C 16

Quantity Calculations

LPG
and
Chemical Gases'

Prepared by: D. Beernaert

SGS Training Institute
September 1997

SIGTTO
 Quantity Calculations

LPG
and
Chemical Gases

Prepared by: D. Beernaert

SGS Training Institute v.z.w.

September 1997

The Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators is a non-profit making organisation
SIGTTO dedicated to protect and promote the mutual interests of its members in matters related to the safe
and reliable operation of gas tankers and terminals within a sound envionment The Society was
founded in 1979 and was granted consultative status at IMO in November 1983 The Society has over 100 companies in membership who
own or operate over 95% of world LNG tankers and terminals and over 55% of world LPG tankers and terminals.

Published in 1997 by
© Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators Ltd

Distributed by Witherby & Co Ltd

32-36 Aylesbury Street, London EC1R 0ET
Telephone.- 44 (0)171 253 5413 Fax:- 44 (0)171 251 1296
ISBN:- 1 85609 144 9

2nd Edition September 1997

Notice of Terms of Use

While the information given in this document has been developed using the best advice available at the time of publication, it is intended
purely as guidance to be used at the owner's risk No responsibility is accepted by the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal
Operators Ltd by SGS Training Institute, or by any person, firm, corporation or organisation who. or which, has been in any way concerned
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compliance with or adoption of guidance contained herein even if caused by a failure to exercise reasonable care
SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

PREFACE

The nature of liquefied gases requires that their commercial transportation and storage be under
pressure and/or refrigeration in closed containers As a result, the quantification for custody transfer
purposes of bulk liquefied gas cargoes involves somewhat more complex considerations and
procedures than is the case for other bulk liquefied gas commodities carried and stored in "open"
containers where there is access to atmosphere or to external inert gas for liquid content displacement
purposes Adding to this complexity is the availability and use of a number of calculation procedures,
generally valid within presently accepted levels of accuracy but each with differences in the approach
to the final value of cargo transferred.

An understanding of the special considerations and of the differences in the various calculation
procedures practiced is essential if discrepancies between cargo calculated as loaded and that
calculated as discharged are to be correctly recognised as real or spurious Apart from the
inconvenience and perhaps cost of reconciliations, spurious discrepancies throw unnecessary doubt on
the reliability of equipment and on shipboard cargo care.

Recognising the need for a wider appreciation of these matters, the Society of International Gas Tanker
and Terminal Operators Ltd. offers the second edition of this monograph as a contribution to this
broader understanding. The first edition was written in 1985 by Dr Eric Robinson This new edition has
been completely revised and updated by an acknowledged consultant in the field The information
presented in the main text may be of use as general background to those in shippers' and cargo
receivers' organisations who are concerned, day to day, with liquefied gas cargo custody transfer The
more detailed appendices, with their numerical examples, may provide an appropriate aide memoire to
those engaged in the practical measurement and calculation of cargo quantities

September 1997 i
 Contents
Page No.

Preface iii

1. Introduction 1

2. Vapour / Liquid Equilibrium 1

3. Terms and Definitions 2

3.1 General - Density in Air and Density in Vacuo 2
3.2 True Density - Apparent Density 3
3 3 Relative Density (Specific Gravity) 3
3.4 Apparent Relative Density (Apparent Specific Gravity) 3

4. Vapour Density 5
4.1 General 5
4.2 Perfect Gases 5
4 3 Real Gases 6

5. Liquid Density 7
5.1 Introduction 7
5.2 Practical Density Method: The Pressure Hydrometer 7
(ASTM D1657)
5.3 Density From Compositional Analysis 8
5 3 1 ASTM D2598 8
5.3.2 The Francis Formula 9
5.3.3 The Costald Equation 9
5.3.4 Specific Density Calculation Methods and Tables 9
5.4 LNG 11

6. Volume and Total Quantity Determination 12

6 1 Tank Inventory 12
6 2 The Liquid Quantity 15
6 3 Summary 16
6 3.1 From Liquid Density at Observed Temperature 16
6.3.2 From Liquid Density at Reference Temperature 16

7. Shore Terminal Considerations 17

7.1 Companson Between Ship and Shore Figures 17
7.2 Flowmetering 18

8. Future Developments 20

9. Conclusions 21

Appendix 1 Properties of Commercial Gases 22

Appendix 2 Weight in Air Conversion 23
Appendix 3 The Francis Formula 25
Appendix 4 The Costald Equation 26
Appendix 5 Quantity Calculation of LPG - An Example 28
Appendix 6 Measurement Report for Liquefied Gases 31

September 1997 v
 SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

Liquefied Gas Cargo Quantity Calculations

1. INTRODUCTION

All commercial sale and purchase trade in the oil and petrochemical business relies on accurate
measurements and mass calculations. Liquefied gases differ from oils or chemicals in that they are
"boiling" liquids carried in closed containers. So the physical measurement is more difficult. In addition,
the cargo vapour in equilibrium with the liquid forms a significant quantity of the cargo inventory This
vapour must therefore be quantified to achieve the accuracy necessary in determining the total mass

2. VAPOUR/LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM

In crude oil ships, the cargo is loaded into tanks filled with inert gas produced from a separate source.
The quantity of hydrocarbons in the vapour space is not significant so it is ignored in cargo
quantification But when a liquefied gas is loaded, all the vapours above the liquid come from the cargo
itself So the quantity loaded exists partly as a liquid and partly as a vapour Therefore it is necessary
to account for both the liquid and vapour in liquefied gas cargo calculations.

It is helpful to think about liquids and vapours in terms of their molecules. When a liquid evaporates,
molecules escape continuously from the liquid surface into the vapour phase above The rate at which
these molecules escape depends on the nature of the product and its temperature. If the liquid is in an
open topped container, the molecules will escape and the liquid will evaporate If the liquid is in a closed
container, the molecules will collide with the container's walls and generate a pressure

If the vapour space above a liquid in a closed container is composed entirely of the same components
as the liquid itself, the pressure developed is characteristic of that liquid at that temperature and is called
its Vapour Pressure If the liquid temperature is increased, the number of molecules escaping from
the liquid surface will increase and so will their velocity Thus, the pressure in the container will rise due
to the increased intensity of the collisions and the momentum forces involved.

In the vapour phase, molecules will collide with each other and the container walls So m e of the
molecules will return to the liquid phase while others will escape from the liquid into the vapour phase.
When the rate at which molecules escape from the liquid phase equals the rate of return from the
vapour phase, then, an equilibrium condition is reached. The vapour pressure observed at equilibrium
condition is called the Saturated Vapour Pressure. When this occurs, liquid and vapour reach what
is called the Saturation Temperature It is possible to plot a graph showing the variation in Saturated
Vapour Pressure for a particular substance over a range of temperatures.

