Great Muslim Scholars in History

Assignment #1
Course: HU101 Islamic Studies
Instructor: Ammar Ahmed
Class & Section: BEE-13D
Group No: 1
S.No Names CMS ID

1 Aazmir Ahmed Bhatti 366399

2 Abdul Rafay 393786

3 Abdullah Ayaz 387499

4 Abdurrahim Muhammad Ghani 369247

5 Ali Farooq

6 Awais Ahmed 384685

7 Azzan Rauf 373199

8 Eisa Sarwar 392285

 Table of contents:
Page No.
Cover Page 1
Name of Group Members 2
Map of Location of birth of scholars 4

Name of Scholar Type of Scholar Islamic/Scientific Written by Page No.

Ibn Yunus Scientific Aazmir Ahmed Bhatti 5-7

Ibn Al Haytham Scientific Awais Ahmed 8-9

Ibn Sina Scientific Abdullah Ayaz 10-12

Al Khwarizmi Scientific Eisa Sarwar 13-14

Jalaluddin Rumi Islamic Abdul Rafay 15-16

Nasir Al Tusi Scientific Abdurrahim Muhammad 17-19

Ghani
 Al Khwarizmi

Al Tusi
Ibn Al Haytham Ibn Sina Muhammad Jalaluddin Rumi
Jabir Ibn Hayyan

Ibn Yunus
 IBN YUNUS

Biography:
Ibn Yunus was born in Egypt Between 950-952 and came from a respected family in fustat. Ibn
Yunus's full name is Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi. 1 As
the name indicates, his great-grandfather was called Yunus; his grandfather was Ahmad, and his
father Abd al-Rahman. It was a family of scholars, his father Abd al-Rahman being a noted
historian. He grew up in a period of military conquest in Egypt, The Fatimid political and
religious dynasty took its name from Fatimah, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad. The
Fatimids headed a religious movement dedicated to taking over the whole of the political and
religious world of Islam. Ibn Yunus was closely connected with the Fatimids and two Caliphs
supported his scientific work. The first of these Caliphs was al-Aziz, who was the first of the
Fatimid caliphs to begin his reign in Egypt. Al-Aziz became Caliph in 975 on the death of his
father al-Mu'izz and, two years later, ibn Yunus began to make astronomical observations. Al-
Aziz died in 996 while organizing an army to march against the Byzantines and al-Hakim, who
was eleven years old at the time, became Caliph. Al-Hakim supported ibn Yunus in his
astronomical work, although it is hard to determine the strength of that support. Perhaps al-
Hakim's interest in astrology meant that he favoured ibn Yunus who is reported by his
biographers to have devoted considerable amounts of time to making astrological predictions.
Ibn Yunus was described by his biographer al-Musabbihi, who was a contemporary of ibn
Yunus: "He was an eccentric, careless and absent-minded man who dressed shabbily and had a
comic appearance." Ibn Yunus predicted the date of his own death to be in seven days time when
he was in good health. He tidied up his business affairs, locked himself in his house and recited
the Qur'an until he died on the day he predicted.2

Work & Achivements:

1. Astronomy:

Ibn Yunus’ most famous work in Islamic astronomy, al-Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi (c. 1000), was
a handbook of astronomical tables which contained very accurate observations, many of
which may have been obtained with very large astronomical instruments. According to N. M.
Swerdlow, the Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi is “a work of outstanding originality of which just over
half survives”. Ibn Yunus described 40 planetary conjunctions and 30 lunar eclipses. For
example, he accurately describes the planetary conjunction that occurred in the year 1000 as
follows: A conjunction of Venus and Mercury in Gemini, observed in the western sky: The
two planets were in conjunction after sunset on the night [of Sunday 19 May 1000]. The time
was approximately eight equinoctial hours after midday on Sunday …. Mercury was north of

