was born on February 18, 1911 when the first flight was operated from
Allahabad to Naini Junction, about 10 km away. But the real beginning took place on October 15,
1932. On this day, JRD Tata took off on a flight with a single engine from Karachi to Mumbai
(then Bombay). He is known as the father of Civil Aviation in India and the founder of Air India.
These two periods are very important in terms of the transportation. The roads and water ways
were in operation since ancient times. All form of transport systems has contributed immensely to
the tourism industry.
Tourism after Independence
India has a long list of tourist destinations because of the varied nature of physical and
climatic conditions prevailing in the country. India is a country of unity in diversity in terms of
culture, religion, ethnicity, development, scenic beauty, history and much more. Today India has
created huge infrastructure for the growth and development of tourism in the country.
Improvement in the transport facilities in independent India has boosted the tourism industry in a
big way. Hotel and hospitality facilities have provided great comfort to the tourists. The golden
quadrilateral roads connecting the four metros; Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai, will
further boost tourism. The North-South corridor connects Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari
in the South whereas West-East corridor connects Porbandar in the West to Silcher in the East.
The Golden Triangle connects three cities of north India – Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. This triangular
route is very famous among international as well as domestic tourists. In the same way, Golden
Quadrilateral connects Puri, Konark and Bhubaneshwar in the eastern sector of the country.
Tourism in India got a tremendous boost from medicine sector also, as a large number of people
are travelling to India in search of better and low-cost medical facilities. This is also on account
of the ancient system of medicine like Ayurveda and the Panchatattava style of medication which
is attracting a lot of tourists to India. Thus, it is understood how tourism has developed in the
country in a big way. After independence, emphasis on tourism has increased.
ANTECENDENTS OF MODERN TOURISM
If we start tracing travelling of human beings, we could begin with the nomadic period.
The following could be the order.
Nomadism
Nomads were people who travelled from place to place in search of food. Even today, you will
find many people moving on caravans with their children and their entire belongings. We have
read that this movement of people was concerned with survival. Now a-days, it is confined to
places like deserts or mountains where food is not available.
Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage is a journey to holy places as per the beliefs and faith. Many religions attach
importance to certain places like the birth or death of the founders of the spiritual awakening.
These places have great significance for the believers. In modern times, pilgrimage has become a
source of mass tourism, because as development of transport and other facilities increased the
number of people visiting such places increased too.
Travel for Trade and Business
As trade routes were discovered, and new lands opened up. People started moving from one place
to another. Soon trade began and exchange of goods started which increased with the coming of
the Industrial Revolution. Sea routes discovered by Vasco da Gama and Columbus led to the
discovery of new destinations. Ship building assumed a very large role and so did the demand to
sell finished goods and buy raw materials. It also led to people travelling for spreading their
religion in other lands as well as for trade purposes. This soon assumed the shape of modern-day
tourism.
Migration
With the rise of Industrial Revolution in the West began the worldwide search for markets to buy
and sell finished goods. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. This has
been happening since very long time. Early migration is believed to have occurred around a
million years ago when Homoerectus first migrated out of Africa to European and Asian region.
Travel for Research and Education
With passage of time movement of people began for specific purposes. Then people moved to far
flung places in search of good education. This gave tremendous boost to educational tourism.
Innumerable schools and educational institutions for research have come up in far flung areas. In
India today we are seeing the restarting of a very ancient university called Nalanda University in
Bihar.
Multi-destination Tourism
Today tourism has acquired many dimensions for various reasons. It is an efficient and profitable
means to develop economic activity in many countries. All care is taken to provide facilities
needed by the tourists which include transport, accommodation, local travel of tourists, food and
beverage, entertainment and comforts. Multi-destination tourism includes travelling and visiting a
series of places for tourism purpose. It has become a very popular activity with tourists. When
tourists are travelling, they are not confined to a single place but are visiting many places one
after another. Hence today, multi-destination tourism is the need of the hour.
EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN THE PAST
Nalanda was a famous place of learning in the ancient period. The ruins of the world’s most
ancient university lie within 62 km from Bodhgaya and 90 km south of Patna in present day
Bihar. Hieun Tsang a Chinese who came to study Buddhism stayed at Nalanda in the 7th century
AD and wrote a detailed description of the excellent educational system and purity of monastic
life practiced at Nalanda. He also gave a vivid account of both the ambience and architecture of
this unique university of ancient times as the first residential international university of the world.
Taxila lies 30 km north-west of Rawalpindi on the Grand Trunk Road. It is one of the most
important archaeological sites in Asia. Situated strategically on branch of the Silk Road that
linked China to the West, the city flourished both economically and culturally. Taxila reached its
apex between the 1st and 5thcenturies AD. Buddhist monuments were erected throughout the
Taxila valley, which was transformed into a religious heartland and a destination for pilgrims
from as far a region as Central Asia and China. The major attraction in this city is the Great
Stupa, one of the largest and most impressive throughout Pakistan, located just 2 km east of Bhir
Mound. Taxila was considered to be amongst the earliest educational centre in the world.
Vikramasila was one of the two most important centres of Buddhist learning in India during the
Pala dynasty. Vikramasila was established by King Dharmapala (783 A.D. to 820 A.D.) to raise
the quality of scholarship at Nalanda. A number of monasteries grew up during the Pala period in
ancient Bengal and Magadha. Vikramasila was one of the largest Buddhist universities, with
more than one hundred teachers and about one thousand students. It produced eminent scholars
who were often invited by foreign countries to spread Buddhist learning, culture and religion.
The most distinguished and eminent among all was Atisa Dipankara, a founder of the Sarma
traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. Subjects like philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, Indian logic
etc. were taught here, but the most important branch of learning was tantrism.
Deoband is one of the ancient cities in the country. The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic
school in India where the Deobandi Islamic movement was started. It is located at Deoband, a
town in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1866 by prominent Islamic
scholars (Ulema), headed by Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi. The institution is highly
respected across India, as well as in other parts of the Indian subcontinent. Many scholars from
abroad come to Deoband to study the Quran as well as the Hadith. Besides DarulUloom,
Deoband has several educational institutions. Such as - Darul Uloom waqf, Madarsa Asgharia,
Jamia Imam Anwer, Jamia Tibbiya, College of Unani Medicine, Inter College, Tehsil School,
Islamia Higher Secondary School, Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, Public School etc.
RELIGIOUS AND PILGRIMAGE TOURISM
Religious tourism has existed since antiquity and can be defined as travel with the core motive of
visiting religious places. It is also commonly known as faith tourism. In this of type of tourism,
people travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure purposes. The
world’s largest form of mass religious tourism takes place at the annual Hajj pilgrimage in
Mecca, Saudi Arabia. In India, it is the Kumbha Mela at Allahabad which sees a massive
gathering of the devotees to take a dip in the holy waters of the Sangam of three rivers, the
Ganga, Yamuna and the Saraswati. Modern religious tourists visit holy cities and holy sites
around the world. Some of the famous holy cities are Jerusalem, Mecca, Varanasi, Pushkar,
Allahabad, Ajmer and Amritsar.
There are two distinct aspects to Religious Tourism; (a) domestic tourists who have a spiritual
attachment to the deity/ destination as per their religious beliefs; (b) foreign tourists who belong
to different religions, region or country, for whom the destination and the religious practices is a
matter of novelty. Many temples, mosques, churches, gurudwaras and other major religious
centres are places of religious and pilgrimage tourism. Pilgrimage may be taken up by any group
of people. They may be staunch supporters of the faith to which they belong. They believe that
after performing the pilgrimage they will be more purified and they will be able to follow the
path of righteousness. Hence, the number of tourists under the pilgrimage tourism is greatest in
number. Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, and Buddhism, are important religious
centres for pilgrimage and tourist attraction. They are an extremely important area for us to study.
C. Genesis of modern tourism in India
Evolution of Tourism Policy in India:
The conscious and organized efforts to promote tourism in India were made in 1945, when a
committee was set up by the Government under the leadership of Sir John Sargent, then
Educational Adviser to the Government of India (Krishna.A.G. 1993). Thereafter systematic
tourism development took place in India. The tourism planning approach has been evolved in
Second and Third five year plans. The sixth five-year plan emphasizes tourism as an instrument
for economic development, integration and maintains social harmony. After 1980s tourism
activity gained momentum as employment generator, source of income, foreign exchange
earnings and as a leisure industry. The government has taken several significant measures to
promote tourism industry.
Tourism policy 1982 The First Tourism policy was announced by the Government of India on
November 1982. The mission of First Tourism Policy was to promote sustainable tourism as
means of economic growth, social integration and to promote the image of India abroad as a
country with a glorious past, a vibrant present and a bright future. Policies to achieve this will be
evolved around six broad areas such as Welcome (Swagat), Information (Suchana), Facilitation
(Suvidha), Safety (Suraksha), Cooperation (Sahyog) and Infrastructure Development
(Samrachana). This policy also gives importance to conservation of heritage, natural
environment, development and promotion of tourist products.
This New Tourism Policy also aims at making the stay of foreign tourists in India, a memorable
and pleasant one with reliable services at predictable costs, so that they are encouraged to
undertake repeated visits to India, as friends. This would tune with India's traditional philosophy
of giving the highest honor to a guest (Athithi devo bhava).
In brief this policy has succeeded in providing a strong policy foundation for Tourism
Development in the country focusing on co-ordination of all tourism related activities, Public
Private Partnership, Voluntary Organizations, Infrastructure Development, Foreign Direct
Investment, Information Technology, Creation of Tourism Economic Zones and Sustainable
Tourism development.
Inclusion of Tourism sector in the Concurrent list of the Constitution of India: Tourism was
recognized as an industry by the Planning commission of India in June, 1982.Tourism as a
separate subject does not find a place in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India even
though a number of its components are either in the Union List, State List or in the Concurrent
List. Under the new Policy, Tourism was placed in the Concurrent List as such a step to provide a
Constitutional recognition to the tourism sector and help in channelizing development of tourism
in a systematic manner by enabling the Central Government to bring in legislation governing the
activities of various service providers in the tourism sector. Inclusion of Tourism sector in the
Concurrent List of the Constitution of India is very important mile stone of the first tourism
policy.
National Committee on Tourism: In June 1986, the planning Commission of India set up the
National Committee on Tourism to prepare perspective plan for tourism sector. The Committee
headed by Mr. Mohammed Yunus, submitted its recommendation in November 1987.Mr.
Mohammed Yunus report recommended that the existing Department of Tourism would be
replaced by a National Tourism Board and create separate cadre on Indian Tourism Service to
look after the functioning of the National Tourism Board.
The Tourism Development Finance Corporation was set up in 1987 with a corpus fund of
Rs.100Crores. Until then tourism sector was financed on commercial lines by the Industrial
Development Bank of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India and other
Commercial banks.
Tourism policy Under Seventh five year plan: Indian tourism planning increased with the seventh
five year plan (1985-1989). The various polices advocated by the seventh five year plan for
tourism planning in India are: 1. To promote aggressively domestic tourism. 2. It laid stress on
creating more beach resorts. 3. To conduct conferences, trekking conventions and winter sports
so that various options are available to the foreign tourists. These policies of the seventh five year
plan in India gave a boost to the tourism planning in India.
Tourism policy Under Eight five-year plan: To encourage tourism planning in India, Eighth Five
year plan (1992-1997) emphasized that the private sector should increase its participation in the
tourism sector. Union government had provided various facilities for the development of tourism
sector, which included the announcement of the National action plan for the tourism in
1992.National Action plan for Tourism was announced in May, 1992.The objectives of this
action plan for planning in Indian tourism were:
1.To develop the tourist areas socially and economically.
2.To increase employment opportunities in tourism sector.
3.To develop domestic tourism for the budget or economy category.
4.To preserve the environment and national heritage.
5.To encourage international tourism.
6.To increase India’s share in world tourism.
7.To diversify tourism product.
The various policies advocated by the eighth five-year plan for tourism planning in India, are
related to development of tourist places, winter sports, beach resorts, wildlife tourism, restoring
the project of national heritage and providing economy class accommodation in tourist centres.
The eighth five-year plan emphasizes that the expansion of tourism sector is only through private
sector participation. The thrust areas as enumerated in the plan includes development of selected
tourist places, diversification from cultural related tourism to holiday and leisure tourism,
development of trekking, winter sports, wildlife and beach resort tourism, exploring new source
markets, restoration of national heritage projects, launching of national image building, providing
inexpensive accommodation in different tourist centres, improving service efficiency in public
sector etc.
National Tourism policy 2002: Announcement of National tourism policy 2002 by the
Government of India is a mile stone in tourism planning in India. This tourism policy 2002 is
based on a multi faced approach, which includes faster or speedy implementation of tourism
project development of integrated tourism circuits, capacity building in the hospitality sector and
new marketing strategies. Main aim of National tourism policy 2002 is to position tourism as a
major driver of economic growth. Government tries to achieve this aim by promoting domestic
and international inbound tourism, developing tourist infrastructure, developing new destinations,
promoting of agro rural tourism, new tourist circuits, and public private partnership.
Tenth five plan initiatives for tourism (2002-2007): Tenth five-year plan working within the
National Tourism Policy 2002, promoted skill building by promoting training programmes in
hotel and food industries. Tenth five-year plan promoted adventure tourism in the Himalayas,
beach tourism in costal line. Wellness tourism included traditional health practice like Ayurveda,
shopping centre’s for traditional crafts and pilgrimage spots.
Eleventh five-year plan initiatives for tourism (2007-12): The Eleventh five year plan has allotted
more funds for tourism development. With the extension of national tourism policy 2002,
eleventh five year plan tries to promote partnership between the central, state government and
private sectors. There are some of the areas selected for funding which includes Srirangam,
Vellore fort (heritage destination), the beach at Pudacherry and Chenni (sea tourism), Wayanad in
Kerala, the Udhagamandalam, Madumalai, Anaimalai circuits in Tamil Nadu (Eco-tourism),
Jammu and Kashmir and North eastern states have given special attention and also tries to
diversify the sources of tourism marketing.
Government initiatives: The Ministry tourism undertakes various initiatives to promote tourism
in the country. This includes:
Infrastructure Development: Adequate infrastructure facilities are vital for the tourism
development. Ministry of Tourism has been making efforts to develop quality tourism
infrastructure at tourist destinations and circuits. The Ministry has launched a scheme for
development of nationally and internationally important destinations and circuits through Mega
Projects. Infrastructure development schemes for tourism in India are:
1.Tourism product or infrastructure and destination development.
2.Integrated development of tourist circuits.
3. Assistance for large revenue generating project.
4.Capacity building for rural tourism.
5. Public private partnership in infrastructure development.
6.Tourism market development for domestic tourism.
Marketing and promotion initiatives: Government of India initiated number of measures to
promote tourism marketing and the important marketing and promotion initiatives are: -
1. Incredible India Campaign: Incredible India Campaign was introduced by the
Government of India in 2002 to promote India as an ultimate tourist destination on
the world tourism map. Incredible India campaign was conducted globally to attract
 tourists to the country. It projected India as an attractive tourist destination by
showcasing Indian culture, history, spirituality and yoga.
2. Atithi Devo Bhavah: Atithi Devo Bhavah is a programme conducted by the
Government of India to complement the Incredible India Campaign. Main aim is to
create awareness about the effect of tourism and sensitize people about our country‟s
rich heritage, culture, cleanliness and warm hospitality. Atithi Devo Bhavah is a
seven point‟s programme of hospitality and training. Components of Atithi Devo
Bhavah are

- Samvedan sheelth or Sensitization.

- Prashikshan or Training induction.

- Preran or Motivation.

- Pramani karan or Certification.

- Pratipusthi or Feedback.

- Samanya Bodh or General awareness.

- Swamitwa or Ownership.

Different tourism products: Government of India introduced several tourism products such as
rural tourism, cruise tourism, adventure tourism, medical tourism, open sky policy etc.
Foreign direct Investment: Government of India allowed 100% Foreign Direct Investment in
hotels and tourism industry. Hotels refer to restaurants, beach resorts and other tourist complexes
providing accommodation and catering facilities to the tourists. Tourism industry includes travel
agencies, tour operating agencies, tourist transport operating agencies and facilities for cultural,
adventure and wild life experience, surface, air and water transport facilities, leisure,
entertainment, sports, health and convention etc.
During the Eleventh five-year plan (2007-2012) there was a distinct shift in the approach of
tourism development as compared to previous plans. The vision for the tourism sector for the
11th FYP was „to achieve a superior quality of life through development and promotion of
tourism which would provide a unique opportunity for physical invigoration, mental
rejuvenation, cultural enrichment and spiritual elevation‟.
Tourism development schemes during the Eleventh Five Year Plan Several plan schemes were
introduced during the eleventh five-year plan period to achieve the targets. To accomplish the
targets set forth in the 11th FYP the Ministry of tourism implemented the following schemes
during 2007-2012:
@ Product Infrastructure Development for Destination and Circuits (PIDDC)
 Overseas Promotion and Publicity Including Market Development Assistance
 Domestic Promotion and Publicity
 Assistance to Large Revenue Generating Projects
 Incentives to Accommodation Infrastructure
 Creation of Land Banks
 Assistance to Central Agencies
 Market Research including Twenty Years Perspective Plan.
 Computerization and Information Technology
As per the 11th Plan document of the Planning Commission, “Tourism is the largest service
industry in the country. Its importance lies in being an instrument for economic development
and employment generation, particularly in remote and backward areas”. During 11th Five
Year Plan efforts were made to harness the full potential of tourism sector by improving the
tourism infrastructure, popularizing further by the Incredible India Campaigns in foreign
countries, promoting niche products such as MICE, Health and Wellness centres, adventure
tourism etc.
Tourism policy under 12th Five-year plan 12th five-year plan (2012-2017) introduced a new
dimension to the contribution of tourism. The plan highlights the need to adopt a „pro-poor
tourism‟ approach aimed at increasing the net benefits to the poor from tourism and ensure that
tourism growth contributes to poverty reduction. The approach paper also underpins the need to
develop a comprehensive set of strategies for a diverse set of actions, from macro to micro level,
including product and infrastructure development, marketing, branding and promotion, planning,
policy and investment.
Various Targets for Tourism Sector in 12th Five Year Plan: As Tourism Sector is one of the
major components of the service sector in India, its growth targets have to be linked to the
targeted growth of service sector during the 12th Five Year Plan. Indian economy is expected to
grow at the rate of 9%. To achieve this, services sector as well as the tourism sector have to grow
at the rate of 12% per annum. For improving the growth in tourism sector, the following targets
have been fixed for Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) and Domestic Tourism.
1. Increase India’s share of International Tourist arrivals to at least by 1% by the end of
12th Plan - requiring an annual growth of 12.38% during 2011- 2016.
2. Provide adequate facilities for domestic tourism to sustain the growth of 12.16% during
12th Plan (2011 to 2016).
3. Using the data on share of tourism in the total jobs in the country available from Tourism
Satellite Accounts (TSA) for 2002-03. It was estimated that the total number of jobs
(direct and indirect) in the tourism sector in 2016 is going to be 77.5 million as compared
to 53 million in 2010. 24.5 million (Direct and Indirect) employment is likely to be
created during 2010 to 2016.
4. Based on the study commissioned by ministry of tourism the estimated employment in
2012-13 was 43.84lakh and could reach 63.79lakh in 2016-17.
Conclusion:
Tourism development and Tourism policy are closely interrelated aspects. Tourism development
largely depends on tourism policy. Tourism is a very important segment of an economy.
Economic development of any nation, whether developing, developed or underdeveloped country
is significantly influenced by tourism sector. Therefore, every country in the world has
formulated number of tourism policies for the development of tourism sector. Indian Government
also has undertaken number of initiatives to attract both domestic and foreign visitors. Expansion
of tourism infrastructure, development of tourism spots, evolution of new tourism products
Public Private Partnership are a few measures. In post independent period Government of India,
Department of Tourism has introduced number of policies for the development of tourism sector
in India. Tourism was recognized as an industry by the Planning commission of India and was
included in the Concurrent List of Indian constitution to provide Constitutional recognition to the
tourism sector and help in channelizing development of tourism in a systematic manner by
enabling the Central Government to bring in legislation governing the activities of various service
providers in the tourism sector. As a result, tourism sector is increasing rapidly attracting a large
number of visitors towards India and generating large employment and income earning
opportunities.
Unit II: Historical, Cultural & Religious Tourism Resources of India
1. Art and Architecture of Tourism Significance
Tourism is a scenario to “familiarize a city for an unfamiliar audience and gain identity for the
citizen”, while Architecture “is an expression of lifestyle and spirit of the epochs and cultures
in which it arises”.  Both Architecture and tourism have been inter-linked since time
immemorial. Architecture has been the major aspect of crowd pull, while tourism has been
helped architecture survive through the test of time (as well as money).  Both tourism and
architecture work in a symbiotic manner to break the unfamiliarity of any culture and provide the
original essence of the place, its culture, and its evolution through a chronological approach.
Tourism is one of the most rapidly growing sectors in the world with regard to economical,
technological and social transformations. The mutual relationship between architecture and
tourism is obvious since ancient times where architecture, as a tourist attraction, had a very
important role.  Temples have been built in honour of the gods, grand theatres, stadiums, the
Colosseum and other monumental public buildings that attracted large crowds as they represented
the culture and society. Architecture is a means of expression for the cultural diversity and
innovative potential of a region, and tourism, as an industry, directly helps to preserve
architecture.
Tourism and architecture never before were as closely connected as is the case today. There has
been a huge spike in “Heritage Tourism”, which has seen sudden interests in ancient history and
the heritage.
“Architecture is the prime and unquestionable source of HISTORY”
Thus, it is apparent that tourists turn to architecture to quench their thirst for the history and
heritage of a place. With the outburst of the tourism industry, these places are now being
identified, restored and promoted vigorously. The tourism sector is one of the main sources of
income for any country. To boost tourism, the huge amount of money is invested to preserve the
local heritage and architecturally prime places, to improve the infrastructure of the city and the
connectivity within, to provide better leisure facilities, and thus a better experience for the
tourists. This, in turn, improves the lifestyle for the locals as well.
Several architects and planners have been working on the reconstruction of old heritage areas of
the cities. But the important question that arises is, “What kind of Reconstruction?”  Should it be
in accordance with historical patterns and spirit of that area, or if it should project the new and
modern shapes and layouts, with the modern framework? At first glance, the idea of restoring
according to old-style may appear anti-modernist, while maintaining the original design classic,
yet it could be monotonous with no element of surprise and wonder. A new concept called
“Retrofitting” has surfaced, in which, a modern “Contrasting, yet complimenting” element is
added to the old heritage structures, thus retaining the old, and giving it the new vibrancy, it
needs.
Architecture has always been the major source of attraction, be it heritage architecture or Modern
architecture, as in the case of Dubai.
 2. World Heritage Sites
World Heritage Sites are cultural and/or natural sites of 'Outstanding Universal Value',
which are important across countries and generations. ... represent unique, or the most significant
or best, examples of the world's cultural and/or natural heritage. A World Heritage Site is a
landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. World Heritage Sites are designated
by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance. Criteria for
assessing Outstanding Universal Value is it should represent a masterpiece of human creative
genius. exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a
cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts,
town-planning or landscape design.
 The World Heritage Sites list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program
administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 "states parties" that
are elected by their General Assembly. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of
outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity. The
programme began with the "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and
Natural Heritage”, which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November
1972. The Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2020, it has been
ratified by 193 states parties:  189 UN member states, 2 UN observer states (the Holy See and
the State of Palestine) and 2 states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook
Islands and Niue). Only four UN member states have not ratified the
convention: Liechtenstein, Nauru, Somalia and Tuvalu.
Designating World Heritage sites
There are three types of sites: cultural, natural, and mixed. Cultural heritage sites include
hundreds of historic buildings and town sites, important archaeological sites, and works of
monumental sculpture or painting. Natural heritage sites are restricted to those natural areas that
(1) furnish outstanding examples of Earth’s record of life or its geologic processes, (2) provide
excellent examples of ongoing ecological and biological evolutionary processes, (3) contain
natural phenomena that are rare, unique, superlative, or of outstanding beauty, or (4) furnish
habitats for rare or endangered animals or plants or are sites of exceptional biodiversity.  Mixed
heritage sites contain elements of both natural and cultural significance. The ratio of cultural to
natural sites on the World Heritage List is roughly 3 to 1. 
List of Heritage Sites in India (40 by 2021)
UNESCO World Heritage Committee organised its 44th session at Fuzhou in China. In its recent
session, it declared the Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple in Telangana's Warangal and
Dholavira, a Harappan-era city in Gujarat, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. After the
inclusion of the two sites, the number of World Heritage sites in India stands to be 40. UNESCO
declares the two World Heritage Sites of India as the great insight of knowledge and ways of life
of earlier societies, customs, and communities.
Cultural (32)
 Agra Fort (1983)
 Ajanta Caves (1983)
 Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar  (2016)
 Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
 Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)  (2004)
 Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
  Dholavira: a Harappan City (2021)
 Elephanta Caves (1987)
 Ellora Caves (1983)
 Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
 Great Living Chola Temples (1987,2004)
 Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
 Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
 Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
 Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)
 Historic City of Ahmadabad (2017)
 Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)
 Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019)
 Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana  (2021)
 Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
 Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
 Mountain Railways of India (1999,2005,2008)
 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
 Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat  (2014)
 Red Fort Complex (2007)
 Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
 Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
 Taj Mahal (1983)
 The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern
Movement (2016)
 The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)
 Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai  (2018)
Natural (7)
 Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014)
 Kaziranga National Park (1985)
 Keoladeo National Park (1985)
 Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
 Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988,2005)
 Sundarbans National Park (1987)
 Western Ghats (2012)
Mixed (1)
 Khangchendzonga National Park (2016)
Other prominent sites in India

