expresses a challenge, meaning “I met you here, s0 you shall apologize to me.” Example (2) has the imperative meaning “because you have heard about this project, you have to join the group. ‘Also used in general, in non-threatening, non-im- perative sentences such as (3) and (4). [ae] [R-#%0%] () AULARVCLRAARAROKR. /\t's hard to believe, but it's true. HooOMIZER MOREE Basie, LOCORB LAY. / ‘What he says is groundless, absurd, and Q hardly comprehensible. - Wasihaele7 27 Bch bts Ke beRH ORK BLALLIA BL BVA}. / Itis an indisputable fact that, during the war, the Japanese 3) Army killed ordinary people in Asian countries for no reason. Raw roxtichs ay yew JAAY CHR ENC LDD DET, ESTHHOBAAEWISD DD, OK RERAEEE AVE GLTED, Fon HLA. / Though he was prosecuted by a female subordinate for @ sexual harassment, he not only shows no sign of remorse, he’s also spreading re- ports that she’s incompetent. That's really unpardonable! Attaches to a verb stem and means that an action is difficult or impossible to do. Combines with verbs of perception and awareness, as in 42%L AV) (hard to imagine), BWA TV (hard to admiv/accep), (S2%) LANA (hard to accept other people's (opinions/ideas)), #02 * 41° (difficult o agree with). Also used with verbs of utterance, as in ##V¥A°72V+ (hard to say) and 3 Lat Gifficult to express), tha Latrev Hse in Q) is an idiomatic expression that means some- thing is undeniably true. Often used in written language. [DEBE] IN@kaee] ties ae : (@ RADAR EOVEEWI OT, BH BODIATEREMPSLECLB / My friend said he had caught a cold, so decided to visit him at home to see how he was. hie © e 2) HBA ESA TTIOTE LI. / will stop by a bakery on my stroll Baka wt he " @) GARD MBs Larcarcslfives, / €in a letter)I thought I would send you this brief note to thank you and also to take this opportunity to ask you another favor. Attaches to a noun that describes an action; ex presses that another action which is described after this noun takes place at the same time, The nouns with which 2°7:4°7 can be used are lim- ited in number and include BEL» (a visit © someone who is ill/an expression of sympathy) and 3 (a walk/stroll). (AEBS ee (i) ...®%b 5 (beside) [NOMS] een me () EatwAwesenieboc, KOT aan ae : TY ME LTHEA TU / The girl was playing with origami while her mother was knitting. 22 nus RLEPEBLANVLTO SILK Omtzdbsc, HIM SALLE ATO IP tect. / Tagawa-san looked down with dejection all the while Tanaka-kun was chatting away cheerfully. Q Attaches to a noun or a verb that expresses an = tion. Means “beside, alongside” and is often us 4 in descriptions of scenes. A formal expressior