1
https://aalequtub.com/ibn-yunus/
2
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Yunus/
 Venus and their latitude difference was a third of a degree.3 Ibn Yūnus's second major work
was part of the corpus of spherical astronomical tables for timekeeping used in Cairo until
the 19th century. It is difficult to ascertain precisely how many tables in this corpus were
actually computed by Ibn Yūnus. Some appear to have been added in the 13th and 14th
centuries. The corpus exists in numerous manuscript sources, each containing different
arrangements of the tables or only selected sets of tables. The best copies are two
manuscripts now in Dublin and Cairo. In its entirety the corpus consists of about 200 pages
of tables, most of which contain 180 entries each. The tables are generally rather accurately
computed and are all based on Ibn Yūnus's values of 30° 0′ for the latitude of Cairo and 23°
35′ for the obliquity of the ecliptic. The main tables in the corpus display the time since
sunrise, the time remaining to midday, and the solar azimuth as functions of the solar altitude
and solar longitude; entries are given for each degree of both arguments, and each of the
three sets contains over 10,000 entries. The remaining tables in the corpus are of spherical
astronomical functions, some of which relate to the determination of the five daily prayers of
Islam. The impressive developments in astronomical timekeeping in 14th‐century Yemen
and Syria, particularly the tables of Abū al‐ʿUqūl for Taiz and Khalīlī for Damascus, also
owe their inspiration to the main Cairo corpus.4

2. Mathematics:

Yunus expressed the solutions in his zij without mathematical symbols, but Delambre noted
in his 1819 translation of the Hakemite tables that two of Ibn Yunus’ methods for
determining the time from solar or stellar altitude were equivalent to the trigonometric
identity {\displaystyle 2\cos (a)\cos (b) =\cos (a+b) +\cos (a-b)} identified in Johannes
Werner’s 16th-century manuscript on conic sections. Now recognized as one of Werner’s
formulas, it was essential for the development of prosthaphaeresis and logarithms decades
later.5

3. Astrology:

In astrology, noted for making predictions and having written the Kitab bulugh al-umniyya
(“On the Attainment of Desire”), a work concerning the heliacal risingsof Sirius, and on
predictions concerning what day of the week the Coptic year will start on.6

3
https://aalequtub.com/ibn-yunus/
4
https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Yunus_BEA.htm
5
https://aalequtub.com/ibn-yunus/
6
https://aalequtub.com/ibn-yunus/
Conclusion:
 Ibn Yunus was an Islamic mathematician known for his astronomical observations
and for his many trigonometrical and astronomical tables.8
 The crater Ibn Yunus on the Moon is named after him.9
 His advisor was the Iranian mathematician, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī who is the oldest
head (genearcha) of the modern mathematics tradition genealogy according to
Mathematics Genealogy Project, with 190137 descendants.10
 Ibn Yunus was also known as an eccentric and a poet.
 Most famous work in Islamic astronomy, al-Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi (c. 1000), was a
handbook of astronomical tables.

IBN AL HAYTHAM
7
https://aalequtub.com/ibn-yunus/
8
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Yunus/
9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Yunus
10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Yunus
INTRODUCTION:

Hasanibn al-Haytham (latinized as Alhazen) full name Abu Ali al-Hasanibn al-Hasanibnal-
haytham was mathematician,astronomer and physicist of the islamic golden period.

His contributions towards optics and visual perception are well recognized.His most influencial
book is Kitab al-Manazir (“Book of Optics”).He also wrote on philosophy, theology and
medicine.

He was the one who demonstrated that the vision occurs in brain,rather than in the eyes.He work
in several fields , some of his work is given below.

(1) COLOUR AND LIGHT THEORY:

In book of optics, al haytham claimed about two source of primary and secondary,withprimary
light being more stronger.He explains that primary light is emitted from self luminous object
and the secondary light (accidental light) comes from the object that obtain the primary
light.Both these travel in straight line.Opaque objects can’t passes,lightdirectly,although there is
little degree of opaqueness which determines the light.When light strikes these objects they
become luminous and radiate secondary light.

REFERENCE:

Ibn al-haytham’s theory is detailed explained in Nader El- Bizri'Ibn al-Haytham etle problème
de la couleur', Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centred'histoire des sciences et des philosophies
arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S. 7 (2009), pp. 201–226.

(2) PHILOSOPHY:

In his Treatise of Place Alhazen disagreed with Aristotle's view that nature abhors a void, and he
used geometry in an attempt to demonstrate that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-
dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body.

Abd-el-latifAristotle’s philosophical view of place supporter later criticized the work in Fi al-
Radd 'alaIbn al-Haytham fi al-makan (A refutation of Ibn al-Haytham’s place) for its
geometrization of place.
Alhazen also discusse space percuption and its epistemological implications in his book of
optics. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhazen unequivocally
rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without
tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such
things." Alhazen came up with many theories that shattered what was known of reality at the
time. These ideas of optics and perspective did not just tie into physical science, rather existential
philosophy. This led to religious viewpoints being upheld to the point that there is an observer
and their perspective, which in this case is reality.