Bhimbetka Gateway of India Mumbai India Gate New Delhi

Golden Temple Amritsar Hawa Mahal Jaipur Charminar Hyderabad

Meenakshi Temple Shivaji Terminus City Palace Udaipur

Victoria Memorial Kolkata Purana Qila Rashtrapati Bhawan

Nalanda Lotus Temple Basilica of Bom Jesu

Mehrangarh Fort Jodhpur Bara Imambara Lucknow Mysore Palace

Dilwara Temples Mahabodhi Temple Kashi Vishwanath

Kamakhya Temple Gingee Fort Villupuram Golconda Fort Hyderaba

Jama Masjid Delhi Gwalior Fort Jantar Mantar Jaipur

3. Cultural Tourism Resources

India is a diverse land and variety can be seen in its every field including culture. This diversity
adds uniqueness to the culture of India. The diversity, variety, uniqueness can also be witnessed
in the Indian Culture. Culture is too wide a term and includes, dress, dance, handicraft,
architecture, music, art forms etc. The variety in dance in India is displayed on the basis of
region, religion, and hence they are performed for religious as well as celebration purposes. Even
the caves in which early man dwelt have paintings of these early man dancing and merry making.
Then the Vedic period also testifies that hymns were chanted in a certain manner which had notes
and later were enacted like a play. The NATASUTRAS are a treatise related to the dance history
of India and even writings of the sage Panini as early as 500 BC testifies these facts. The later
vedic texts of Shilalin and Krishashva were the first people who did in-depth studies of natya
-drama, nritya- dance and Sangeet-Music. The sangeet talks of seven suras in India and is all
encompassing and very comprehensive art.
A. Indian Classical Dance and Folk-Dance Forms:
The two most vivid division that can be done of Indian dance is the classical dances and the folk
dances. There are ample of differences and similarity between them. The classical dances have
spiritual element in it. The folk dances have spiritual and religious element but the celebration
element makes it more popular. There are many forms of classical as well as Indian folk dances.
i. CLASSICAL DANCES
Classical dances are a rich heritage of Indian tradition. There are approximately eight main
classical dances classified by Sangeet Natya Shastra Academy. They are names as
1. Bharatnatyam
2. Kathakali
3. Kathak
 4. Manipuri
5. Kuchipudi
6. Odissi
7. Mohiniyattam
8. Sattriya
BHARATANATYAM It traces its origin from the state of Tamil Nadu, one of the metros of
South India. It holds its roots to the Natya Shastra a very old scripture on theatre authored by the
mystical priest Bharata. Initially it was performed in the temple courtyards for the God,
performed by women to narrate the Hindu theology and its stories. It was not performed outside
the periphery of the temple. The posture of bent legs segregates it from the other dance forms and
had multiple mudras in the form of hand gestures which helped to narrate the stories. Sari is drat
it acquires a belt like structure dividing both the legs. The navel area is also covered with a belt.
The shingar (ornamentation) of the dancer is done with very special jewellery from Tamil Nadu
made from gold. Flowers adorn the bun of the performers and is known as Gajra.
KATHAKALI It belongs to the ancient art form of Kerala in India. It is of religious origin. The
Ramayana as a scripture and Shiva as a God inspire the performer in many ways. It used to be a
man domain as female roles were also performed by young boys. The makeup, costumes and
headdresses/headgears were very ornate in this dance form. From the domains of the temple, it
has now moved to the public spheres and now performed at local functions too. The costume is
like a frock and afull blouse along with it. Headdress or a headgear is the most prominent
ornamentation of a Kathakali dancer. The makeup sometimes takes half a day and is paint like as
expressions come out best through them. The jewellery is made of silver and gold both.
KATHAK It is a North India dance. It is a romantic dance form. Initially it was for the divine but
slowly came to the court and then to the commoners. Man and woman both were used as
performers. There are some very versatile, flexible, yet smooth movements. Mudras or hand
gestures are very important and are mixed with facial expressions. The footwork is the ultimate
part of this dance form. The dancer wears an array of beads or ghungroos on her feet and then
tries to replicate the instrument’s voice which the accompanists are playing. It originates from the
Kathavachaks or the story tellers who used a mixed form of storytelling alongwith music and
dance to convey their stories. The costumes can be anyone of the following saree, ghagra, choli,
churidar and frock. Men wear churidars too. Makeup is light but sharplines are used. Special
Kundan and peral jewellery is used.
MANIPURI It belongs to the state of Manipur in the north-east. Lord Krishna is the main subject
or the theme. Lot of rituals and folk traditions are depicted. The rhythms, the scenes from Lord
Krishna’s life and the graceful movements add different dimensions to this dance. Lot of chanting
is accompanied with this dance along with a choir which sings with chorus. The male and female
dresses are different. Dhoti, kurta is generally worn by the males. It is accompanied by shawl and
a turban. Females have a skirt as a dress but it is in a barrel shape, the blouses are made from
velvet. Veils are used and cover the face.
KUCHIPUDI Kuchipudi belongs to the state of the Andhra Pradesh. The dancer is all alone on
the stage making it a solo performance. The dancer has to be well versed in dancing as well as
singing. It is high on spiritual element. It copies the rituals of the puja like sprinkling water,
burning the incense stick, and reciting the name of the Goddesses. Initially it was a male domain
but later females entered to do their parts. Saree is worn by the female artists with light makeup.
Earlier saree was draped but now stitched versions are available. Men wear dhotis.
ODISSI One of the oldest art forms in terms of classical dance it is from the state of Orissa. The
woman are the main performers as they have to replicate the design of a temple. There are fifty
plus madras and uses a lot of expressions. The hand gestures here are also pre dominant. Costume
is made from traditional weaved material of Orissa. Sarees and dhotis are used by males and
females. The crowns that females wear are from Jagannath Puri. The bun of females is adorned
with gajras or garlands. Silver is used as a metal for jewellery and ghungroos are a part of it.
MOHINIYATTAM Tracing the dance form’s origin from the state of Kerala. It is a extremely
soft, calm and a very gentle dance. It is exclusively done by females as is a female dance form. It
is dedicated to the female avatar of Lord Vishnu. The costume is saree or a dhoti and is generally
light cream, off-white ion shades. Bun is tied known as kuduma and heavy ornaments are used.
SATTRIYA It is the latest entry to be classified as a classical dance of India in the year 2008 and
Assam was recognized its state. Radha and Krishna is the main theme of the dance performance.
It has a masculine and a feminine form. It is performed in cultural evenings too. Men wear dhoti,
a chadar and a turban. Females wears chadar, waist cloth known as Kanchi which is locally made
in Assam. To represent demons masks are also used at times. Local jewellery from Assam is
used.
ii. FOLK DANCES
These dances are a reflection of a people of a region or a whole country. Dances which are of
ritualistic origin are religious dances or classical dances and are not considered folk dances.
Ethnicity and traditionalism are two parameters of folk dances. These dances are the dance of the
common people and reflect their day to day life.
These are performed during social gatherings like marriage, birth ceremonies, etc. by local people
who may have no professional trainings. It is performed on the traditional music of the local area
or the region. It may be performed on stage but it is generally a public dance form. Traditions and
rituals dominate the layout and there is minimal room for innovation. As people grow up they
imbibe the learning as no formal initiation or training is done.
Folk dances may also have their categories. One of the first categories is the Folkloric Dance
which has a metaphysical root. It is performed on the rites of religion and has ritualistic
behaviour. It reminds of the life that is no more existential in this time. Then there can be Folky
Dance which traces its origin to agrarian societies. The purpose of the dance has been lost but yet
the dance form is kept intact in the modern times. Then in this categorization the next could be
the popular dance which is popular in the lower rungs of the social order may be peasants. Then
there may be an Elite dance which had its origin in the courts and is a part of elite or upper
classes of the society. Mass dances owe their origin to folk dances. Then there are Art Dances
which have long lost their contact with folklores yet they somehow have over a period of time
acquired their own traditions. They are elitist in nature. Then there are traditional folk dances.
These are the ones that are still evolving.
Some Folk dances of AP:
Bhamakalpam
This art form was derived from the famed ‘Kuchipudi’ dance, by a revered figure named
Siddhendra Yogi in the 17th century. This dance entirely revolves around Satyabhama. 
Veeranatyam
Veeranatyam started as a ritual that was performed in Shaivite temples in honour of Shiva. The
followers of Veerabhadra are best known for performing this style of dance.
Dappu
This dance form earned its name from the sound produced by a simple percussion instrument, a
tambourine-like drum which is called 'Dappu'.
Tappeta Gullu
Tappeta Gullu is a kind of Folk Dance that derives it origin from the folk cultures in India.
Tappeta Gullu is often regarded as a ritualistic performance. This is due to its religious
inclination. It was previously performed by the shepherds to appease the Rain God known as
Gangamma. Afterwards it emerged as a special form of dance drama, with a touch of religiosity.
It had been popular amongst the Yadavas but later found its way into the ordinary circle.
Lambadi
Lambadi dance is a folk dance of the Banjara community of Andhra Pradesh. It originated at the
Anupu Village. Lambadi dance is done to impress gods for a good harvest. Mainly women
perform the Lambadi folk dance.
Dhimsa
Dhimsa is a tribal dance form that is performed primarily by Porja caste women in Andhra
Pradesh.
Kolattam
Kolannalu or kolkolannalu (also named kolattam), 'stick dance', is one of the most popular dance
narratives in the Andhra Pradesh.
Butta Bommalu
Butta Bommalu is a folk dance of Andhra Pradesh. This dance is performed to celebrate
happiness during festivals. Dancers dance very softly and gracefully. Although this dance
performance can be done by a single artist, it is usually performed in a group of four to eight
people. Butta Bommalu performers wear a costume made of bamboo sticks, cow dung, paint, and
dry grass. It is a doll-like a costume hollow from the inside. Since it is hollow and made from
bamboo sticks it is very light-weighted which makes it easier for the dancer to carry it around
while dancing.
B. Music and Tourism:
India is a land of five rivers but it is also a land of seven notes or the sapt swars. Indian traditions
have music imbibed and embedded in them. The variety amazes the listeners from melodies to
classical. The music is as old as the Vedic tradition as the Vedas describe the different kind of
wind and string instruments. The drums also have been discussed in the Vedas. The Kings and
their courts had an elaborate arrangement for music.
Even the Mughal rulers who came from outside of India and made India their home patronized
the music and the musician in their courts. Tansen is still known as one of the nine gems of
Akbar’s court. The music can be demarcated into two neat parts the classical side of music and
the folk side of music. The classical can be further sub divided into North Indian or the
Hindustani music and the other being the Carnatic or South Indian music. This division came out
in the 16th century and this can be applicable to both the vocal and the instrumental music. A third
sub division is getting in shape which is the modern/popular/film music.
CLASSICAL MUSIC The classical music is bifurcated into two neat parts the Carnatic Music
prominently dominant in the peninsular region and the other is the Hindustani music more
prominently dominant in the North eastern and Central Regions. This will include the concept of
Shruti, Swar, Alankar, Raga and Tala.
HINDUSTANI MUSIC Originated from the Carnatic music and took birth in the thirteenth and
the fourteenth century. The Vedas helped it to develop when they have taken the hymns form and
they were sung and chanting was not done. It is known as Hindustani as it is a combination of
Vedic, ancient, Indian traditions and the influence of the Persian practices of the Mughals.
CARNATIC MUSIC The Carnatic music has been around since fourteenth and the fifteenth
century. It traces it origin to South India. It is very close to the Hindustani music and have fixed
compositions and is very soulful. The main area of concentration is the vocal part and mainly
sung but performed on instruments too. In terms of Ragas or notes it is very rich and has seven
million plus ragas out of which three hundred are more popular.
FOLK MUSIC Folk music is celebration music largely performed on weddings. Festivals, birth
ceremonies, initiation ceremonies etc. Each state like its folk dance has its unique folk music too.
Some more known names are BAUL – which is from the Bengal region of India and extends to
the neighboring Bangladesh. It is a result of bhakti movement influenced by abir and other
Bhakti cult propagators. It followed an oral tradition and is highly emotives and is not penned
down. It could be played upon Ektara, Dotara, Duggi, Dhol, Manjira etc.
BHAJAN- is also a form of folk music. It will have a religious or spiritual idea embedded in it
with regional flavours. There is no fixed format. It has lyrics and based on different ragas
generally contain life incidents of Gods and saints. It is also a result of Bhakti movements. It has
its modifications like in Vaishnism, Shivism, Jainism and Shabd Kirtan in Sikhism.
RABINDRA SANGEET – These are songs composed by Tagore and are two hundred and thirty
in number. These have Bengal base and is widely use din folk music of Bengal. THUMRI- It is
semi classical in form. It is a mix of dance, drama, gestures, eroticism, evocative, and is popular
in Uttar Pradesh with variants spreading to neighboring states. Besides these DADRA,
GHAZAL, QAWWALI, CHAITI, KAJARI and SUFI are few to name.
MODERN MUSIC The post-modern or the advent of twentieth century witnessed a massive
change in the music scenario. The language and the rhythms all became very modern. The
modernity in terms of compositions creped in. Many foreign, new instruments were introduced
too. Modern cinema gave support to this music and in these multiple musicians were employed. It
became a period of playback singers who used their voices for on screen actors and performers. It
captured the fantasy of the youth as they made it a fashion and a fad. The result of these are live
concerts where like minded people get together and witness their favorite musicians and singers
performing often to dance performances of their favorite actors too.
C. Handicrafts and Tourism:
Handicrafts are part of tangible cultural heritage of all nations. ... Handicrafts, as cultural
souvenirs, play a main role in tourism too. Many countries, considering the handicrafts as the
main core in tourism development, establish the tourism facilities near main handicraft
production centers. Regarding the role of handicrafts in tourism and development, the World
Crafts Council (WCC), affiliated to UNESCO, was founded in 1964 to help economic growth
and to encourage craftsmen across the world.
Tourism and handicrafts go hand in hand. A tourist is always in search of something that is exotic
and at the same time authentic to carry back as a memoir of his travel to a distant land. It is
estimated that tourists spend around 40 per cent of their budget on souvenir purchases and other
craft products (UNEP and UNWTO, 2005). Recent trends show that tourism earnings have come
to rely more and more on the handicraft ‐craftsman component (UNWTO, 2001). This has added
further impetus to the development of tourism packaged around artisans, their unique craft pieces
and the culture of the place and people. The crafts of India are diverse; rich in history and religion
of each state in India reflect the influence of different empires. Throughout centuries, crafts have
been embedded as a culture and tradition within rural communities. They are a constant source of
inspiration for contemporary designers and the subject for global exhibitions representing India.
Andhra Pradesh’s traditional arts & crafts, like Ikat weaving and Kalamkari painting, have
survived despite the onslaught of industrialisation.
Andhra Pradesh is home to various ancient handicraft, with several specialist guilds of craftsmen
attributing their skills to sages of antiquity, scriptures and even divinity. Subsequent influences
from invasions also added a foreign dimension to the aesthetics.
Many of these practices, passed down from generation to generation, have retained the original
techniques and designs, while simultaneously absorbing fresh techniques in order to stay
relevant. Andhra Pradesh has the distinction of having as many as 13 Geographical Indications
from the Government of India for its cultural heritage.
Handloom:
 b. The Kalamkari fabrics-which are hand-painted or block-printed-derive their
name from kalam, or pen, which is the tool used by Kalamkari artisans.
Kalamkari paintings done on cloth panels narrate entire stories from the Puranas,
the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

c. The Ikat weaving technique is widely practiced in Andhra Pradesh. In this

technique, both warp and weft can be tie-dyed in such a way that the
programmed pattern appears on the finished fabrics upon weaving. The oldest
Ikat centre in the state is Chirala. Telia is a trademark offering Chirala. It is a
multi-purpose cloth used as a lungi, loincloth and shoulder-cloth. Telia gets its
name from the extensive use of tel (oil) in the process of weaving the yarn.

d. Ponduru, in Srikakulam district is renowned as the land where the finest khadi is
woven, so much so that even Mahatma Gandhi is said to have preferred khadi
from Ponduru.