For each substance, the term "Normal Boiling Point" is used for the particular Saturation Temperature
at which the Saturated Vapour Pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure [i.e. 760 mm Hg or 1.0132
Bar (absolute) or 101.32 kPa(a)]. For example, the Normal Boiling Point of pure Propane is -42 1 °C, for
Ammonia it is -33 3°C and for pure n-Butane it is -0.5°C.

Liquefied gases are most commonly stored as "boiling liquids", i.e. at a pressure which corresponds to
the saturated pressure at the storage temperature. As a result. a relatively large amount of the total
inventory exists in the vapour phase - which is why the quantity in both liquid and vapour phases must
be calculated to obtain the total quantity of product present

It is important to note that when relatively large amounts of product are moved in a short time, for
example during ship loading, there is often a delay before the equilibrium between liquid and vapour
phases is re-established in the ship's cargo tanks. So, for a certain time, the pressure existing in the
tanks may be above or below the saturated vapour pressure corresponding to the cargo temperature

September 1997 1


Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

3.1 General - Density in Air and Density in Vacuo

Liquefied gas cargo quantities are commonly expressed in terms of "weight in air" - often as a result of
Customs Regulations. But no air is physically displaced from closed liquefied gas systems, and we
include both vapour and liquid in our quantification So, the expression "weight in air" can be confusing
and we must clarify the fundamental concept.

The terms "weight" and "mass" are often used interchangeably. This is not correct. The "mass" is the
amount of matter in any given object, whereas its "weight" is the force exerted by gravity on that object.
The mass is a characteristic of an object - it would be the same in space (i e zero gravity) as on earth,
while the weight is dependent on the force of gravity where the object is placed.

Mass is the only SI unit not based upon fundamental atomic properties or the speed of light. The
reference standard is a small platinum cylinder with a mass of exactly 1 kilogram made in the late
1880's, it is kept under inert conditions at the Bureau International des Pods et Mesures near Paris
Copies are kept in various laboratories around the world as a companson standard.

Everyday commodities are sold by weight, for example fruit or cement. This means their weight-in-air.
Consider a simple beam balance. Weighting is carried out by balancing the force of gravity acting on
the commodity against the force of gravity acting on a known mass - for example a brass weight Since
the gravitational force is the same on both sides of the balance, then this weighing process is balancing
mass against mass.

However, the commodity and the brass weight are immersed in air during this process and, by
Archimedes principle, there will be a small upthrust. The upthrust is equal to the force of gravity acting
on the mass of air displaced. So, if the commodity and the weight occupied the same volume, then
the buoyancy upthrust would be the same - so the result would be a mass to mass balance. The same
would apply if the weighing was carried out in a perfect vacuum; so, the term weight-in-vacuum is
synonymous with mass.

It is most usual for the volume of the commodity being weighed on the beam balance to be different
from the volume of the brass weights. So, there is an imbalance in the buoyancy forces on either side
of the balance. This is usually ignored as it is so small, but the result is that the weight of a commodity
determined by this method is slightly different from its actual mass. To minimise the effect of buoyancy
variations , the balance weights are standardised against brass which has a density of 8000 kg/m3 So,
the use of balance weights made of a different material does not matter as all balance weights are
calibrated against a brass standard which thereby compensates for the different buoyancy

The type of weighing machine does not matter since all devices are calibrated in accordance with the
standards described. Variation in the gravitational field have no effect on the result as the variation
affects both sides of the balance equally. So, the result is independent of the type of machine used and
its location. Of course, if a machine is calibrated under one gravitational field and is then relocated to
an area with a different gravitational field, then the results will be incorrect unless it is recalibrated.

The above description of quantification applies to any weighing, whether of apples or crude oil.
However, it is clearly impractical to place a ship on a beam balance, so the cargo is quantified indirectly
by taking a small sample and determining its density - which is its mass per unit volume. If this density
is multiplied by the cargo volume, then the quantity of the whole cargo can be obtained

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SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

3.2 True Density - Apparent Density

There are two important points to note when applying this indirect method. Density should be quoted
in the fundamental units of mass-per-volume; this is also called true density. It is the weight per unit
volume in a vacuum. So, an adjustment for the buoyancy of air is necessary to obtain the weight-in-
air Conversely, the apparent density of a substance is the weight per unit volume in air Both densities
are quoted in the same units (e g.kilograms per litre) but, as the cargoes are traded by quantity-in-air-
or quantity-in-vacuum, it is essential to specify density units clearly

3.3 Relative Density (Specific Gravity)

The density of a substance relative to that of pure water is also an important unit in our industry This
is called the relative density or specific gravity. Again we must account for buoyancy and also for
the fact that the water may be at a different temperature from that of the substance under consideration

The relative density or specific gravity of a liquid is the ratio of the weight in vacuo of a given volume
of that liquid at a specified temperature to the weight in vacuo of an equal volume of pure water at a
specified temperature When this ratio is reported, the reference temperatures must also be stated For
example, relative density at 15°C to the true density of water at 20°C

3.4 Apparent Relative Density (Apparent Specific Gravity)

The apparent relative density or apparent specific gravity of a liquid is the ratio of the weight- in-
air of a given volume of that liquid at a specified temperature to the weight-in- air of an equal volume
of pure water at a specified temperature When this ratio is reported, the reference temperatures must
also be stated For example, apparent relative density 15°C/20°C means the ratio of the apparent
density of the liquid at 15°C to the apparent density of water at 20°C

It is obvious that the volume of the cargo is very important, and this is in turn dependent on its
temperature. So, it is necessary to specify the conditions of the cargo at which it is to be quantified
The condition most commonly chosen is to assume that the entire cargo is a liquid at its boiling point
and at a temperature of 15°C.

It is now clear why it is essential to state clearly the standard condition assumed for the cargo
quantification. Although the mass of two cargoes may be identical, if their volumes are not equal, the
upthrust caused by air displacement will be different and hence their weight will be different An extreme
case could be conceived in which two cargoes of equal mass were weighed, one entirely as a liquid,
and the other entirely as a vapour The former would have a weight not greatly different in magnitude
from its mass, whilst the latter would have very little weight due to its very large air displacement. The
use of a precise standard avoids this discrepancy.

