Waves in Random and Complex Media

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Influence of the next-nearest neighbor and the

boson–boson interactions on U-shaped, W-shaped
profile and modulation instability gain spectra in a
zig–zag optical lattice

Alphonse Houwe, Souleymanou Abbagari, Serge Yamigno Doka, Mustafa Inc

& Kofane Timoleon Crepin

To cite this article: Alphonse Houwe, Souleymanou Abbagari, Serge Yamigno Doka, Mustafa Inc
& Kofane Timoleon Crepin (2021): Influence of the next-nearest neighbor and the boson–boson
interactions on U-shaped, W-shaped profile and modulation instability gain spectra in a zig–zag
optical lattice, Waves in Random and Complex Media, DOI: 10.1080/17455030.2021.2001606

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2021.2001606

Published online: 23 Nov 2021.

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WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA
https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2021.2001606

Influence of the next-nearest neighbor and the boson–boson

interactions on U-shaped, W-shaped profile and modulation
instability gain spectra in a zig–zag optical lattice
Alphonse Houwea,b , Souleymanou Abbagaric , Serge Yamigno Dokad , Mustafa Ince,f ,g
and Kofane Timoleon Crepinh
a Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon; b Department of
Marine Engineering, Limbe Nautical Arts and Fisheries Institute, Limbe, Cameroon; c Department of Basic
Science, Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries, University of Maroua, Kaélé, Cameroon; d Department of
Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon; e Department of Computer
Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey; f Science Faculty, Department of Mathematics, Firat
University, Elazig, Turkey; g Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China
Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; h Laboratory of Mechanics, Materials and Structures, Department of
Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In this paper, we employ the auxiliary equation method (AEM) Received 31 May 2021
to show the leverage of the nearest neighbors hopping and the Accepted 27 October 2021
boson–boson interaction in a zig zag optical lattice on the stressed KEYWORDS
optical solitons (os) and the Modulation Instability (MI) gain of cold Optical soliton; modulation
bosonic atoms. The pedestal of the work is set on the contin- analysis; U-shaped and
uum approximation of a cold bosonic atoms in a zig zag optical W-shaped
lattice which has demonstrated in detailed in refs. [Tala-Tebue E,
Rezazadeh H, Djoufack ZI, et al. Optical solutions of cold bosonic
atoms in a zig–zag optical lattice. Opt Quant Electron 53(2021):44;
Djoufack ZI, TalaTebue E, FotsaNgafo F, et al. Quantum breathers
associated with modulational instability in 1D ultracold boson in
optical lattices involving nextnearest neighbor interactions. Optik
164(2018):575–589]. The results collected have enclosed bright, dark
optical solitons and the combined bright-dark and bright-bright
optical solitons. Compared the acquired results with Tala-Tebue et al.
[Optical solutions of cold bosonic atoms in a zig–zag optical lattice.
Opt Quant Electron 53(2021):44], further the os including U-shaped
and W-shaped profile have been drop in and the powerful of the
nearest neighbors hopping and the boson–boson interaction has
been exposed across the spatiotemporal and plot evolution of the
bright and dark os. Therewith, the MI bands have been stressed
and it is observed some new attitude of the MI gain spectra under
the induction of the model parameters. The collected results are
new in literature in our knowledge and will improve the previous
results acquired in refs. [Tala-Tebue E, Rezazadeh H, Djoufack ZI,
et al. Optical solutions of cold bosonic atoms in a zig–zag opti-
cal lattice. Opt Quant Electron 53(2021):44; Djoufack ZI, TalaTebue

CONTACT M. Inc minc@firat.edu.tr

© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

2 A. HOUWE ET AL.

E, FotsaNgafo F, et al. Quantum breathers associated with modula-

tional instability in 1D ultracold boson in optical lattices involving
nextnearest neighbor interactions. Optik 164(2018):575–589; Zhao
XH, Tian B, Liu DY, et al. Dark solitons interaction for a (2+1)-
dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the Heisenberg fer-
romagnetic spin chain. Superlattices Microstruct 100(2016):587–595;
Uddin MF, Hafez MG, Hammouch Z, et al. Periodic and rogue waves
for Heisenberg models of ferromagnetic spin chains with fractional
beta derivative evolution and obliqueness. Waves Random Com-
plex Media 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2020.1722331;
Inc M, Aliyu AI, Yusuf A. Optical solitons to the nonlinear Shrdingers
equation with spatio-temporal dispersion using complex amplitude
ansatz. J Mod Opt 2017;64(21):2273–2280].