e. Machilipatnam has emerged as an important carpet-weaving centre. Wool-pile

carpets from Eluru’s thriving woollen carpet industry said to have been
established by Persians during the Mohammedan rule-are largely exported.
Sari:
1. Usually named after the villages or towns where they are produced, saris woven using
traditional techniques are highly sought after not only in India, but overseas as well. In
Dharmavaram alone, there are over a thousand shops that sell silk saris. These saris are ideal to
wear during cold weather and are preferred by Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi dancers. They are
especially appreciated for their double colours and shaded effects. Dharmavaram also has the
distinguished claim of being the only Silk Exchange in the country.
2. The handmade saris of Venkatagiri and Nellore, are characterised by fine crafts-manship. Even
the most elaborate power loom products are no match for the intricate patterns of these saris,
which are woven using locally made jallas, a type of handloom.
3. Uppada Jamdani saris, woven in uppada in East Godavari district, are known for being
extremely light in weight. The weavers use zari, which is a silk thread that is often dipped in pure
gold, to make these intricately designed saris.
4. Mangalagiri, in Guntur district, produces cotton saris that usually feature zaris on the borders,
with little or no designs on the body.
5. Machilipatnam Kalamkari technique employs the use of vegetable dyed wooden blocks that
have various designs carved on them. The blocks are dyed with vegetable based colours and their
designs are pressed on to the surface of the fabric.
6. The Srikalahasti school of Kalamkari involves the use of hand painting instead of block
printing. Kalamkari saris of this style are especially noted for their borders and elaborate pallus.
Toys:
Chaya nataka, or shadow puppetry, employs leather dolls painted with vegetable dyes with the
same painstaking attention to detail one sees in the Kalamkari tradition. More than 200 families
in the village of Etikoppaka, 65km from Visakhapatnam, produce lacquered wooden toys carved
in the shape of mythological figures found at the Harappa and Mohenjodaro excavation sites.
Artisans from Varigonda and Nupuram villages make toys from sawdust in traditional designs,
featuring characters from Hindu epics. Artisans in Kondapalli, known as Arya Kshatriyas, whose
lineage can be traced back to Brahmanda Purana, use soft poniki wood to create toys with
expressive faces.
Other Crafts:
The Brassware artisans of Budithi village in Srikakulam district are highly versatile in their
skills, offering items as varied as cooking utensils to flower pots and planters.
The craftsmen from Chittoor district involved in bronze icon casting have to study the Shilpa
Shastra (Science of Arts and Crafts) carefully in order to produce ornamental brassware, which
this region is famous for.
In Visakhapatnam district, exquisite boxes made of tortoise shell and bone are characterised by
intricate perforated designs on the bone fretwork, through which the orange glow of the shell can
be seen clearly.
In Narsapur in West Godavari district, the women of the fishing community use their familiarity
with net-making to create lace and designs, a craft that was introduced in the region by Dutch
and Portuguese missionaries that had once lived here.
Red sandalwood found in Chittoor district is used to carve images of Lord Venkateswara and the
Tirupati Temple.
Kondapalli Toys are toys made of wood in Kondapalli of Krishna district, a nearby Vijayawada
Bommala Colony translates to Toys Colony in Kondapalli is the place where the art of crafting
takes place. It was registered as one of the geographical indication handicrafts from Andhra
Pradesh as per Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act,
1999. These toys were one of the varieties of toys assembled in the houses during the festivals
of Sankranti and Navratri and is referred as Bommala Koluvu. The art of crafting is a 400-year-
old tradition. The artisans who make the toys are referred as Aryakhastriyas (also known as
Nakarshalu), who have their mention in the Brahmanda Purana. They are said to have migrated
from Rajasthan in the 16th century to Kondappali and claims their origin to Muktharishi, a sage
endowed with skills in arts and crafts by Lord Shiva.
Etikoppaka is a small village on the banks of Varaha River in Visakhapatnam district. In 2017,
the traditional Etikoppaka toys acquired a Geographical Indications (GI) tag.
In the early development stages of the Etikoppaka toys, they were only used by children as toys
for the purpose of playing. The natural dyes and wood used in these toys made them safe play
with and durable. However, gradually the Etikoppaka toys adapted to a broad usage. Today, they
can be used as toys, decoration items, utility items and even gifting items.
For a long period of time, these toys were a part of the everyday lives of the people living here
and in the neighbouring villages. The different toy varieties such as the spinning tops, rattles, and
animal figures brought a smile to every child’s face. Many of the Etikoppaka boxes also became
famous for storing jewellery and sacred materials like vermillion. These toys became so popular
that several South Indian traditions became attached to them. For example, every girl child was
gifted a kitchen set or ‘lakkapidathalu,’ consisting of colourful vessels, ladels, stoves and even
grinders for her first birthday. They also became a part of the wedding traditions and were used
for the bride’s trousseau to carry haldi Kumkum, betel nuts and other aromatic substances. They
became so popular that they began to be sold as country fairs, weekly markets, railway stations
and even bus stands.
Toys are made of soft wood and lacquer colour. Coloured with natural dyes derived from seeds,
lacquer, roots and leaves. The way of toy making is also known as turned wood lacquer craft.
Wood carvings from Udayagiri of Nellore district, has been given the Geographical
Identification tag in 2017. This is the second GI tag in Nellore district, after Venkatagiri saris in
2009. This Udayagiri wooden cutlery, based on the beautiful and delicate craft, are highly sought
after by architects and interior designers. This craft has also been adapted to make kitchenware
such as spoons. Udayaigiri cutlery is known for its intricate carvings and fine proportions and is
made by a few master crafts persons of the region. The craft probably originated during the time
of the Quli Qutub Shah kings. The carvings are on wood sourced locally, from forests in and
around Udayagiri, be it Nardi, Devadari, Bikki Chakka, Kaldi chakka or Palabarki. The most
commonly used wood is from Nardi as it is very soft and easy to handle.
Bobbili veena is a large plucked string instrument used in Carnatic classical music. The Veena is
named after Bobbili, a place where it was invented. In 2011 the musical instrument got
a Geographical Indication tag from the Government of India. Bobbili Veena is considered to be
invented in Bobbili of Vizianagaram district. The making of the Veena started in the 17 th century
during the reign of Pedda Rayudu. At that time, playing Veena was a common practice in India,
especially South India. The entire development process of the Veena took more than three
centuries. Bobbili kingdom rulers were fond of music, and many of them learned to play
Veena. In the Bobbili kingdom, the Veena used to be supplied by Sarwasiddi community
craftsmen. These craftsmen were from Gollapalli. The craftsmen community who make this
musical instrument are known as “Bobbili Veena sampradayam” (Bobbili Veena community). A
Bobbili Veena is carved from a single piece of jack wood.
Conclusion: Thus, we see India has a rich culture and music, dance and handicrafts is intertwined
in it. The religion and spiritual India is deeply connected to the dance and music forms and their
survival over a period of years are an ample proof that still there are patrons who want to keep the
traditions alive. There are government and private organizations that are working hard to keep up
their popularity. The various researches conducted and the attempts to popularize them both
within and outside India will help to keep these traditions alive and we will be able to pass them
to our next generation.
D. Fairs and Festivals
Many fairs and festivals of India are celebrated to promote tourism or to promote the regional arts
and crafts, music, dances, etc. ... Amongst the major fairs of the country are Kumbh Mela, Ardh-
Kumbh Fair, Pushkar Fair, Nagaur Fair, Goa Carnival, Kutchh Mahotsav, Taj Mahotsav,
Surajkund Crafts Mela, etc.
Mamallapuram Dance Festival (Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu): Once the ancient port of the
Pallavas, Mamallapuram plays host to a vibrant festival of dance. exponents of Bharata Natyam,
Kuchipudi, Kathak and Kathakali perform against the magnificent backdrop of the Pallava rock
sculptures.
Pongal (Tamil Nadu) A celebration of the harvest - Pongal is observed for three days in January,
in Tamil Nadu. Bhogi Pongal - the first day, is an occasion for festivities at home. Flavoured rice
is offered to the Sun God on the second day. Mattu Pongal, the next day, is celebrated in a more
boisterous fashion. Village cattle are bathed and decorated and cattle races enliven village
festivities.
International Kite Festival (Ahmedabad, Gujarat): On Makara Sankranti, Ahmedabad is at its
colourful best as kites of all colours, patterns and dimensions soar into the sky. Special kites with
little paper lamps fill the night sky with a myriad flickering lights. Special Gujarati cuisine,
exhibitions of handicrafts and folk art enhance the festive spirit.
Republic Day (Delhi and state capitals): Commemorating the day India became a republic (26th
January), the Republic Day is celebrated in Delhi with a splendid parade- a colourful affair with
soldiers marching in unison, followed by folk dancers, school children and floats from various
states. The Beating Retreat which marks the end of the celebrations on 29th January, is a moving
ceremony with massed military bands playing at Vijay Chowk.
Vasant Panchami (North India and West Bengal): The ceremonial welcome to spring when
people, colourfully attired, especially in bright shades of yellow, dance, sing and make merry. In
West Bengal, 'Saraswati' - the goddess of learning is worshipped. The festival is celebrated with
great fervour in the university town of Santiniketan.
Surajkund Crafts Mela (Surajkund, near Delhi): A delightful handloom and handicrafts fair is
held annually at Surajkund. Skilled artisans from all over the country display the rich crafts
tradition of India in the typical setting of a rural Indian marketplace. Cultural programmes and
rural cuisine are also a part of this colourful fair.
International Yoga Week (Rishikesh, Uttar Pradesh): A week-long event to promote Yoga is held
in Rishikesh, a picturesque town in the foothills of the Himalayas. Detailed lectures and
demonstration of various asanas by prominent exponents of Yoga are the major highlights of the
Yoga Week.
Desert Festival (Jaisalmer, Rajasthan): A three day long extravaganza of colour, music and
festivity at the golden city of Jaisalmer. Gair and fire dancers swaying to traditional tunes, a
turban-tying competition and a Mr. Desert contest are part of the fun of the occasion. Camel rides
and folk dances at the sand dunes at Sam are an added attraction.
Nagaur Fair (Nagaur, Rajasthan) Nagaur bustles with life during its annual cattle fair which is
one of the largest in the country. Exciting games and camel races are part of the festivities.
Float Festival (Madurai, Tamil Nadu): This magnificent festival is celebrated in Madurai. On the
night of the full moon, ornamented icons of goddess Meenakshi and her consort are taken out in a
colourful procession to the huge Mariamman Teppakulam. The icons are floated in the tank on a
raft decked with flowers and flickering lamps.
Kerala Village Fair (Kovalam, Kerala): Every year, in the lush villages around Kovalam (18 km
from Thiruvananthapuram), mid-January is the time for cultural events. The traditional thatch
houses are decorated during this ten day long festival and are the venue for folk dancers, music
and festivities.
Bikaner Festival (Bikaner, Rajasthan) Dedicated to the indispensable 'ship of the desert', the
festival starts off with a magnificent procession of bedecked camels. There are displays and
competitions together with all the colour, music and rhythm unique to a fair in Rajasthan.
Calcutta Festival (Calcutta, West Bengal) Held every year in the centrally located maidan area of
the city of Calcutta. Ethnic food stalls displaying Bengali cuisine and cultural events make this a
lively occasion.
Pattadakkal Dance Festival (Pattadakkal, Karnataka) Delicately carved temples rich in detail,
stand still at Pattadakkal, the ancient capital of the Chalukyan kings. A festival of dance
celebrates this marvelous heritage.
Elephanta Festival (Mumbai, Maharashtra) This festival is held across the Mumbai harbour, on
the Elephanta Island, near the world renowned Elephanta Caves (A World Heritage Site). This
feast of music and dance, celebrated under the stars, transforms the entire island into a large
auditorium.
Deccan Festival (Hyderabad, Andhra Telengana) Every year gracious Hyderabad comes alive
during the Deccan Festival. There are cultural programmes with ghazal nights, qawalis and
mushairas, typical of the city. A pearl and bangle fair displays creations in lustrous pearls and
multi-hued bangles that are local specialties. A food fest serves the best of Hyderabad's fames
cuisine to visitors.
Taj Mahotsav (Agra, Uttar Pradesh) A ten day event that starts on 18th February each year in
Shilpgram, the Taj Mahotsav is a much awaited event. India's extensive arts, crafts and culture
are on display. Folk music, shayari and classical dance performances along with elephant and
camel rides, games and a food festival, all add to the excitement of the occasion.
Goa Carnival (Goa) Goa's 100 km coastline has some of the world's most beautiful beaches. The
exuberant Goa Carnival is an annual feature here. Held in mid-February, just before Lent, the
weeklong event is a time for lively processions, floats, the strumming of guitars and graceful
dances.
Garden Festival (Delhi) A spectacular flower show held in Delhi, where varieties of flowers and
exotic plants are on display. This annual event is indeed a horticulturist's delight.
Rose Festival (Chandigarh) The biggest Rose Show in the country is held at the famous Rose
Gardens at Chandigarh. Varieties of magnificent roses are on display during this two-day festival.
Island Tourism Festival (Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands) A ten day long festival of
dance, drama and music. Exhibitions, displaying arts and crafts, flora and fauna and marine life,
are part of the event. Aqua sports, telegames and parasailing are added attractions
Khajuraho Dance Festival (Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh) The thousand year old temples at
Khajuraho, built by the Chandella kings, are majestic structures sculpted in stone. Only 22 of
these temples remain today, to bear testimony to the craftsmanship of Chandella builders. Every
year in March, these splendid temples come alive during the week-long festival of classical
dances.
Shivratri (All over India) All over the country, Shivratri is observed as the night, when Lord
Shiva danced the "Tandav" - his cosmic dance. Fasts and prayers mark the day and devotees
throng the temples. The major Shaivite temples at Varanasi, Kalahasti (Andhra Pradesh) and
Chidambaram (Tamil Nadu) are noted for their special celebrations.
Shivratri Natyanjali Festival (Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu) Shivratri is the occasion for a five day
long festival of classical dance and music at Chidambaram. The magnificent temple dedicated to
Lord Shiva, built a thousand years ago, provides a beautiful backdrop for the event.
Holi (All over North India) In March, during spring, comes Holi - the festival of colours.
Celebrated all over North India, Holi is a time to make merry. People smear each other with
coloured powder. Singing and dancing add to the gaiety of the occasion. In Anandpur Sahib,
Sikhs celebrate a special festival Hola Mohalla on the day after Holi. The display of ancient
martial arts and mock battles, are part of this unique Sikh festival. The Holi celebrations in
Mathura and the small towns of Braj Bhoomi - the land of Sri Krishna, are spectacular. The Rang
Gulal Festival is celebrated for over a week with exuberant processions, songs and music.
Especially famous is the Lathmaar Holi of Barsana and Nandgaon.
Gangaur (Rajasthan) The most important local festival in Rajasthan, Gangaur celebrations last for
eighteen days. It is dedicated to Gauri, a manifestation of goddess Parvati. The festival is
celebrated by girls and married women throughout Rajasthan. the images of Gauri are
ornamented and offerings are made. This is also an auspicious day for young people to select
their life partners. Colourful processions with the town band playing, horses and elaborate
palanquins make it a fascinating spectacle.
Mewar Festival (Udaipur, Rajasthan) An exhilarating welcome to spring this festival is a visual
feast with Rajasthani songs, dances, processions, devotional music and firework displays. It is
celebrated in the romantic city of Udaipur during the Gangaur Festival. A procession of
colourfully attired women carrying the images of the goddess Gauri make their way to the Lake
Pichola. an unusual procession of boats on the lake offers a fitting finale to this splendid
celebration.
Pooram (Thrissur, Kerala) The colourful Pooram festival is held in Thrissur at its fine
Vadakkumnathan Temple-Processions of beautifully caparisoned elephants provide a magnificent
spectacle. The festival is rounded off at night by dazzling firework displays.
Urs (Ajmer, Rajasthan) The Urs are held every year at the dargah of the Sufi Saint Khwaja
Moinuddin Chisti, commemorating his symbolic union with God. Pilgrims from all over the
world gather here to pay homage. Qawalis and poems are presented in the saint's honour. At the
huge fair that springs up at this time, religious objects, books, rosaries, embroidered carpets and
silver ornaments are on sale.
International Flower Festival (Gangatok, Sikkim) A rare show of exotic varieties of flowers,
orchids and other plants native to Sikkim. Held every summer during the peak flowering season,
this is a spectacular event, attracting people from all over India. River rafting and a Yak Safari
are added attractions.
Hemis Festival (Leh, Ladakh) The courtyard of Hemis-the biggest Buddhist monastery in
Ladakh, is the stage for the famous 'Hemis' Festival, that celebrates the birth anniversary of Guru
Padmasambhava. Splendid masked dances are performed to the accompaniment of cymbals,
drums and long horns. a colourful fair, displaying some beautiful handicrafts, is the special
highlight of the festival.
Rath Yatra (Puri, Orissa) This spectacular chariot festival is held at the famous Jagannath Temple
at Puri. Images of Lord Jagannath- the Lord of the Universe, his sister Subhadra and brother
Balbhadra are taken out in procession in three immense chariots. The main chariot is 14 meters
high and 10 meters square with 16 wheels. Thousands of devotees pull these chariots to Gundicha
Mandir, a temple 1.5 km away.
Janmashtami (All over India) The birth of Lord Krishna is celebrated with great fervour all over
the country. In Mathura and Brindavan - where Lord Krishna sp-spent his childhood and youth,
the Janmashtami celebrations are quite elaborate. The Krishna Leela - stories of his eventful
youth are enacted. In Maharashtra, earthen pots of curd and butter are hung high up over the
streets. Young men enacting an episode from Krishna's childhood form human pyramids by
climbing on each others' shoulders and try to break these pots.
Teej (Rajasthan and Chandigarh) This swing festival welcomes the advent of the monsoon.
Swings are hung from trees and decorated with flowers. Women, colourfully attired, swing on
them and sing songs in celebration.
Independence Day (All over India) Commemorating the day India Attained freedom (15th
August), Independence Day is celebrated with flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes
in the sate capitals. The Prime Minister's speech at the Red Fort in Delhi is the major highlight.
Raksha Bandhan (North India) Brothers and sisters reaffirm their bonds of affection on this day.
Sisters tie colourful threads or rakhis on their brothers' wrists. The brothers in turn promise to
protect their sisters and give them gifts.
Tarnetar Mela (Saurashtra) An exciting and unique fair held annually at Tarnetar in Saurashtra.
The fair coincides with festival at the Trineteshwar Temple, celebrating the wedding of the
legendary Mahabharat hero, Arjuna with Draupadi. The fair is a kind of marriage market for the
local tribals - the Kolis, Bharwads and Rabaris. The traditional costumes, exquisite jewellery and
lively folk dancers - garba, ras, haro, are the special attractions of the fair, not forgetting the
wonderful Tarneter "Chhatris"- umbrellas with intricate embroidery and mirror work.
Dussehra (All over India) Celebrated to mark the defeat of Ravana by Lord Rama, Dussehra
symbolizes the triumph of good over evil. The Ramlila - an enactment of the life of Lord Rama,
is held during the nine days preceding Dussehra. On the tenth day, larger than life effigies of
Ravana, his son and brother - Meghnath and Kumbhakarna, are set alight. In West Bengal, puja
pandals have beautifully decorated images of the goddess Durga and people gather here in large
numbers to enjoy the festivities. In South India, houses are decorated with displays of toys and
clay images of gods. Relatives and friends visit each other to exchange greetings. In Gujarat, the
exuberant Navaratri celebrations include dancing the lively garba and dandiya ras. In Himachal
Pradesh, a week-long fair in the hill town of Kullu, is a part of the Dussehra celebrations. From
the little temples in the hills, deities are brought in procession to the 'maidan' in Kullu, to pay
homage to the reigning deity, Raghunathji. Mysore - the city of Palaces, celebraes the ten-day
Dussehra in a royal style. The Mysore Palace is illuminated with a myriad light. Majestic
processions, a torch light parade and dance and musical events enliven the tranquil city.
Ka Pomblang Nongkrem (Shillong, Meghalaya) The most important festival of the Khasis in
Meghalaya. This five-day long festival, held annually near Shillong, is an occasion for
thanksgiving for a good harvest and the time to pray for peace and prosperity. Khasi men and
women, dressed in traditional splendour, perform the famous Nongkrem dance.
Lucknow Festival (Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) This festival celebrates Lucknow's living culture.
The capital city of Uttar Pradesh is alight with excitement during this ten daylong event.
Colourful processions, traditional dramas, Kathak dances in the style of the famous Lucknow
gharana,sarangi ad sitar recitals alongwith ghazals, qawalis and thumri create a festive
atmosphere. Exciting events like ekka races, kite flying, cock fighting and other traditional
villages games recreate an atmosphere of Avadh's nawabi days.
Shilpgram Crafts Mela (Udaipur, Rajasthan) Some of the magnificent crafts of Rajasthan are on
display at a colourful festival, held in the royal city of Udaipur.
Kurukshetra Festival (Kurukshetra, Haryana) The festival coincides with Gita Jayanti, signifying
the birth of the Srimad Bhagvad Gita. Pilgrims gather here to take a dip in the sacred tanks of
Brahma Sarovar and Sannehit Sarover. Week-long Bhagwad katha, dance, dramas and 'deep
daan' are part of the religious festivities.
Elephant Festival (Jaipur, Rajasthan) A festival where elephants are the centre of attraction. The
festival begins with a procession of elephants, camels and horses, followed by lively folk dancers.
Elephant races, elephant-polo matches and a most interesting tug of war between elephants and
men, are all part of this spectacular event.
Hoysala Mahotsava (Belur-Halebid, Karnataka) The dance festival held at Belur and Halebid is a
magnificent event. The splendid Hoysala temples with their sculptural extravaganza, make the
perfect venue for this cultural feast.
Pataliputra Mahotsava (Patna, Bihar) Patna, an ancient city with a glorious past, celebrates its
rich heritage with this lively festival.
Jhansi Festival (Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh) This week-long, annual event is a display of the arts, crafts
and culture of a splendid city - Jhansi. the cultural programmes include folk songs, dances,
mushairas and ghazals.
Good Friday (All over India) Good Friday is observed by Christians nationwide with special
services in the churches.
Ellora Festival (Aurangabad, Maharashtra) The magnificent rock-cut caves at Ellora-34 in
number, were excavated between 600 and 1000 AD. They include Buddhist, Hindu and Jain
caves. Every March, a festival of dance and music is organised here with the caves forming a
splendid backdrop.
Baisakhi (All over India) The Hindu New Year finds expression in this exuberant festival,
celebrated throughout India. Baisakhi celebrations in Punjab are spectacular, as this is a very
special day for the Sikhs. It was on this day that Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa. Robust
revelry and feasting mark the celebrations and dancers perform the vigorous Bangra to the
rhythmic beat of the drums. In Kerala, the festival is known as Vishu. 'Vishu kani' - a display of
grain, fruits, flowers, gold, new cloth and money, is viewed early in the morning to ensure a
prosperous year ahead. Firework displays and the buying of new clothes are a part of the
festivities. Known as Rangali Bihu in Assam, the festival is celebrated with lively dances, music
and feasting.
Mahavir Jayanti (All over India) The birth anniversary of Lord Mahavira, the founder of Jainism,
is observed by the Jain community. Special prayers are offered at temples and shrines.
Ramanavami (All over India) The anniversary of Lord Rama's birth is celebrated as Ramnavami
by the Hindus. The epic 'Ramayana' is read for eight days preceding the festival.
Id-ul-Fitr (All over India) The festival marks the end of 'Ramzan' - a month when Muslims fast
throughout the day and eat only at night. Prayers, family get-togethers and feasts are the major
highlights of the celebrations.
Buddha Purnima (North India) This festival commemorates the birth of Lord Buddha - 'the
enlightened one'.
Summer Festival (Major hill stations) The advent of summer in the major hill resorts ushers in
colourful festivity. Lively cultural events, flower shows, regattas and exhibitions brighten the
summer season at the picturesque hill stations of Ooty, Shimla, Darjeeling, Mount Abu, etc.
Id-ul-Zuha (Bakr-Id) (All over India) This Muslim festival is celebrated all over the country.
Prayers are offered in the mosques and special delicacies are prepared and served among family
and friends on the occasion.
International Mango Festival (Delhi) Savour innumerable varieties of mango-the king of fruits, at
the unique Mango Festival in Delhi. Cultural programmes make this a lively event.
Nag Panchami (West Bengal, maharashtra and South India) This festival, which is usually
celebrated in West Bengal, Maharashtra and South India, venerates snakes.
Onam ((Kerala) Kerala's most important festival is celebrated in the honour of the ancient asura
king Mahabali. the occasion also heralds the harvest season. The decorating of houses with
carpets of flowers, a sumptuous lunch and songs in praise of the golden reign of Mahabali, mark
the ten day long festivities. A major attraction of the Onam celebrations are the famed snake boat
races along the backwaters at Champakulam, Aranmula and Kottayam.
Nehru Trophy Boat Race (Kerala)) Alappuzha is famous for its annual boat race, held on the
second Saturday of August every year. The long elegant snake boats, with crews of over hundred
men vying to win the coveted trophy, attract spectators from all over.
Amarnath Yatra (Jammu & Kashmir) In the month of Shravan, thousands of pilgrims make an
arduous trek up to the Amarnath cave in the Kashmir Himalayas. They come to worship the
sacred ice lingam - a symbol of Lord Shiva, which is a natural phenomenon.
Ganesh Chaturthi (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka) This day is dedicated
to the Lord Ganesh,the elephant-headed god of all good beginnings and success. Held annually,
this festival is a ten daylong event. The images of Lord Ganesha are installed and worshipped and
on the last day these are taken in processions to be immersed in flowing water. The sea front t at
Mumbai, packed with people, is a spectacular sight.
Ganesh Festival (Pune, Maharashtra) Celebrated with a lot of merrymaking and gaiety, the
Ganesh Festival is dedicated to the Lord Ganesha - the harbinger of good fortune and success.
This cultural feast is held to coincide with Ganesh Chaturthi. With classical dance and music
performances, a theatre and film festival and folk dances, this is the most popular festival in
Pune.
Muharram (All over India) Commemorates the martydom of the Prophet Mohammed's grandson
-Imam Hussein. Tazias, glittering, replicas of the martyr's tomb, are carried in procession through
the streets. The tazias of Lucknow and Hyderabad are noted for their splendour.
Marwar Festival (Marwar, Rajasthan) The festival celebrates the 'Maand' style of folk music - an
evolved classical style that describes the romantic life of Rajasthan's rulers. Held during Sharad
Purnima, the folk artistes bring alive the legends and folklore of earlier times.
Diwali (All over India) This festival of lights is the prettiest and the most eagerly awaited
occasion in India. It celebrates the return of Lord Rama, the hero of the epic Ramayana, to
Ayodhya after a fourteen year exile. The flickering lights of the traditional clay lamps or 'diyas'
illuminate the houses and fireworks resound through the night. The goddess of wealth and
prosperity - Lakshmi, is worshipped on this day. Houses are white washed and elaborate designs
drawn at the thresholds to welcome the goddess. The exchanging of gifts and sweets among
friends and relatives and playing of games of chance at night, are all an integral part of the
celebrations.
Gandhi Jayanti (All over India) The birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi - the 'Father of the
nation' (2nd October). The President and Prime Minister, along with other eminent political
leaders, pay homage at Raj Ghat - the samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi. All the offices and schools,
throughout the country, remain closed on this day.
Rajgir Mahotsav (Rajgir, Bihar) This colourful festival of dance and music is held at Rajgir, the
ancient capital of the Magadha kings - the land where the Buddha meditated and preached.
Sonepur Mela (Sonepur, Bihar) Asia's biggest cattle fair is held at Sonepur, on the banks of the
River Ganga. During this month-long fair, cattle, decorated for the occasion, throng the venue.
Republic Day (Delhi and state capitals)
Pushkar Mela (Pushkar, Rajasthan) Tranquil Pushkar is transformed into a spectacular fair
ground for twelve days in the month of Kartik. Trading of cattle, camel races and dazzling
displays of bangles, brassware, clothes, camel saddles and halters are the major attractions of this
colourful event. Devotees come in their thousands to take a ritual dip in the lake on the day of the
Kartik Purnima and to worship at the Brahma temple.
Guru Purab (All over India) The birth anniversary of Guru Nanak - the first guru of the Sikhs, is
celebrated with great fervour. The 'Akhand Path' - recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib, is held in
gurdwaras all over the country. taking the holy book out in procession, is also an integral part of
the celebrations.
Hampi Festival (Hampi, Karnataka) The magnificent ruined city of Hampi, once the capital of the
Vijayanagar Empire, comes alive once again during this lively festival of dance and music, held
in the first week of November.
Christmas (All over India) Christmas is celebrated in India with great fervour. All the major
Indian cities wear a festive look. Shops and bazaars are decorated for the occasion and offer
attractive bargains. Carol singing, get-togethers and the exchanging of gifts enhance the
Christmas spirit. Christmas parties launch off celebrations for the New Year, thus retaining the
festive mood for at least a week.
FESTIVALS & FAIRS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
A large number of festivals in Andhra Pradesh are area and community centric. However, some,
such as Makara Sankranti and Ugadi, are celebrated with great fervour across the state.
Sankranti:
The harvest festival of Makara Sankranti, or Sonkronti. As it is locally known, it is undoubtedly
the most important festival in Andhra Pradesh. It is a four-day affair celebrated in the second
week of January. On Bhogi, which falls on the day before Makara Sankranti, people woke up at
the crack of dawn to light a bonfire in which they discard items that are no longer used such as
old furniture. This practice symbolises the heralding of the new. Children are showered with regi
pallu (jujube) to protect them from evil. People call on their friends and relatives and generous
amounts of sweet preparations such as arisalu (made of rice flour and sesame seeds) are
exchanged. On the day of the festival, women and young girls make elaborate rangolis and
sprinkle them with cow dung to keep evil spirits away. Families gather on their terraces and fly
kites. The activity eventually becomes competitive as neighbours try to bring down each other’s
kites. On the two days that follow, Kanuma and Mukkanuma, people feed animals, particularly
cows, in the spirit of charity. Mukkanuma is especially significant for farmers, who offer gifts to
their cattle and pray to the elements, such as soil and water, for a good harvest.
Ugadi:
Celebrated to mark the first day of Telugu New Year (March/April), Ugadi coincides with the
Maharashtrian New Year, Gudipadwa. It is essentially a private affair where relatives get together
and feast. The most important custom of Ugadi is the preparation of the traditional Ugadi pachadi
(pickle), which is made from raw mangoes, neem flowers, pepper powder, jaggery and tamarind.
The disparate ingredients provide the six flavours-sweet, sour, salty, bitter, tangy and spicy. This
diversity of tastes symbolises the necessity to strike the right balance in all of life's experiences,
whether positive or negative. Another important custom observed during Ugadi is Panchanga
sravanam - the recitation of the coming year's astrological predictions. As with other festivals,
elaborate meals are an important part of the celebrations.
Other major festivals:
Ratha Saptami is a festival that marks the birth of the Sun God.In Tirumala, it is celebrated with a
procession, of the idols of Lord Malayappa Swamy and his consorts, through the streets.
ANTARVEDI FAIR Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Kalyanam, a festival held in Antarvedi, is
attended by thousands of pilgrims every year.A fair is also held where stalls selling
sweets,bangles, clothes etc. are put up.
KOTAPPAKONDA FAIR comes alive on the eve of Maha Shivaratri, as the crowds occupy
every inch of the hill and celebrate with great devotion and fervour.The giant 'Prabhas' procession
is something to behold.
MAHASHIVARATRI, literally 'the night of shiva' which is celebrated in Srisailam and Kalahasti
in a grand way.During this festival, people fast during the day, and celebrate ceremonies at night.
SRI RAMANAVAMI is the birthday of Lord Rama.In Andhra Pradesh, especially in vontimitta
and Kadapa where it is celebrated in a grand way, where small idols of Lord Rama and Sita are
worshipped in households, before being taken out on a procession in the evening.
TIRUPATI GANGA JATARA is the annual folk festival of Tirupati.It is a week-long event,
where devotees offer food and sarees to Gangamma, the Goddess who protects Tirupati.
PYDITTHALLAMMA UTSAVAM is a cattle trading festival that takes place in
Vizianagaram.Various small shops sell food, sweets, handicrafts and furious Musicians and
dancers come from all over the country to perform.
SRI KRISHNA JANMASTAMI is the birthday of Lord Krishna is one of the greatest of all
Hindu festivals.The day is celebrated by decorating one's home, preparing sweets and offering
Lord Krishna his favourite butter.
VINAYAKA CHAVITHI is mainly celebrated in Kanipakam in Andhra Pradesh with great
excitement. The festival goes on from seven to ten days.The entire state is beautifully decorated
and lit.
ATLA TADDE is a traditional festival celebrated on the third day of Krishna Paksh of Aashijam,
by married Hindu women,where they fast for the health and long life of their
husbands.Young,unmarried girls spend the day singing traditional songs.
VIJAYA DASHAMI or DUSSERA is one of the most important festivals of India. Goddess
Durga is worshipped for the first 9 days of the festival and the 10th day signifies the goddess'
victory over Mahishasura to help restore Dharma.
ROTTELA PANDUGA is a 3 day festival held at the Bara Shaheed Dargah in Nellore.It is held
in honour of the 12 martyrs whose remains are buried in the compound.
DEEPAVALI the festival of lights, marks the victory of good over evil.The Goddess of
wealth,Lakshmi, is the main deity worshipped. People exchange gifts, decorate their houses and
light lamps in celebration.
KARTIKA POURNAMI is celebrated to mark the beginning of the auspicious Kartika month.Oil
lamps with 365 wicks(signifying every day of the year) are lit in Shiva temples.
VISAKA UTSAV is a celebration of the arts,crafts and cuisine of Visakhapatnam District.It
brings together performers, craftsmen, culinary artists and connoisseurs from all over the state.
NAGULA CHAVITHI or Festival of Snakes is celebrated on the fourth day after Deepavali in
Andhra Pradesh.On this day,women and children feed milk to the snakes on the hills.
VAIKUNTA EKADASHI is considered an auspicious day and this festival is celebrated in all
Vaishnavalayas, especially in Tirupati.It is believed that those who die on this day are freed from
the rounds of birth and death.Devotees fast the whole day, observe vigil the whole night and do
'Japa'(meditation) and sing 'Hari Kirtan'(devotional songs).
Important festivals of Telengana
Bathukamma Festival
The State Government has declared Bathukamma as a state festival, recognizing the uniqueness
of the way the female deity, Durga, is worshipped as an embodiment of feminine valour and
benevolence. The festival is celebrated in the Bhadrapada month of the Telugu calendar, which
falls between September and October. Concurrent with the Durga Navratri, Batukamma has floral
worship as its centerpiece and has women defining the many rituals that constitute the observance
of the festival. Beginning on Mahalaya Amavasya, the festival culminates on the eighth day of
Navratri with a ceremony called Saddula Batrukamma. The festival marks the beginning of
Sharath Rutu and typically has floral worship by women with different flowers arranged on a
plate in seven tiers. The arrangement is called the Bathukamma and signifies the
holy gopuram of Hindu temples.
Bonalu
Another major festival is Bonalu. Interestingly, Bonalu is as much an occasion of devotion as it is
an expression of affection for the almighty, especially the Mother Goddess. Durga is worshipped
in the form of Mahakali at this time, all over Telangana and especially in the twin cities of
Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The festival falls in the Ashada month, coinciding with the months
of July/ August, and is celebrated in a month that is traditionally considered an inauspicious time
for happy occasions, when women spend the month away from their husbands. It is a
thanksgiving to the deity and has the offering of bonam, a rough dialect term for bhojanam,
meaning a meal. During this festival, women cook rice with milk and jaggery in a new vessel,
decorate it with neem leaves and turmeric and vermilion and carry it on their heads to the
Mahakali temple. The food, along with kumkum and turmeric, a saree and bangles, are offered to
the deity. Like Bathukamma, Bonalu is all-in-all a feminine phenomenon and involves the
worship of Kali and her various forms, by women. The local deities include Maisamma,
Pochamma, Ellamma, Peddamma, Poleramma, Ankalamma, Nookalamma etc.
Bonalu is a spectacular affair in the twin cities of Hyderabad and is celebrated over a month, each
week in one area of the city – Golconda, Old City, Secunderabad and Balkampet. It is said that
Bonalu evolved from a thanksgiving ceremony when the plague broke out in the twin cities,
which led to numerous deaths. Mahankali was implored to save the cities from the plague and it
is believed that she eradicated the deadly disease.
Apart from all the colour and pomp, Bonalu festivities also see many women going into a trance,
dancing to the rhythm of drums and purportedly speaking the word of the Goddess. The festival
also involves sacrifice of roosters at some places. Women, walking in a procession, are
accompanied by men carrying thottelu, frescoes made with bamboo sticks and colour paper and
tinsel. The procession is a photographer’s delight, especially for first timers.
Ganesh Chaturdhi
The twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad have long played host to Ganapati Bappa,
dedicating a whole 13 days to the elephant-headed god, in a celebration that is fashioned along
the lines of the Ganpati festival in Mumbai. Virtually every street corner has a Ganesh pandal in
the city, with strings of tiny lights, illuminating every nook and corner.
The festival is a massive affair with virtually every community getting involved and
contributing prasadam to the pandal in their own street. Loudspeakers blare devotional songs,
often interesting parodies of super hit film songs, and while the pooja is a solemn occasion for
adults, it is a time of fun and frolic for children. Thousands of idols are immersed in the famed
Hussain Sagar lake on the 13th day of the festival and in water bodies across the state.
Ramzan
The end of the holy month of Ramadan is marked by the festival of Eid-ul-Fitar, one of the most
important festivals in Telangana, especially the city of Hyderabad The state’s many mosques are
filled to capacity on the occasion with men offering special prayers. The diligent fasting observed
by Muslims is followed by hearty feasting. It is also a month for perseverance, control, charity
and goodwill amongst Muslims and is also shared with people of other communities with equal
fervor.
Sammakka Sarakka Jatara
A classic example of the hoary Indian tradition of celebrating its rebels and warriors, the
Sammakka Sarakka Jatara or festival is a tribute to a mother-daughter duo of tribal origin who
fought against injustices meted out by the then rulers and sacrificed their lives in the process. The
main commemoration is at Medaram in the Tadwai mandal of Warangal District and a huge
number of people converge at Medaram to celebrate the event. Medaram is part of a tribal agency
area near Eturunagaram in the periphery of the Dandakaranya forest.
The jatara is recognized by the Government of Telangana as an official festival and the
administration makes extensive arrangements for devotees arriving from not just within the state
but also from as far as Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
Other Jataras
The cultural and religious calendar of Telangana does seem to be populated with a number of
festivals and fairs. Some of the most important are the Brahmotsavams of various temples across
the year, including those at Bhadrachalam Sri Sitaramachandra Swamy temple, the Vemulawada
Raja Rajeswara Swami temple (see p287), Yadagirigutta Laxmi Narasimha Swamy temple,
Dharmapuri in Karimnagar District, Bheemgal in Nizamabad District, Basar Saraswati temple are
some of the more noted. Gudem Satyanarayana Swamy temple in Adilabad District is considered
a must-visit destination for newly-weds and has many special occasions around the year.
Sirimanothsavam, (Telugu: సిరిమాను పండుగ, సిరి మాను ఉత్సవం) (also referred to as Sirimanu
Uthsavam, Siri Manu Fete/Festival, Sirimanu Panduga) is a festival organized to propitiate
Goddess Pyddithallamma of Vizianagram Town. Siri means "goddess Lakshmi in other words
wealth and prosperity " and manu means "trunk" or "log". The priest of the temple, while taking
procession between the fort and temple three times in the evening, hangs from the tip of the long,
lean wooden staff (measuring 60 feet), raised high into the sky. The priest possessed by the
goddess would himself tell a few days before, where this manu would be available. It is from that
place only the log has to be procured. Hanging from the upper end of the staff, which is raised
high into the sky, is a very risky exercise, but it is believed that the grace of the Goddess protects
the priest from falling off. It is held in the month of September or October (Dasara) of every year.
It is a great carnival attended by two to three lakhs of people from the neighboring towns and
villages. The Rajas of Vizianagaram oversee the arrangements for this event. The APSRTC runs
about 250 buses from different parts of the state to facilitate transport of devotees to Vizianagram
to attend this festival. Sirimanu Utsav is being celebrated every year on the first Tuesday
following Vijayadasami. 
Tirupati Ganga Jatara is the annual folk festival of Tirupati, India. It is a week-long event
which falls between first and second weeks of May every year. This festival is to offer prayers to
the goddess Gangamma, the Gramadevata (the goddess looking after the village) of Tirupati. Sri
Tataiahgunta Gangamma is Grama Devatha of Tirupati town. Once upon a time when Tirupati
and surrounding areas were ruled by Palegondulu, harassment on women was enormous – they
use to rape and harass any woman seen. During this time, in a village "Avilala", the Goddess
Gangamma was born and grew into a most beautiful woman. When the Palegondulu wanted to
harm Goddess Gangamma, she with her grace and power tried to kill him. Palegondulu, fearing
her, hid in a remote place.
To take him out of hiding, the Gangamma planned "Ganga Jathara" where the people in Tirupathi
do vichitra veshadarana and curse Gangamma for a period of 7 days. On the seventh day, the
Palegondulu comes out of hiding and was killed by Goddess Gangamma for the LokaKalyanam
(well-being of all people). The Gangamma Jatara is a very famous local festival for the people of
Tirupati. It is done every year in May. As the Gangamma temple was in the banks of Thathaya
gunta, the temple is famously known as "Tataiahgunta Gangamma Temple". This festival is being
celebrated on 13, 14 and 15 May every year, in most of the areas in Chittoor district
(like Chittoor, Palamaner and Tirupati etc.),
Tirupatamma Jatara, Penuganchiprolu (Krishna district): Sri Tirupatamba is worshipped
in Sri Tirupatamma Ammavari Temple, Penuganchiprolu, as image of “Shakti”. She preached
virtuous qualities of life to her devotees. She made her Adobe at Penuganchiprolu and since
Mudiraj Papamamba was her principal devotee so she ordained her family members to perform
poojas and sevas in the Temple. According to folklore there were 101 Temples that existed in the
ancient times. However, they were deemed as Pedakanchipuram. There was a stream called
Muniyeru that flowed next to the Temple. This stream was created by spiritual power of
Moudgalya Maharishi so the stream was named after him.
Gunadala Matha Shrine
The Gunadala Matha Shrine is built on a large area and is one of the biggest churches in
Vijayawada. The Church has an interesting story it was believed that mother mary for the first
time appeared in this hill on 11th feb 1858 so after seeing this an idol of mother mary was made
by Rf. Arlati on that hill, and later they made the church there.The church is well known for its
museum that was built to preserve the holy and rare gifts donated by the people.The museum also
consists of holy paintings and sculptures of jesus and Mary and some ancient things.Many
Priests, Sisters , Brothers Deacons, Seminary & Convent students come here every day to seek
the blessings of Jesus and mother Mary.On sundays the church is full of people there are various
community meeting and special prayers to worship Jesus. In this church various festivals are
celebrated and one of the most important festival that is celebrated every year from 9th to 11th
February is Gunadala Matha Festival during this festival more than 8 lakh people visit the church
out of which 60% are catholic. Hindus and people from different religion also take part in this
festival. The feast starts at 6.30 in the morning and ends at night this festival is celebrated with
lots of enthusiasm. At the top of the hill there is a beautiful statue of Jesus that attracts the people
from different places.
E. Religious Tourism Resources
Religious Tourism can be defined as travel with the core motive of experiencing religious forms,
or the products they induce, like art, culture, traditions and architecture. Being one of the most
ancient civilizations of the world, India has been in contact with almost all the major religions of
the world, and despite being dominated by Hinduism in the present context, religions like Islam,
Buddhism and Christianity have also influenced a sizeable portion of the population, apart from
niche religions like Sikhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism, Jewism that grew as an offshoot to the major
religious schools of thought.
There are two distinct aspects to Religious Tourism in India; one, the faith of the domestic
tourist, who has a spiritual attachment to the deity/ destination in line with their religious beliefs;
the other is the 'foreign' tourist, someone belonging to a different religion, region or country, for
whom the destination and the religious practices have the dimension of 'novelty', a spiritual
experience different from their own, despite the ethical values being delivered remaining the
same.
From the domestic market's perspective, there is a fine line dividing business and belief. Many
temples, mosques, churches, gurudwaras and other major religious centres, in today's socio-
economic structures, are tangible assets in terms of infrastructure and the workforce they employ,
thereby implying that the institution has to monetize itself in order to be able to meet its everyday
survival in societal environments. Based upon the nature of the product, intensity and region of
travel, Religious Tourism is divided into the following major categories:
Pilgrimages
Missionary travel
Leisure (fellowship) vacations
Faith-based cruising
Crusades, conventions and rallies
Retreats
Monastery visits and guest-stays
Faith-based camps
Religious tourist attractions
Tirupati
Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh, according to legend, is the place Lord Vishnu chose as an
alternative to Vaikuntha, his celestial home. It is synonymous with the Tirumala Venkateswara
temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu, which is situated in the nearby Tirumala hills.
Tirumala hills have seven peaks and the temple is situated on the seventh peak, Venkatachala.
Tirupati is situated on the foothills of Tirumala. The seven peaks of Tirumala are symbolic of
the seven hoods of Adisesha, the serpent under whose hoods Vishnu is said to reside.
The Vedas and the Upanishadas mention the benefits of a pilgrimage to the site so it is
unsurprising that the temple is among the richest pilgrimage centers in India. Tirupati is also one
of the most-visited places of worship in the world. The temple receives anywhere between 50,000
and 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special
occasions and festivals, like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to as
high as 500,000.
Some of the top attractions to visit in Tirupati are:
 Tirumala Temple
 Sri Padmavathi Ammavari Temple
 Srivari Mettu
 Kapila Theertham
 ISKCON Tirupati
Srisailam
Srisailam is most famous for Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple which is present at on the Nallamala
Hills. It is dedicated to the God of destruction, Lord Shiva. As per the Hindu religion, there are
12 Jyotrilinga temples present, and Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple is one of them. Enjoying
holidays in the lap of mother nature away from the maddening rush and pollution of city life is a
delightful experience. Srisailam, one of the most popular hill town and pilgrimage centre on the
banks of River Krishna is such a haven for tourists. Apart from the lush greenery,  Srisailam
Tourism offers scintillating natural beauty and the wonderful wildlife, there are also many
ancient temples in Srisailam which made it a favorite spot for all kind of travellers. This famous
pilgrimage spot also houses a wildlife sanctuary and dam. Srisailam, the well-known holy town is
situated in Nallamala hills of Kurnool district which is about 232 km south of Hyderabad.
Srisailam is about 1345 feet above sea level. Srisailam Tourism offers Nallamala forest, rich
with wooded trees and diverse flora and fauna add a wild charm to the place. This pilgrimage
town is a big hit amongst adventure enthusiasts with trekking, hill climbing and forest
exploration. Best time to visit Srisailam is from October to February. During this time you can
indulge yourself in all kind of tourist activities with your family. Summers are severely hot.
Weather here is warm throughout the year.
The top attractions to visit in Srisailam are:
 Sri Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple
 Srisailam Dam
 Akka Mahadevi Caves
 Pathala Ganga
  Sree Shivaji Spoorthy Kendram
Kanaka Durga Temple is a famous hindu Temple of Goddess Durga located in Vijayawada.
The temple is located on the Indrakeeladri hill, on the banks of Krishna River. Kaalika puraana,
Durgaa sapthashati and other vedic literature have mentioned about Goddess Kanaka Durga on
the Indrakeelaadri and have described the deity as Swayambhu, (self-manifested) in Triteeya
kalpa. Kanaka Durga Temple is synonymous with Vijayawada. Special pujas are performed
during Dasara also called Navaratri. The most significant are Saraswati puja and Theppotsavam.
The festival of Dasara for Goddess "Durga" is celebrated here every year. A large number of
pilgrims attend the colourful celebrations and take a holy dip in the Krishna River.
Sri Malleshwara Swamy Temple, Pedakakani (Guntur district) This temple was built during
the reign of Sri Krishna Devaraya in 1440 AD. This temple is famous for Rahu Ketu Pooja which
for Childless Couple. Devotees used to prepare Pongal in the temple premises and offer to the
deity.
Ameen Peer Dargah (Kadapa Dargah) (Asthana-e-Magdoom Ilahi Dargah complex) (Badi
Dargah, Pedda Dargah) in Kadapa City is an example of the communal harmony preached by
great saints and sages in ancient days. Come Thursday and Friday, scores of pilgrims cutting
across religious faiths, throng the 300-year-old shrine seeking blessings of saints Peerullah
Hussaini and Arifullah Hussaini II who lie buried here. Followers of the Ameenpeer Dargah
believe that any wish that one makes at the shrine is always fulfilled. A large number of Hindus,
Muslims and people of different faiths are disciples of the shrine. The family’s descendants
identify themselves with a saffron dress and the disciples wear a saffron cap. Flocks of pigeon
descend on the tomb complex and are fed by the pilgrims. Peerullah’s Urs is celebrated on the
10th day of Muharram every year.
The Pancharama Kshetras (or the Pancharamas) are five ancient Hindu
temples of Shiva in Andhra Pradesh. The Sivalingas at these temples are made from a single
Sivalinga.
As per the legend, a Shiva Lingam was owned by the Rakshasa king Tarakasura. No one could
win over him due to the power of this Shiva Lingam. In the war between the Devas and Asuras
under Tarakasura, Karitkeya and Tarakasura were face to face. Kartikeya used his Shakti
Aayudham to kíll Tarakasura. By the power of Shakti Aayudha, the body of Tarakasura was torn
to pieces. But to the astonishment of Kartikeya, all the pieces reunited to give rise to Taraka. He
repeatedly broke the body into pieces and yet the pieces re-unified repeatedly.
Lord Kumara Swamy was confused and was in an embarrassed state. Lord Sriman Narayana
appeared before him and said “Kumara! Don’t get depressed. Without breaking the Shiva Lingam
worn by the asura you can’t kíll him” ("You should first break the Shiva Lingam into pieces, then
only you can kíll Taraka", meant Lord Vishnu). He said that after breaking, the Shiva Lingam
will try to unite. To prevent the Lingam from uniting all the pieces should be fixed in the place
where they fall, by way of worshiping them and building temples for them.
By taking the word of Lord Vishnu, Lord Kumara Swamy used his Aagneyaastra (weapon of
fire) to break the Shiva Lingam worn by Taraka. The Lingam broke into five pieces and was
trying to unite by making Omkara nada (chanting Om). Then Surya Deva by the order of Lord
Vishnu, fixed the pieces and worshipped them by building temples over them. By the formation
of temples, the pieces stopped their movement and became famous as Panchaarama Kshetras. All
the five Shiva Lingams in these five places have scale-like marks on them which are believed to
have formed by the power of Aagneyaastra used by Lord Kumara Swamy.
According to legend, these five pieces were installed as Siva Lingams at five temples
by Indra, Surya, Chandra, Vishnu and Kumara Swamy at the respective places.
These places (or Aaramas) are as follows:
 Amararama (in Amaravati): Amaravati is in Guntur district, on the bank of Krishna
river. The remaining four are in Godavari districts (two in east Godavari and the other
 two in west Godavari). Bus facility is good, as all buses will go up to the temple. Amara
Lingeswara swami is worshipped by Lord Indra here. The temple is old and in three
circles with many temples within the compound. Bala Chamundeswari mata is the
goddess here. Venu Gopala swami temple is also in the campus of the main temple.
 Draksharama (in Draksharamam): This is near Ramachandrapuram. The temple is very
big and has three circles as compounds. It is under the control of the Archeological
department. Lord Shri Rama worshiped Lord Shiva here, followed by Lord Surya and
Indra. Manikyamaba devi, one of 18 shaktipeethas is present here.
 Somarama (in Bhimavaram): Someswara swami temple is in Gunupudi. It is about 3 to
4 km from the bus stand. The temple looks new, and has a holy pond called Chandra
kundam. Chandra kundam is in front of the temple. Lord Chandra got rid of his sins here
by worshiping Lord Shiva here. Hence the name Someswara swami. Shivalingam change
its color according to the lunar month (black at the time of Amavasya, white at the time
of Pournami). Annapurna mata temple is on the second floor.
 Ksheerarama (in Palakollu): Ksheera Rama Lingeswara swamy gave Sudarshana chakra
to Lord Vishnu here. Upamanya Maharshi got boons and milk from Lord Shiva, hence
the name Ksheera (milk) Ramalingeswara swami. The temple is near the bus stand. The
temple Gopuram is very high and can be seen from the bus stand. Parvati is the goddess.
 Kumararama (in Samalkota): Kumara Bhimeswara swami temple is in Samarlkota. It is
about 20 km from Kakinada and about 1 km from Samarlakota Railway station. It is a
very old temple under the control of the Archeological department. Lord Shiva is in the
form of very big Shivalinga and one can see Shivalinga through second floor. Kumara
swami laid down Shiva Linga here, hence the name Kumararamam. Bala Tripura Sundari
devi is the goddess.