The derivation of cargo weight may be carried out in practice by two methods The mass may be
calculated and this converted to weight by use of a conversion factor, with the liquid density at 15°C
The conversion factor used in this method is given by the short table in the introduction to Table 56 of
the ASTM/IP Petroleum Measurement Tables (See page 4)

The second practical method of determining the weight of a cargo is from its volume at 15°C using a
volume-to-weight conversion factor. This weight conversion factor is the weight per unit volume of the
saturated liquid at 15°C This factor should not be confused with density, although it is closely related
The factor has a unit of weight per volume, whilst true density has a unit of mass per unit volume. The
main Table 56 gives the relationship between density at 15°C and this volume to weight conversion
factor.

The arithmetic derivations of both these factors are presented in Appendix 2

As discussed earlier in this paper, liquefied gases are always handled in closed containers from which

September 1997 3
Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases S I GTTO

air is totally excluded Consequently, air has no influence on either the liquid phase or the vapour phase
of the stored products.

Although from a purely scientific point of view, it is not correct to use apparent densities in quantity
calculation, they are applied in the commercial trade of liquefied gases An apparent density of a
liquefied gas should be considered as a theoretical density. It may be obtained from a True Density,
converted to Apparent Density by applying ASTM Table 56 Densities of the most common liquefied
gases at their boiling point vary from 0 5680 kg/Litre (Ethylene) to 0 9714 Kg/Litre (Vinyl Chloride
Monomer) When converting this true density to a density in air (Apparent density), a difference of
0 0011 Kg/Litre always appears

Note that conversion from density in air to density in vacuo has to be done by introducing the
conversion factors from ASTM Table 56 with a density at 15°C. This conversion is not always possible
considering the critical temperature of some products such as Ethylene and Methane, which are
completely gaseous at 15°C

ASTM 56 (Short table)

Factor for Factor for

Density at 15°C converting Density at 15°C converting
Weight in Weight in Air
(Kg/L) Vacuo to (Kg/L) to Weight in
Weight in air Vacuo

0 5000 to 0 5191 0.99775 0 5000 to 0.5201 1 00225

0 5192 to 0.5421 0.99785 0.5202 to 0.5432 1.00215
0 5422 to 0.5673 0.99795 0.5433 to 0.5684 1.00205
0.5674 to 0 5950 0 99805 0.5685 to 0 5960 1 00195
0 5951 to 0 6255 0.99815 0 5961 to 0.6265 1.00185

0 6256 to 0 6593 0 99825 0.6266 to 0.6603 1 00175

0 6594 to 0 6970 0.99835 0.6604 to 0.6980 1.00165
0 6971 to 0 7392 0.99845 0.6981 to 0.7402 1.00155
0 7393 to 0 7869 0.99855 0.7403 to 0 7879 1 00145
0 7870 to 0 8411 0 99865 0.7880 to 0.8421 1.00135

0 8412 to 0.9034 0.99875 0 8422 to 0 9044 1 00125

0.9035 to 0.9756 0 99885 0.9045 to 0.9766 1.00115
0.9757 to 1.0604 0.99895 0.9767 to 1.0614 1.00105
1 0605 to 1 1000 0.99905 1.0615 to 1.1000 1.095

4 September 1997


SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

4. VAPOUR DENSITY

4.1 General

The density of a vapour depends on the following factors: Temperature, Pressure and nature of the
product The relation between these parameters is given by the perfect gas law

Where

P = pressure (absolute)
V = volume
n = number of moles
m = mass
MM = mass per mole (specific to each product)
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature, degrees Kelvin (K)*

4.2. Perfect Gases

Based on the perfect gas law, the vapour density of a gas is given by the following equation.

In above equation, a temperature of 15°C is used as a reference temperature

• T(K ) = 273 15 + T (°C)

September 1997 5
 Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

4.3. Real Gases

Corrections must be applied to the perfect gas law to represent actual conditions due to the nature
and the behaviour of gas molecules These corrections are summarised in a so called compressibility
factor The density for real gases is then given by the following equation:

Compressibility factors are more important at higher temperatures and especially at high pressure
(dense vapour condition) Under the conditions in a gas tanker or in a storage tank ashore, the
compressibility factor is near to 1. The differences resulting from the application of these compressibility
factors are negligible

6 September 1997


SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

5. LIQUID DENSITY
5.1. Introduction

The density of a liquid as a function of its temperature is usually given by a power series equation. For
relatively small temperature ranges, the density/ temperature relationship can be regarded as linear. In
the oil industry, the general practice is to correct observed measurements to volumes and/or densities
to a reference temperature of 15°C Liquefied gases have a boiling point varying from about 0°C for n-
Butane to -162°C for Methane (LNG) Temperature ranges are considerably greater when compared to
those found in the petroleum and chemical trades. This will reflect in different methods and quantity
calculation routines for liquefied gases

5.2. Practical Density Test Method : The Pressure Hydrometer (ASTM D1657)

This test method, last revised in 1989, covers the determination of relative density or density of light
hydrocarbons including Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG). The test method is not applicable for
products having vapour pressures higher than 1 4 MPa. at he test pressure, at 15°C.

A pressure cylinder, made of glass or

transparent plastic is filled with liquid gas to a
level at which an enclosed hydrometer floats
freely (see figure 5.1 ) The hydrometer reading
and the temperature of the sample are noted

The obtained density must be corrected using

ASTM Table 53B for correction of density to
15°C or ASTM Table 23B for correction of
relative density to 60/60F

FIG. 5.1
Pressure Hydrometer Cylinder

Metric Equivalents

in. 4 11/2 2 3 6¼ 8 171/2 19

mm 6 4 38 51 76 158 203 445 483

September 1997 7
 Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

5.3. Density from Compositional Analysis

5.3.1. ASTM D 2598

This standard covers the determination of the relative density of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (Propane,
Butane and their mixtures) by compositional analysis. The analytical composition of the liquid is obtained
by gaschromatography (see 6 2). The composition of the mixture should be expressed in liquid volume
percent The theoretical calculation of the relative density is as follows.

Relative Density (60 / 60° F) =

Where.

C = Concentration of compound, in liquid volume percent

The relative density of different compounds are listed in Table 5.A.(') here below:

TABLE 5.A

Relative Density of Compounds

Compound Relative Density at

60/60 F (15.56 °C)

Ethane 0.35619

Propane 0.50699

Propylene 0.52095

n - Butane 0.58401

i- Butane 0.56287

(1) Ref ASTM D 2598-01, 1996 Annual Book of ASTM standards, Volume 05,02

8 September 1997


SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

5.3.2. The Francis Formula

The Francis Formula is a relatively simple method to establish the density of the pure components at
their boiling points corresponding to tank conditions The density of the mixture is derived finally from
the component densities, using the mixture composition expressed in mole fraction terms This
derivation ignores the effect of volumetric shrinkage when the pure components are mixed.