1. Introduction
Nowadays a wide class of nonlinear evolutions equations (NLEEs) have been involved to
investigate analytical solutions in diverse fields like optical fibers, plasmas, biology, fluid
mechanics, acoustics and so on [1–16]. In the last decade, NLEEs have opened a good way
to the solitary waves theories. It has been shown in numerous works the influence of diverse
parameters of the studied model on the soliton [14].
Otherwise, exact solutions of NLEEs have become possible and easier with the existence
of large number of the mathematical methods [2–39]. More precisely, obtaining of soliton-
like solutions have growth exponentially today in nonlinear science. Soliton solutions have
become a good argument, because of its properties such as stability, robustness and its
ability to keep their velocity and shape after interaction with another [12–16] and they exist
in the form of bright, dark, kink, pulses, breather, rogue waves, beak-shaped rogue waves,
and novel freak waves and so on.
Investigation of soliton in the such fields owing nonlinear and dispersion confrontation
has also been done by using the MI analysis. MI is the one important study which the sta-
bility/Instability of the soliton can be deeply investigate and the MI gain spectra formation
is greatly inspected.
Recently, in refs.[19–21], the authors used the dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic
spin chain equation to show the influence of the Magnetic Coupling Coefficients (MCC)
coupling between the nearest–neighbor spin on the soliton and other solutions [30].
A similar works have been carried out to managed the quantum breathers in Heisen-
berg ferromagnetic spin chains involving an oblique magnetic field [17]. On the same
way, the next-nearest neighbor interactions have been employed to investigate the quan-
tum breathers and MI in ultracold boson in optical lattices [18]. In ref. [19], the authors
obtained dark solitons interaction by varying the MCC. However, Uddin and co-workers
in ref. [20], have figured the effects of the MCC and kerr nonlinearity associated with
fractional beta derivative evolution and obliqueness on the periodic and rogue waves
solutions.
The principal objective of this work is to investigate the influence of the next-nearest
neighbor and the boson–boson interactions on U-shaped, W-shaped profile and MI gain
spectra in a zig zag optical lattice. More recently, Eric Tala Tebue and co-workers have car-
ried out Optical Soliton (OS) of a cold bosonic atoms in a zig zag optical lattice [17]. The
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 3

detailed of the model is given in refs. [17,18]. To involve the impact of the neighbor hop-
ping and the boson–boson interaction effects on U-shaped, W-shaped profiles and MI gain
spectra, it is considered following continuum approximation of a cold bosonic atoms in a
zig zag optical lattice [17]

dφ d2 φ
i = (0 − 2T1 − 2T2 ) φ − δ 2 (T1 + 4T2 ) 2 + U (N − 1) |φ|2 φ. (1)
dt dx
φ(x, t) denotes the complex amplitude of the traveling wave in on a cold bosonic atoms in a
zig–zag optical lattice. The first nearest neighbor hopping and the second nearest neighbor
hopping are represented by T1 > 0 and T2 > 0, respectively. The boson–boson interaction
in the lattice is denoted by U. It is notice that the boson–boson interaction could be repul-
sive or attractive depending on the sign of the parameter U. The repulsive action count for
U > 0, while the attractive is set up for U < 0.
In a very explicit way, many methods have been used to handle a huge number of NLEEs
to build analytical and numerical solutions. In this work, we apply the auxiliary equations
method to show the power of the neighbor hopping and the boson–boson interaction on
U-shaped and W-shaped. The framework of the paper is as follows: Section 2 gives the struc-
ture of the AEM. In Section 3, the application of the method is done through out of a cold
bosonic atoms in a zig–zag optical lattice. To study the cohabitation of the nonlinear and
dispersive coefficients of the medium, Section 4 studies the MI gain spectra by utilizing the
linearizing technic. The last section gives the remarks and conclusion of the work.