Unit III – Natural Tourism Resources of India

Natural Tourism is a tourism based on the natural attractions of an area. Examples include
birdwatching, photography, stargazing, camping, hiking, hunting, fishing, and visiting parks.
These experiential tourists are interested in a diversity of natural and cultural resources. They
want what is real, and they want to be immersed in a rich natural, cultural, or historical
experience.
From the standpoint of conservation, nature-based tourism provides incentives for local
communities and landowners to conserve wildlife habitats upon which the industry depends – it
promotes conservation by placing an increased value on remaining natural areas. As nature
tourism becomes more important to the local economy, communities have additional incentive to
conserve their remaining natural areas for wildlife and wildlife enthusiasts.
Natural Tourism Products
These are more closely associated with natural environment. These include natural resources
such as area’s climate, its setting, landscape and natural environment. Natural resources are
frequently the most important elements in a destination’s attraction. Major natural resources
could be:
• Countryside
• Climate
• Natural beauty-landforms, hills, rocks, gorges, terrain
  Water-beaches, lakes, ponds, rivers, waterfalls, springs
• Flora and fauna
• Wildlife
• Islands
• Scenic attractions
The climate of a tourist destination is an important attraction as good weather plays an important
role in making a holiday. A warm, sunny, dry climate is typically considered desirable by most
tourists, especially those from cold winter areas. In Europe, countries like France, Italy, Spain
and Greece have developed beautiful beach resorts. Beautiful beaches of India, Sri Lanka and
Thailand attract lots of tourists for sunny beaches. All these areas capitalise on good weather.
Destinations with attractive winter climates, winter warmth and sunshine are also important
centres of tourist attraction. Many areas have become important winter holiday resorts attracting
a large number of tourists. Around these winter resorts, winter sport facilities have been installed
for engaging the tourists. People coming from warm climates travel for snowfall and cold
climate. In countries with tropical climates, many upland cool areas have been developed as ‘hill
stations. Hence climate is of great significance as a tourism product. Switzerland, France,
Germany in Europe are important winter tourism destinations. Good climatic conditions help in
taking tourism activities possible and enjoyable. Skiing can be taken during extreme winters
when there is snow. Visiting destinations like Thailand is good from January to March as
humidity is at its lowest for the year and temperatures are slightly lower than normal.
Climate is important factor for the timing of travel. People chose those destinations for holiday
where climatic conditions are favourable. Tourist season in India is from October to March as the
climatic conditions in this duration is conducive to take tourism activities. Climate helps in taking
outdoor activities like sightseeing, skiing, swimming, golfing etc. The scenery and natural beauty
of places has always attracted tourists. Attractive and interesting landscapes such as the rolling
green fields of Britain, vineyards of Italy etc. There are activities associated with scenic beauty
like pleasure driving with stops at scenic viewpoints, hiking, picnicking, and camping.
Tourists enjoy nature in all its various forms. There are land forms like mountains, canyons, coral
reefs, cliffs, etc. Mountains are second only to coasts and islands as popular tourism destinations.
The elements that attract people to mountains is clean air, diverse landscape, rich biodiversity,
scenic beauty, snow, recreational opportunities, culture. Mountain ranges like the European Alps,
North American Rockies, South American Andes, Southern Alps of New Zealand, Himalayan
Mountains of Asia, Atlas Mountains of Africa are popular among the tourists.
The activities taken in mountains include:
(a) Nature Walks- Walks provide tourists with an opportunity to view and learn about
flora, fauna and landscape.
(b) Land based adventure activities - It includes activities like cycling, mountain biking,
horseback riding, rock climbing etc.
(c) Freshwater-based recreational activities - It includes activities like canoeing,
sailing, wind surfing, freshwater fishing etc.
(d) Snow dependent based recreational activities - It includes skiing, snow
scootering, sledding etc.

Flora and Fauna attract many tourists. Tourists like to know the various types of plants and trees
that they see and which trees are seen in which seasons. There are many plants which are specific
to certain regions and many times students and travellers visit those areas especially to see those
varieties of plants. Thick forest covers, attract tourists who enjoy trekking. Fauna attracts tourists
who like to watch birds, wild mammals, reptiles and other exotic and rare animals. Wildlife
Sanctuaries, National Parks, Zoos, Aquariums, Botanic Gardens are the places where one can
view and learn about the flora and fauna. Yellow Stone National Park, San Diego Zoo, Botanic
Gardens at Kew near London, Kandy in Sri Lanka and Bogor in Java in Indonesia are important
attractions for wildlife lovers.
There are water forms like rivers, lakes, waterfalls, geysers, glaciers etc. The Niagara Falls shared
by Canada and the United States is an example of how scenic waterfalls attract tourists.
Spas are gaining popularity as modern tourism products all over the world. Spa’s or mineral
water springs were believed to have medicinal values. People travel to spas and clinics for
curative baths and medical treatment. In some countries like Italy, Austria and Germany great
importance is given to spa treatments.
Beaches are popular among tourists seeking relaxation and recreation. Beaches provide beautiful
natural scenery with golden sands, lush green vegetation and bright blue sky. The water should be
clear and free of currents. Beach tourism activities include water and land resource use. The
water usage involves swimming, surfing, sailing, wind surfing, water scootering, parasailing,
motorboat rides, etc. The land use has multi facets like sunbathing, recreational areas for tourists
(parks, playgrounds, clubs, theatre, amusement parks, casinos, cultural museums, etc.),
accommodation facilities (hotels, cottages, camping sites, etc.), car and bus parking areas,
entertainment and shopping complexes, access roads and transportation network.
Islands abound with natural beauty, with the rare flora and fauna and tribes. This makes islands
an ideal place for adventure, nature and culture lovers to visit. Caribbean, Hawaii, Maldives,
Mauritius, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, etc. are popular island tourism destination.
1. National Parks in India
National Parks are the protected areas observed and declared by the Government of India to
preserve wildlife, save flora & fauna and restore the natural ecological balance. The main
purpose of a national park is to protect the natural environment of the area and conservation of
biodiversity. A national park may be used for the purposes of recreation or because of its
scientific or historical significance. In India areas secured under Act 35(A) under the Wild Life
Protection Act, 1972 are called National Parks. 
The world's first National Park was the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, USA and India
got its first National Park when Jim Corbett, Uttarakhand was made in 1936, which was then
called Hailey National Park.
Objectives of National Parks:
1. An entire ecosystem of the area is protected by Central or State Government
2. These contribute to the conservation of wide-ranging species, regional ecological
processes, and migration routes.
3. These maintain viable and ecologically functional populations in the areas assigned
4. They aid in the cultural, ecological and educational development of the natural resources
in the protected area
National Parks in India: Facts
Largest National Park of India: Hemis National Park, Ladakh
Smallest National Park: South Button Island National Park, Andaman and Nicobar Island
First Marine National Park: Gulf of Kutchh National Park
Floating National Park: Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur
Total number of National Parks: There are 106 existing national parks in India covering an area
of 43,716 km, which is 1.33% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife
Database, Dec. 2020).
Importance of National Parks
1. National parks contribute to the economy by supporting agricultural activities. For
example, in various protected marine areas, fish are allowed to breed and grow. They
also spill over into the fished areas. This leads to replenishment of the fished areas and
allows more fish to be caught and sold.
2. Inland national parks allow the wild relatives of common crops to thrive in them. This
provides for the diverse genetic material that is then used for crop breeding and
protecting against crop damage or failure
3. Local communities and tribes associated with the area of the Park flourish economically
and socially

Difference Between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park

Criteria Wildlife Sanctuary National Park

Human activities are

No human interference is allowed for
Activities allowed in wildlife
conservation purposes
sanctuaries

The major goal is to

Can include anything- flora, fauna or any other
Aim/ Goal protect certain flora or
objects of historical/geographic importance.
fauna

There are no fixed

Area Boundaries are fixed and defined by Govt
boundaries

Not usually open to the public as human

Public Access It is open to for public
activities are restricted

Central or the State National Parks are formed by the State or

Authority
Government orders central Legislature.

Miscellaneou A sanctuary can be A national park cannot be changed to a

s changed to a national park sanctuary.

Some important National Parks:

The national parks of India are treasure troves for nature lovers, containing a wide range of
geographical and climatic diversity. Within India’s boundaries you can find the soaring
Himalayan Mountain range, the lush rainforests of the Western Ghats, the arid Thar Desert, and
4,600 miles of coastline. Though the forest cover in India is only at about 22%, the subcontinent
is home to about 10% of the world’s species.
The country’s first national park (now known as Jim Corbett National Park) was created in 1936.
Up until 1970, there were only five national parks of India. But in 1971, much to everyone’s
shock, it was discovered that there were only about 1,800 wild Tigers left in India. Within two
years, both the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger were created, which has led to a
substantial increase in India’s tiger population. They preserve and protect an astonishing degree
of biodiversity that includes 70% of the world’s wild tigers, white lions, sloth bears, hundreds of
bird species, and much more flora and fauna. 
1. Kanha National Park
Kanha National Park is a paradise for wildlife lovers. With a core zone of 363 square miles, it’s
the largest national park in Madhya Pradesh. It’s also considered one of the most well-managed.
The result is a beautiful park that’s teeming with wildlife. With approximately 105 Bengal tigers,
it’s a great place to spot the big cats in the wild. But there’s so much else to see there, including
leopards, sloth bears, sambar and barasingha deer. Kanha’s breeding program played a very
important role in saving the barasingha from extinction.
2. Bandhavgarh National Park
Bandhavgarh is very picturesque, and popular with photographers and wildlife enthusiasts. It’s
always on the lists of the top national parks in India. The ruins of an ancient fort make for a great
backdrop to this park, with a core area of 40 square miles and a buffer area of approximately 154
square miles. It’s one of the best places to spot a tiger in India. Located among the Vindya Hills
in Madhya Pradesh, Bandhavgarh boasts one of the highest densities of Bengal tigers in the
world. But the magnificent cat is not the only attraction here. There are also 36 other mammals,
including leopards, chital, dhole and nilgai (“blue bulls”), more than 150 species of birds, and
around 80 species of butterflies.
3. Kaziranga National Park
Located in the northeast state of Assam, Kaziranga is one of the finest wildlife refuges in the
world. Home to the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinos, the park is an undisturbed
natural area of wet grasslands, swamps, and pools in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain. On the
UNESCO Natural Heritage list for India, Kaziranga is a great conservation success story, having
saved the one-horned rhino from the brink of extinction. In 1903, there were only 12 left in the
region; now there are about 1,800. The Park also harbors several other endangered species, such
as Bengal tigers, Asian elephants, sloth bears, Gangetic dolphin, and many migratory birds. It’s
the only park in India where elephant-back safaris are still deemed acceptable, as it’s the only
way to view wildlife in the wet grasslands.

4. Nagarhole National Park

Nagarhole is Karnataka’s leading national park and wildlife getaway. Bounded by the pristine
Kabini River and part of the Nilgiri biosphere, Nagarhole was formerly the hunting grounds of
the Maharajah of Mysore and was declared a tiger reserve in 1999. This region is home to the
largest concentration of herbivores in Asia, and the largest congregation of Asiatic elephants in
the world. Tigers, leopards, sloth bears and dhole (wild dogs) also roam these enchanting forests.
A year-round temperate climate and incredible wildlife viewing opportunities make Nagarhole a
true nature lover’s paradise.
5. Ranthambhore National Park
With the picturesque remains of a crumbling fort, a living temple, and three mirror-like lakes,
Ranthambhore is one of the most photographed national parks in India. The former hunting
grounds of the Maharaja of Jaipur, Ranthambhore National Park is part of a much larger 502
square mile tiger reserve. It’s home to approximately 45 Bengal tigers, and is within easy travel
distance of Delhi. This makes it a very popular place indeed. Still, it’s a good place to spot tigers
as well as leopards, caracal, sloth bears, spotted and sambar deer, nilgai and Indian gazelle,
golden jackal, striped hyena, pangolin, honey badger and more.
6. Periyar National Park
Like many of the national parks of India, Periyar is also a tiger reserve and wildlife sanctuary.
Located in the mountainous Western Ghats of Kerala, Periyar is rich in biodiversity and scenic
beauty. It’s one of the most popular parks in South India. The Park is home to a significant wild
elephant population, as well as rare lion-tailed macaques, sambar deer, leopards, and about 40
Bengal tigers. The core zone is 135 square miles and forms the watershed of two major rivers.
Plus, there’s a large, picturesque lake. Periyar is unique in that it offers boating safaris, as well as
walking and jeep safaris. A repository of rare, endemic, and endangered flora and fauna, Periyar
is known for its thick, tropical evergreen forests.
7. Gir National Park
Did you know that India is the only country on earth with endemic lions, tigers and bears?
Located in the western state of Gujarat, Gir National Park is the only remaining natural habitat of
the Asiatic lion. In fact, Gir is the only place in the world where you can see lions roaming wild
outside of Africa. Hunting reduced the Asiatic lion population in the region to 20 in 1913, and
completely wiped them out in other parts of Asia. However, through the intervention of the
Nawabs of Junagarh and the Forest Department, there are now 523 lions in Gir National Park.
The Park is also home to leopards, sambar deer and the chowsingha – the world’s only four-
horned antelope.
8. Sunderbans National Park
There is no place else on earth like the Sunderbans. Formed by the Ganges River and
Brahmaputra River deltas in the Bay of Bengal, the Sunderbans is the world’s largest mangrove
forest and one of the most biologically productive of all ecosystems. Encompassing 513 square
miles, Sunderbans National Park is situated within a larger UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and the
Sunderbans Tiger Reserve. Many rare and endangered wildlife species call this region home,
including the estuarine crocodile, Gangetic dolphin, Olive Ridley turtle, king cobra and Bengal
tiger. Approximately 100 Bengal tigers live in the watery world of the Sunderbans, having
adapted to an almost amphibious life. They can swim long distances and feed on fish, crab, and
water Monitor Lizards. It’s a unique landscape that attracts wildlife lovers who are mesmerized
by the mangroves, waterways, birds, and rich biodiversity.
9. Nanda Devi Biosphere & Valley of Flowers National Parks
Way up among the soaring peaks of the Himalayas, the legendary mystique of Nanda Devi and
the Valley of Flowers beckons nature lovers, trekkers, and Hindu pilgrims alike. An area of
exceptional beauty in the high-altitude West Himalayan landscape, these parks also feature
outstanding biodiversity and are jointly listed as a UNESCO Natural Heritage Site. Nanda Devi,
India’s second highest peak, is venerated as a goddess by Hindus, dominates the national park,
and has helped preserve and protect the region. The Valley of Flowers is on many travel wish
lists due to its remote location, famed beauty, and the limited time frame in which you can see the
valley erupt in a carpet of blossoms. Both parks contain significant populations of threatened
species, including the snow leopard and Himalayan musk deer.
10. Jim Corbett National Park
This is the oldest national park of India, and also one of the most popular. It has many claims to
fame, including being the site of the Project Tiger launch in 1973. Located in the foothills of the
Himalayas in the northern state of Uttarakhand, Corbett is home to more than 200 Bengal tigers –
the highest number of any tiger reserve in India. Corbett is also a great place for birding, with
approximately 650 species of resident and migratory birds. It’s one of the only Indian national
parks that allows overnight stays in the core zone.
11. Bandipur National Park, Karnataka:
Bandipur National Park is located in the Charajnagar district of the state. It is scattered at over
865 square km. The Park was officially declared as the National Park of Karnataka in 1974. One
of the amazing facts is that there are about 70 tigers, +300 Asian elephants, bears, and leopards
residing here.
12. Mudumalai National Park
The Mudumalai National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary resides on the north western side of the
Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains), in Nilgiri District, about 150 km north-west of Coimbatore city in
Kongu Nadu region of Tamil Nadu. By sharing its boundaries with the states of Karnataka and
Kerala, the sanctuary is divided into 5 ranges – Masinagudi, Thepakadu, Mudumalai, Kargudi
and Nellakota.
The Mudumalai Sanctuary is an important wildlife habitat due to its strategic position as a
Wildlife corridor between several other protected areas making an essential part of the Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve. Its north is being crusted with Bandipur National Park and Nagarhole
National Park and at its west is the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary along the south corner is
flourished with Mukurthi National Park and Silent Valley National Park. These parks, sanctuaries
and the adjoining Reserve forests cover over 3,300 sq kms of forest supporting a population of
1800–2300 elephants. This protected area is an ideal home to several endangered and vulnerable
species nestling Indian elephant, Bengal Tiger, Gaur and Indian Leopard.
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh:
A. Sri Venkateswara National Park, Tirupati: Located about 10 km from Tirupati and on the
Eastern Ghats, Venkateshwara National Park in Andhra Pradesh is home to endemic
plant species and interesting fauna species like Slender Loris, Tree shrew, Wild dog etc.
This biosphere reserve is a quintessence of Mother Nature's generosity.
B. Papikondalu National Park, Papikondalu: Covering a significantly vast area of over 1000
km square, Papikondalu National Park in Andhra Pradesh's East and West Godavari
districts is a beautiful forest reserve offering stunning views of nature and rich
biodiversity of flora and fauna. The area was declared as a national park in 2008.
C. Rajiv Gandhi National Park, Proddatur: First of all, there are two Rajiv Gandhi National
Park in India. One is in Karnataka, which is officially known as Nagarhole National Park.
The second one is in Andhra Pradesh. Rajiv Gandhi National Park is situated in the
Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. It is a very small National Park having just 2.3 sq.
Km. of the area under it. It lies in the heart of Prodattur town. Rajiv Gandhi National
Park ( also known as Rameswaram National Park ) is located in the central plains of
extensions hill ranges of Veligondas, Palakondas, Lankamallais, and Yerramalais Kadapa
district of AP.
2. Wildlife Sanctuaries in India
A Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features
of geological or other interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide
opportunities for study or research. The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for the
establishment of Protected Areas in India. Wildlife sanctuaries of India are classified as  IUCN
Category IV protected areas. As of December 2020, 553 wildlife sanctuaries were established in
India, covering 119,776 km2 (46,246 sq mi). Among these, Project Tiger governs 51 tiger
reserves, which are of special significance for the conservation of the Bengal tiger.
Some important wildlife sanctuaries of India:
1. Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand
2. Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan
3. Bandipur National Park, Karnataka
4. Keoladeo Ghana National Park – Bharatpur, Rajasthan
5. Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka
6. Sariska National Park, Rajasthan
7. Kaziranga National Park, Assam
8. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka
9. Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh
10. Sundarbans National Park, West Bengal
11. Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh
12. Gir National Park and Sasan Gir Sanctuary, Gujarat
13. Periyar National Park, Kerala
14. Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh
15. Manas National Park, Assam
16. Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh
17. Panna National Park, Madhya Pradesh
18. Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra
19. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala
20. The Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh
21. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka
22. Silent Valley National Park, Kerala
23. Rajaji National Park, Uttarakhand
24. Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary, Goa
25. Hemis National Park, Jammu and Kashmir
Important Wildlife Sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh:
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
Located around 18 km away from the port city of Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh, the Coringa
Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the top wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh. The sanctuary is
known for its wide range of mangrove vegetation around the place. It also does have a dry
deciduous forest around. The main component that the sanctuary is known around for is the wide
range of birds and the small fishes and shrimps around. Over 120 species of birds have been
reported to have been spotted there. Aside from that, the place also does have a wide range of
wildlife, including golden jackal, fishing cat, sea turtle, etc.
Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary
If you are anywhere around Visakhapatnam and have been meaning to see a wildlife sanctuary,
the Kambala Konda wildlife sanctuary is one of the best options. It is spread across an area of
70.7 sq.km. It has a spread of the dry evergreen forest with a wide range of scrubs and meadows
around which makes it one of the most famous wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh. Some of
the primary animals that are spotted there include Indian muntjac, leopard, boar, jungle cat,
sambar deer, spotted deer and a lot more. There is a wide range of reptiles and birds as well.
Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary
Located around 40 km away from Kurnool, the Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the most
popular wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh. The place is known for the habitat of the Great
Indian Bustard, which is one of the rarest species of birds found. More than animals, people
visiting this sanctuary come here to see the sea of migratory birds that flock in from all
directions.
The sanctuary is spread across an area of 6.14 sq.km and was established back in 1988 as a mode
to keep the population of the Indian Bustard in check. The area is covered in grass dryland, which
does have a very unique form of vegetation, unlike the other options. This is also considered as
the base site for the majority of the migratory birds. Apart from the birds, some of the animal
species spotted in the sanctuary include deer, blackbucks, foxes, bonnet macaques, jackals, sloth
bears, and even the jungle cats.
Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuary (also called as S. V. National Park)
If you are visiting Tirumala and want to explore the places around, visiting the Sri Venkateswara
Wildlife Sanctuary is an absolute must. This wildlife sanctuary is located just 15 km away from
the main city of Tirumala, making this a very popular site to visit and explore. It is one of the
largest wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh and is spread across an area of 353 sq.km.
The sanctuary was built back in 1989 and is covered with dense and lush greenery, making this a
site of a treat. The sanctuary is also infiltrated with a wide range of animal species including
tiger, blackbuck, panther, spotted deer, bonnet monkey, bison, fox, jackal along with a wide
range of migratory birds to mention a few. This place does have several trekking trails that you
can set on and explore. They have two different entry points for trekking that you can further
explore around.
Nagarjuna Sagar – Srisailam Sanctuary
If you want to explore something that is located between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the
Nagarjuna Sagar – Srisailam Sanctuary is possibly one of the very best wildlife sanctuaries
around Andhra Pradesh. It is located around 60 km away from the Nagarjuna Sagar and does
make for one of the best experiences that you can witness around.
This is the largest tiger reserve in the country and is spread across 3568 sq.km. It is nestled
between the Nagarjunasagar reservoir and the Srisailam reservoir. Apart from tigers, the
sanctuary houses several other wildlife as well, including panthers, tigers, spotted deer, sambars,
nilgai, wolves and several other animals as well. The jeep safari is for 1 hour 30 minutes and can
cost around INR 800 per person, but the experience is worth every single penny that you spend.
Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary
Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary is considered as one of the rarest eco-regions in the entire world that
covers the massive area covered in the serene mangrove forests. This is a destination that is
among the conservationists of the last remaining areas of the premium mangrove forests of the
southern part of the country. Located in the coastal plain of Krishna delta, this wildlife sanctuary
is spread across two different districts of Andhra Pradesh namely Krishna and Guntur. From
Sorlagondi Reserve Forest to Kothapalem Reserve Forest, from Yelichetladibba Reserve Forest
to Molagunta Reserve Forest, there are various forms of forests that one can find here in this
sanctuary, and that is exactly what makes it extremely admirable.
Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary and Rayala Elephant Reserve
Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary is not just a sanctuary in Chittoor district but is also an elephant
reserve that is known for being home to a large number of Asian elephants that migrated to this
region from the neighbouring areas back in the years 1983 to 1986. A sizable amount of these
species moved from the forests in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka to find homes that were more
adaptable. This led to the development of this sanctuary by the government in December 1990. In
the present day there are around 72 elephants that can be seen inhabiting the forests. The high
lush hills and the spell-binding meadows of this sanctuary are simply a cherry on top.
Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary
Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary, is one of the must-visit sanctuaries in the southern
state of Andhra Pradesh. This wildlife sanctuary is spread across the area of 1,194 sq kilometers
and covers the districts of Prakasam to Kurnool. There is an extensive variety of species that can
be observed residing in the lush jungles of this sanctuary. Some of the common sightings in this
sanctuary include tigers, sloth bears, pythons, wild dogs, and many more. This sanctuary is
famous for the serene forests of Nallamala that are the last of the tracts found in this region.
3. Bird Sanctuaries:
Bird sanctuaries are nature facilities that advocate the conservation of various species of birds
and their natural habitats while promoting rehabilitation and survival. India is the land of the
most amazing and splendid bird sanctuaries that are famous not only for their panoramic scenic
beauty but also for their rich and exotic biodiversity, especially bird species.
All bird sanctuaries in India are open throughout the year from morning to evening. Though the
breeding season for most varies between June and September, the best time to visit and explore
these places is the winter season. It is in this season that one can spot colourful, vibrant, and
rare migratory birds in some of the most popular and best bird sanctuaries in India.
These are some of the best bird sanctuaries of India which one must visit to witness the beauty
of the varied species of birds who migrate from corners of the world.
 Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, Rajasthan
 Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary, Haryana
 Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Goa
 Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary, Kerala
 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu
 Kaundinya Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary, Orissa
 Mayani Bird Sanctuary, Maharashtra
 Kutch Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, Gujarat
 Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat
 Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
 Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh
 Bakhira Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
 Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala
 Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Karnataka
  Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
  Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 Najafgarh Drain Bird Sanctuary, Delhi
 Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary, West Bengal
 Jawaharlal Nehru Bustard Sanctuary Solapur, Maharashtra
Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, Rajasthan
Presently known as Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Bharatpur is one
of the famous bird sanctuaries in India. Declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a
protected sanctuary, this avifauna sanctuary in Rajasthan houses more than 360 bird
species. Bharatpur Sanctuary is also known for the animal species that include, among others,
Sambar, Nilgai, Boar, and Chital. The place is a delight for nature and wildlife enthusiasts.
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary, Haryana
Spread over sprawling 1.43 sq km, Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is a popular bird reserve, located in
Haryana. This habitat is listed among the most popular bird sanctuaries of India and is home to
more than 250 species of resident and migratory birds. Numerous nomadic birds move here from
Siberia, Russia, Turkey, and Eastern Europe during winters.
Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Goa
The bird sanctuary has been named after the eminent ornithologist Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali.
The narrow stretch of mangrove forest lies along the estuarine part of Mandovi River and the
western tip of the Chorao Island in Goa. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is one of the most famous bird
sanctuaries in India and is accessible by regular ferry services. The bird watching tower offers
ample scope to watch not only the various species of birds, but also other species of fauna that
include foxes, jackals, marsh crocodiles, and mudskipper fish.
Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary, Kerala
Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary – nestled on the banks of the mesmerising Vembanad Lake – is
spread over a sprawling area of 14 acres that offers the enchanting beauty of the surrounding lush
greenery. Ranked among the most famous bird sanctuaries in India, it is home to numerous
species of resident and seasonal birds. In fact, bird watching is one of the most interesting things
to do in Kumarakom. Furthermore, the pristine Pathiramanal island in the lake is a perfect site for
migratory birds coming from Siberia and Russia.
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu
Literally meaning the ‘hamlet of the hunters’, Vedanthangal is located in Kanchipuram. This is
Tamil Nadu’s best entry in the list of famous bird sanctuaries in India. Spread over 30 acres of
land, this oldest and smallest bird sanctuary is the site of almost 40,000 migratory birds visiting
every year. The ideal time to visit this sanctuary is October to January.
Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary, Orissa
Chilika – the largest brackish water lake in Asia – is home to numerous species of birds. From
common to rare, and residential to migratory, the sanctuary houses a huge variety. In addition to
being one of the popular bird sanctuaries in India, Chilika Lake is a popular tourist attraction
where people get mesmerized with the natural backdrop and spot beautiful birds while boating.
Irrawaddy dolphins, prawns, crabs, limbless lizards, and crustaceans are some of the animals you
can spot here.
Kutch Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, Gujarat
Comprising the Kutch xerophytic grassland, the Kutch Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary is one of
the popular bird sanctuaries in India. As the nomenclature goes, the majority bird population here
is of the Great Indian Bustard – a neutral-colored ground-dwelling bird species with a long neck
and ostrich-like long legs. Along with these, the sanctuary is home to nilgais, chinkaras, desert
cats, and jungle cats. This is one of the best places to visit in Kutch.
Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat
Nal Sarovar, located 60 km from Ahmedabad, is biggest bird sanctuary in India. Known for its
wetland vegetation, this 120 sq km avifauna sanctuary offers an opportunity to spot numerous
seasonal & resident birds and other fauna. Visitors, especially bird lovers and nature freaks, can
hire a boat to roam around the lake and spot different birds.
Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
Nestled in the Unnao region of Uttar Pradesh, Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary is situated
around a freshwater lake that offers habitat to more than 250 species of nomadic and domestic
birds. This beautiful sanctuary was renamed in 2015 and before that, it was known as Nawabganj
Bird Sanctuary.
Bakhira Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
Bakhira is a large natural floodplain and wetland, established in 1980. This is among the not so
famous bird sanctuaries in India that is home to some unique bird species. Surrounding a natural
lake and village by the same name, the place is also a habitat for golden jackals, mongooses, and
jungle cats.
Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala
The first-ever bird sanctuary of Kerala, Thattekad comprises of evergreen lowland forest by the
banks of the Periyar river. With the immensely rich variety of birds, the place has been aptly
described as the “richest bird habitat in peninsular India” by the eminent ornithologist Salim Ali.
Najafgarh Drain Bird Sanctuary, Delhi
Located by the Najafgarh Drain, this is a wetland ecosystem and one of the oldest bird
sanctuaries in India near Delhi. It is known for plenty of wandering birds, many of which are now
endangered. Also, cobras, monitor lizards, reptiles, jackals, porcupines, and many more species
of fauna are also found here.
Jawaharlal Nehru Bustard Sanctuary Solapur, Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru Bustard Sanctuary is located near Solapur and boasts of its vast population of
Indian bustard. Months from August to January are the best months to visit this natural reserve,
popularly known as Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary. In addition to the Indian bustard, species of
animals like common mongoose, wolf, and Indian fox are commonly seen. The exotic birds that
stop over here for recess makes the place a famous bird sanctuary in India.
Bird Sanctuaries of AP
Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Nellore
Renowned for being one of the most significant pelican habitats in South-east Asia, the Nelapattu
Bird Sanctuary in the Nellore District is every bird watcher's dream come true. This mesmerising
sanctuary is located just near the village of Nelapattu and is spread over a total area of about 459
hectares.
The sanctuary is also a crucial breeding site for the spot-billed pelicans and is also home to
significant plant communities like the Barringtonia swamp forests and the southern dry evergreen
scrub. Other than the spot-billed pelican, the sanctuary is an important breeding ground for other
birds as well, such as white ibis, openbill stork, night heron and little cormorant.
In all, 189 different species of birds can be found at the Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, of which 50
species are migratory. These migratory birds include common teal, shoveler, Spot-bill duck, grey
heron, black-winged stilt, and garganey gadwall. It was declared as a sanctuary in the year 1997
by the government of India.
Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Located in Nellore, Pulicat Bird Sanctuary is one of the most famous wildlife and bird
sanctuaries in India. The Pulicat Lake is the second largest freshwater lake after Chilika. A wide
variety of birds, fishes, worms, molluscs, and prawns are frequently seen here.
Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
The Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary at Kolleru Lake is a natural habitat for a number of bird species.
Also, a large number of drifting birds flock to this area during the winter months.
Kaundinya Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Located about 86 km from Horsley Hills and stretching over 358 sq km, Kaundinya Bird
Sanctuary is a delight for bird enthusiasts and nature lovers. This is one of the popular bird
sanctuaries of India and is known for its vibrant and rich biodiversity. In addition to the wide
variety of endemic and migratory birds, there are elephants, porcupines, sloth bears, spotted
bears, tigers, pumas, jungle cats, and monitor lizards.
Major hill stations of India:
Top hill stations of India
With the highest mountain ranges in the world, the Himalayas, running north to east and the
stunning Aravalli and Vindhya ranges flanking the western and central parts, the best hill stations
in India offer some of the most spectacular landscapes in the world.
Darjeeling, West Bengal
Surrounded by infinite slopes of emerald-green tea plantations and set against a backdrop of
jagged white Himalayan peaks, Darjeeling is nestled away in the northern regions of West
Bengal. A journey on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway fondly known as the ‘Toy train’ is a
great way to explore and soak in the magnificent surroundings of this hill station.