The Francis Formula is applicable only to LPG mixtures at their boiling point, within the temperature
range - 60°C to + 30°C.

Appendix 3 gives the procedure for liquid density calculation of LPG by using the Francis Formula

5.3.3. The COSTALD Equation

The simplest and most obvious method for density determination of LPG mixtures is to assume that
the mixtures are ideal. This implies that the density of the mixture is a weighted average of the molar
volumes of the pure compounds. Method ASTM D 2598, as discussed in paragraph 5 3 1, gives the
calculated average density However, it does not take into consideration the effect that mixing different
molecules has on the liquid density Where LPG has been loaded or unloaded in or from a tank, the
pressure in the tank may be above or below the saturated vapour pressure until equilibrium conditions
are achieved The influence of this excess pressure on the liquid density is not incorporated in this
method A more complex method for calculating the liquid density is the COSTALD (Corresponding
State of Liquid Density) method This correlation is applicable to both the saturated and the compressed
liquid region

A comparison between measured densities and densities computed using COSTALD indicates an
average of 0 08%. Errors greater than 0 2% occur in mixtures containing higher concentrations of
Ethane The deviation tends to increase with increasing Ethane content

Appendix 4 gives the formula and calculations which make up the COSTALD equation for saturated
liquids.

5.3.4. Specific Density Calculation Methods and Tables

Specific calculation methods are introduced for the density calculation of single and pure compounds.
These methods are frequently used because of their high accuracy.

An overview is given in Table 5 B, of the most commonly used references on which the density tables
are based for Liquefied gases such as Ethylene, Propylene, Butadiene, vinyl Chloride Monomer, etc

September 1997 9

Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

TABLE 5 B

References for Density Tables of Liquefied Gases

Density Saturated Vapour Critical Value

Vapour Density & MM
Liquid Pressure Saturated

LPG (C3/C4 mix) (1) (1) (2) (9)

Ethylene (3) (3) (3) (3)

Propylene (4) (4) (4) (4)

1,3-Butadiene (1) (1) (2) (9)

Ammonia (5) (5) (5) (5)

Vinyl Chloride Monomer

(7) (8) (6) (7)
(VCM)

(1) a) COSTALD/Corresponding State Liquid Density / R W. Hankinson, G.H. Thomson /

Hydrocarbon processing / 09 1979.

b) An improved correlation for densities of compressed liquids and liquid mixtures /

R.W. Hankinson / G.H. Thomson / K R Brobst / AICME Journal Vol.28. No 4 / 07.1982

(2) API Technical Data Book / 6.B1.1 / 1966 (1979)

(3) International Thermodynamic Table of the Fluid State, Ethylene (UIPAC) / S. Angus /
B Armstrong / K. M De Reuck / W. Featherstone M R. Gibson / Butterworths London 1972.

(4) International Thermodynamic Tables of Fluid State, Propylene (UIPAC) / S. Angus /

B Armstrong / K M. De Reuck / Pergamon Press 1980.

(5) VDI - Forsch Heft 596 / J. Ahrendts / H D Baehr.

(6) Redlich Kwong equation of state (cubic form) . Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics /
Wagne C. Edmiwter / Volume II

(7) Adapted Goodrich formula

(8) Thermodynamic properties of vinyl Chloride monomer / British Chemical Engineering /

Vol 3 - 1958.

(9) Engineering Data Book / Gas Processors Supplies Association (GPA) Section 16 • 1970 with
exemption of Critical Pressure for LPG (C3/C4 mix) where its value has been calculated by
means of reference (1 b).

10 September 1997
 SI GTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

5.4 LNG

The principles underlying LNG cargo measurements are similar to those for LPG, but with two major
differences.

Firstly, the basis of most LNG transactions is the heat content or calorific content of the cargo. The
weight-in-air step for LPG is, therefore, replaced by the conversion from mass to calorific content. The
second major difference arises from the fact that LNG is traded on long term contracts rather than the
spot market trading now normal for LPG. The main effect of this is that random variations in loaded
quantities for individual LNG cargoes become acceptable, provided this variation is truly random and
no systematic bias in measurements is detectable.

LNG can only be measured by static methods since the low temperatures of the product make
economic flowmetenng systems impossible to design The procedure for determining mass in a tank is
the same as that for LPG, except for the methods used for liquid density prediction The method
presented in IP 76/251 is a technique attributed to Klosek and McKinley

The Klosek-McKinley method of predicting density is based upon individual pure component volumes
which are each determined at the storage temperature of the LNG and added together A volumetric
shrinkage correction is then made to the combined volumes, with this being dependent upon the
proportion of methane in the mixture

Calorific content, like mass, is an additive property, which means that if the composition of an LNG
cargo is known, the calorific content of this LNG may be obtained by adding the product of each
component fraction and the component calorific value. This is equivalent to stating that there is no heat
of mixing when components are combined This is clearly a different situation from the volume of
mixtures when shrinkage occurs on mixing Thus volume cannot be regarded as an additive property

A system of appropriate units must be used to carry out the summation of the products of the
respective calorific values and component fractions This is achieved by the use of either mass or
volumetric units in specified conditions The calorific values of pure components are functions of their
temperatures and pressures which must be specified The basis is usually the calorific value at 15°C or
0°C and 1 1013 bar. IP 76/251 tabulates the calorific value of pure components on a mass basis and
on a gas volumetric basis for both standards of temperature and 1.013 bar.

The total calorific content of a tank of LNG is calculated from the total mass by using the calorific value
figure per unit mass The calorific content of a cargo transferred to or from a tank is best calculated by
evaluating the mass and calorific content within the tanK before and after transfer. The difference
between the two conditions forms the basic information from which the calorific content of the
transferred cargo is calculated.

Boil-off from a ship's cargo of LNG is not reliquefied, as is usual for refrigerated cargoes of LPG, but
is utilised as fuel for the ship's main engines. The preferential vapourisation of lighter components will
result in a change in liquid composition during the voyage On discharge, therefore, not only will the
quantity of cargo be different from that loaded, but also its composition will be somewhat richer in
heavier components. For this reason commercial quantification of LNG is generally centred on cargo as
discharged

September 1997 11
 Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

6. VOLUME AND TOTAL QUANTITY DETERMINATION

Commercial quantities (Bill of Lading) may be based on either static measurements made within the
ship's cargo tanks or on shore tank measurements. Only a small percentage of quantities are based
upon shore side flow metering, termed Dynamic Measurement. It is therefore appropriate , to begin by
presenting a general procedure for the calculation of an inventory for a tank, whether it be in a ship or
ashore

The procedure presented first is not the most widely used technique but it provides a good example
of the logical approach required.