REFERENCES:

El-Bizri, Nader (2007), "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of

Ibn al-Haytham'sGeometrisation of Place", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge
University Press, 17: 57–80,, doi:10.1017/S0957423907000367, S2CID 170960993.

Smith, A. Mark (2005), "The Alhacenian Account of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological
Implications", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 15 (2): 219-40.
doi:10.1017/S0957423905000184, S2CID 171003284.

  Tbakhi, Abdelghani; Amr, Samir S. (2007). "Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern

Optics". Annals of Saudi Medicine. 27 (6): 464–67. doi:10.5144/0256-
4947.2007.464.  ISSN 0256-4947. PMC  6074172. PMID 18059131.

CONCLUSION:

Ibn al-haytham was one of greatest muslim scholar of all time , his contributions towards islam
and various fields of science is acknowledge.His work in understading the natureof light has
supported discoveries of many who led after him.His long work on optics made possible this
world of media and the communication as well.
He discovered the laws the laws of refraction and the dispersion of light.He also invented the
pinhole camera called  the Camera Obscura, his this contribution made possible the camera in
our mobile phones.
 ABDULLAH AYAZ

BEE 13D

REG NO. 378499

IBN SINA (THE GREAT PHYSICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER)

Today the world in which we are living has progressed to the new heights of inventions and
discovery . Scientists are opening the doors of new creations with every single passing day. But
the biggest progress has been made in the field of medicine . the diseases that were considered to
be life threatening in the past are now being dealt with routine checkup. This progress could not
have been possible without its discovery. As in every field , the muslim scholars have a made
their presence felt in this field as well. one of the muslim scholar who has made a great impact in
this field is “IBN SINA”.

“Medicine is the science by which we learn the various states of the human body, in health,
when not in health, the mean by which health is likely to be lost, and when lost, is likely to be
restored to health.”
(“Ibn Sina, The Canon”)

Undoubtedly, Avicenna is one of the great physicians in Islam and one of the greatest thinkers
and medical scholars in history.
Ibn Sina was born in 980 AD near Bukhara in Central Asia (Uzbekhistan) and died in 1037 in
Iran. He was born at a time of change and uncertainty in the Muslim world. He began his studies
in medicine at the age of thirteen. He became a distinguished physician and his medical expertise
brought him to the attention of the Sultan of Bukhara and whom he treated successfully for a
serious infection. As reward, he asked only that he be given permission to use the sultan's library
and its rare manuscripts, allowing him to continue his research. He was associated with multiple
short-lived sultanates, but relocated often, searching for a stable, well-paying position. At various
times, he worked as political administrator, court physician, soldier – and occasional outcast and
prisoner. During his hectic life, he managed to write nearly 100 books, one of which was al-
Qanun, fi al-Tibb or The Canon of Medicine and which was first translated to Latin in the
12th century, becoming the standard textbook of medicine in European medical schools and
continued to be consulted in the Muslim world well into the 20th century. William Osler
described the Canon as “the most famous medical textbook ever written” noting that it
remained “a medical bible for a longer time than any other work.[1]
From the autobiographical sketch that has come down to us, we learn that Ibn Sina was
precocious. At the age of ten he knew the Qur’an by heart. Before he was sixteen, he had
mastered physics, mathematics, logic, and metaphysics and began the study and practice of
medicine. At the age of twenty-one, he wrote his famous “Qa’nun”, (Canon) which remained
the principal authority in medical schools both in Europe and in Asia for several centuries.
He served successively several Persian potentates as physician and adviser, travelling with them
from place to place. Although he was known to be sociable, he was studious and serious,
devoting much of his time to writing.