Top sightseeing spots: Tiger Hill, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Batasia Loop, Japanese Peace
Pagoda, Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Observatory Hill, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan
Zoological Park and Rock Garden.
Shillong, Meghalaya
The capital city of Meghalaya, Shillong sits amidst the Khasi Hills. One of the most charming hill
stations of India, it’s famous for receiving the highest rainfall in the world and for its dynamic
music scene—being home to the country’s favourite Blues band, Soulmate and India's most
popular blues man, Lou Majaw.

Top sightseeing spots: Elephant Falls, Don Bosco Centre for Indigenous Cultures, Nohkalikai
Falls, Spread Eagle Falls and Lady Hydari Park.
Coorg, Karnataka
Spread out on the Western Ghats, the misty valley of Coorg is enveloped in emerald landscapes
and acres of coffee, tea and spice plantations. Fondly referred to as the ‘Scotland of India’ due to
its verdant beauty and pleasant weather conditions, Coorg is a major centre for spice and coffee
production. So, just back and watch the fog roll by.
Top sightseeing spots: Abbey Falls, Namdrolling Monastery, Nagarhole National Park,
Talacauvery, Iruppu Falls, Burude Falls, Tadiandamol Lake Mallialli Falls and Nalakunda
Palace.
Ooty, Tamil Nadu
Established as a summer retreat by the British and nicknamed ‘Snooty Ooty', Ooty is a visual
delight filled with pretty cottages, fenced flower gardens, thatched-roof churches and terraced
botanical gardens. Venture a few kilometres out and you'll find yourself surrounded by greener,
quieter areas dotted with an abundance of pine trees.
Top sightseeing spots: Pykara Falls and Lake, Mudumalai, Doddabetta, Tea Estate Viewpoint,
Wax Museum, Hidden Valley, Echo Rock and Emerald Dam.
Coonoor, Tamil Nadu
Smaller and quieter than its neighbour Ooty, Coonoor is nestled in the Nilgiri Mountains and is
surrounded by rolling hills and tea and coffee plantations. The ride on the Nilgiri Mountain
Railway’s quaint toy train—from Coonoor to Ooty—covers the region’s most scenic spots
including the cantonment area of Wellington.
Top sightseeing spots: Lamb’s Rock, Dolphin’s Nose, Law’s Falls, The Taj Garden Retreat,
Sim’s Park and the shopping markets.
Manali, Himachal Pradesh
With mountain adventures beckoning from all directions, Manali is one of the best hill stations in
North India for those looking to unwind. Backpackers come to hang around in the villages near
the main town and adventure tourists come for trekking, paragliding, rafting and skiing. About 53
km away from Manali is the famous Rohtang Pass which offers breath-taking sights of glaciers,
peaks and valleys.
Mcleodganj, Himachal Pradesh
Mcleodganj, the home of Dalai Lama is the destination for many travellers visiting Dharamshala.
Walk along the Temple Road, hop into one of the many colourful shops, spin the Tibetan prayer
wheels or simply devour steaming hot momos—there are a lot of charming things packed in just
a couple of blocks.

Top sightseeing spots: Namgyal Monastery, Tsuglagkhang, Tibetan Museum, Bhagsunath

Temple, Bhagsu Falls, Triund, Dal Lake and Church of St. Johns.
Munnar, Kerala
Sprawling tea plantations, picture-perfect vistas and winding lanes make Munnar a favourite
amongst Indian hill stations. Although the town itself is forever alive with activity, wander a few
kilometres out and you’ll be engulfed in a thousand shades of green.
Top sightseeing spots: Eravikulam National Park, Matupetty Dam, Anuamudi, Devikulam,
Munnar Tea Museum and Fun Forest.
Nainital, Uttarakhand
An erstwhile summer retreat of the British, Nainital is a small town settled amidst Uttrakhand’s
Kumaon range. There’s a busy town bazaar and a web of walking tracks around the forested
hillsides, which have enticed travellers since pre-independence days to retreat to Nainital.

Top sightseeing spots: Naini Lake, Naina Devi Temple, Snow View Point and Dorothy’s Seat –
Tiffin Top.
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
The scenic splendour of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir has attracted people to this hill station
since time immemorial. Famous for its charming houseboats, historic gardens and a mild summer
climate, Srinagar rests in the Kashmir Valley along and around the banks of the Jhelum River and
ranks among the best hill stations in North India.

Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

Snow-capped Himalayan peaks and green pastures surround Shimla, the capital of Himachal
Pradesh. Spectacular hills blend with structures from the colonial era and the town’s lower
bazaars flow with local life and shops selling souvenirs, fabrics and spices.
Mussoorie, Uttarakhand
Offering stunning views of the green Doon Valley and the distant white-capped Himalayan
peaks, Mussoorie—located 34 km from Dehradun—is popularly known as the ‘Queen of the
Hills’. You can walk up and down the famous Mall road, or sit and admire the mist-covered hills
from Mussoorie’s highest point called Lal Tibba.

Top sightseeing spots: Jharipani Fall and Kempty Falls, Camel Back Road, Soham Heritage Art
Centre, Mussoorie Lake, Lal Tibba and Clouds End.
Wayanad, Kerala
Wayanad’s landscape combines epic mountain scenery, rice paddies, bamboo trees spiky ginger
fields and rubber, cardamom and coffee plantations. Encompassing a part of a forest reserve, this
quiet district in north-eastern Kerala is home to a variety of animals, including tigers, elephants
and sloth bears.
Hill Stations of Andhra Pradesh
Araku Valley
Araku Valley is a comparatively unexplored hill station mostly visited by locals as a weekend
getaway and is situated some 120 kilometres away from Vishakhapatnam. If you're a tourist
looking for exclusivity and tranquillity, Vistadome train leaves Vishakhapatnam at 6.50 AM,
making way through 58 tunnels and passing over 84 bridges making way through the breath-
taking landscape to reach Araku in approximately in 5 hours.
Located in the gentle hills of Eastern Ghats, Araku Valley is also home to a number of tribes as
well. This valley is also home to a few tribal caves and the Museum of Tribal Arts, which are an
experience in their own right. This destination is quite famous for its exquisite coffee, whose
subtle aroma will have you craving for a cuppa. In addition to being a beautiful vista point, you
can also try your hand at a number of adventure sports here, which include trekking and
swimming as well.
Horsley Hills, Chittoor
Located near the southwestern border between Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Horsley Hills
refers to a hill station that is the perfect amalgam of the charms of Andhra Pradesh and the beauty
of the hills. It is thus often called, the Ooty of Andhra. This natural marvel is situated at an
astonishing height of 4312 metres and is well-known for its breathtaking landscapes.
Also called as Yenugulla Mallamma Konda, this place is home to the largest Banyan tree and the
oldest Eucalyptus Tree, it is lined with dense forest areas with 113 species of birds. The
picturesque landscape of Horsley Konda also doubles up as a destination for adventure sports and
activities such as trampoline, shooting, bow and arrow, wall climbing, water walking, rappelling,
swimming pool, fish spa and a mini zoo.
Papikondalu
Papikondalu mountain range runs along the River Godavari (Western Godavari) and is located in
Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. Papikondalu is a sheer fest to the eyes in terms of its scenic
beauty. As the hills become closer and closer to the visitor, the width of the mighty Godavari
becomes narrower. In accordance with this view resembling the middle partition of a woman's
hair, it was initially named as 'Papidi' Kondalu- Paidi in Telugu means the middle partition of a
woman’s hair. Later, it came to be known as Papikondalu in the local language. The river
narrowing, its twists and turns along with the Papi Hills form a breathtaking visual experience.
Its beauty is often compared to that of Kashmir as the area around the ranges is quaint and
bountiful with nature. The ranges also boast of waterfalls at Munivaatnam.
Lambasingi, Visakhapatnam
Fondly called the ‘Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh’, Lambasingi is a quaint hamlet nestled in
Chintapalli Mandal in the richly forested Arakku Valley at an elevation of 1025 m above the sea
level. On of the best kept secrets of Andhra Pradesh, the dainty village is known for its majestic
hills, apple orchards and panoramic views of the adjoining valleys. Also known as Korra Bayalu,
the village is the only place in all of South India that experiences snowfall as the temperatures
drop significantly. Besides abundant natural beauty and the gorgeous views if the towering hills
and meandering rivers, the village also offers a plethora of adventure activities that you can try
your hand at. So if you are looking for chilling temperature, pale mists, colourful gardens and
prolific natural beauty, you know where to head to.
Nagalapuram, Tirupati
Hidden like a jewel behind the lush green forests of Andhra Pradesh lies a serene and tranquil
place named Nagalapuram. Also known as Nagala Hills, it is famous for the various adventurous
activities proffered in this scenic village. Nagalpuram is also known for housing the Nagalpuram
Falls. A group of 3 waterfalls, it offers a great trekking opportunity and a stunning panoramic
view.
Surrounded by majestic hills and gurgling waterfalls, the serene Nagalapuram and Nagalpuram
Falls is mostly visited by tourists from Chennai due to close proximity.
Maredumilli, Rajahmundry
Part of one of the premium eco-tourism projects of the country, Maredumilli is a terrain of
undulating plains, evergreen forests and rich biodiversity. Located in the East Godavari district of
Andhra Pradesh, which is known for its rivers, ravines and lush greeneries, Maredumilli is a
paradise for the nature lover, for the adventure seeker and for the offbeat traveller. The resort,
officially named Valmiki Valley Vana Vihara Sthali, is an enchanting nest of nature’s finest,
offering its visitors the most authentic, organic experiences. With dense woods and the smell of
the wild enveloping the region, an exploding count of flora and fauna, sparkling rapids gushing
down the slopes and crevices and exciting campsites to explore, Maredumilli is sincerely one of
the best destinations to pick from in Andhra Pradesh, to spend a weekend away from the madding
city crowds and the monotony of your everyday life.
While at Maredumilli, you will have opportunities to see and visit some unique locations, which
are rare and hard to find otherwise. On the top of the list is Nandanavanam Ethno Medical
Awareness Centre. Maredumilli is known for its extensive collection of medicinal plants, and this
site is only a further effort to spread public awareness about the benefits of indigenous medicinal
plants. You can take a round here and find the names of more than a hundred herbs and plants,
both local and brought in from Orissa and regions of Western Ghats, with great healing
properties.
Islands of India (River Islands of India)
There are about 1,208 islands in India, and quite many of these are uninhabited. The country is
made up of landforms of various kinds — lush plains, dense marshes, soaring mountains, verdant
deltas, stunning plateaus, velvety backwaters, and of course beautiful islands. While the country
is not specifically known only for its islands, there are many islands in India that are popular
tourist magnets, like the Lakshadweep Islands and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
India is one of the most diverse countries in the world where you can find snow-covered
mountains, hill stations, plans, deserts, beaches, and islands. India is also the place of several
river islands. In short, India is the complete package for a wanderer to visit.
Taking about the River Island, it is the exposed land within a river. It is also known as riverine
Island. These islands are the result of changes in the course of a river. In India, there are many
natural and man-made river islands that are extremely beautiful.  Many islands in India are quite
unique and attract visitors not just for their beauty, but also for religious purposes. 
Munroe Island, Kerala
The Munroe Island is a cluster of eight islands located in the backwaters of Kerala, around 25 km
from Kollam. The island can be reached by ferry. One of the most beautiful islands in India, it
has a fascinating network of water canals dug out by Colonel John Munroe, who was a Scottish
soldier and administrator who served as Resident and Diwan of the States of Travancore and
Cochin from 1810 to 1819. The island is, therefore, named after him. The best time to visit the
Munroe Islands would be between October and May, as it is quite uncomfortable to go there
during the monsoons (June to September).
The island is famous for canal cruises and other water activities. Visitors can enjoy exquisite
home-cooked meals through a homestay, walks along the beautiful green banks of the canal, and
take in rustic architectural relics. Another major attraction of the island is the famous Kallada
Boat Race that is held here during Onam (the 10-day harvest festival celebrated in Kerala), which
is celebrated either in August or September.
The Heart-Shaped Island, Netrani Island, Karnataka
Located in the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Karnataka, Netrani island can be reached by ferry
from the temple town of Murudeshwar in Bhatkal, which is just 19 km away. One of its unique
features is that when viewed from above, this coral island looks like a heart. The best time to visit
is between December and January.
A Creation Of Madagascar’s Sub-Volcanic Activity, St Mary’s Island, Karnataka
A cluster of four islands off the coast of Karnataka’s Malpe Beach (3 km from the shore), St
Mary’s Island is said to have been formed by the sub-volcanic activity of Madagascar (in Africa).
This detail, coupled with its scenery, is why St. Mary’s is on the “islands in India you must visit”
list. The only way to reach the island is by a boat/ferry from Malpe Beach, in the Udupi District
of Karnataka.
The Andaman’s Largest Island, Havelock Island, Andaman
Renamed Swaraj Dweep by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the year 2018, Havelock
Island is one of the largest islands in Andaman and is located about 70 km from its capital city,
Port Blair. It can be reached by ferry from Phoenix Bay Wharf in Port Blair, a journey that takes
about 2.5 hours. It’s best to visit between October and May when temperatures are mild (15 to 34
degrees Celsius).
Host Of Asia’s Longest Beach Festival, Diu Island
Formerly governed by Portugal, Diu Island is part of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar
Haveli and Daman and Diu and lies just off the coast of Gujarat. It’s famous for its mix of
Gujarati and Portuguese culture, especially Portuguese architecture. It is 400 km away from
Ahmedabad and can be reached by flight (it has an airport) or even by road, as it is linked to the
mainland by a bridge. As it is very close to Gujarat, many people mistakenly assume that it is part
of the state.
The best time to visit the island is between October and January when it is cool. Some fun things
that you can do there are rent a scooter and explore the island, visit the Diu Fort, St Paul’s
Church, Church of St Francis of Assisi, the Zampa Gateway, the seashell museum etc. The
northern part of the island faces Gujarat and is known for its tidal marsh and salt pans, and the
southern part is dotted with limestone cliffs, rocky coves and sandy beaches.
Diu Island is also host to Festa De Diu, Asia’s longest beach festival that is held from December
till February. Many singers, live musicians and artists come together to showcase a variety of
performances. Many workshops and fun activities are also part of this months-long festival.
The Place of The Gods, Divar Island, Goa
Located on the banks of the Mandovi River, Divar Island is home to a great mix of cultures and is
just 10 km from Panaji, Goa’s capital city. One of the most tranquil islands in Goa, Divar can be
reached by three ferries from Old Goa, Ribander and Bicholim. Although there isn’t much to see
on the island, it is serene and seldom-visited as many choose to stay on the mainland. This makes
it a great place for tourists to explore as it is calm and tranquil, and houses the ruins of temples,
beautiful churches and ancient Portuguese villas. It is best to visit the island between November
and April.
Divar Island is also home to the Piedade Village, which is an almost exact replica of a typical
Goan village from the time of the Portuguese. The Sao Matia village (now known as Malar),
which is home to the 400-year-old Sao Mathias Church, is often referred to as a “village stuck in
time”. This is one of the first places where the Portuguese began their religious conversions.
India’s Most Famous Island Cluster, Lakshadweep Islands
One of the most exotic islands in India for tourists, the Lakshadweep Islands are located in the
Arabian Sea, around 400 km from Cochin. This island cluster is the perfect place for people who
are looking to go snorkelling and scuba diving. They can be reached by ship and flights that
operate from Kochi, although it is mandatory to first obtain an entry permit first.
The best time to visit the island is between October and May. Some fun things visitors can do are
snorkelling, kayaking, glass boating and exploring the marine life and coral reefs while scuba
diving.
Although its name literally means ‘hundred thousand (a lakh) islands’, the Lakshadweep Islands
is a cluster of 36 coral islands. Indians with an entry permit can visit all the islands in the cluster,
while foreigners (even if they possess the permit) are allowed to only visit the Agatti, Bangaram,
and Kadmat Islands. The only mobile network service providers here are Airtel and BSNL. It is
India’s smallest Union Territory. Only ten of the 36 islands are inhabited.
The Floating Island, Sendra Island, Manipur
Located in the Loktak Lake about 50 km from Manipur’s capital city Imphal, the Sendra Island is
a ‘floating island’ (ring-shaped landmass called phumdi or phumshong) made up of organic
waste – mainly clumps of matted weeds. The feature alone sets it apart from all the islands in
India and makes travellers curious enough to visit. The lake is home to many such masses of
matted weeds, some large enough to accommodate local families in huts. The only way to travel,
or go island hopping in this ‘sea of islands’ (another name for Loktak Lake), is by boat. To get to
the lake, however, you need to travel by road from Imphal to Moirang, which is a town near the
lake and then to Thanga.
Home To A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Elephanta Island, Maharashtra
Gharapuri, better known as the Elephanta Island, is home to rock-cut cave temples, known as the
Elephanta Caves, that have been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, making it one of
the most unique and beautiful islands in India. Located around 37 km from Maharashtra’s capital
city Mumbai, the island can be reached by ferry from the Gateway of India. The best time to visit
is between November and March when the weather is pleasant.
This labyrinth of caves temples was created between CE 450 and 750 and are some of the most
impressive temple carvings in India. The Island was dubbed ‘Elephanta’ by the Portuguese, based
on a large stone elephant near the shore, which was moved by the British to Mumbai’s Jijamata
Udyan.
The Largest Island in Goa, Chorao Island, Goa
Home to the largest bird sanctuary in Goa, the Chorao Island is perfect for bird lovers. Located 5
km from Panaji, it can be reached by ferry from Ribandar. The ferries are also well-equipped to
carry cars and other small vehicles. Till recently, this was one of the most secret islands of India,
because they were largely unexplored. The best time to visit is from mid-November to mid-
February when the weather is pleasant and enjoyable.
The island’s original name, Chudamani (precious stone in Sanskrit), is derived from the legend
that says that the island emerged from the waters when Lord Krishna’s mother, Yashoda threw
away a handful of diamonds into the sea. When the Portuguese landed here, they renamed it Ilha
Dos Fidalgos or the Island of Noblemen, which was further transformed into Chorao.
India’s Largest Man-made Island, Willingdon Islands, Kerala
Located about 2 km from Kochi, Willingdon Island, India’s largest man-made island, is
accessible by a 5-minute ferry ride from Fort Kochi. It has tremendous historical significance, as
it used to be a popular stop in the spice trade route. The best time to visit is between October and
April.
While here, visitors can check out the Cochin Port Maritime Heritage Museum.   One of the best
islands in India for a quiet getaway, you can enjoy its pleasant sights, modern buildings and palm
trees. You can also take a boat ride near the island and, if you are lucky, even spot some dolphins.
Home To South Asia’s Only Active Volcano, Barren Island, Andaman
The Barren Island, located 135 km from Port Blair on the eastern side of the Andaman Islands,
can be considered as one of the most dangerous islands in India. It’s the site of not just India’s,
but also South Asia’s only active volcano. To reach the island, you need to take either a ship or a
seaplane from Port Blair. It is best to visit between February and May. The 3-km wide island is
uninhabited, and it is illegal to step on its shores without a permit. While the volcano was
dormant for a long time, it erupted in 1991, then again in 2017 and  2018, drawing more tourists.
Some fun things to do at the island include scuba diving to observe the varied aquatic life, a ferry
ride around the island and an aerial view of the 2-km wide volcano. The Island lies on the same
fault line that caused the December 26, 2004 tsunami.
The Island in The Life-Giving River, Sagar Island, West Bengal
Located in the Ganges delta, Sagar Island is 150 km south of Kolkata, at the mouth of the river
Hooghly. What makes this one of the most popular islands of India is not just its natural beauty,
but also its deep connection with mythology. 
Majuli – Assam
Majuli is the river island in the Brahmaputra River. It is in Asam and is also the first island to be
made a strict in India. It had an area of 880 square kilometers at the beginning of the 20th century
but now it has only 352 sq. km area. It has shrunk because the Brahmaputra has grown. The place
has 44 villages and has a population of close to 2 lakh. You can take the ferry from Jorhat city to
reach Majuli.
Nongkhnum Island – Meghalaya
Nongkhnum Island is the biggest river island in Meghalaya and is also the second largest
biggest river island in Asia. Nongkhnum Island is located at about 14 Kms from Nongstoin. The
place is calm and is ideal for those who love peace. It is also really beautiful. This river island is
encircled by the Kynshi river and also has some beautiful waterfalls in its vicinity. The island
covers the total area of about 20 to 25 sq km.
Umananda – Assam
Umananda is another popular river island in Asam. It is also located in the city of Guwahati in
Asam. Umananda is also in River Brahmaputra and is known as the smallest inhabited river
island in the world. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Shiva created the island for his wife
Parvati’s happiness and pleasure. Stories claim that Shiva also burnt Kamadeva with his third eye
on Umananda when he interrupted his Meditation. British named the island Peacock Island for its
structure.
The Island – Chennai
This river island is situated on the Coovum River in the northern part of Chennai. I was created
artificially in the early 19th century. It has a beautiful environment to enjoy. It is popular amongst
locals for the trade fair that is held every year from January until the end of March.

Parumala – Kerala
Parumala is also in Kerala located in Pathanamthitta district. It is in the Pampa river and offers a
charming and peaceful place to spend time. It is popular for Parumala Church that is one of the
most prominent pilgrimage sites for Christians. People there also held an annual function of
Ormapperunnal in the month of November in the compound of the church.
Munroe – Kerala
Munroe Island is also a known river island in India located at the confluence of Ashtamudi Lake
and the Kallada River. It is in Kollam district of Kerala. The place is named in honor of Resident
Colonel John Munro of the former Princely State of Travancore. It measures 13.4 square
kilometers in area.
Islands in Andhra Pradesh
Konaseema
Revered as God’s Own Creation, Konaseema is surrounded by a number of tributaries, mainly
River Godavari and Bay of Bengal. If you have never been to the Kerala Backwaters, then a visit
to the Konaseema Island in Andhra Pradesh can give you a similar experience. The place has so
much in common to the Kerala Backwaters that it has been named after God’s Own Country, that
is, Kerala. Replete with paddy fields, lined with palms, and guarded by the mango laden trees, the
island accommodates a number of villages. The quaint villages, featuring the authentic lifestyle
of the village people, is something you cannot miss. Most of the villages here are filled with the
fisherfolks, and it is an excellent sight to witness by the tourists, especially those who are
interested in fishing. Apart from this, the place also features lush green scenic views, picturesque
temples, and beautiful temples, which are enough to soothe your cluttered urban eyes. Besides,
the amazing climate of the place lures tourists to mark this place on their must-visit list.
Hope Island (Kakinada coast)
If you are looking for an escape from the hectic schedule, then Hope Island can ideally serve your
purpose. The Hope Island is the perfect destination if you are looking towards a fun vacation,
with a range of activities. From the beginning of your trip, the island presents you with an
adventurous ferry ride, while you watch the fishermen around you. The ambiance around, is quite
peaceful and helps you relax your mind from the urban clutter. The sea breeze blowing around,
will definitely give you the scope to offer ample bliss from the bustling city life. The island is
replete with a lush green scenic panorama, will refresh your mind, and improve your health. The
nature lovers can go in a jungle safari, and spend their time watching the birds. It is also a
beautiful island to plan a family picnic or a weekend getaway with your friends’ group.
Photographers can find ample scopes to capture the unadulterated beauty of nature.
Irukkam Island
Located amidst the Pulicat Lake, Irukkam Island has become one of the tourist hotspot over time.
As the island is located in close proximity to the city of Chennai, it always remains thronged by
the tourists throughout the year. Moreover, the destination also offers a breath of fresh air for the
tourists, and gives an escape from the urban schedule. It serves as the perfect weekend getaway
for those who are looking for an escape from the polluted air.
Diviseema
Located by the shore of the Krishna River, the Diviseema Island is often referred to as
Avanigadda. The quaint island replenishes with a number of activities and has become a tourist
hotspot over time. You can experience a number of things at leisure, and spend ample time
amidst nature. The island is replete with wildlife sanctuaries, which serves you with enormous
scope to enjoy the tropical wilderness. Tourists can experience the enthralling ferry ride, which is
no less than a cruise experience. The ambiance of the island is quite scenic and filled with
tranquillity and soothes the senses ideally. The couples can enjoy great privacy sitting by the
riverside, on the jetty cruise. The adventurers can also get ample scope to spice up their trip with
art kayaking, beach camping, and click the pictures of the golden sunsets.
Sriharikota
Apart from offering gorgeous sites and cultural diversities, Srihari Kota is the ideal destination if
you are planning for a small weekend vacation. The little barrier, located by the Bay of Bengal, is
all that you need to refresh your minds. The pleasant climate and scenic panoramic views of the
place, attracts a huge number of tourists from all over the world. It is a great destination to go for
a picnic, and experience the abundance of nature. You can also watch the mesmerizing sunsets
amidst the abode of nature, and enjoy the tranquillity and enjoy the thwapping sea waves.
Bhavani Island – Andhra Pradesh
Bhavani Island is one of the largest river islands in India. It is located on the Krishna River at
Vijayawada. Bhavani Island is spread over an area of 133 acres. This island is named after
Kanaka Durga Temple which is dedicated to Goddess Bhavani. It offers a mesmerizing
environment where you can peacefully spend your time with several colourful birds living around
you. There are numbers of activities including water-skiing, kayaking, parasailing to enjoy here.
Sea Beaches of India
In the words of the great Jeanne Moreau “To go out with the setting sun on an empty beach is to
truly embrace your solitude” and when the beach is from the list of best beaches in India, the
experience of solitude is accentuated with the beauty Mother Nature has blessed our land with.
India is fortunate to have a dream coastline that has some of the best beaches in the world. Just a
click on the best beaches in India search and you are ready for the destination of your next
vacation, such is the magic of the diverse collection of beautiful beaches in India.
Goa
When in doubt, go Goa!  One cannot really go wrong with India’s party capital. A place where
people can be seen sunbathing, swimming, parasailing or relaxing in their hammocks sipping a
cold beer all year round, Goa is my first pick. In fact, Goa is the best place to kick-start your
beach blast in advance with Sunburn Goa this December! Sunburn is when a conglomerate of
party mongers and DJs from all over the world get together at the Candolim beach for the
grandest New Year beach party. Late night parties, hypnotic music and people dancing away;
Sunburn exponentially increases the fun quotient.
Gokarna, Karnataka
Gokarna in Karnataka is situated 190 kilometres south of Goa and makes for a wonderful change
from Goa’s fast pace! Famous for the Mahabaleshwar temple and its pristine beaches, in this
tranquil town, you can enjoy a day basking in the sun or laying in a hammock reading a book
without distractions. Gokarna is well-connected to major cities through buses and trains and the
closest airport is Dabolim Airport in Goa.  Though an important pilgrimage site, Gokarna blends
religion with beach fun. Om Beach, Paradise Beach and Half-Moon Beach are the famous ones,
which have both fine sand and rocky coasts mostly untouched by commercial activities.
Ganpatipule, Maharashtra
A tiny coastal town in Maharashtra, Ganpatipule has a grand beach, one of the most spectacular
on the Konkan coast. The beach has distinctive red sand and shallow water, making it ideal for
swimming. Ganpatipule can be visited en route to Ratnagiri and is just 35 kilometres from the
famous Jaigad Fort, which offers a panoramic view of the sea and villages from the cliff.
Ganpatipule is also famous for the Swaymbhu Ganesh temple where Lord Ganesh’s statue is
believed to have originated from the ground.