A number of variations upon the basic procedure are possible, since there is no recognised single
standard for the calculation The method discussed in this section conforms to such standards as are
in existence.

The determination of a tank inventory is the first stage in calculating a cargo quantity and is based upon
the measurements of liquid level, liquid density, liquid temperature, vapour space temperature and
vapour space pressure. various corrections are then applied, such as corrections from trim, list,
shrinkage, tape, etc depending on the type of vessel

Temperature is extremely important and a reliable figure needs to be found for both the average liquid
and the average vapour temperature This is most accurately achieved using a correctly calibrated
multipoint platinum resistance thermometer The readings of all liquid and all vapour temperatures
should be averaged to determine the required values. In general, liquid temperatures are found to be
constant throughout the liquid depth. The vapour space may show a very significant variation between
the temperature near the liquid surface and that near the top of the tank. The determination of a single
vapour temperature which is representative of the whole space is difficult, particularly when the liquid
level in the tank is very low.

Note: The basis of accurate LPG quantity calculation relies on accurate volume determination using
correctly calibrated instruments. Calibration of pressure, temperature and level gauges and of their
remote readout must be checked at intervals not greater than one year and results recorded. (See ISM
Code recommendations).

6.1 Tank Inventory

a) Read the temperature profile to calculate an average liquid temperature and an average vapour
temperature

The average liquid temperature is the arithmetic mean of all temperature points within the liquid
and the average vapour temperature is the arithmetic mean of all temperature points within the
vapour so long as the tank is of constant cross section. Where the cross section changes, a
volume-weighted average temperature should be calculated.

b) Read the cargo tank pressure

c) Read the liquid level;

Commonly, a float connected by a tape (wire) to a measurement device above the cargo tank is
lowered to the liquid surface

12 September 1997
SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

d) Make the following corrections - from the cargo tank calibration tables - as necessary

d 1. Trim correction

The liquid level shown on the cargo tank level gauge may be affected by the ship's trim A
positive or a negative correction may be required depending on the trim, the location of the
gauge in the tank and the liquid level itself. This correction should be obtained from the tank
calibration tables

Figure 6.1 'even keel'

Figure 6.2 'trim by stern'

d 2 List correction

For a similar reason as for the trim correction, a correction for the list of the vessel should be
applied

Figure 6.3 'list'

September 1997 13
 Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

d 3 Float correction

The float of the level gauge is lowered to the liquid surface. The immersion of the float in the
cargo depends on the cargo density (Archimedes principle) A buoyancy correction must be
applied.

Figure 6.4

d 4 Tape correction

This temperature correction must compensate for the change in the vertical position of the
gauge relative to the tank floor, due to thermal effects on the tank wall and also for the
contraction in the gauge wire. The correction due to the temperature is made against the
certified standard gauge temperature This correction is a function of the length of the tape
exposed to the vapour phase and of the temperature of the of the vapour phase

e) From the corrected liquid level, calculate the liquid volume using the cargo tank calibration
tables;

f) Calculate the vapour volume as the total tank volume minus the liquid volume , again with due
allowance for temperature:

The ship's cargo tanks and gauging are calibrated at ambient temperature. When used at lower
temperatures, the materials will shrink, so a "shrinkage correction" must be applied for both the
tanks and the gauges.

g) Calculate the liquid mass as the product of liquid volume and liquid density
(See section 6 3)

h) Calculate the vapour density (see section 4) from the average vapour temperature and pressure,

1) Calculate vapour mass as the product of vapour volume and vapour density

The vapour phase density is based upon the ideal gas laws and is calculated at tank pressure
and at average vapour temperature. The vapour mass is based upon the product of a volume
and a density, both evaluated at the average temperature of the vapour phase.

j) Calculate total mass as the liquid mass plus the vapour mass.
(See section 6 2 and 6 3)

Appendix 4 presents a flow sheet which can be used for these calculations.

14 September 1997
 SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

6.2 The Liquid Quantity

Liquid density is essential to the whole quantity calculation. The most accurate means of obtaining the
density is by liquid sampling and use of gas chromatography. Gas chromatography is a commonly used
laboratory technique for the determination of the composition of liquid and gas mixtures A gas
chromatograph is a long packed tube through which molecules of different types travel at different
speed. An LPG mixture, injected as a sample at one end of the tube, will appear some short time later
as individual components at the opposite end The components are identified by the time needed to
flow through the tube; the concentration of individual components can be measured by a proper
calibration procedure.

Great care must be taken in both collecting and transferring the small sample necessary for injection
into the chromatograph. In particular it must be ensured that the sample is representative of the cargo
as a whole and that volatile components are not lost while collecting, storing and handling the sample.
The oppropriate safety standards must also be observed when obtaining samples

The liquid mass is a product of the liquid volume and the liquid density There are two ways to calculate
the liquid quantity:

• Multiplying the liquid density at reference temperature (15°C) within the liquid volume at reference
temperature (15°C) converted from the liquid volume at actual temperature by using ASTM Table
54 (old) (1

• Multiplying the liquid density at actual temperature with the liquid volume at actual temperature

The Francis Formula and the Costald method give calculation methods to determine liquid densities of
LPG mixtures and some other mixtures of chemical gases at their observed temperature The
references, mentioned in Table 5B above, give calculation methods to obtain liquid densities at
observed temperature for pure chemical gases

The first method is derived from crude oil quantity calculation methods. To maximise accuracy, the
latest published ASTM Tables 53 and 54 are presented in separate tables: A-Tables, Generalised crude
oils, B-Tables, Generalised products, C-Tables, Individual and special application; and D-Tables,
Generalised lubricating oils For low density products and products at low temperature the old 1952
edition of Tables 53 and 54 should continue to be used This practice will give results which are less
accurate compared to those derived from the second option.

Appendix 5 shows the variation in results from numerical calculations for an LPG mixture using different
calculation methods

(*) Ref IP 200 Petroleum measurement tables

September 1997 15

Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

6.3 Summary
The different options for calculating both the quantities of liquid and vapour in a tank are summarised
below.

