Distributed Database Systems

Autumn, 2007

Chapter 4

Distributed DBMS
Architecture
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Introduction

y Architecture defines a system’s structure

with
◦ Components
◦ Functions of components, and
◦ Their interactions
y Purpose of ‘reference architecture’:
◦ A framework for discussion
◦ Standardization

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4.1 Transparencies in a distributed DBMS

y X transparency means the existence of X

is not known to users.
y Closely related to architecture issues.

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4.1.1 Data independence
y Same as in centralized DBMS:
◦ Logical data independence
x applications are immune to changes in schema
◦ Physical independence
x applications are immune to changes in physical
storage, and data distribution

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4.1.2 Network transparency
y Also known as “distribution transparency”

4.1.3 Replication transparency

4.1.4 Fragmentation transparency

y Data fragmentation – the division of
relation into smaller fragments at different
sites.

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4.2 DBMS Standardization

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4.2.1 ANSI/APARC Architecture
y A 3-level architecture based on data organization

View Description
External View • How users view the shared data
• Commands used:
create view … as …
Conceptual View • Synthesis of external views of an enterprise
• Commands used:
create db …
create table …
Internal View • Physical definition and organization of data
• Commands used:
index on device
segment definition and allocation

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The ASNI/SPARC Architecture (1997)

Users

Ex ternal Ex ternal External External

Schema View View View

Conceptual Conceptual
Schema View

Intern al Internal
Schema View

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4.3 Architecture Models for Distributed DDBMS

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4.3 Architecture Models for Distributed DDBMS

y Classification of multiple DBs shared by

multiple DBMSs
y Criteria for classification
◦ Distribution
x 0: centralized, 1: C/S, 2: P2P
◦ Autonomy
x 0: tight integration, 1: semi-autonomous, 2: total
isolation
◦ Heterogeneity
x 0: homogeneous, 1: heterogeneous

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 Distribution

1. (A0,D2,H0) P2P P2P

P2P homogeneous homogeneous
homogeneous federated multidatabase
tightly
integrated
2. P2P 3. (A2,D2,H1)
heterogeneous P2P
federated heterogeneous
multidatabase

Autonomy

Heterogeneity

Note 1: the available most advanced commercial product

2 and 3: active research area

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Autonomy: the distribution of control
y (0) tightly integrated
◦ a single image of the entire DB to and user
and a single DBMS
y (1) semi-autonomous
◦ all DBMSs can operated independently but
have to join a federation to make local data
sharable
y (2) total isolation
◦ each DBMS is stand-alone and enjoy 100%
freedom of autonomy

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Distinction between DDB and MDB
y In MDB
◦ every local data manager is a complete DBMS
with its own DDL, DML and TM
y In DDB
◦ there is only one data manager with its
dependent component-data-manager at every
local site

The focus of this course is the

PRINCIPLES of DDBs (A0, D2, H0)

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4.3.1 Distributed DBMS architecture
y An architecture based on data organization

External Schema External Schema External Schema

ES
Global Conceptual
GCS Schema

LCS
Local Conceptual Local Conceptual Local Conceptual
Schema Schema Schema

Local Internal Local Internal Local Internal

Schema Schema Schema

LIS

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Detailed functional description of DDBMS

y Legend

◦ Administrative Role

◦ Data Dictionary/Directory

◦ Processing Unit

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 Enterprise
Administrator

Global DB GCS Application

System
Administrator Processor
Administrator

ES
GD/D Processor

Local Data Manager Local Data Manager

Local GCS
DBA Processor-1

Local IS
Processor LD/D

……
……

Internal
Int. Storage DB
Int. DB Conceptual
Transformation Transformation
……

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Components of a Distributed DBMS

Semantic data controller

• Integrity constraint and
authorization

Global Query Processor

• decompose and optimize
global query

Global Execution Monitor

• Distributed transaction
manager

Runtime Support Processor

• physical access to database

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Client/Server
Systems
y A computing
model dividing
functions
between client
and server

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Discussion
y Why DDB?
y Compare DDB with CDB, MDB, C/S DB.
y Do you understand DDB architecture?

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