Marari, Kerala
Kerala and its exotic beauty is an open secret. This vibrant state draws tourists from over the
world who readily succumb to its magnificence. This time round, visit the lesser known treasures
in Kerala like Marari Beach in Alleppey district. A sleepy town brimming with beauty on all four
sides, this town is your paradisiacal retreat from the world. In Marari, you can stay at the  Marari
Beach Resort, a lavish property that subtly blends modern day comforts and a range of
recreational activities with surrounding natural beauty.
 Kovalam, Kerala
Further down south from Marari, another rejuvenating beach holiday destination in Kerala is
Kovalam. Basically a fishing village, Kovalam has garnered a lot of tourist attention in recent
years and its famous Eve and Lighthouse beaches are pristine and clean lined with coconut trees
of one side. You can opt for a highly rewarding cruise early in the morning with the fishermen or
hire a surfboard and set on a mission to control the waves!
Havelock, Andaman
Sparkling white sand, turquoise waters, vibrant coral reefs and a calmness that fills the air. Add to
this, scuba diving, snorkelling, trekking, elephant rides and a lot more - your ideal beach holiday
this New Year is ready! Havelock in Andaman promises a pleasant and highly rejuvenating
holiday where celebration comes from being one with nature. The Radhanagar and Elephant
beaches are the best places to go for a swim in the warm water and enjoy water sports. Seeking a
break from your metropolitan lifestyle? Havelock is must on your Beach Holidays list. 
Pondicherry
One of the best-known places in India for meditation and relaxation, Pondicherry or Puducherry
is famous as India’s French connection. The erstwhile French colony retains French culture and
architecture and is definitely a unique place to visit. Famous for the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in
neighbouring Auroville where thousands go to seek solace, a well-maintained waterfront is just
completes the package of a beach holiday. Beach activities in Pondicherry include camping at the
beach, sunbathing, canoeing, kayaking and backwater sailing.
Mahabalipuram
Clean, beautiful, sunbathed beaches, a string of restaurants offering fresh seafood preparations
and a dash of cultural history, a holiday to Mahabalipuram will give you ultimate relaxation and
culinary indulgence on the beach along with a sneak peek into this city’s rich culture.   Activities
like windsurfing and swimming can also be enjoyed on a warm day at Mahabalipuram. A must-
visit is the famous monolithic Pandava Rathas and Varaha Cave Temples that date back to the
7th century with scenes from Mahabharat sculpted from the rocks.
Gopalpur, Orissa
The coastal stretch of Orissa is dotted with hamlets of tribal fishermen and Hindu temples that
Orissa is famous for. Gopalpur Beach in Orissa, just 190 kilometres from Bhubneshwar, is a
popular beach with golden sand and a gentle slope that makes it ideal for swimming and
sunbathing. An old light house now remains of an ancient seaport at Gopalpur but the natural
beauty that abounds is eternal.
Wandoor Beach, Port Blair
A very famous tourist spot, situated in Port Blair. This beach is spread over a vast area, so it is
perfect for your early morning run. The tranquillity of this place will amaze you. If you ever plan
to visit Port Blair, don’t miss out on exploring this beach with pristine white sand and turquoise
blue water with a perfect ambience to take a dip or simply sunbathe on the beach.

Beaches of Andhra Pradesh

Bheemunipatnam
Popularly known as Bheemili, this is a town with many historical associations. The town lies at
the confluence of the Gosthani River with the Bay of Bengal. Only 20km from Vishakhapatnam
city (Vizag), it is a sprawling lonely beach. Carry drinking water and snacks.
Manginapudi
About 75km away from Vijaywada, and near Machilipatnam town, this is one of the popular
beaches of Andhra Pradesh and can be quite crowded during holidays. In the morning, you can
watch the fishermen bringing in their catch from the sea. Bathing in the sea is discouraged after
the beach was devastated during the 2004 tsunami. Chilakalapudi village near the beach is known
for its imitation jewellery business.
Mypadu
Located about 25km away from Nellore city, Mypadu beach is one Andhra’s most picturesque
beaches. The tree-lined golden sandy beach slips into the blue waters of the Bay of Bengal sea.
Bask in the sun or bathe in the sea or take walk along the beach; round up your visit with a snack
break at the beachside stalls. The speedboats are the newest addition.
Ramakrishna Beach
Located on the seaward end of Vizag city, this is one of the most popular and hence crowded
beaches of the state. It takes its name from the Ramakrishna Mission and the Kali Temple across
the road from the beach. The food vendors are almost all over the beach. Part of the beach is
rocky and one has to be careful here. The rock jutting into the sea at a distance is called the
Dolphin’s Nose because of its shape.
Rushikonda
Located on the outskirts of Vishakhapatnam, about 8km away from the main city, beach is also
very popular and junk piles are not uncommon. The state tourism is promoting water sports
activities here. Besides taking a ride in the speedboats, you can water ski, windsurf, etc. Since
this beach is a little away from town, most visitors leave by late evening.
Suryalanka
Located in Guntur district, near Bapatla (50km away from Guntur city), this little known beach is
not yet on the regular tourist circuit though local people flock to the beach during weekends.
Thummalapenta
Shaded by palm groves, the beach dips into the gentle sea. The beach is located near Kavali town
in Nellore district. Local people come for a dip especially during Karthika pournami and other
religious festivals.
Uppada
One of the lesser-known beaches, it is located about 5km away from Kakinada town. Apart from
the sprawling beach, the nearby parks and eateries make this place a popular family getaway. Go
swimming or join the local people playing cricket or football on the beach.
Vodarevu
Nearly 6km away from Chirala (100km from Vijaywada), this beach is not much known beyond
the state. Walk through the coconut groves to reach the yellow sand beach. Catch the sunrise or
the sunset at the beach. The beach lies at the edge of a fishing village. During early morning and
evening, as the fishing boats come in with their catch, the beach becomes noisy as people unload
the fish, auction them and the fish are carried away by the buyers. Some of the fishing boats can
also take you on a jaunty ride in the sea; negotiate the rate first.
Vakalapudi
Also near Kakinada town, the beach has been renamed as NTR Beach. Besides enjoying the
uncrowded beach, you can also explore the mangrove forest here. The annual Kakinada Beach
Festival is also held here.
Yarada
Located about 15km away from Vizag town, this lonely beach is best visited on weekends when
there are local visitors around. Apparently, this is a private beach and you have to pay an entry
fee. Arrange for transport as this is an off-route destination. According to latest visitor reports,
the road to Yarada is bad in patches.
Adventure Sports
India, with its vast landscapes, rich water bodies, and mountains touching the clouds, has become
an unavoidable place to experience adventure sports. As a result of the combination of greenery
and recreational activities, it has become the most popular destination for practically all nature
enthusiasts and adventure seekers.
The Ministry of Tourism has released the Guidelines by the Government of India on Adventure
Tourism. These guidelines on Safety and Quality Norms for Adventure Tourism in India have
been formulated along with the Adventure Tour Operators Association of India (ATOAI) in an
effort to make adventure sports safer. The aim of this initiative is to help adventure tour operators
understand and execute safety guidelines in a better manner.
These guidelines cover land, air and water-based activities which include mountaineering,
trekking, bungee jumping, paragliding, kayaking, scuba diving, snorkelling, river rafting and
many other sports. The guidelines have been framed for 15 Land Based, 7 Air Based and 7 Water
Based activities which cover the entire gamut of Adventure Tourism available in India. The
guidelines codify the Standard Operating Procedures and instructions for Risk Mitigation and
Emergencies as well as provide for details like Safety precautions, training required, insurance,
etc.
Land based Adventure Tourism (15) comprises, All Terrain Vehicle Tours (ATV), Bungee
Jumping, Cycling Tours, Camel Safaris, Horse Safaris, Jeep Safaris, Motorcycle Tours,
Mountaineering, Nature Walks / Bird Watching, Rock Climbing / Artificial Wall Climbing &
Abseiling, Personal Light Electric Vehicle Tours, Skiing / Snow Boarding, Trekking, Wildlife
Safaris, Zip Wires and High Ropes Courses.
Air Based Adventure Tourism (7) comprises, Hot Air Ballooning, Paragliding / Hand Gliding,
Para Motoring, Parasailing, Ski Diving, Air Safaris, Kite Boarding.
Water Based Adventure Tourism (7) comprises, Kayaking / Sea Kayaking, Rafting, River
Cruising, Scuba Diving, Snorkelling, Water Sports Centres, Essentials.
Trekking
The diversity of treks through India includes romps across wild meadows, cultural tours through
anachronistic valleys, and demanding ascents of high altitude passes. Ladakh in the state of
Jammu and Kashmir offers a wide variety of challenging trekking routes and is a destination rich
in culture. The Sandakphu Phalut Trek in West Bengal offers grand vistas of the world’s four
tallest mountains from rhododendron lined trails along the border of Nepal. The Valley of
Flowers trek in Uttarakhand boasts a riot of exotic flora in its prime summer season. From here,
one must venture onward to nearby Nanda Devi National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
to gaze upon its namesake mountain, India’s second tallest and arguably most beautiful peak.
Mountaineering
Mountaineers must approach the Himalaya—considered the home of the Hindu gods—with
respect, not to mention proper skills and acclimatization. A good place to start is the easy
Friendship Peak, more than 16,000 feet high, in Pir Panjal range in Himachal Pradesh. Hanuman
Tibba, the highest point in the Dhauldhar Range, is a geometric pyramid of snow that offers
mountaineers a moderate proposition with an outsized reward. Then there are far more
formidable challenges on the myriad peaks over 19,000 feet, including Kedarnath Peak and the
trio of summits along the Trisul massif, said to represent the trident of the great Lord Shiva.

Rock Climbing
There has been a renaissance of rock-climbing development throughout the country, particularly
in the southern state of Karnataka. Hampi is a world class destination for bouldering enthusiasts
due to its seemingly endless hillsides that are covered in giant egg-shaped granite boulders.
Badami is a relatively small village surrounded by striking red sandstone cliffs that lend
themselves to excellent trad and sport climbing. Here there are over 150 routes of varying
difficulties set beside ancient stone cave temples.
Paragliding
With easy access and gorgeous rolling terrain, the entire state of Himachal Pradesh is an ethereal
playground for paragliders. But if you had to choose just one place to start, the idyllic meadow
launch point of Bir Billing above the village of Bir is perhaps the best.
Skiing
True powder hounds will want to lap it up in Jammu and Kashmir, with its “curry powder,” the
locals’ affectionate term for their own brand of granular, fluffy snow. At the Gulmarg Ski Resort,
the gondola deposits skiers a good way up Mount Apharwat, though many skiers continue higher
to reach the over 13,000-foot summit. Here, they will be rewarded with a leg-crushing nearly
4,000-foot straight-shots down chutes and bowls.
Surfing
With India’s massive coastline of over 4,000 miles, the real question becomes: where isn’t there
surfing? In Tamil Nadu, there’s Mahabalipuram, Covelong, and Auroville. Kovalam and Varkala
are among the best surf spots. Most of the year, these destinations are perfect for beginners and
intermediates to thrash around in the wake. In general, the east coast has bigger waves than the
west—consider the east point break at Visakhapatnam (Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh or Puri in
Orissa. Experienced surfers will want to visit during the monsoon (June-October), when the
waves get big enough for a good time.
Rafting
Rivers are held in high regard throughout India, especially among kayakers and rafters who hold
a deep and profound reverence for the might and majesty of these Himalayan-fed rivers. From
Gaumukh (“cow’s mouth”), the head of the sacred Ganges River, numerous rafting adventures of
all grades abound as you head down its tributaries, including on the Bhagirathi, Alaknanda, and
Mandakini.
Kayaking
The mangrove-lined coastlines of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands may be best experienced by
kayak (moving over water – peddling in small boats). Camping opportunities make it possible to
choose your own adventure and explore any one of the 572 distinct islands in this archipelago—
just contact the Tourism Information Counter of the Directorate of Tourism at Port Blair for
camping regulations. If you’re looking for mainland access, head to Kerala, with its numerous
lakes, channels, bays, and open back-waters.
Mountain Biking
Among the oldest mountains in India, the Western Ghats are a mighty range with hundreds of
biking trails that range for mellow day trips to tough multi-day excursions through jungle single
track. Bangalore is a good place to launch a tour through the mountains; just make sure that you
finish your ride at any one of the beaches on the Konkan Coast.
Scuba Diving
When not snacking on fresh prawns, lobster, fish, and crabs flavored with spices using traditional
Tandoori preparations, you can strap on your scuba gear and actually look at these abundant sea
creatures living in a vibrant coral landscape surrounding the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Bungee Jumping
Jump, fall off, and ward off all your worries and wearies of life. It is one among the extreme
sports where you have to jump or fall down from the edge of a quiet high platform. That’s sounds
scary and daring too!... there will be a loosely long elastic rope attached to you to the fall while
you near the water or terrain below. Take a deep breath and do the plunge, because we live life
once in forever. Best places for bungee jumping: Ozone Adventures in Bangalore and Della
Adventure in Lonavala
Glacier Climbing
Glaciers are not your normal hike up hills, rather more rough and a hard nut to crack. You need
solid climbing boots, ropes, ice axes etc as necessary equipment’s. by plunging with the ice
axe into the glacier and holding on the rope, you have to climb on step by step with precision to
reach the top. It is an extreme sport with a bit strenuous rules and exercise. Glacier Climbing in
India: Khatling Glacier,Himalayas and Milam Glacier, Uttarakhand.
Caving
Caving is an adventure sport that gained popularity very recently. Interested in exploring
archeological mysteries or are you a nyctophile who enjoys darkness. Then caving is your sport.
India rich with its deep and mysterious cave is the best spot for caving. Conducted by
professionalized trainers, this activity takes you to massive underground caves and hills to unveil
the buried mysteries. Reaching massive caves, itself is an adventure sport, amidst silenced forests
and loud waterfalls. Drive away from the chaotic life into something which is more precious and
mysterious.
Where to go for Caving in India -
 Amarnath Cave
 Jammu & Kashmir.
 Borra Caves, Vishakhapatnam
 Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills
Best Places for Adventure & Trekking in Andhra Pradesh
Ahobilam, Talakona Waterfalls, Tada Falls / Ubbalamadugu Falls (Near Srikalahasti) , Sri
Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuary (Near Tirumala), Kadalivanam Caves (Near Srisailam),
Nagalapuram (Near Tirupati) and
Tyda Nature Camp (At a distance of 40 Kms from Araku, 70 Kms from Vizag & 632 Kms from
Hyderabad, Tyda is a small tribal village nestling in the wooded hills of the Eastern Ghats
between Vizag and Araku Valley. Also known as Jungle Bells, the nature camp has facilities for
rock climbing, trekking, bird watching and target shooting with bow & arrows. This eco-tourism
destination is home for a variety of animals and birds. With the help of naturalists or guides in the
camp, one can learn the language of the jungle, identification of calls, marks etc. There are log
huts and tents set in tribal environment for tourists.).
Ecotourism
Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving responsible travel (using sustainable transport) to
natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.
Ecotourism aims at minimal environmental impact on the areas visited. According to The
International Ecotourism Society (TIES), ecotourism can be defined as “responsible travel to
natural areas that conserve the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and
involves interpretation and education”. Also called “nature tourism”, the objective of
ecotourism is to minimize the impact brought about by tourism on the environment. The idea is
to focus on uniting conservation, communities and sustainable development through the means of
travel.

Benefits of ecotourism:
 Building environmental awareness.
 Providing direct financial benefits for conservation.
 Providing financial benefits and empowerment for local people.
 Respecting local culture.
  Supporting human rights and democratic movements such as:
o conservation of biological diversity and cultural
diversity through ecosystem protection.
o promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, by providing jobs to local
populations.
o sharing of all socio-economic benefits with local communities and indigenous
peoples by having their informed consent and participation in the management of
ecotourism enterprises.
o tourism to unspoiled natural resources, with minimal impact on the environment
being a primary concern.
o minimization of tourism's own environmental impact.

o affordability and lack of waste in the form of luxury.

o local culture, flora, and fauna being the main attractions.

o local people, who benefit from this form of tourism economically, and often
more than mass tourism.
For many countries, ecotourism is not simply a marginal activity to finance protection of
the environment, but a major industry of the national economy. For example, in Costa
Rica, Ecuador, Nepal, Kenya, Madagascar and territories such as Antarctica, ecotourism
represents a significant portion of the gross domestic product and economic activity. In Tan-
awan, Oslob, Philippines, the ecotourism of swimming with whale sharks makes up to $5 million
USD a year, which is used to help stop overfishing and damage to the natural ecosystem.
Ecotourism gains momentum in India
India is one of the most diverse country in the world, and that spells magic. Ecotourism in India
is a thriving industry owing to the fact that country has managed to save its resplendent natural
beauty.
The country has a biological park, zoological parks, tea plantations, wildlife sanctuaries, mighty
mountains and lush green jungles in its kitty. Being popular for its exclusive nature and tribal
population, India is nature's bounty and the best place to stay in the world.
Some best ecotourism destinations in India
Kerala: Munnar, Backwater waterways, Thenmala, Thodupuzha, Eravikulam National Park,
Periyar National Park, Kodaikanal
Karnataka: Coorg, Nagarhole, Nagarhole National Park, Bandipur National Park
Goa: Galgibaga Beach
Odisha: Chilika
West Bengal: Sunderbans National Park,
Sikkim: Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve
Assam: Kaziranga National Park, Majuli
Meghalaya: Mawlynnong
Nagaland: Jotsoma village
Arunachal Pradesh: Namdhapa National Park
Ladakh: Tsomoriri Wetland Conservation Reserve
Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park
Lonavala:
Lonavala, a beautiful retreat away from the chaos of the city, is one of the most popular tourist
destinations in Maharashtra. Often called the ‘Jewel of Sahyadri’ and the ‘City of Caves’, this hill
station boasts of a spectacular setting that includes lush green valleys, stunning waterfalls, serene
lakes and remarkable caves. The myriad places to visit in Lonavala that include historical sites,
natural wonders, religious attractions, etc. never fail to impress visitors.
Tiger’s Leap is a prime tourist attraction that sits in the lap of nature at a height of 650 metres
above sea level. Interestingly, this vantage point has been named so because of its shape that
resembles a tiger taking a leap into the valley. It is frequented by adventure seekers who indulge
in trekking and hiking here. This beautiful site with an echo point and a stream flowing nearby
offers stunning views of the valley below that attract vacationers in large numbers. You can
always pack a picnic lunch and head to this place to spend some quality time with your loved
ones. Being a hill station, Lonavala has numerous vantage points, and Duke’s Nose is an amazing
viewpoint that has been named after the Duke of Wellington because of the resemblance in
shape. This place is also called Nagphani as its shape looks like a snake’s hood, and at the top,
there is Mahadev Temple which is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Along with impressing nature lovers with its picturesque location, this place with long trails and
rocky outcrops also attracts adventure seekers for trekking, rock climbing, rappelling, hiking, etc.
Munnar, Kerala:
Munnar is a town in the Western Ghats Mountain range in India’s Kerala state. A hill station and
former resort for the British Raj elite, it's surrounded by rolling hills dotted with tea plantations
established in the late 19th century. Eravikulam National Park, a habitat for the endangered
mountain goat Nilgiri tahr, is home to the Lakkam Waterfalls, hiking trails and 2,695m-tall
Anamudi Peak. Munnar is famous for: Magical Beauty of Waterfalls: Known for its evergreen
tea plantations, the hills of Munnar with their rolling beauty and charm can cast a magical spell
on the visitors! While most of the hills are adorned with tea plantations, some are enchanted by
mesmerising waterfalls, lush vegetation and lot more; Pleasant Climate: Known for its alluring
charm and appeal, Munnar wears a pleasant climate throughout the year. Among all the
popular tourist destinations in Kerala, this is one such destinations that is known for the liveliness
in its weather and climate; Fascinating Wildlife: Munnar simply proves to be a paradise for the
wildlife lovers! Home to some of the most beautiful and dense wildlife sanctuaries and wildlife
protected areas, this gorgeous hill station in Kerala can make you forget the outer world and
delve deep into the wilderness; Array of Adventure Activities: If you are the one who knows no
boundaries, if you are the one who loves to challenge all the limits, or if you are the one yearns
for thrill and adventure, Munnar is the place for you! Owing to its astounding location and
enthralling locales, it proves to be an ultimate destination for adventure lovers.
Ooty (short for Udhagamandalam)
Ooty is a resort town in the Western Ghats mountains, in southern India's Tamil Nadu state.
Founded as a British Raj summer resort, it retains a working steam railway line. It is called as
Queen of Hill Stations. Other reminders of its colonial past include Stone House, a 19th-century
residence, and the circa-1829 St. Stephen’s Church. Its 55-acre Government Botanical Garden
lies on the slopes of Doddabetta Peak. Ooty is most famous for its tea plantations. Connoisseurs
will find plenty to choose from: dust and leaf; black, green, black and white varieties; and
flavours such as masala, jasmine, cardamom and even chocolate.
Kodaikanal
Comprised of densely wooded jungles, undulating hill slopes, meandering rivers, cascading
waterfalls, and verdure valleys-Kodaikanal's scenic beauty never fails to mesmerise travellers.
Often referred to as the 'Princess of Hills', Kodaikanal is one of the most popular tourist
destinations in South India. Situated at an elevation of 7000 feet above sea-level, along the crest
of the Palani Hills, Kodaikanal leaves travellers spoilt for choice while it comes to the places to
visit. The major valleys-the Parappar and Gundar surround Kodaikanal from both sides. Owing to
its natural beauty, it is also a popular honeymoon destination in Tamil Nadu. The word
Kodaikanal means "gift of the forest" and the hill station was developed into a retreat in the mid-
19th century by British missionaries who used Kodaikanal as their summer capital. Gradually,
more and more tourists started flocking to the place and Kodaikanal emerged as one of the most
famous tourist destinations not only in the southern parts of the country but across India. 
Shimla
Shimla derives its name from Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the goddess Kali, whose temple
existed in the dense forest covering the Jakhu Hill in the early 19th century. Shimla is the capital
of Himachal Pradesh and was also the summer capital in pre-Independence India. Covering an
area of 25 sq km at a height of 7,238 ft, Shimla is surrounded by pine, deodar and oak forests. Its
well-developed amenities, easy reach and various tourist attractions make it one of India’s most
popular hill stations. himla is an excellent base for treks in the surrounding hills or beyond,
rafting and trout fishing at Tattapani 51 km from Shimla and golf at the 9-hole golf course at
Naldehra. In winter, there is skiing at Kufri and Narkanda from January to mid-March. You can
also go shopping at some of Shimla’s most lively and colorful markets. It’s also known for the
handicraft shops that line The Mall, a pedestrian avenue, as well as the Lakkar Bazaar, a market
specializing in wooden toys and crafts You can entertain yourself in a cultural or a dramatic
performance or take pleasure in a sporting activity.
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand, a state in northern India crossed by the Himalayas, is known for its Hindu
pilgrimage sites. Rishikesh, a major centre for yoga study, was made famous by the Beatles’
1968 visit. The city hosts the evening Ganga Aarti, a spiritual gathering on the sacred Ganges
River. The state's forested Jim Corbett National Park shelters Bengal tigers and other native
wildlife. The state is popularly known as Devbhumi (land of Gods) due to the presence of
numerous Hindu pilgrimage sites. As a result, religious tourism forms a major portion of the
tourism in the state. Some best Places to Visit in Uttarakhand: Nainital, Haridwar, Mussoorie,
Badrinath temple, Kedaranath temple, Gangotri temple etc.
Arunachal Pradesh
Popularly known as ‘Land of the Dawn-lit-Mountains’, Arunachal Pradesh is India’s remotest
state and the first Indian soil to greet the rising sun. Located on the north-eastern tip of India with
its borders touching China, Bhutan and Burma (Myanmar), this beautiful land is endowed with
dazzling array of flora and fauna that is sure to allure any tourist. More than 500 rare species of
Orchids are found in the dense jungles of Arunachal Pradesh. The misty hills, sparkling rivers,
gurgling waterfalls add charm to the beauty of this incredible land. Arunachal Pradesh finds its
mention in the literature of Kalika Purana and the great Hindu Epic Mahabharata. It is believed to
be the Prabhu Mountains of the Puranas. According to a Hindu mythological legend, Arunachal
Pradesh was the place where sage Parshuram washed away his sin, sage Vyasa meditated, King
Bhishmaka founded his kingdom and Lord Krishna married his consort Rukmini. Ruled by many
powerful dynasties and kingdoms, Arunachal Pradesh India is dotted with innumerable historical
monuments and archaeological remains, which bear testimony to its rich cultural heritage.
Ecotourism activities in India
India has the makings of one of the best ecotourism destinations in the world. Slowly and
gradually, India is developing infrastructure without destroying natural surroundings. Mentioned
below are ecotourism delights that every tourist should experience on an eco-tour to India:
Trekking and cycling, Nature study and bird watching, Village homestay and Agrotourism.
Unit IV – Catalyst of Tourism Development in India
The role of the Governments in tourism development has been redefined from that of a regulator
to that of a catalyst. Apart from marketing and promotion, the focus of tourism development
plans is now on integrated development of enabling infrastructure through effective partnership
with various stakeholders. Ministry of tourism (MoT) at Centre has adopted a ‘pro-poor tourism’
approach which could contribute significantly to poverty reduction. The MoT has been making
sustained efforts to augment the tourism infrastructure across the country. Detailed discussions
are being held at regular intervals with the state and Union Territory governments to prioritise
projects to be taken up. The mega projects are a judicious mix of culture, heritage, spiritual and
eco-tourism and aim to give tourists a holistic perspective. The tourism budget is now-a-days is
being channelised for funding the development of destinations, circuits, mega projects as also for
rural tourism infrastructure projects.
Tourism promotional festivals of India:
Festivals help protect local cultural traditions, develop tourism and promote the economic,
social and cultural developments of the destination. Specifically, the success of a festival
helps attract large crowds, thus strengthening the attractiveness of cities, communities or tourism
destinations. These festivals are an integral part of the life of the people of the country. Many
fairs and festivals of India are celebrated to promote tourism or to promote the regional arts and
crafts, music, dances, etc. Some of them are organized on a yearly basis to showcase the  rich
Indian culture and heritage. Festivals are classified as a type of cultural tourism. The festivals
have major impact on the development of cultural tourism to the host communities.
Kumbh Mela, also called Kumbha Mela, in Hinduism, religious festival that is celebrated four
times over the course of 12 years, the site of the observance rotating between
four pilgrimage places on four sacred rivers—at Haridwar on the Ganges River, at Ujjain on the
Shipra, at Nashik on the Godavari, and at Prayag (modern Prayagraj) at the confluence of the
Ganges, the Jamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati. Each site’s celebration is based on a distinct set
of astrological positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Jupiter, the holiest time occurring at the exact
moment when these positions are fully occupied. The Kumbh Mela at Prayag, in particular,
attracts millions of pilgrims. In addition, a Great Kumbh Mela festival is held every 144 years at
Prayag, most recently in 2001. The Kumbh Mela lasts several weeks and is one of the largest
festivals in the world, attracting more than 200 million people in 2019, including 50 million on
the festival’s most auspicious day.
Attendees at the Kumbh Mela come from all sections of Hindu religious life, ranging
from sadhus (holy men), who remain naked year-round or practice the most severe
physical discipline, to hermits, who leave their isolation only for these pilgrimages, and even to
silk-clad teachers using the latest technology. The religious organizations represented range from
social welfare societies to political lobbyists. Vast crowds of disciples, friends, and spectators
join the individual ascetics and organizations. The naga akhadas, militant ascetic orders whose
members formerly made their livings as mercenary soldiers and traders, often claim the holiest
spots at each Kumbh Mela’s most propitious moment. Although the Indian government now
enforces an established bathing order, history records bloody disputes between groups vying
for precedence.
Tradition ascribes the Kumbh Mela’s origin to the 8th-century philosopher Shankara, who
instituted regular gatherings of learned ascetics for discussion and debate. The founding myth of
the Kumbh Mela—attributed to the Puranas (collections of myth and legend)—recounts how the
gods and demons fought over the pot (kumbha) of amrita, the elixir of immortality produced by
their joint churning of the milky ocean. During the struggle, drops of the elixir fell on the Kumbh
Mela’s four earthly sites, and the rivers are believed to turn back into that primordial nectar at the
climactic moment of each, giving pilgrims the chance to bathe in the essence of purity,
auspiciousness, and immortality. The term Kumbh comes from this mythic pot of elixir, but it is
also the Hindi name for Aquarius, the sign of the zodiac in which Jupiter resides during the
Haridwar Mela.