6.3.1. From liquid density at observed temperature.

Liquid Liquid Vapour Vapour

Density at
Actual
x Volume at
Actual
± Density at
Actual
X Volume at
Actual
Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature

How'? How?

• Costald Molecular Weight

• Francis Formula
Formula
• Density Tables
(pure
compounds)

6.3.2 From liquid temperature at reference temperature

Liquid Density Liquid Volume Vapour

Vapour Density
at Reference
Temperature
x at Reference
Temperature
+ at Actual X Volume at
Actual
Temperature
(15°C) (15°C) Temperature

How'? How?

• Pressure Molecular Weight

Hydrometer Formula
• Calculated
from
Composition
• ASTM D 2598
• Costald
• Francis
Formula
• Density Tables
(pure
compounds)

16 September 1997
 SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

7 SHORE TERMINAL CONSIDERATIONS

7.1 Comparisons Between Ship and Terminal Figures

We have looked in some detail at the calculation of the ship's cargo based upon tank measurement
within the ship Similar calculation procedures ashore can be applied except for some correction factors
specific to ship measurements and calculations. It is appropriate now to consider how well these two
approaches may be expected to agree It is useful to begin by discussing the shore side tanks and
exactly what happens when a ship is loaded.

FIGURE 7.1 Loading Terminal General Arrangement

Figure 7.1 shows an arrangement of a terminal in which two tanks are used for the storage of
refrigerated product. One tank may be used to service the ship which is loading, whilst the other
receives product from the production plant. The loading line to the ship is usually cooled down before
loading operations by the provision of a circulation line back to the tanks.

In order to maintain the pressure in each tank within close limits, a reliquefaction system is provided
which is used to prevent higher pressures being reached To prevent the possibility of a vacuum in the
shore system, warm vapour can be supplied to each tank

whenasipbglodthevapurislcdnomayreiqufbthsp'lanoke
tank pressures within safe limits and to prevent venting. A vapour return may be connected to allow
vapour to flow from the ship back to the shore. This vapour return may be directed to the shore tank
being discharged, although provision is also made to flare this vapour should it be of unacceptable
quality In many cases, the manifold valve on the vapour return line must be kept closed and the
terminal only permits its use as a safety measure in case of an emergency.

September 1997 17
 Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases S I GTTO

The figure shows that the reliquefaction system is common to all shore tanks. Vapour may, therefore,
be interchanged between tanks. When the product is being run down from the production facility to
one of the tanks, the rise in liquid level will force out vapour into the common header compressor intake
Liquid from the shore tank being discharged will need to be replaced by vapour which can come from
several sources Similar vapour movements are also possible within the ship

The above illustrates that the vapour and liquid movements ashore or between shore and ship during
the loading or discharging of a gas tanker are quite complex and depend very much upon the rate, the
temperature and the nature of the product which is transferred.

Ship/shore quantity comparison is relevant provided that.

• Proper calibration of both ship and shore tanks is available,

• The shore tank(s) is (are) separated from other means, such as shore flare. production units,
truck - or railcar loading...
• The liquid line system from the shore tank to the ship's manifold is full before and after loading,
• The temperature of the product (i.e. density) in the shore line should be the same as in the
shore tank, both before and after loading;
• No vapours are released from the ship's cargo tanks to the shore flare, except when an
accurate flowmeter is available.

If the loading rate is such that the ship's reliquefaction plant can cope with any vapour generated by a
pumping power and other heat input to the flowing liquid, it is possible to load without the need for a
vapour return. This minimises the vapour movements around the system, so, comparison between ship
and terminal figures is simplified.

There are greater discrepancies between ship and shore figures when large vapour movements occur,
for example if the vapour return line is used In order to overcome these problems, the use of an
accurate flowmetering system is the only possible solution. This requires the metering of the liquid to
the ship and the metering of any vapour returned.

7.2 Flowmetering
The use of flowmetering has the advantage of giving accuracy of measurement that is independent of
the quantity of cargo transferred. This is unlike static measurements where the uncertainty with large
cargoes is much less, in percentage terms, than with small cargoes The uncertainty of flowmetering is
about the same as that of static measurement for large loads, without vapour return.

In general terms, the accuracy of flowmetering is about the same as that of static measurement for
large volumes of cargo with no vapour return taken into account.

The minimum requirements for flowmetering is the measurement of liquid to the ship, when no vapour
return is used, or the metering of both liquid and vapour return quantities.

The most widely used flowmeter for LPG cargo measurement is the turbine meter, which may be used
for both refrigerated and ambient temperature products. This meter shows small random variations in
calibration because it contains rotating parts, and, therefore, must be installed with a provision for
proving. For ambient temperature products, this prover may be of the loop type, in which an inflated
sphere is moved between mechanical detectors. This type of prover cannot be used under refrigerated
conditions because the sphere becomes hard at low temperatures. For refrigerated products a piston
prover must be used, with a metal piston with low temperature seal materials replacing the sphere

To use the flowmeter correctly , the relationship between the K factor, defined as number of pulses per
unit volume, and flow rate should be programmed into the flow computer serving the meter. This
calibration is continuously applied to the meter during cargo loading.

18 September 1997
SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

The vortex meter is starting to be used in some liquid loading lines This meter may be thought of as
an obstruction within the pipe which generates vortices on each side of the obstruction These vortices
are similar to the wind generated vortices which cause a flag to flap from side to side on a flag pole or
mast.

By counting the vortices, the fluid flow rate may be determined quite accurately. This meter has two
advantages over the turbine meter. Firstly, it contains no moving parts and therefore needs no prover,
secondly, it is significantly cheaper. Although the use of this meter is still in its infancy, it promises to
be of great value in LPG service. Evidence exists that uncertainties as low as those of turbine meters
on LPG can be achieved with vortex meters, i e in the order of 0 3% volume

The measurement of vapour quantity cannot be ignored. If the liquid is metered during ship loading, the
vapour return - if used - must also be metered. Ultrasonic meters offer the best accuracy, mainly
because they can cope with the wide range of flow rates typically found in vapour return lines The
ultrasonic meter measures the time taken by a sound signal to pass diagonally across the pipe Both
times, in the direction of the fluid flow and against, are required in order to determine flow rate These
meters also require no prover and give no obstruction to the flow These are often not calibrated since
their performance can be determined from their installation - admittedly with a lesser accuracy than
could be expected from liquid metering. However, this does not have a major effect on the overall
measurement uncertainty since the liquid mass is always much greater than the vapour mass

The Coriolis mass flow meter has the advantages of high accuracy and direct mass flow metering The
measurement principle is based on the controlled generation of Coriolis forces These forces are always
present in systems where both transitional (straight line) and rotational (revolving) movements occur
simultaneously This principle has been adapted so an oscillation replaces the rotational movements
Two parallel measuring pipes, with fluid flowing through them, are made to oscillate in antiphase so they
act like a tuning fork When mass is flowing through, there is a phase shift between the inlet and the
outlet As the mass flow increases, the phase difference also increases This phase shift is determined
using electro-dynamic sensors at the inlet and outlet The measurement principle operates
independently of temperature, pressure, viscosity, conductivity or flow profile.