WORK AND ACHEIVEMENTS

Ibn Sina is known to the wet as Avicenna. His book, “The Canon” surveyed the entire medical
knowledge available from ancient and Muslim sources at the time in a clear and organized
summary. It was originally written in Arabic and later translated into several languages,
including Persian, Latin, Chinese, Hebrew, German, French, and English. In addition to bringing
together then available knowledge, the book is rich with the author's original contributions.[2]
The Canon of Medicine set the standards for medicine in Europe and the Islamic world. It is Ibn
Sina's most renowned written work alongside The Book of Healing.[2] Much of the book also
formed the basis of Unani (Greek) medicine, a form of traditional medicine still taught in Islamic
universities in India. The principles of medicine described by the Canon ten centuries ago are
still taught at UCLA and Yale University, among others, as part of the history of medicine.[2]
Avicenna's important original contributions include such advances as recognition of the
contagious nature of tuberculosis; spread of diseases by water and soil; and interaction between
psychology and health. In addition to describing pharmacological methods, the book described
760 drugs and became the most authentic materia medica of the era. He wrote a book on cardiac
drugs, “al-adwiyat al-Qalbia”, which was translated to English as “Avicenna's Tract on
Cardiac Drugs and Essays on Arab Cardiotherapy.” He was also the first to describe meningitis
and made rich contributions to anatomy, gynecology, and child health.[2]

Ibn Sinaas psychiatrist

Avicenna often used psychological methods to treat his patients. One anecdote was when a
malnourished prince of Persia had melancholia, refused to eat and suffered from the delusion that
he was a cow. The prince would moo like a cow crying, “Kill me so that a good stew may be
made of my flesh” and would not eat anything. Ibn Sina was persuaded to the case and sent a
message to the patient, asking him to be happy as the butcher was coming to slaughter him, and
the sick man rejoiced. When Ibn Sina approached the prince with a knife in his hand, he asked
“where is the cow so I may kill it.” The patient then mooed like a cow to indicate where he was.
By order of the butcher, the patient was also laid on the ground for slaughter. When Ibn Sina
approached the patient pretending to slaughter him, he said, “The cow is too lean and not ready
to be killed. It must be fed properly and I will kill it when it becomes healthy and fat.” The
patient was then offered food which he ate eagerly and gradually “gained strength, got rid of his
delusion, and was completely cured.

Concept Of The Pulse

“Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses. Thus, expansion: pause:
contraction: pause”.
(Avicenna, The Canon)
As a cardiologist, I was drawn to Avicenna's descriptions of the pulse. Taking the pulse is one of
the simplest, oldest, and most informative of all clinical examinations. It is a key diagnostic
method in most medical traditions particularly ancient Egyptian medicine, Chinese traditional
medicine, Greco Islamic, and Ayurveda medicine.Throughout the history of medicine, the pulse
was an important parameter in assessing cardiac dysfunction, and the tactile examination of the
pulse was referred to as “the messenger that never fails.” The character of the pulse is still one
of the most important diagnostic clues in modern medicine. Feeling and interpreting the pulse
requires great skill. Pulse-taking was a skillful  bedside technique in Greco-Islamic medicine and
the Middle Ages.
CONCLUSION

Although many Western historians choose to believe that the Arabs were merely transmitters of
Greek achievements, it cannot be denied that Islamic philosophers, scientists, and physicians
added their own observations and wisdom to the knowledge that they acquired from more
ancient civilizations. They made many original contributions to mathematics, astronomy,
physics, alchemy, optics, pharmacology, and medicine. Ibn Sina may have been a follower of
Galen but he made many pioneering contributions. Historians agree that he is one of the greatest
thinkers and medical scholars in history. He is rightly called the “Prince of Physicians” of his
era.
Muhammad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi
Intro:
Muhammad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi (c.780-c.850) was a Persian Muslim scholar. He made
many contributions to multiple fields of science.11At his time the Islamic empire stretched from
India to Mediterranean under the rule of Abbasids but it lacked in scientific development. To
promote scientific and cultural development the khalifa started an academy known as the house
of wisdom where Greek philosophical and scientific works were translated.Al-khawarizmi’s task
at the house of wisdom was to translate scientific manuscripts of the Greeks and he also studied
multiple subjects there. At 820CE he was appointed astronomer and head of library at the house
of wisdom.12
Work on math:
Khwarizmi made significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy and geography. Perhaps
his most important contributions were to field of mathematics. He is known as the founder of
algebra as he introduced new methods to solve equations. He found a new way to solve linear
and quadratic equations. His book on math is called ‘The Compendious Book on Calculation by
Completion and Balancing’ and it had multiple applications in trade, surveying and legal
inheritance. This book was translated to Latin. This book also contained a lot of instructions on
how to solve linear and quadratic equations. He reduction and balancing to solve polynomials up
to the degree of 3. He also introduced several algorithms on decimal numbers and his work on
arithmetic led to the introduction of Arabic numerals. He was also the first one to produce a table
of tangents and had accurate tables of sines and cosines. 13
Work on geography:
Khwarizmi also contributed to the field of geography. His work was based on the Greek findings
but he made improvements to the Greek geographer Ptolemy’s work by correcting the length of
Mediterranean Sea. His book on geography is called ‘Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ’ and it contains
latitudes and longitudes. It also very accurately explains the climate of the areas by order of
latitudes. He also worked in the khalifa’s project of making a world map and helped determine
the circumference of Earth.14
Work on astronomy:
He also made contributions to the field of astronomy. His work included making tables of
movement of sun, moon and other planets in our solar system known at that time. His work like
many other of his works was translated to Latin to be used by the west.
Other contributions:
His other works include determining the direction of Kiblah and spherical astronomy. His book
also contained information about sundials and angular measurement in a spherical coordinate