Snake Boat Races in Kerala

Snake boats get their name from their shape rather than anything to do with live snakes. This boat
race is conducted during the festival of Onam, the Annual Harvest Festival of Kerala. The best
time to visit Kerala to enjoy this Snake Boat Race is from August to October. Since 1952,
Punnamada Lake – India’s lengthiest lake – is where teams in long, black canoes compete against
each other in a commemoration of Kerala’s maritime past. The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is part
of an old tradition that reflects the rivalry between nations over the monopoly of the trade in
spices. Called chundam vallams or snake boats, the canoes carry 100 to 150 expert oarsmen and
are up to 38 metres long, holding the record of biggest water vessels in sports. This is the most
competitive of all of the boat races held in Kerala and one of its most popular tourist attractions.
Huge crowds of both local and foreign tourists gather at the shores of Punnamada Lake near the
city of Alappuzha. Villages from within the wider region compete against each other. It’s a great
honour for your village boat to win the trophy that will be cherished for the rest of the year.
International Kite festival
The International Kite festival is also known as Uttarayan or Makar Sankranti in Gujarat. It is
a day celebrated by the people to rejoice at the end of winter. The kite flying is led from
Ahmedabad, a chief city of Gujarat. It is believed to be the day when the Gods wake up from
their long sleep and heaven opens up. This is the day when the beautiful blue skies in Gujarat are
filled with colourful kites flying around and the laughter of the people rings in the wind. People
from not only India but all over the world gather together to witness this day and show their
talents in kite-making.
Pushkara Mela (Pushkar town, Rajasthan)
The Pushkar fair is one of India's largest camel, horse and cattle fairs. It is also one of the
world's largest cattle fairs. Apart from the trading of livestock, it is an important pilgrimage
season for Hindus to the Pushkar lake. Pilgrims offer prayers to Brahma in the temple at
Pushkar, which is the only temple of Brahma in the country. On the full moon night, people
bathe in the Pushkar lake. The ceremonies are brought to an end by a maha aarti (worship with
fire) by the lake and firework displays. Pushkar Mela is held annually in November from Karthik
Ekadashi to Karthik Purnima as per the Hindu calendar. It is a grand travel experience held on a
vast scale. People visit the fair to witness the beauty of Rajasthani Culture. Attracting more than
400,000 tourists, funky competitions like 'Matka Tod', 'Longest Moustache', and 'Bridal
Competitions', are held during the annual Pushkar Fair. Spread over five days, more than 11,000
cattle, horses and camels are part of this visual spectacle.
Pushkaraalu
Pushkaram is an Indian festival dedicated to worshiping of rivers. It is also known
as Pushkaralu (in Telugu), Pushkara (in Kannada) or Pushkar. It is celebrated at shrines along
the banks of 12 major sacred rivers in India, in the form of ancestor worship, spiritual discourses,
devotional music and cultural programmes. The celebration happens annually, once in 12 years
along each river. Each river is associated with a zodiac sign, and the river for each year's festival
is based on which sign Jupiter is in at the time. Due to regional variations, some of the zodiac
signs are associated with multiple rivers. In Telugu-speaking states of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana, Pushkaralu are celebrated for Godavari, Krishna and Tungabhadra.
Vishakha Mahotsav
Visakha Utsav is a tourism event every year conducted by the Andhra Pradesh Tourism
Development Corporation and Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development
Authority at Visakhapatnam. Visakha Utsav first time started at the year of 1997 from that day
onward every year in December month this tourism event is conducted. Main aim of the utsav is
to promote the culture, arts, crafts, music and dance of Visakhapatnam and Andhra Pradesh.
Kanakadurga Navaratri Festival
Durga Navaratri at Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada is a grand festival of the temple.
Navratri in Sanskrit means 'nine nights' and each day is celebrated to mark  Goddess Durga's nine
forms or avatars. The nine
formsof Parvati are: Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katya
yani, Kaalratri, Mahagauri, and Siddhidatri.
Tirumala Brahmostavaalu
Sri Venkateswara Swami vari Brahmotsavam or Srivari Brahmotsavam is the most significant
annual fête celebrated at the Venkateswara Temple in Tirumala-Tirupati, Chittoor district.
The Utsava-murti (processional deity) of the presiding deity, Venkateswara, and his consorts
Sridevi and Bhudevi are taken on a procession on several vahanams on the streets surrounding
the temple. The celebration attracts pilgrims and tourists from all over India and around the
world. A Brahmotsavam is a cleansing ceremony in honor of Lord Brahma, and the ceremony at
Tirumala is the largest. The word Brahmotsavam is a combination of two Sanskrit words—
Brahma and utsavam (festival)—and Brahma reportedly conducted the first festival. Brahma also
means "grand" or "large". Srivari Brahmotsavam is also known as "Venkateswara Salakatla
Brahmotsavams" and "Venkateswara Navaratri Brahmotsavams". When there is an extra month
in the lunar calendar, two Brahmotsavam are held viz., Salakatla and Navarathri.
(For detailed information on fairs and festivals, please Unit II)
Art Galleries of India
Art has the power to engage the soul and display emotions that can't be said or written. India has
been blessed with brilliant artists and art forms. Since ancient times, art sculptures and paintings
have been an innate part of the Indian culture. In modern times, there are some art galleries in
India which preserve the old age art creations as well as provide a platform to upcoming artists to
showcase their talent and also promote the importance of art in India. Below mentioned are some
of the most significant art galleries in India:
Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata
Established in 1933, the Academy of Fine Arts in Kolkata is one of the most significant art
galleries in India. Various famous paintings by eminent Indian and foreign artists are displayed
here. Some of the famous paintings include 'Girl with a pitcher' and 'A Winter's Evening' by
Rabindra Nath Tagore. Works of artists like Jamini Roy, Nandalal Bose, M.F.Hussain, etc, are
also showcased at the academy.
The Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh
Sculptures are also on display apart from paintings at this prominent museum located
in Chandigarh. Started for the public in 1968, the museum features different sections for
sculpture, architecture and art paintings. The best sections of the museum consist of sections for
Indian miniature paintings, contemporary art, portraits, etc. Paintings by some of the most
illustrious artists like Raja Ravi Varma, Amrita Sher-Gil, Jamini Roy, Rabindranath Tagore,
Nandalal Bose, Abanindranath Tagore, etc are part of the museum.
Government Museum, Chennai
Also known as the Madras Museum, the Government Museum in Chennai is the second oldest
museum and art gallery in India. Established in the year 1851, it witnesses a heavy footfall of
visitors each year. The National Art Gallery, which forms a part of the museum, has paintings of
legendary artists like Raja Ravi Varma on display. Traditional paintings of Tanjore, Rajput and
Mughal era along with paintings of the contemporary period can be found here.
Indian Museum, Kolkata
Established in 1814, the Indian Museum is known for preserving the heritage artworks of India.
The museum is divided into six sections and the art gallery of the museum is divided into 4
sections which feature Mughal Painting Gallery, Bengal Painting Gallery, Decorative Art and
Textile Gallery along with South East Asian Gallery.
Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai
Established in 1952, Jehangir Art Gallery in Mumbai is owned by a private organization and has
paintings of almost all famous Indian artists from Jamini Roy to Arpita Singh. Artists from India
and abroad line up to get their work exhibited at this gallery. It is a must visit for art lovers as you
will get to see some of the finest art creations of the world at this gallery.
National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore
One of the newer art galleries in India, the National Gallery of Modern Art was inaugurated in
2009 in Bangalore. Currently, the art gallery houses more than 500 paintings from both
traditional and modern genres. Paintings on display are works of honourable artists like Raja Ravi
Varma, Amrita Sher-Gil, Jamini Roy, etc. The paintings are sorted and displayed according to
time periods, artists and school of art.
National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi
National Gallery of Modern Art in Delhi is an initiative by the government of India. Established
in 1954, the gallery features a collection of over 14,000 paintings by artists from India and
abroad. Paintings in this wide assortment include works of Raja Ravi Varma, Tagore brothers,
Jamini Roy etc. It is one of the finest Art Galleries in India.
National Museum, New Delhi
The National Museum in New Delhi has been operating since 1949 and is unbeatable when it
comes to the collection of art paintings. The art gallery here features the biggest collection of
miniature paintings in the country. Paintings by modern artists along with Mughal, Deccan,
Rajasthan, Sikh and Kashmiri artists are showcased here. The artworks here range from the time
periods of 10th to 20th century.
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata
Victoria Memorial was launched for the public in the year 1921. The gallery sports different
sections for Indian and foreign paintings, Calcutta Gallery, Royal Gallery, Indian paintings,
miniatures, etc, being some of those. The Royal Gallery is dedicated to paintings of Queen
Victoria. The collection of western paintings includes paintings from the likes of Charles D'oyly,
Johann Zoffany, William Hadges, William Simpson, etc.
Be it contemporary fine art, figurative or abstract paintings or sculptures, mixed media, oil on
canvas or etching, art galleries in India work towards the integration of artist's community and
making the cultural heritage of India accessible to all.
Museums of India
For a culturally rich country like India, which also boasts of one of the most diverse heritages in
the world, it is only imperative that steps have been and should be taken to preserve the past to
set an example for the future. Fortunately, for the current and future generations, there are more
than just a handful of museums that curate the best specimens from history to represent our rich
heritage.
National Museum, Delhi
Also known as the National Museum of India, the National Museum in New Delhi is one of the
largest museums in India, situated on the corner of the Janpath and Maulana Azad Road.
Established in 1949, the blueprints of the majestic repository were prepared by the Gwyer
Committee set up by the Government of India in 1946. Today, the museum boasts of possessing a
whopping 200,000 artworks, both Indian and foreign, and is maintained by the Ministry of
Culture, Department of India. Covering an extensive range of products from the prehistoric times
to modern works of art, the museum traces the rich cultural heritage of nations across the world,
from over 5000 years ago.
Indian Museum, Kolkata
The ninth oldest museum of the world and largest in India, the Indian Museum is located in the
city of joy - Kolkata. The foundation stone of the Indian Museum was laid down in the year 1814
and has been a centre of multidisciplinary activities ever since. Popularly known as 'Jadughar', it
has the finest collection of contemporary paintings, sacred relics of Buddha, Egyptian mummies
and ancient sculptures. In addition to these, the Indian Museum boasts of some of the most
exquisite collections of ornaments, fossils, skeletons, antiques, armours, and stunning Mughal
paintings.
Presently, the museum has 35 galleries which have been divided into six categories namely Art,
Archaeology, Anthropology, Geology, Zoology and Economic Botany. For those inquisitive
about history, there is also a library and bookshop present within the museum premises. Indian
Museum recently celebrated its bicentennial anniversary with great fervour in February 2014.
With its splendid collection, the museum takes you back in time to witness our fascinating past.
Government Museum, Chennai
The Government Museum in Chennai is the second oldest museum in India and spread over a
lavish 16.25 acres of land also houses the colossal Museum Theatre, which stages Shakespearean
plays regularly. The exhibits in the museum are extremely priceless and rare, as is the heritage of
the museum itself. Palm leaf manuscripts, Raja Ravi Varma’s famous paintings, and the largest
antique Roman collection outside Europe. The Connemara Public Library, one of the most iconic
libraries in the city, is also a part of the museum. With a footfall of about 1000 visitors daily, and
more on the weekends. An iconic structure built in Indo-Gothic style, the Government Museum,
also known as the Egmore Museum is a one of its kind museums and a gem in the Indian
heritage.
Rail Museum, Delhi
Located in the vicinity of Chanakyapuri, the Rail Museum aims to preserve the 163 years old
railway heritage of India. Popularly known as the National Railway Museum, the museum is
spread over 10 acres of land and houses some fantabulous railway memorabilia. Established on
1st of February, 1977, the Rail Museum possesses an exciting collection of around 100 real size
exhibits of Indian railways both working and static, antiques, furniture and the like. A few
dummy specimens also offer rides to both adults and kids. Other than the vast outdoor which
houses the very famous ‘Fairy Queen’- the oldest working steam locomotive, now the museum
has also facilitated 3D virtual train ride, steam loco stimulator and an indoor gallery.
Albert Hall Museum, Jaipur
Situated in the Ram Niwas Garden of Jaipur, the Albert Hall Museum is the oldest museum in
Rajasthan. Built in 1876, it was initially envisioned to be a concert hall and resembles the
architecture of the Victoria and Albert Hall Museum in London, hence, the name. It is a standing
example of the Indo-Saracenic architecture and is also known as Government Central Museum.
Albert Hall Museum has an extensive collection of artefacts brought from the different regions of
the world that are divided over a whopping 16 art galleries! The museum takes on a whole new
facade as the night falls and the entire building glows with yellow lights, which looks extremely
beautiful. You can relax in the gardens with the stunning view of Albert Hall in the backdrop. It
is certainly a great place to get a peek into the history and ancient culture of India.
Flanked by lush green gardens, the foundation of Albert Hall was laid on 6 February 1876 when
Albert Edward visited India. The galleries of the museum have a collection of antiques and
artefacts from the past that will blow away your mind. The ancient coins, marble art, pottery,
carpets and especially the Egyptian mummy are a treat to the eyes of history buffs.
Calico Textile Museum, Ahmedabad
Established in 1949, the Calico Textile Museum located at the Retreat on Airport Road is the
oldest textile museum in Ahmedabad. Started by the renowned industrial personality, Gautam
Sarabhai and his sister Gita Sarabhai, this museum was opened by the former Prime Minister of
India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
The museum has been preserving various weaving material, an array of designer and colourful
fabric from different parts of the country. Although initiated at the Calico House, the Calico
Textile Museum was further moved into a part of the Sarabhai House called "The Retreat" in
1983.

The museum is currently managed and maintained by the Sarabhai Foundation; an NGO
organised by the Sarabhai family. Besides textiles, the museum also showcases South Indian
bronze art, temple hangings, furniture, miniature artworks and Jain artefacts. The Calico Textile
Museum also has gallery sections and a library as well. 
City Palace, Jaipur
The magnificent City Palace in Jaipur is one of the most famous tourist attractions located in the
old part of the city. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh during the years 1729 to 1732, the vast
complex of the palace occupied one-seventh of the walled city. In fact, it was once the seat of the
Maharaja of Jaipur. The palace is divided into a series of courtyards, buildings and gardens
including the Chandra Mahal and the Mubarak Mahal. The museum showcases various unique
handcrafted products and other things that belong to the royal heritage of the City Palace.
The facade itself is designed with acute and detailed handiwork and showcases a blend of Mughal
and Rajput architecture styles. The outer wall was built by Jai Singh II, however, the palace itself
has been subjected to various changes over the course of time, with some of them even belonging
to the early 20th century. The City Palace has three gates, out of which the Virendra Pol and Udai
Pol are open to the public.
Birla Industrial & Technological Museum, Kolkata
Being the first scientific and industrial museum in India, Birla Industrial and Technological
Museum (BITM) is one of the prime attractions of Kolkata and is located on the Gurusaday
Road. The museum was set up on 2nd May 1959 and opened to the general public. It was initially
known as Birla Park and within three years of its opening was converted into a museum. The
palatial structure of museum has led to it becoming a famous tourist attraction famous for its
galleries and 3D shows organized in the premises.
Birla Park was transformed into BITM under the influence of Dr B.C. Roy, who in the year 1956
felt that a developing nation like India needed museums in its vicinity. Therefore, the property
was handed over to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru by G.D. Birla to set up the museum which took
nearly three years to complete. BITM is also the pioneer of the Mobile Science Exhibition which
was the first exhibition on wheels. With its galleries, diverse activities and the growing chains of
the satellite centres, this museum is now the place where science manifests itself through means
of interactive and animated models. It is an amazing place and a must-visit for all the science
lovers out there!
HAL Aerospace Museum, Bangalore
HAL Aerospace Museum is one of the major public attractions of Bangalore. Inaugurated in 2001
at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited premises, the museum was established with an objective of
educating the public about everything the journey of HAL, one of Asia's largest and most
important aeronautical companies, had to offer - be it historical, scientific or academic. The
museum proudly boasts of the giant leaps Indian aviation has taken, both commercially as well as
in terms of defence, giving the visitors an all-inclusive aerospace experience in the most effective
environment possible.
The museum makes sure that the visitors get the best possible insight into the aeronautical history
of HAL and of India - its experiments, achievements and possibilities; and at the same time, they
also get to have a glimpse of some of the most powerful possessions of the Indian Air Force.
Such an exhibit is an enchanting experience not only for the aviation enthusiasts but also for the
layman.
At present, the HAL Heritage Centre and Aerospace Museum together form the most massive
aeronautical complex of South Asia in terms of production, maintenance, development and
exhibition of fighter and commercial aircrafts, helicopters and all their engineering parts and
accessories.
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata
Another relic of the British Raj in India, the Victoria Memorial is located in the heart of Kolkata,
in West Bengal. This white marbled opulent structure was built in memory of Queen Victoria to
celebrate her 25 years of rule over India and is almost a replica of the Victoria Memorial in
London. Victoria Memorial is an iconic structure that is synonymous with the city of joy!
The memorial is surrounded by a lush green and well-maintained garden, which spreads over 64
acres and has numerous statues and sculptures in it. A sixteen-foot-tall bronze statue of victory,
mounted on ball bearings at the top of the memorial, serves to heighten the overall appeal and
grandeur of the entire complex. Victoria Memorial is breath-taking and marvellous, especially at
night, when it is illuminated. The Sound and Light shows that take place in the evening are an
added delight, and a must watch. All in all, the place is a must visit for people to wish to relive
the essence of the Victorian era in the modern-day world.
Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad
A relic of history on the banks of the Musi River, Salar Jung Museum is located at Darushifa and
is one of the crowning jewels of Hyderabad. It is one of the three national museums in the
country and also among the largest at 10 Acres and 2 Floors. The most astounding part of going
through Salar Jung Museum and its collection is realising that all of the artefacts inside belonged
to and were collected by one man alone! The collection inside the museum is owned by Mir
Yousuf Ali Khan who was also known as Salar Jung III. With over one million paintings,
sculptures, carvings, manuscripts and artefacts, the museum is a repository of art collections a
few of which date as far back as the first century. Some of the valuable and rare pieces in the
museum are - A painting of Raja Ram Mohan Roy - the artist, Aurangzeb's sword, daggers that
belonged to Shah Jahan, Jehangir and a full wardrobe of Tipu Sultan. The museum also has a
number of priceless sculptures such as Veiled Rebecca, Double Statue of Mephistopheles &
Margaretta and many more. The biggest attraction at the museum is the musical clock that dates
back to the 19th century and consists of more than 350 parts.
Salar Jung Museum is the third largest museum in India and is the biggest one-man collection of
antiques on the planet. The collection inside the museum was sourced from the Salar Jung
Family. The museum is a testament to the passion of Nawab Mir Yusuf Khan for arts and
antiques. It also houses an excellent library with more than sixty thousand books and almost eight
thousand rare manuscripts.
Human Brain Museum in Bangalore
Located just inside the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences in Bangalore, this
museum includes more than 600 samples of the actual human brain! Can you imagine? The real
motive behind starting up a museum of this sort, was to show people how the human brain
actually functions. Though it might be just a little weird to see brain after brain lined up for your
inspection, won’t it be wonderful to get to know how the brain works?
Black Magic Museum, Mayong, Morigaon
Mayong, also known as 'the land of black magic', is a cluster of villages situated at a distance of
40 km from Guwahati. The village lies on the banks of the Brahmaputra River in the district of
Morigaon in Assam. Mayong is a famous tourist spot and the famous stories of black magic and
the magicians of the land make the place all the more enticing to the tourists. The ones who have
been to the place say that there is an eerie silence surrounding the place which is completely
opposite to the chaotic history associated with it.
Mayong village is surrounded by wildlife due to which the Pobitara Wildlife Sanctuary situated
beside the village is a very famous attraction. There are some adventure sports including trekking
and river sports organized in the village which is why adventure enthusiasts love to come and pay
a visit here. Apart from this, there are some old remains at the place too, and the people who are
interested in the history of the place would love witnessing them for real. All in all, the place is a
lovely getaway for the tourists as it is a blend of almost everything ranging from secretive
magical powers to being a scenic beauty.
Traditionally, magic was practised in this town and has been passed down through the
generations since then. There are also some ancient ruins of Ayurveda and black magic which
have been conserved in the Mayong Central Museum. 
Visiting any of these museums in India gives a feeling of revisiting the country's past and
enabling a scientific understanding of culture.
Galleries and Museums in Andhra Pradesh
Archaeological Museum, Kurnool
The Dist. Archaeological Museum is located in Budavarapupeta of Kurnool Town in a new Govt.
building constructed on the right bank of Handri River and thrown open to public on 31-8-1999.
Many of the antiquities are displayed in the glass showcases in ‘L’ shaped Museum Hall. The
antiquities particularly stone sculptures collected from the submergible villages of Srisailam
Project and datable from Chalukyan period to late Vijayanagara periods have displayed on
cement pedestals in and around the museum hall within the compound wall. There are nearly 150
Architectural members such as door jambs, lintels, inscriptions etc are kept in the backyard. The
Museum Shop and its counter are located in the entrance complex. The museum is also housed
Pre, Proto, and Early Historic, archaeological Artefacts, Pottery, Sculptures, Bronzes, Arms and
Weapons, Paintings and Inscriptions.
Nagarjuna Konda Museum, Guntur district
The museum has been named after the founder of Mahayana Buddhism, Nagarjuna. The structure
of the museum resembles that of a Buddhist Vihara, giving it an elegant and spiritual aura. The
major attraction of this museum is the monolithic statue of Lord Buddha, which is large, tall and
it emanates peace and poise. Apart from this exquisite sculpture, there are several sandal stone
sculptures and carved slabs that depict the life of Buddha. The museum even has a tooth and an
earring which are believed to be of Buddha himself. There are several other valuables in the
museum that include the tools used during Paleolithic and Neolithic Age. The pieces of jewellery,
coins and architectural ornaments used during those times are a sight to marvel.
Amaravati Archaeological Museum, Amaravati, Guntur district
Amaravati Archaeological Museum is Located in Amaravati village of Guntur District, which is
at 35 km away from District headquarters. This Museum discloses the sculptures in the form of
galaxy of and the images showcase content that were once a part of the Giant Stupa. There are
three Galleries in this Museum, which takes the visitors very close to the old history of this
region and the life of the Gautama Buddha. When you entered into First Gallery of this Museum,
one will get to see the ancient art traditions of this region. At the second gallery, you will get to
see the life size standing pictures image of Gautama Buddha. You can also find some beads and
gold coins in this gallery. Third gallery has some of the great sculptures that belong to 2nd
Century BC.
Bapu Museum (formerly Victoria Museum), Vijayawada
he Bapu Museum (formerly known as the Victoria Museum) is an archaeological museum in M.
G. Vijayawada Road. It was renamed Bapu (film director) in memory of the renowned film
director, illustrator, cartoonist and author. This is managed by the Archaeological department and
has a large collection of sculptures, paintings and objects of Buddhist and Hindu relics, with
some of them as old as 2nd and 3rd Centuries. The construction of the building is an Indo-
European style of architecture and is more than a hundred years old construction.
Tribal Museum, Araku
This is the most popular tourist site in Araku. Apart from being a picturesque hill town, Araku is
famous for its indigenous tribal culture. This is the most popular tourist site in Araku. Apart from
being a picturesque hill town, Araku is famous for its indigenous tribal culture. Various tribal
communities such as Khord, B.Mallis, Bagata, Gadaba, Koya and Savara inhabit this region. The
Tribal Museum showcases the daily life of these tribes, their culture and food habits.
The main gallery in the museum is two storeyed and has dioramas of dances, ritualistic rooms
and hunting scenes amongst others. Also on display are household articles, musical instruments
and local art. There are boards at the entrance of the main gallery which list out the various local
tribes, their dances and festivals.
Gallery Number 2 showcases jewellery worn by the tribals during festivals or while performing
dances. There are also several masks, on display, that are worn during celebratory occasions.
Most of the masks are either those of animal faces or Lord Hanuman. Various installations of
masks and dancers can be seen outside the galleries, where you can get pictures taken. There are
also souvenir shops selling items made by the people here. The museum offers visitors to try their
hand at archery. Boating facilities are available in the small pond here.
Damerla Rama Rao Art Gallery, Rajahmundry
Damerla Rama Rao Art Gallery was founded in the memory of Mr. Damerla Rama Rao, an
Indian artist who was born and raised in Rajahmundry. Several excellent examples of his art
continue to be showcased here, some 92 years after his death. Damerla Rama Rao was a
revolutionary in the world of painting, who took it as his calling to revive the Andhra style of
painting. This gallery is a recommended visit for art lovers. Damerla Rama Rao was responsible
for setting up institutions for the teaching of art. The Rajahmundry Chitra Kalashala is a prime
example of such an institution. He not only made works of art for the world to see, but also
spread knowledge about art and its application in society. He alone was responsible for putting
Rajahmundry on the map in terms of fine arts. The Damerla Rama Rao Art Gallery pays homage
to the great man through the display of his paintings.
Tourist Trains in India
India by rail offers a fascinating odyssey through time and space, cultures and history offering
magical glimpses of unity amidst diversity, shrouded in enchanting, mystery colours that captures
the heart while soothing the soul.
No one offers the multi-dimensional magic of the real India more excitingly than the Indian
Railways – the second largest railway system in the world covering around 64,000 km. of track
laid across around 7,000 stations, running around 12,000 trains every day. The convenient, well-
connected routes offer to the passenger’s hassle-free tours to some of the most exotic places in
the world.
Indian Railways is the life line of the nation whether it is for movement of passenger or for
goods. The Railways contribute tremendously towards tourism as the prime mode of transport for
all kinds of tourists from both domestic and international sector. In addition to offering simple
train journeys from point to point to the tourists as well as general public, the Indian Railways
offers some exclusive tourist trains as under:
Luxury Tourist Trains
Mahaparinirvan Express
Bharat Darshan Trains
Punj Takht Train
Steam train
Luxury Tourist trains
The Indian Railways operate luxury tourist trains in association with Indian Railway tourism
Catering Corporation or State Tourism Corporations.  The major part of operation and
maintenance of the trains is undertaken by the Railways while the off-board / on-board services
and marketing is done by the respective State Tourism Corporations.

Maharajas’ Express
Best among all Indian luxury trains, Maharajas’ Express is also one of the 5 most luxurious trains
in the world. This half-a-mile long train boasts of professionals prepared to meet the highest
quality of hospitality, fully stocked bars, lavish suites, butler services, and whatnot, and is one of
the most expensive trains in India!
Tourists onboard get to experience the richness of the country in the most distinguished way
possible. Just for the record, it was voted ‘World’s Leading Luxury Train’ for the years 2012,
2013, and 2014, consecutively.
Routes:
 The Heritage of India (Mumbai – Ajanta – Udaipur – Jodhpur – Bikaner – Jaipur –
Ranthambore – Agra – Delhi)
 Gems of India (Delhi – Agra – Ranthambore – Jaipur – Delhi)
 The Indian Panorama (Delhi – Jaipur – Ranthambore – Fatehpur – Sikri – Agra –
Gwalior – Orchha – Khajuraho – Varanasi – Lucknow – Delhi)
 Indian Splendour (Delhi – Agra – Ranthambore – Jaipur – Bikaner – Jodhpur – Udaipur
– Balasinor – Mumbai)
 Treasures of India (Delhi – Agra – Ranthambore – Jaipur – Delhi)
Palace On Wheels
Palace on Wheels is another on the list of luxury train rides in India that was refurbished and re-
launched in 2009 to promote tourism. Luxurious cabins, exquisite wallpapers, well-stocked bar,
gracious hospitality, and local culture displayed by the artistic use of paintings and handicrafts –
it is very much like a palace on wheels that recreates the bygone era of kings and their royal
palaces! No wonder why it was voted as 4th best luxurious train in the world. This is one of the
best royal trains in India. If you are planning a luxurious trip to Rajasthan, this is the best bet!
Route: Delhi – Jaipur – Sawai Madhopur – Chittorgarh – Udaipur – Jaisalmer – Jodhpur –
Bharatpur – Agra – Delhi
The Deccan Odyssey
Inspired by the traveling style of the kings and rulers during different royal eras of ancient India,
Deccan Odyssey is a 5-star hotel on wheels that takes you to some fascinating destinations of
India. Royal treatment for passengers, palace-like interiors of the cabins, multi-cuisine
restaurants, lounges, a conference car, an onboard spa, and other state-of-the-art amenities make
it one of the best luxury trains in India and in the world as well.
Routes:
 Maharashtra Splendor (Mumbai – Nasik – Ellora Cave – Ajanta Caves – Kolhapur – Goa
– Ratnagiri – Mumbai)
  Indian Odyssey (Delhi – Sawai Madhopur – Agra – Jaipur – Udaipur – Vadodara –
Ellora Caves – Mumbai)
 Hidden Treasures of Gujarat (Mumbai – Vadodara – Palitana – Sasan Gir – Somnath –
Little Rann of Kutch – Modhera – Patan – Nashik – Mumbai)
 Indian Sojourn (Mumbai – Vadodara – Udaipur – Jodhpur – Agra – Sawai Madhopur –
Jaipur – Delhi)
 Jewels of the Deccan (Mumbai – Bijapur – Aihole – Pattadakal – Hampi – Hyderabad –
Ellora Caves – Ajanta Caves – Mumbai)
 Maharashtra Wild Trail (Mumbai – Aurangabad – Ramtek – Tadoba – Ajanta – Nashik –
Mumbai)
Golden Chariot
The Golden Chariot is one of the superb luxury trains in India that takes you to some of the
most famous tourist places in South India. Launched in 2008, the Golden Chariot is well known
for its impeccable hospitality. The train has AC chambers with royal interiors, bars, restaurants
serving multi-variety cuisines, a mini gym, Ayurveda spa, and other 5-star facilities luxury trains.
Regarded by tourists as one of the best luxury trains of India, it was also awarded as ‘Asia’s
Leading Luxury Train’ in the year 2013.
Routes:
 Pride of the South (Bangalore – Kabini – Mysore – Hassan – Hampi – Badami – Goa –
Bangalore)
 Southern Splendour (Bangalore – Chennai – Mahabalipuram – Pondicherry – Thanjavur
– Madurai – Thiruvananthapuram – Alleppey – Kochi – Bangalore)
Royal Orient Train
Embark on a royal journey by the Royal Orient Train and enjoy a delightful experience of
traveling to famous tourist destinations onboard one of the best luxury trains in India. Journey
by luxury train in India is a combination of absolute chivalry and unimaginable opulence. It is
definitely an unmatchable royal train in India.
The palatial-style comfortable cabins, well-trained hospitality professionals, multi-cuisine
restaurant with the “Watering Hole” Bar, spacious baths, a library, and almost all facilities that
come to your mind while imagining yourself in a 5-star hotel – Royal Orient Train has them.
Route: Delhi – Chittorgarh/Udaipur -Junagarh/Veraval- Sasan Gir/Dilwara – Palitana- Sarkhej-
Ahmedabad- Jaipur- Delhi
Fairy Queen Express
Last but not the least, the Fairy Queen Express is one of the oldest trains providing luxury train
journeys in India. Powered by the oldest serving steam locomotive built in around 1855, Fairy
Queen has its own charm as it rambles through to Alwar in Rajasthan. With a mention in the
Guinness Book of World Records and a recipient of National Tourism Award, Fairy Queen easily
makes it to the list of most luxurious trains in India.
Route: Delhi – Alwar – Sariska- Alwar – Delhi
Heritage On Wheels
One of the oldest luxury trains in India, the Heritage on Wheels showcases the traditions and
culture of Rajasthan that have been passed from one generation to another in the finest manner
possible. Adorning interiors that never fails to teleport a traveler to the golden days of the state,
the Heritage on Wheels is one of the most expensive trains in India.
With the floors of this train being covered by local restaurant that serves authentic and
continental cuisine, and the rooms that never fail to reek of the Royal vibes, this is one of those
trains that one should definitely experience at least once in their lifetime. Making travelers feel
like a queen or a king, this luxury train in India will surely offer a memorable experience.
Route: Jaipur – Bikaner – Tal Chhapar and Shekhawati – Jaipur 
Mahaparinirvan Express
As the name suggests, it is a special train on a popular Buddhist circuit, operated by Indian
Railways in association with Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation. It offers an all-
inclusive one-week package covering major destinations related to the life of Lord Buddha like
Budhgaya, Rajgir, Nalanda, Varanasi, Sarnath, Kushinagar, Lumbini, Sravasti & Agra, with
flexibility to modify the packages in case of group bookings. 
Bharat Darshan Train
 The Bharat Darshan trains envisage taking a number of tourists from a particular region and
taking them to tourist destinations in other regions of the country at an economic cost. The
destinations are mainly of historic, religious and other tourism importance. The trains operate on
a number of different itineraries across the country. The itinerary also keeps on changing from
time to time. The package includes rail travel, road transfer, meals, accommodation as well as
sight-seeing and comes at an affordable cost.
Punj Takht Train
 As an endeavor to facilitate rail travel to important places of Sikh pilgrimage, this train connects
the five takhs at Amritsar, Aanadpur Saheb, Bhatinda, Nanded and Patna and offers all-inclusive
package covering train journey, accommodation, local transport meals etc. at affordable rate.
Steam Train
A Steam train between Delhi to Alwar and back operate fortnightly during the winter months. 
HILL TRAINS IN TRAINS
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was inaugurated in 1881. This ‘toy train’ covers a distance of
88 km in West Bengal from New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling in seven-and-a-half hours. The train is
not merely a source of delight, but it also represents engineering skills of the highest order.
“The scenery is very beautiful and going in and out of the mist, all though the trip, is good fun.
The railway stations are really small. The road and the houses are built very close to the tracks
and it is a treat to see people waving out from their windows,” says 14-year-old Aryan Ahuja
who has visited Darjeeling once.
The route has 8 major bridges, 542 minor bridges and 177 unmanned level crossings. The
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, which received the World Heritage Site status on Dec. 2, 1999,
has the narrowest of the regular narrow gauges.
Nilgiri Mountain Railway
The first stretch of the Nilgiri Mountain Railway from Mettupalayam to Coonoor was opened to
traffic in June 1899 and was extended up to Ooty in 1908. The main features of this meter gauge
line are the unique rack rail system (between Kallar to Coonoor) and the equally unique and
complicated steam locomotives. The delightful little train covers a distance of 46 km from
Mettupalayam to Ooty in four-and-a-half hours.
“The train ride is a real thrill as it twists and turns around the hills, passing through many tunnels,
crossing bridges, traversing forests and tea plantations. The most interesting thing about this
journey is that the engine is at the back pushing the carriages up the hills,” says Prahlad Menon
who has been on the train a few years ago. On July 15, 2005, UNESCO recognized Nilgiri
Mountain Railway as a World Heritage Site.
Kalka-Shimla Railway
The Kalka-Shimla Railway connects the residents of the plains to the summer capital of British
India. Tourists rush to Shimla both in summer and winter seasons, either to beat the heat or to
catch the snowflakes.
This railway line was opened to traffic on Nov. 9, 1903. The 101 tunnels on this route make the
railway line an engineering masterpiece. The six-hour-long, 96 km journey on narrow gauge
covers many arched bridges and several picturesque stations.
“Taking a journey on this route is the most economical way to get to Shimla. The train moves
very slowly, giving one a unique opportunity to experience the majestic Himalayas and to admire
the simple lifestyle of the hill folk. This is one train on which people generally stick their heads
out of the windows or sit on the steps at the doorway, enjoying the fresh, misty air,” says Meghna
Bhaskar, who has recently been on this train.On July 7, 2008 the Kalka-Shimla Railway was
included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list.
Matheran Light Railway
The Matheran Light Railway, which connects Neral to Matheran , was opened to traffic in March
1907. Matheran means ‘the wooded head’ or the ‘jungle topped’. The only means to get to this
peaceful hill station, which was discovered in 1850, is by a little train.
This narrow-gauge line takes the sharpest curves when compared to any Indian hill railway line.
The view along the journey is indeed breathtaking, and the 21 km ride is covered in two hours.
Kangra Valley Railway
The Kangra Valley Railway is found in Himachal Pradesh. It was opened to traffic on April 1,
1929. This line starts at Pathankot and ends at Joginder Nagar, travelling on a narrow gauge for 9
hours and 20 minutes, covering 164 km.
There are only two tunnels on this stretch, which give tourists an opportunity to enjoy the
mountains and valleys without any distraction. This railway line, which is famous for its 993
bridges, connects the state with its hydroelectric power house.
Lumding Badarpur Hill Queen
Hill Queen Express is only meter gauge track Jan Shatabdi in India runs between Lumding to
Lower Haflong in Assam. Lumding-Haflong-Badarpur Hill Railway route runs through the
Borail Hill Range between Lumding and Badarpur. Route: Lumding–Halflong–Badarpur
Kashmir Railway
The Jammu Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Railway line will connect Kashmir with the rest of
the country. The railway route also has world’s tallest railway bridge,Chenab Bridge and one of
the India’s longest rail tunnel,Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel. Route: Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-
Baramulla
The Visakhapatnam - Araku AC Tourist Passenger is a passenger train belonging to East
Coast Railway that runs between Visakhapatnam Junction and Araku. It is currently being
operated with 00501/00502 train numbers on a daily basis. This train is India's first Vista Dome
coach train which goes from scenic view of Eastern Ghats. It has got has an observation lounge,
large glass windows with capacity of 40-seat have the double-wide reclining passenger seats that
could be rotated 360 degrees. The journey to Araku in the new see-through Vistadome coach on
Visakhapatnam-Kirandul passenger train is all about experience: gaping out of the wide-windows
at the carpet of greens, savouring every moment of the four-hour journey through 58 tunnels and
over 84 bridges and while comfortably reclining in revolving chairs in the air-conditioned coach.
Travelling along this engineering marvel of the Kottavalasa-Kirandul line on the Waltair Division
of the East Coast Railway will leave you awestruck.
Proposed Mountain and Hill Railway Project
The Bilaspur Mandi Leh railway line is a proposed high-elevation railway track connect Bilaspur
in Himachal Pradesh to Leh in Ladakh. The track will become the highest railway track in the
world and Taglangla station will become the highest railway station in the world.
All these mountain railways of India are around a hundred years old. They are still very well
maintained and are a real treat for any tourist. It falls on us now to take a break from the hectic
city life and enjoy a holiday in these hill stations.