September 1997 19
 Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases SIGTTO

8. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

Today's manufacturers of flow meters are promoting the use of Coriolis (mass) Meters for LPG or
chemical gases, either refrigerated or pressurised These meters are particularly useful where products
are traded on a mass basis since a single measurement of mass should have a better accuracy than
the combination of volume and density They also have the theoretical advantage to allow calibration
on, say, water even if intended to be used for some other product Coriolis meters have a very stable
long term performance, which means that they can be calibrated on water in a flow laboratory and on
site using a mobile prover. Subsequently, they can be recalibrated on water to confirm that no
unacceptable shift has taken place

Most static measurement is carried out with float gauges. Uncertainties are dependent on application
and on calibration of the level gauge itself and on the volume calibration of the tank For larger parcels,
i e ship's loading, static measurement can match flow metering systems and have the advantage of
simplicity.

It is very difficult to specify measurement uncertainties in a standard since they will be dependent on
installation, calibration, operating procedures, etc

Accuracy of static measurement is dependent on the accuracy of the calibration, of the volume of the
cargo tank and on the accuracy of the calibration of the instrumentation (levels, temperature and
pressure) Volume calibration of a cargo tank is performed upon building of a new vessel or after some
structural cargo tank modifications. Besides some custom requirements for the verification and
certification of the accuracy of the instrumentation of a gas tanker, ISO standards only cover the
calibration of spherical tanks but, to date, no international standard exists for other types of tank
Measurement uncertainties are found at every stage of product movement and it is necessary to
implement regular and rigorous procedures to reduce this uncertainty to a minimum. Obviously, the
implementation of quality standards such as ISO, ISM, etc. require well maintained and well calibrated
equipment

20 September 1997
 SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

9. CONCLUSIONS
The quantity calculation of liquefied gases differs from those of other products due to the nature of the
product.

Liquefied gases are handled in closed spaces from which air is totally excluded. The use of density in
air is irrelevant and should be considered as a theoretical approach Therefore, cargo quantities should
be expressed as a mass (vacuo), rather than weight (air)

The latest editions of the ASTM table 54B are not applicable for gas calculations When using ASTM
tables, reference should be made to the old ASTM Tables 53 and 54

The Costald method provides a density calculation method for LPG's and mixtures of chemical gases
at their actual liquid temperature Volume corrections to a standard temperature of 15°C are not
necessary

Empirical formulas are available for the density calculation of many pure chemical gases such as
Ethylene, Propylene, Ammonia Anhydrous and others They provide a good correlation between the
liquid temperature and the liquid density for particular products

A significant amount of the cargo exists as vapour. The only proper way to calculate the vapour quantity
is by using the molecular weight formula which reflects the condition (temperature and pressure) of the
vapour as well as its nature (molecular mass)

The complex layout of many liquefied gases loading terminals makes the ship's quantity figures the most
reliable A proper calibration of ship's cargo tanks as well as their measurement systems (level,
temperature and pressure) is necessary The implementation of international calibration standards in this
context is desirable

September 1997 21

Properties of Commercial Gases SIGTTO

Appendix 1

Properties of Commercial Gases

Product Molecular Atm. Critical Critical Liquid Vapour

mass boiling temp. pressure relative relative
(g/mole) point (°C) (kPa,abs) density density
(1) (°C) 15°C/15°C (air=1 )

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Methane 16.043 -161.52 -82 60 4604 0 3(3) 0 5539

Ethane 30.070 - 88.58 32.28 4880 0.3581 1 0382
Propane 44.097 - 42.07 96 67 4249 0.5083 1.5225
n-Butane 58.124 - 0.49 152.01 3797 0.5847 2.0068
i-Butane 58.124 - 11.81 134.98 3648 0.5637 2.0068
Ethene 28.054 -103.77 9.20 5041 n.p. 0.9686
Propene 42.081 - 47.72 91.70 4600 0.5231 1.4529
1-Butene 56.108 - 6.23 146.38 4023 0.6019 1.9372
cis-2-Butene 56.108 3.72 162.43 4220 0.6277 1.9372
trans-2-Butene 56.108 0.88 155.48 4047 0.6105 1.9372
1,3-Butadiene 54.092 - 4.41 152 4330 0.6280 1.8676
1,2-Butadiene 54.092 10.85 171(3) 4502(3) 0.6576 1.8676
Isoprene 68.119 34.07 211(3) 3850(3) 0.6866 2.3519
Vinylchloride (2) 62.50 -13.4 156.6 5600 0.90 2.152
Ammonia 17.031 - 33 33 132.5 11280 0.6183 0.5880

(1) Ref GPSA, SI Engineering Data Book, 1980, section 16, fig 16-1
(2) LGI, Liquid Gas Guide, 2nd edition, 1990
(3) Estimated value

22 September 1997
SIGTTO Weight in Air Conversion

Appendix 2

Weight in Air Conversion

The definition of an object's weight is that mass of brass of density 8000 kg/m3' which exactly balances
the object on a balanced arm weighting machine in air of density 1 2 kg/m3

d = density of air
= 1 2 kg/m3

mass m mass m
density p density
at 15 °C p8 = 8000kg / m'

Since the system is in equilibrium the forces on each side of the balance are equal The force on ea
side is the gravitational force acting on the mass less the upthrust due to the displacement of air

ie

inserting the numbers

The value m„ is the cargo weight, hence the factor relating the mass, m, to the weight is

This is the basis of the short table of Table 56 (see section 3 4)

September 1997 23
Weight in Air Conversion SIGTTO

The derivation of weight from volume at 15°C may be achieved as follows.