11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi
12
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Khwarizmi/
13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi#Trigonometry
14
https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Khwarizmi
system.15
Conclusion
In short, Musa Al Khwarizmi was a great Muslim scholar, whose work helped science advance
and brought Muslims to a higher scientific and technological level. His services not only
benefited Muslim but also scholars in the west who would use his work in their fields.

15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi#Other_works
 Name: Abdul Rafay

Regis no: 393786

Class: BEE 13D

Maulana jalaluddin Muhammad Rumi

 Introduction:
Jalaluddin Muhammad rumi is also called as jalaluddin Muhammad balkhi was a
13th century Persian poet, saint, jurist and Islamic scholar. He is known as rumi
because he has spent a major part of his life in Rome(a peninsula which was rule by
romans for a long time but later on conquered by Turks).

 Educational background:
During infancy, hazrat bahauddin (maulana rumi’s father) appointed his most
trusted discipile as tutor. After a year of father’s death maulana was united with
burhanuddin after 19 years approx. and then burhanuddin send him to halab and
then Damascus for Islamic studies. After spending some time studying in Syria, he
came back and stayed with burhanuddin and studied his father’s journal which was
based on Islamic teachings.

 Contribution:
Maulana is not only known as a great saint poet but has been described by Persian
orientalists as “the most eminent poet Persia has produced” 16, “the greatest mystical
poet of Islam”17 and the greatest mystical poet of any age18. Maulana’s mother
tongue was Persian but he also learned Arabic to study about Quran and Turkish
because of their migration to Anatolia. His writing reflects all three languages but
the major portion is of Persian. His major work is:
1. Mathnavi
2. Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
3. Fihi ma fihi
In Konya, Mawlana Rumi took over his father’s old position as teacher in
the madrasah. His life was the life of a learned orthodox professor addressing vast
audiences, consisting of both men and women, on religion, philosophy, Islamic law
and morals.

16
Browne, A Literary History of Persia, vol. 2, p. 515.
17
Arberry, Discourses, p. ix.
18
 Nicholson, Selected Poems, preface
 Saying on Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
1. I am the servant of the Qur’an as long as I live. And I am the soil where
the foot of Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬stepped.

2. We learned the skill of being a (true) man from God. We are the heroes
of love and the companions of Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.

3. Heart and love have become friends, like Ahmad ‫ ﷺ‬and Abu
Bakr   became friends in the cave. These two friends' names were
different, but their spirits were one.

 Conclusion (successor):

It was Mawlana Rumi’s wish that Hazrat Husamuddin be his spiritual successor
(khalifa). Hazrat Husamuddin remained at the helm of the Mevlevi community until
he passed away, guiding it according to the ideas and principles of its late master.
Every Friday following the prayers and recitation of the Quran, Hazrat
Husamuddin would hold readings of the Mathnavi and a undertake a session
of sama, which would be attended by hundreds of disciples and other members of
the Sufi community.

