Vitamin Chemical Nature Function Solubilit Sources Coenzymes Deficiency RDA

y formed
A Retinol is the Retinal is used in the Lipid Vegetables, fish Night blindness, keritinization of 1000μg retinol
precursor of visual cycle (11-cis soluble liver oil, β-carotene epithelial cells or 6000μg β-
retinal and binds opsin, light is a precursor of carotene;
retinoic acid converts to trans) and retinol excess is toxic
retinoic acid is
required for epithelial
cell maintenance
Thiamine TPP precursor TPP important for Water Beans, nuts, fruits Thiamine Beri-Beri (neurological issues, 1.5 mg/day
(B1) oxidative soluble converted to edema, cardiac problems),
decarboxylation of α- TPP with ATP to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome *Alcoholics
keto acids and for AMP (mem. Loss, confusion, have
transketolase (pentose psychosis, muscle problems), deficiency
phosphate pathway) polyneuritis, cardiac pathology,
edema
Riboflavin Three-ring flavin Coenzyme precursor Water Milk, liver, green FMN and FAD Skin lesions 1.7 mg/day
(B2) structure linked of FMN and FAD soluble vegetables for electron
to ribitol; transport,
phosphate from succinyl CoA
ATP for FMN; dehydrogenase,
add AMP to FMD FA oxidation
for FAD
Niacin, Pyrimidine ring Coenzyme precursor Water Legumes, meat NAD and NADP Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrehea, 19 mg/day
Nicotinic with a carboxyl of NAD and NADP soluble dementia, if severe death)
Acid, group; Niacin
nicotinamide and/or
(B3) nicotinamide
converted to
NAD+ then add
ATP to make
NADP+
Pantothenic Precursor of Water Widely distributed Pantotheine is Unknown, nausea and fatigue 5-10 mg/day
acid (B5) pantotheine, part of soluble and is synthesized part of CoA maybe
CoA (combines with by some intestinal
cysteamine and AMP) bacteria
Pyridoxine Precursor of pyridoxal Water Liver, fish, nuts, Pyridoxal Dermatitis, convulsions, 2 mg/day
(B6) phosphate soluble whole grain cereals phosphate is a microcytic anemia (small cells);
 coenzyme for Isoniazid is antagonistic to B6
Pyridoxal, enzymes (treats Tb)
pyridoxamin catalyzing
e transamination,
deamination,
decarboxylation
and glycogen
phosphorylase
Biotin (B7) Coenzyme Water Intestinal Coenzyme in Dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, Not
soluble microorganisms, carboxylation muscle pain; avidin in raw eggs established
liver, vegetables rxns in covalent has tight binding for biotin and
linkage to lysine in high amounts can cause
side chains of deficiency
enzymes (acetyl
carboxylase,
propionyl
carboxylase,
pyruvate
carboxylase)
Folic Acid Precursor for THF; Water Intestinal bacteria, THF is used as a Megaloblastic anemia, GI 400 μg/day
(B9) pteridine+ PABA soluble liver, yeast, and carrier of 1 disturbances; can cause Higher when
combine with pteroyl green vegetables carbon units at developmental defects in neural pregnant
synthetase in the different levels tube (spinal bfida);
intestine to form folic of oxidation for methotrexate/ trimethoprim
acid; folic acid AA synthesis, and sulfonamides to prevent
combines with purine THF synthesis (cancer
dihydrofolate synthesis and treatment); potential for folate
reductase to form THF thymidine trap with B12 deficiency
synthesis
B12 Complex 2 reactions: Water Meat and milk -methylmalonyl Pernicious anemia and 3μg/day
(cobalamin) multiple ring methylmalonyl CoA to soluble (made by bacteria) CoA isomerase degeneration of spinal cord
structure that succinyl CoA with required 5- neurons; absorbed from ileum **vit need the
includes a cobalt methylmalonyl CoA deoxyadenosyl as a complex with intrinsic least**
atom; in isonmerase; and cobalamin factor produced by gastric
supplements Co homocysteine to (FA ox with odd mucosa
replaced with methionin and THF # C’s)
CN; used in 2 with homocysteine -homocysteine:
forms methyl transferase THF methyl
 methylcobalami transferase
n and 5-deoxy required
adenosylcobal- methyl
amin colbalamin
(THF synthesis)

C (Ascorbic Antioxidant; promotes Water Fruits and Involved Scurvy; hemorrhage, impaired 60 mg/day
Acid) hydroxylation of soluble vegetables directly in wound healing and bone
proline residues in reactions; formation (related to poor **vit need the
collagen; required in hydroxylation hydroxylation of proline); also most of **
synthesis of carnitine, of proline, lethargy related to carnitine
dopamine and bile synthesis of deficiency
salts carnitine,
dopamine and
bile salts
D 7-dehydrochol- Regulation of calcium Lipid UV irradiation of 7- 1,25 dihydroxy Rickets (children with bowed 600
(cholecalcif- esterol in skin levels through action soluble dehydrocholestero cholecalciferol legs indicating poor international
erol) reacts with UV on the intestine, l in the skin causing is the active calcification); osteomalacia units; 15μg of
light to form kidney and bone; an opening of the metabolite; in cholecalciferol
vitamin D; hormone-like B ring of the bone increase
converted to steroid structure, Ca and HPO42-
1,25 (OH)2 D3 fish liver oils, release through
(active form) supplemented milk osteoclast/
osteoblast; in
intestine
increases Ca
and HPO42-
absorption; in
kidney
decreases Ca
and HPO42-
excretion
E Two rings Antioxidant; helps to Lipid Vegetables, wheat Antioxidant Associated with lysis of RBCs 15
(tocopherol) prevent lipid damage soluble germ oil (esp in diet high in poly- international
unsaturated fats) units ; careful
of pro-oxidant
role
K Two ring Coenzyme for Lipid Produced by Coenzyme for Rare; associated with prolonged None
structure linked carboxylation of soluble intestinal bacteria gamma blood clotting times; inhibited established;
to a hydrocarbon glutamic acid side carboxylation by warfarin 70-140 μg
side chain chains of some blood of glutamate
clotting factors (γ- residues on
carboxylation of prothrombin
glutamate residues) and factors VII,
IX, and X