Unit V – Important Tourist Circuits

India’s diversity and the depth of its culture can be seen in its religions, landscapes, art, food,
and tourist places. From Kashmir to Kanyakumari and from Gujarat to Bengal, each state of this
great nation has something unique and mysterious that attract people from the east, west, north,
and south corner of the world. While it is true that one can’t cover the entire nation in a few days
or months, these popular tourist circuits of India give tourists an incredible opportunity to lose
themselves in the vastness of this country.
The Golden Triangle: Delhi→Jaipur→Agra
Creating an almost-equilateral triangle, the route between Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur is known as
‘The Golden Triangle’. Starting from Delhi, crossing Uttar Pradesh, and finally entering
Rajasthan, this one is the most well-trodden tourist circuits of India.
The highlights of the circuit:
i. Delhi: Red Fort, Qutub Minar, India Gate, Lotus Temple, and Chandani Chowk
ii. Agra: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and Fatehpur Sikri
iii. Jaipur: Hawa Mahal, Amer Fort, City Palace, Jantar Mantar, Jal Mahal, and Nahargarh Fort
The Desert Circuit: Jodhpur→Bikaner→Jaisalmer
The desert circuit of India is among the most popular and scenic tourist circuits in Rajasthan. This
journey gives tourists an opportunity to explore the three marvelous cities of Rajasthan. From
mighty forts to grand palaces, these cities have all that you need to make your voyage exciting.
The highlights of the circuit:
i. Jodhpur: Mehrangarh, Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jaswant Thada, Ghanta Ghar, and Balsamand
Lake
ii. Bikaner: Junagarh Fort, Lalgarh Palace, Bikaji Ki Tekri, Prachina Museum, and Bhandasar
Jain Temple
iii. Jaisalmer: The Great Indian Desert, Jaisalmer Fort, Patwaon-Ki-Haveli, Gadisar Lake, and
Salim Singh Ki Haveli
The Himachal Circuit: Shimla→Kullu→Manali→Dalhousie→Dharamshala
This Himachal circuit gives you enough opportunities to witness the beauty of the mighty snow-
clad Himalayas, the vibrant and scenic villages, and a fine mixture of cultures and different ethnic
groups that are capable of living in harmony with others.
The highlights of the circuit:
i. Shimla: Jakhoo Temple, The Ridge, Mall Road, Christ Church, Himalayan Nature Park, and
Chadwick Falls
ii. Kullu & Manali: Solang Valley, Hidimba Devi Temple, Manu Temple, Great Himalayan
National Park, Manali Sanctuary, Pin Valley National Park, and Jogini Falls
iii. Dalhousie: Khajjiar Lake, Bhuri Singh Museum, Dainkund Peak, St. Francis’ Church, and
Chamera Lake
iv. Dharmshala: Dal Lake, St. John in the Wilderness Church, Kareri Lake, Namgyal Monastery,
Bhagsunag Waterfall, and Triund
The Wildlife Circuit: Kanha National Park→Bandhavgarh
This wildlife circuit is one of the most thrilling tourist circuits of India right now. This 5-night-6-
day trip covers Bandhavgarh and Kanha National Park in MP and also includes Dhuadhar Falls
and Jabalpur, which is an ancient city on the shores of Narmada river. The highlight of this entire
circuit is a thrilling safari through the dense forests of Kanha National Park and Bandhavrgarh,
where one can spot Bengal Tiger, White Boar, Leopards, Chinkara etc.

The highlights of the circuit:

i. Kanha National Park: Mukki Gate, Kanha Museum, Chilpi Range
ii. Bandhavgarh: Baghel Museum, Village Tala, Mahaman Pond, Chimber’s Point, Three Cave
Point, and Badi Gufa.
The Nilgiri Circuit: Bangalore→Mysore→Ooty
Among the most spectacular mountain trails of India, this Nilgiri circuit is a must-do for those
who wants to absorb all the greenness, all the charm, and the magic of these wonderful cities and
towns. This circuit is all about the incredible nightlife of Bangalore, the royal vibes of Mysore,
and the divine beauty of Ooty.
The highlights of the circuit:
i. Bangalore: Lal Bagh, Bannerghatta National Park, Cubbon Park, Bangalore Palace, St. Mary’s
Basilica, Bangalore, Devanahalli Fort
ii. Mysore: Mysore Zoo, Jaganmohan Palace, Folk Lore Museum Mysore, Melody World Wax
Museum, Mysore Palace, and St. Philomena’s Cathedral
iii. Ooty: Doddabetta, Government Rose Garden, Avalanche Lake, Emerald Lake, and St.
Stephen’s Church
The Backwaters Circuit: Kochi→Alleppey→Kumarakom
The backwaters circuit is a chain of brackish lagoons, canals, and lakes lying parallel to the
Arabian Sea. This network of 1500 km of natural and manmade canals, 38 rivers, and 5 big lakes
extend from one corner of Kerala to the other. This absolutely serene and picturesque journey
through the tall pines and mangroves, on a luxurious houseboat is a journey to remember.
The highlights of the circuit:
i. Kochi: Fort Kochi, Bolghatty & Vypeen Islands, Cherai & Vypeen beach, Marine Drive, and
the backwaters
ii. Alleppey: Marari Beach, Pathiramanal Island, Kuttanad Backwaters, Krishnapuram Palace,
Alleppey Beach, and Vembanad Lake.
iii. Kumarakom: Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary, Aruvikkuzhi Waterfall, Kumarakom Backwaters,
Kottayam, Vegamon, and Pathiramanal Island
The Buddhist Tourist Circuit: Lumbini→Bodhgaya→Sarnath→Kushinagar
The Buddhist travel circuit in India is mainly for those who want to take a religious tour and
experience Buddha’s life closely. From Lumbini, where Buddha was born, to Bodhgaya, where
he attained nirvana, to Sarnath, where Buddha preached, and to Khushinagar where he attained
salvation, it takes you through different phases of the lord’s life. Home to monasteries and
temples of Buddha, these places are important for Buddhists.
The highlights of the circuit:
i. Lumbini: Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini Monastic Site, Royal Thai Monastery, Dae Sung
Shakya, Myanmar Golden Monastery, and Kundan Stupa
ii. Bodhgaya: Mahabodhi Temple, The Great Buddha Statue, Metta Buddharam Temple, and
Root Institute for Wisdom Culture
iii. Sarnath: Dhamekh Stupa, Chaukhandi Stupa, Tibetan Temple, Sarnath Temple, Japanese
Temple, and Wat Thai Sarnath Temple
iv. Kushinagar: Matha Kuar Shrine, Parinirvana Stupa, and Chinese Temple
The Chota Char Dham Circuit: Badrinath→Kedarnath→Gangotri→Yamunotri
An important Hindu pilgrimage circuit, it comprises of four most holy sites of Uttarakhand. All
these places have their own individual history that makes them sacred. Whether you are religious
or not, the mysticism and tranquility of each site will render you speechless. The journey through
the treacherous yet scenic trails is sure to offer views that are incredible. This is one of the most
popular tourist circuits of India.
The highlights of the circuit:
i. Badrinath: Badrinath Temple, Bheem Pul, and Vyas Gufa
ii. Kedarnath: Kedarnath Temple
iii. Gangotri: Gangotri Temple and Surya Kund
iv. Yamunotri: Yamunotri Temple, Sita Ram Lakshman Hanuman mandir, Birla Ashram,
Narayan Temple, and Aravind Ashram
Golden triangle tour of Southern India
The tour comprises of breathtakingly beautiful destinations of Chennai, Kanchipuram and
Mahabalipuram.
The Capital of the south eastern state of Tamil Nadu (the land of Tamils), Chennai besides being
one of the four major metropolitan cities in India is the starting point of the golden triangle tour
of the Southern India. The city will enthrall you with architectural skills of the Dravidians as
revealed in the 13th century Kapaleeshwar Temple that is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The visit to
the Fort St. George will bring to light the colonial influence on the city. The exterior of the fort in
gray granite will give you a much-needed break from the lavish decoration on the forts of the
Mughals. Though the most mesmerizing will be the Marina beach where the blue waters of Bay
of Bengal mingles with the golden sands. The sea is not an excellent bathing spot but the beauty
of the sun, the sky, the sand and the sea at dusk is spellbinding.
The 55 kilometers journey from Chennai to Mahabalipuram is full of spectacular sights and is
nothing less than a joy ride. At Mahabalipuram the shore temple, the five rathas, the largest bas-
relief in the world called Arjuna’s Penance and the famous and beautiful mandapams are what
will be most eye-catching. The relaxed souls and the rejuvenated bodies make up for the perfect
holiday trip to the southern India. You may plan your tour to club the Dance Festival at
Mahabalipuram that is hosted by the Department of Tourism of the Government of Tamil Nadu.
The extravagance of classical music and dance has performances of Bharathanatyam, Kuchipudi,
Kathakali, Odissi and folk dances by the best artists will leave you enchanted just like the temples
at Kanchipuram that follow the Dravidian style of architecture.
Out of the three diverse destinations of the Golden triangle of Southern India Chennai is one of
the important trade centers of south India and is a good place to shop for a large variety of items.
You may shop for traditional bell metal items, bronze icons, and stone sculpture, as well as other
crafts of the southern region at the local shops. Even the jewelry made from uncut precious stones
make excellent gift items.
Next the beautiful Kancheepuram hand woven silk sarees those are renowned for the temple
borders and rich zari (gold thread) pallavas must be shopped for at Kanchipuram, the second
holiday destination. Detailed traditional motifs and bright colors with contrasting borders make
these sarees absolutely delightful. You may pick up some of these exquisite souvenirs for your
loved ones in silver, copper, bronzed and wood, available in various government emporia and
private stores. The shopping spree at the holiday destinations will complete the tour to the temple
towns of the Southern India.
Green Triangle North East Tour
This is one of the most popular North East Indian tours among the tourists. The Green Triangle
North East Tour will offer amazing activities for the tourists. If you have opted for this tour, then
you can expect some great activities like visiting the Kamakhya Temple, exploring Kaziranga
National Park (to see the one horned Rhinoceros), Guwahati the Gateway City to North-East of
India, water sports, birding, village exploration, boating at the Umiam Lake in Shillong, home of
the Khasi Highland tribe, also known as the Scotland of the east. You can also enjoy caving and
trekking in Shilong, Cheerapunji, and a visit to the Nohkalikai Falls.
Odisha Golden Triangle Tour
Bhubaneswar, Konark and Puri make up the perfect Odisha Pilgrimage Tour that is the best tour
plan to explore the real charm and culture inherent in Odisha tourism. During your Odisha
Pilgrimage Tour, you will experience and enjoy the rich cultural heritage, temple architecture of
Odisha, famous temples, sea beaches, and natural wonders and above all the Oriya culture and
traditions from Bhubaneswar to Puri to Konark. Mayfair Hotels & Resorts Group offers 3 nights
and 4 days tour plan for you.
The wonderful tour starts from Bhubaneswar – the capital of Odisha. Some of the popular tourist
attractions that you will visit in Bhubaneswar include Lingaraj Temple, Ananta Vasudeva
Temples, Raja Rani Temple, Parsurameswar Temple, Brahmeswar Temple, Mukteswar Temple
and many others. Some wonderful attractions in surrounding areas include Dhauli Hill, Nanda
Kanan, Ekamra Kannan, caves of Udaigiri and Khandagiri and a few others.
Konark is your next destination – known for the world-famous Sun Temple, the UNESCO World
Heritage Site. It is also famous for a beach named Chandrabhaga. Our Odisha Golden Triangle
tour also covers Raghurajpur that is famous for Applique and Patta Chitra (Palm-Leaf Arts).
Puri is a most beautiful place to visit. Puri is one of the four most sacred pilgrimage destinations
in India (Char Dham). Sri Jagannath Temple, Gundicha Temple, Puri Beach, etc are the places to
see in Puri that will surprise you. We make your tour memorable and full of fun by providing all
state-of-the-art services and facilities along with luxurious accommodation.

Heritage and Buddhist circuits in Andhra Pradesh

Pancharamam Circuit: Visit to popular Siva temples) located at Amaravati, Bhimavaram,
Palakollu, Draksharamam, Samarlakota
Anantapur Circuit: Lepakshi, Penukonda, Gollapalle reservoir and Gooty Fort

Proposed Buddhist Circuit in AP: Shalihundam (Srikakulam), Thotlakonda (Vishakhapatnam),

Bojjanakonda (Vishakhapatnam), Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda

PROPOSED TOURIST CIRCUITS IN INDIA

Big boost for Indian tourism! In order to give a boost to the tourism sector in India, the Union
Ministry of Tourism has decided to develop 15 thematic circuits across the country in a planned
and prioritised manner under the Swadesh Darshan scheme. The circuits set to be developed are
the North-East Circuit, Himalayan Circuit, Krishna Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, Tribal Circuit,
Coastal Circuit, Eco Circuit, Tirthankara Circuit, Wildlife Circuit, Desert Circuit, Ramayana
Circuit, Spiritual Circuit, Rural Circuit, Sufi Circuit and Heritage Circuit.

North-East Circuit
The North-East Circuit focuses on developing tourism-centric sites in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura and Sikkim, in order to offer the tourists an
experience of the stunning beauty of the North-East, along with its mesmerising landscape,
Buddhist monasteries, its exotic and rare flora and fauna, refreshingly unique culture, indigenous
sports and folk arts and handicrafts.
Out of the many destinations included in the circuit, some are the Orchid Lake Resort, Umiam
Lake View and Krang Suri Waterfall in Meghalaya, Gunabati Temple, Mahadeb Bari Udaipur
and Bhubaneshwari Temple in Tripura, Khongjom and Imphal in Manipur, Sarong Monastery
and Sela lake in Arunachal Pradesh and Sapta Kanya Waterfall in Sikkim.
Himalayan Circuit
The Himalayan Circuit focuses on the beautiful tourist sites that line the Indian Himalayan
Region, which covers the strategic position of the northern border of India and spans across
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the North-East. Due to the wide
variety of the flora and fauna it has to offer, the Indian Himalayan Region is among the Natural
World Heritage Sites.
The Himalayan circuit covers destinations like Khardung Village, Skuru Village, Zorawar Fort
At Kargil, Tral, Naristan, Manasbal Lake, Rajouri Nature Park, Shimla, Manali and Dharamshala.
Krishna Circuit
Several people in India often travel for religious purposes. Keeping this in mind, the Krishna
Circuit focuses on developing those sites which are linked to the legends of Lord Krishna.
The Circuit includes developing certain places in Kurukshetra that are linked to Mahabharata and
equipping them with facilities like WiFi, CCTVs and security systems. It also includes the
development of Govind Devji Temple and Charan Mandir in Rajasthan.
Buddhist Circuit
The Buddhist Circuit includes pilgrimage destinations for Buddhist tourists. Though Lord
Buddha was born in Lumbini, which now falls in Nepal, he grew up in India, attained
enlightenment here, delivered sermons across India and also attained Mahaparinirvana in India
itself. Therefore, for Buddhist pilgrims, India is an important country and the circuit focuses on
developing important sites linked to Lord Buddha in India.
Some of the destinations included in the circuit are Bodh Gaya in Bihar, Srawasti, Kapilwastu,
and Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh, Sanchi, Mandasaur and Dhar in Madhya Pradesh, Baba Pyare
Caves and Khapara Kodiya in Gujarat, and Amaravati and Anupu in Andhra Pradesh.
Tribal Circuit
India has a vast tribal culture, which spans across several states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand. These tribes have, for decades, been maintaining their indigenous culture, not letting
it get diluted due to the modern world. The Tribal Circuit attempts to allow tourists a glimpse into
the world of Indian tribes and their traditions, culture, art, etc.
The Indian Tribal Circuit currently covers the states of Telangana, Chhattisgarh and Nagaland.
Coastal Circuit
The Coastal Circuit covers the 7,517-km-long coastline of India and covers the different beaches
that India has to offer in states and Union Territories like Goa, Maharashtra, Kerala, Puducherry,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha and West Bengal. It also covers the islands of
Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar.
The destinations include Dubrayapet in Puducherry, Cellular Jail and National Memorial in
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Barkul in Odisha, Rua De Orum Creek and Anjuna Beach in Goa,
Vijaydurg Beach in Maharashtra, Kanyakumari and Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Irrakum
Island and Venadu Island in Andhra Pradesh.
Eco Circuit
With an aim to bridge the gap between tourists and nature, the Eco Circuit covers the nature and
environment-friendly tourist destinations across Kerala, Jharkhand, Telangana, Uttarakhand,
Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram.
The destinations include Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Betla National Park and Koel River View
Point in Jharkhand, Singotam Reservoir and Akka Mahadevi Caves in Telangana, Vagamon,
Idduki and Thekkady in Kerala, Sirain, Tehri Lake and Chamba in Uttarakhand, Sailani Island,
Gandhisagar Dam and Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rawpuichhip and Berawtlang in
Mizoram.
Tirthankara Circuit
The Jain religion has its roots in India and so there are numerous shrines in India for the Jains.
This circuit aims to provide the tourists with the unique architecture of the Jain structures, their
cuisine and crafts.

Wildlife Circuit
India has a vivid range of flora and fauna, and is the wildlife hub. It is then natural that a circuit
would cover the various wildlife that our diverse country has to offer. It covers the various
national and state wildlife preserves and sanctuaries.
The circuit so far covers only Assam and Madhya Pradesh. It includes destinations like Manas,
Kaziranga and Dibru in Assam and Panna National Park, Sanjay National Park and Bandhavgarh
National Park in Madhya Pradesh.
Desert Circuit
India is a land of numerous terrains, and just like its mountains and coasts, it has great deserts
too. The deserts span from the sand dunes-marked Thar to the arid lands in Kutch and the dry and
cold valleys of Leh and Himachal.
So far, the destinations only include Rajasthan. Some of the places in Rajasthan covered in the
circuit are Shakambhari Mata Temple and the Sambhar Salt Lake.
Ramayana Circuit
Much like the Krishna Circuit, the Ramayana Circuit traces the places that are linked to the
legends of Lord Rama. So far, this only includes Uttar Pradesh.
Some of the UP destinations include Ayodhya, Laxman Qila and Chitrakoot.
Spiritual Circuit
All over the world, India is known as the land of spirituality. It is a must-go-to place for all
spiritual tourists. It would then be odd if India did not have a spiritual circuit.
Some of the destinations included in the circuit are Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple and
Vinorpu Annai Church in Puducherry, Sabarimala Temple and Caldian Syrian Church in Kerala,
Patna and Vaishali in Bihar, Kaushambi and Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, Waki and Adasa in
Maharashtra, Kaina Temple and Shri Shri Gopinath Temple in Manipur and Bharthari Temple
and Gopinath Ji Temple in Rajasthan.
Rural Circuit
It is no secret that the real, true India resides in its villages. The original cultures and traditions of
India are still preserved in the places which are surrounded by kuchcha roads and a sense of
home. Rural India is the heart and the soul of the country, and anyone who wishes to understand
India in its true sense ought to visit these villages. With this in mind, the government is
developing the Rural Circuit.
The destinations covered in the circuit include Turkanlia and Chandrahia Theme Park in Bihar.
Sufi Circuit
While no destination has yet been added to this circuit, its aim is to make available to tourists the
age-old Sufi culture of India. The culture emphasises on diversity and communal harmony and
has its own unique music and art.
Heritage Circuit
India is a land of a rich heritage that has built over the country over centuries. The land of Taj
Mahal, India has as many as 36 UNESCO recognised world heritage sites and another 36 are in
the tentative list. With this backdrop, the government’s Heritage Circuit gives the tourists
glimpses of the lesser-known but abundantly available heritage sites.
These include the Paigah Tombs and Hayat Bakshi Mosque in Telangana, Nahargarh Fort, Bala
Quila, Chittorgarh Fort and Jaisalmer Fort in Rajasthan, Bamuni Hills and Samuguru Satra in
Assam, Sholam Chaupal and Kalinjar Fort in Uttar Pradesh, Sharmishtha Lake and Ambaji Kotha
Lake in Gujarat, Franco Tamil Village in Puducherry, Sri Anandpur Sahib and Mir Mian Tomb in
Punjab, Jogeshwar in Uttarakhand and Baija Taal, Italian Garden and Gwalior Fort in Madhya
Pradesh.
With the development of these circuits, several lesser-known places of cultural and historical
importance will come into the limelight and benefit from the boost in the tourism industry. India
has, for years, remained a hot destination for tourists, domestic as well as international, and it is
time that these undermined places also get discovered for the rich culture they have to offer by
way of these thematic tourism circuits.
Important Hotel Chains in India
With more and more industries entering India and more hidden gems continuously being
discovered, the country is turning to be a vibrant travel destination by both domestic and
international citizens. As a result of this, tourism industry in India is growing rapidly with hotel
and hospitality industry occupying the top position. To restore the culture, heritage and spirit of
India, organized players in the hotel industry are providing world class services all across Indian
cities and exotic locations. Several popular hotel chains in India have earned quality ratings and
global fame because of their unmatched services in India over a considerable period of time.
Chain hotels in India operate under both budget and luxury categories making travel affordable
for all class and types of travellers. Luxury hotel chains like Taj, Leela, Oberoi, Hyatt, Welcome
Heritage, Radisson, The Lalit, Park, Ibis, Novotel, Lemontree and others have spread their wings
from metropolitan cities to exclusive tourist destinations. These chain of luxury hotels are
attracting have remained all-time favourite amongst elite business and leisure clients. On the
other hand, budget hotel chains in India like Ginger Hotels is a young entry into the industry that
is running successfully all over major Indian destinations. Chain Hotels in India with hospitality
make your stay in India a lifetime experience.
Taj Group of Hotels
The Taj Group of Hotels is synonymous with the hospitality industry in India. Ranked as one of
the Top Hotel Brands in India this group offers some of the largest and most reputed chains of
hotels in the country. Located in all the metros and famous tourist destinations of the country, the
Taj Group of hotels are at par with international standards when it comes to facilities, hospitality,
services, cuisine or infrastructure. The Taj Group of Hotels is a one-stop destination for all kinds
of tourists be it the leisure holiday seeker or the business traveller.
The Oberoi Group of Hotels
The history of this top brand of hotels in India dates back almost 125 years. The Oberoi Group of
Hotels known to be one of the oldest hotel chains in the country has managed to establish a
reputation in places like Australia, Mauritius and Indonesia as well. Dotted in most of the
metropolitans and important cities in India this chain of hotels are known for their distinct style
of Victorian architecture combined with unique ethnic and local culture. Equipped with larger
than life services and facilities this top hotel brand in India has entered the golden pages of the
history of the country.
LEMON TREE HOTELS
Lemon Tree hotel chain is the largest mid-priced hotel chain in India and ranks amongst the best
luxurious hotel chains in India with 82 hotels, more than 8100 rooms in 50 different cities across
the nation. Founded by Patanjali (Patu) Keswani, Lemon Trees operates under the label of 7
brands: Aurika Hotels and Resorts (upscale), Lemon Tree Premier (upper midscale), Lemon Tree
Hotels (midscale) & Red Fox by Lemon Tree Hotels (economy), Keys Prima (upper midscale),
Keys Select (midscale) and Keys Lite (economy). The brand keeps up their promise of exclusive
hospitality by high-class professionals they have and offers stylish features & excellent services.
They focus on a healthy “triple bottom line” which aims at maintaining sustainability between
planet, people and profit and has helped them achieve Leadership in Energy and Design (LEED)
gold certificate. It’s a matter of fact that today, 16% of employees are those Indians who were
opportunity deprived by some means before and it holds as a testimony that not just being the
most exclusive hotel chain in India, they are also the most responsible hotel chain in India.
Le Meridien Group of Hotels in India
Established in the year 1972 Le Meridien Group of Hotels are a chain of internationally
renowned hotels. Personified with luxurious living the Le Meridien Group of Hotels are spread
across 53 countries and are an integral part of the top hotel brands in India. Spread across
important Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Cochin, Pune and Bangalore the Le
Meridien Group of Hotels are known for providing excellent hospitality and world-class
standards of living.

ITC Hotels
With over 100 hotels, ITC Hotels of India is one of the country's largest hotel chains. It also
operates under various brands, including-

 ITC Royal Bengal, Kolkata

 ITC Grand Chola
 ITC Grand Maratha
 ITC Kohinoor Hyderabad
The Leela
Late Captain Krishna Nair, who served the Free Indian Army built the brand “The Leela” in India
which is one of the leading brands in India when it comes to luxurious hotels. He named the
brand after his wife Leela. Leela has luxurious hotels in popular cities like Goa and Udaipur.

NEEMRANA HOTELS
Neemrana hotel chain is a bit different from what we have discussed before. Neemrana Hotels is
an Indian organisation that restores the heritage sites and transforms them into hotels. It was
founded in 1991 by Aman Nath and Francis Wacziarg, a former French diplomat and Indian
resident. Their interest in heritage architecture led them to buy Neemrana Fort and later they
transformed the ruins into a colonial-style hotel with 12 rooms. Today they own 18 hotels in 13
different locations including the Baradari Palace, Piramal Haveli, Tijara Fort-Palace, The
Glasshouse on the Ganges and have even restored the famous Pataudi Palace. The “non-hotel”
experience that they offer allows you to relive that era with the works of local artisans and
traditional craftsmen. Neemrana is an exquisite hotel chain which offers one in a lifetime
experience.
THE RESIDENCY GROUP OF HOTELS
The Residency Group of Hotels is a confluence of luxury, business and boutique hotels in South
India, namely Chennai, Coimbatore, Puducherry and Karur. Its hotels are a range of 5-star hotel
chains in India along with other multi starred hotels. The brand is owned by Appaswamy Real
Estates Ltd. under the flagship of Ravi Appaswamy. What makes this hotel chain different is their
themed restaurants and bars & its food and beverages options for which they have many times
topped Times Food Guide. Their advanced and intrusive hospitality, guest-centric approach,
leisure and banquet facility gives you a more personalised deluxe experience and leaves a long-
lasting impact. If you are looking for some new-age hotel experience then Residency Group of
Hotels is the right pick for you.
SAROVAR HOTELS & RESORTS
Sarovar Hotels & Resorts is the hotel chain which stretches throughout India with three premium
brands: Sarovar Premiere and Park Plaza – the upscale (5-star) segment, Sarovar Portico and Park
Inn – the midmarket (3 to 4 star) segment, Hometel – 3-star to budget. Anil Madhok, the pioneer
of Sarovar Hotels & Resorts, laid its foundation in 1994 after he garnered his experience from
The Oberoi Group. He has a Lifetime Achievement Award by Hotelier India and it’s visible in
the hospitality of this premium hotel chain. They offer affordable luxury to chic boutiques with
value-driven excellence in more than 85 hotels over 55 destinations and hence fit well in between
the luxurious 5-star hotel chain and the affordable 5-star hotel chain of India.
OYO Rooms
Oyo Rooms, a 2013 start-up that is now India's largest hotel chain, focuses on leased and
franchised hotels, as well as residences and living spaces. It is a hotel chain that is both
inexpensive and budget-friendly. Some of the categories of their hotels include:
 OYO Townhouse
 OYO Home
 OYO vacation home
 OYO Life