The factor 1.0015(p – 12) is the conversion between volume and weight. The factor vanes
with liquid density as shown below;

Factor for Conversion Between Volume and Weight

p kg/m3' 1.00015 (p - 1.2) p - (1.00015 (p - 1.2))

500 498.87 1.125

600 598 89 1.110
700 698.90 1.095
800 798.92 1.080
900 898 93 1.065
1000 998.95 1.050
1100 1098.96 1.035

An examination of the main table of Table 56 shows that its conversion factors do not precisely follow
the above formula but that throughout the density range a rounded and constant value of 1 1 is
subtracted from the density in kg/m 3 at 15°C to obtain the factor The error introduced by this
simplification is small, particularly for density ranges of LPG's and common commercial liquefied
chemical gases

24 September 1997
SIGTTO The Francis Formula

Appendix 3

The Francis Furmula

According to the Francis Formula, the densities of Propane and Butane mixtures can be calculated from
the equation

Where

p, = density at temperature T° C, kg / m3;

x, = mole fraction of component i;
M, = molecular mass of component i, kg / kmol;
V, = molar volume of component i, at temperature t° C, m 3 / kmol.

For liquids at temperatures between +30° C and -60°C, V, is given by the equation.

Where.

t = temperature °C;
A, B, C and E are the constants for the components given in the table below:

Constants for Francis Formula

Component Molecular Constant

mass M
kg/kmol
A B C E

Ethane 30.070 499.0 0.99 6000 66

Propane 44.097 575.0 0.97 6000 129

n-Butane 58.124 637.6 0.87 7000 186

i-Butane 58.124 616.2 0.97 6000 169

n-Pentane 72.151 676.2 0.87 7000 231

i-Pentane 72.151 666.6 0.88 6000 222

September 1997 25
The Costald Equation SIGTTO

Appendix 4
The Costald Equation
The Costald Equation is based upon the law of corresponding states and derives its name fror
COrresponding STAtes Liquid Density

The basic equations are

where

ps = the density at temperature t°C in kilogram per cubic meter

x, = the mole fraction of component I
AI, = the molecular mass of component I in kilogram per kilomole
i/, = the molar volume of the LPG mixture at temperature t°C in cubic
metres per kilogram
V' = the characteristic volume in cubic metres per kilomole
co, = the acentric factor of component i
co,„ = the acentric factor of the mixture
Vir = the corresponding states function for normal fluids
Vir = the deviation function for the new correlation
T. = the critical temperature in K of component i
T.. = the critical temperature of the mixture in K
T = the temperature of the liquid in K
a = -1.52816
b = 1.43907
c = -0.81446
d = 0.190454
e = - 0.296123
f = 0.385914
g = -0.0427258
h = -0.0480645

26 September 1997
SIGTTO The Costald Equation

For mixtures the following mixing rules are used

where'

x, = the molefraction of component i in the mixture

xJ = the molefraction of component j in the mixture

September 1997 27
 Examples of Quantity Calculations for LPG SIGTTO

Appendix 5

Quantity Calculation of LPG

An example

Data:

✓ Average temperature of liquid -38.0°C

✓ Average temperature of vapour -32 5°C
✓ Pressure of vapour . 0 22 bar (gauge)
✓ Liquid level from level gauge and trim : 16,285 mm
correction
✓ Liquid volume from tables at liquid temperature • 7,050,540 Litre*
✓ Total tank volume at average temperature . 7,380,150 Litre*

Liquid composition:

^ Ethane content, mole % 0 09

^ Propane content, mole % • 25.10
^ Propylene content, mole % . 0 01
^ Iso-Butane content, mole % 35.55
^ n-Butane content, mole % • 39.25

Data:

✓ Average temperature of liquid -38.0°C

✓ Average temperature of vapour : -32.5°C
✓ Liquid level following correction 16,280 mm
✓ Liquid volume at measured temperature • 7,050,540 Litre
✓ Vapour volume at measured temperature 329,610 Litre

(') Trim, List, Tape, Shrinkage corrections applied

28 September 1997
 SIGTTO Examples of Quantity Calculations for LPG

A) Liquid Quantity

Liquid mass as calculated by methods described in section 5.2, 5 3 1, 5 3 2 and 5 3 3

Pressure From Composition

Hydrometer
(ASTM D 1250)

Costald ASTM D2598 Francis

Density at 15 'C Liquid density Relative density Liquid density

at -38°C: at 60/60 at -38'C

0.560 Kg/Litre 0.6207 0.5557 Kg/Litre 0 6197

Kg/Litre Kg/Litre

Volume at -38'C (*) Volume at -

38'C(*)

7 042 950 Litre 7 042 950 Litre

Density at
15'C
(ASTM 21)

0 5564

Volume at 15 'C Volume at Volume at Volume at

(ASTM 54) -38 'C(') 15 'C
-38 'CC)
(ASTM 54)

7 789 503 Litre 7 042 950 Litre 7 789 503 Litre 7 042 950 Litre

Liquid mass Liquid mass Liquid mass Liquid mass

(Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)

4 362 122 4 371 559 4 334 079 4 364 516

(*) Trim, List, Tape, shrinkage, corrections applied

September 1997 29
 Examples of Quantity Calculations for LPG SIGTTO

B) Vapour Quantity

measured vapour space pressure 0 22 kPa (Gauge)

measured vapour space temperature -32 5°C

Vapour Mass = vapour volume x vapour density (both at the same temperature)

Vapour density has to be calculated based on the ideal gas law

The Mole mass of the mixture is calculated based on the weighted average
(see composition of the liquid phase) of the Mole masses of each compound

p = 3.3637 Kg / m'

Vapour Mass = 329.610 m 3 x 3 3637 Kg / m3

= 1 109 Kg

C) Total Quantity

Total Mass = liquid mass + vapour mass

Pressure
Hydrometer CostaId ASTM 0 2598 Francis
(ASTM 0 1250)
(Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)

4 363 231 4 372 668 4 335 188 4 365 625

30 September 1997


SIGTTO Quantity Calculation of Liquefied Gases

Appendix 6
Measurement Report for Liquefied Gases

Cargo tank number

Total Capacity (m3)
P (Bar/Kg/m 2 ) - Gauge
V Tvap. (°C)
A Volume Product
P Shrinkage factor
0 % of Product
U Volume of Product at Tvap.
R p (Kg/m 3 ) at Tvap / P
Vapour Kg
T liq (°C)

L Observed level (mm)

I • Trim Correction
• Q Float Correction
U • List Correction
I • Tape Correction
D • Other Correction
Corrected Level (mm)
P Volume Product (m3)
H Shnnkage Factor
A Volume at T liq .
S VCF (ASTM 54) (old)
E Vat 15 °C (m3)
p (Kg/m3') at T1 / 15 °C
Liquid Kg
Total Kg

Draft : Fwd • List :

Aft • Atm. Press :

September 1997 31