When Hazrat Husamuddin died in 1284, he was succeeded by Mawlana Rumi’s son,
Hazrat Sultan Walad, who was instrumental in founding and organising the the
Mevlevi Order of Sufis. During his tenure, the wisdom and knowledge of the
disciples increased, as did the number of both male and female initiates. In response
to the growth and spread of the Mevlevi Order throughout Anatolia, khalifas were
appointed by Hazrat Sultan Walad in each city where there were a sizeable number
of disciples. When he passed away in 1312, at the age of 86, the Mevlevi order was
firmly shaped and was set to become one of the most influential orders in Anatolia.
 Nasir al Tusi

Introduction:
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al Hassan tusi was born in 18 February 1201
and died in 26 June 1274.he is better known as Nasir al. He was a Persian polymath, architect,
philosopher , scientist, His well published work was writing on subjects of math ,engineering. He
made changes in astronomy like he created an accurate table of planetary motion which was
updated version. He had made progress in trigonometry., logic biology, maths. He is also known
as father of trigonometry as in his own discipline

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Works

Education:
In his early age, he was taught elementary courses by his father like Persia, reading and writing
Arabic and primary science and them he learnt logic and maths from his uncle. After a while he
leant hadith from his father’s uncle. He was given the title of Nasir al din and wore scholar
clothes. With the suggestion of his master, he left Tus and gone to nishpur where he studied
philosophy, medicine, and mathematics. He was taught mathematics by Kamal al-Din ibn
Yunus, who himself had been a pupil of Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kVWroJHrRE

Work:
He wrote 150 books. Aside from contribution to natural science he wrote for poetry etc.
In which 25 of these books are Persian while rest of them are in Arabic. In addition, al Tusi
published a book of philosophy on ethics, “The Book of Directives and Remarks”, which is one
the best-known works of its kind in the Persian language according to Gillispie. One of his five
books of logic was one of a few works originally written in Persian.

The example of his poem was

Anyone who knows, and knows that he knows,

makes the steed of intelligence leap over the vault of heaven.
Anyone who does not know but knows that he does not know,
can bring his lame little donkey to the destination nonetheless.
Anyone who does not know, and does not know that he does not know,
is stuck forever in double ignorance.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Works
Achievements:
He made many achievements. He made achievements e.g maths, chemistry,
philosophy etc. due to him he saved many precious books and lives of many scientist from
Mongols. His wisdom encouraged Halagul khan(Genis khan’s grandson) to use Nasir al din to
use for ruling country . the achievements in subjects are as follows:

 Mathematics:
He used trigonometry in the work , independently of the work
of astronomy. He was the first to use it.Unlike Greek they proposed Greek
trigonometry with the work of astronomy. That is the reason he was father of
trigonometry as in his own disciplne.it opened new field to trigonometry was the
first to present six cases of right triangle. He presented law of sines

 Astronomy:
He made work in astronomy. he proposed the latest model of
planetary which was advanced based on tusi couple (it is a mathematical device
in which a small circle rotates inside a larger circle twice the diameter of the
smaller circle) it generates linear motion from the sum of rotational motion.
Through which it also calculated the precision of equinox. It was used to defend
the rotation of earth in 1543
He said “The Milky Way, i.e., the galaxy, is made up of a very large number of
small, tightly-clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and
smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. because of this, it was likened to milk in
colour." After three centuries it was showed that it was true.
 Chemistry:
He contributed to the chemistry by stating an early law of law of conversation of
mass. it means that mass can’t be destroyed or created but converted to one form
to another.
 Philosophy:
His famous books in this fields were Akhlaq-i Nasir or Nasirean
Ethics. Within his field, he discusses the Islamic teaching and compares to Plato
ethicists’ book became a popular ethical work in the Muslim world, specifically in
India and Persia. Tusi's work also left an impact on Shi'ite Islamic theology.

Influence and legacy:

His work has been influenced in the society. The 60 km diameter lunar crater located on southern
hemisphere is named after him. A minor planet is named after him. K.N University in Iran is
named after him. Google celebrated his birthday in February 2013. His age was 812 years. They
made doodle for him. His birthday is also known as engineer’s day in Iran.

Possible Influence on Nicolaus Copernicus:

Some scholars believed that Nicolaus Copernicus may have been influenced by Al tusi due to
uncanny similarities of planetary model. not only both models follow the same geometric system
but they also had the same lettering system for vertex.

There was no evidence that his work made it ti Nicolaus but there is evidence that scientist and
pilgrims made journey to the Europe. There were some Jewish scientists bring middle eastern
ideas to Christian counterparts. It showed there is a possibility that there is plagiarism in it.
Despite the circumstance evidence, there is no proof that he copied it. The tusi couple is not a
unique principle. it could be derived from the work of Euclid. Before the work of Copernicus, he
proposed the dissatisfaction of the Ptolemaic astronomy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Works