2. Auxiliary equation method (AEM)

Assuming the nonlinear partial equation (PDE) in the form

G(w, wx , wt , wxx , wtt , . . . ..) = 0, (2)

where G denotes the polynomial function in terms of an unknown w(x, t).

The solution of Equation (2), could be stand as follows

w(x, t) = W(ξ ), ξ = Kx − vt. (3)

The NODE of Equation (2) is formed by employing Equation (3) in Equation (2), and gives

P(W, W  , KW  , K 2 W  , . . . ..) = 0, (4)

and the symbol ( ) denotes dW

dξ and so on.
The general form of the analytical solution of Equation (4) is expressed by [29]


n
W(ξ ) = A0 + Ai [F(ξ )]i . (5)
i=1

Ai = 0(1, . . . n) are parameters to determine, where F(ξ ) is the solution of the given below
nonlinear differential equation
∂F(ξ ) 
= 2(C0 + C1 F(ξ ) + C2 F(ξ )2 + C3 F(ξ )3 + C4 F(ξ )4 ). (6)
∂ξ
4 A. HOUWE ET AL.

∂ 2 F(ξ )
= C1 + 2C2 F(ξ ) + 3C3 F(ξ )2 + 4C4 F(ξ )3 . (7)
∂ξ 2

1i: Assuming C0 = C1 = C3 = 0, for C2 > 0, and C4 < 0, it is recovered the bright soliton

−C2 
F(ξ ) = sech( 2C2 (ξ )). (8)
C4

C22
ii: C0 = 4C4 , and C1 = C3 = 0, for C2 < 0, C4 > 0. dark soliton is obtained


−C2 
F(ξ ) = tanh( −C2 (ξ )). (9)
2C4

3i: Assuming C0 = C1 = 0, for C2 > 0 and C4 > 0, the combined bright–dark solitons
√
C2 sech2 ( 2C2 (ξ2) )
F(ξ ) = √ √ . (10)
2 C2 C4 tanh( 2C2 (ξ2) ) − C3

4i: Undertaking C0 = C1 = 0, for C2 > 0 and C32 − 4C2 C4 > 0, it is obtained bright–bright
soliton
√
2C2 sech( 2C2 (ξ ))
F(ξ ) =  √ . (11)
C3 2 − 4C2 C4 − C3 sech( 2C2 (ξ ))

5i: Admitting that C0 = C1 = 0, for C2 > 0, the combined bright–dark optical soliton is also
acquired
√
C2 C3 sech2 ( 2C2 (ξ2) )
F(ξ ) = √ . (12)
C2 C4 (1 − tanh( 2C2 (ξ2) ))2 − C32

3. U-shaped, W-shaped and other optical solutions induce by the neighbor

hopping and the boson–boson interaction in a zig–zag optical lattice
In this section, we analyze the influence of the neighbor hopping and the boson–boson
interaction on the soliton solutions in a zig–zag optical lattice.
The first hypothesis is to use the transformation processus as

φ(x, t) = H(ξ )ei(kx+ωt+θ ) , ξ = K(x − vt), (13)

and the parameters k, ω and θ are constants to be determined later. Thereafter, inserting
Equation (13) into Equation (1), gives
 2 2 
k δ (T1 + 4T4 ) + ω + 0 − 2(T1 + T2 ) H(ξ )
+ U (N − 1) H3 (ξ ) − K 2 δ 2 (T1 + 4T2 )H (ξ ) = 0 (14)
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 5

and the velocity of the optical soliton in a zig–zag optical lattice, gives

v = 2kδ 2 (T1 + 4T2 ). (15)

Considering the balance principle between U (ξ ) and U3 (ξ ) it is obtained n = 1. Conse-

quently Equation (5) reads
H(ξ ) = A0 + A1 F(ξ ), (16)
Now, we introduce Equation (16) and Equation (6) or Equation (7) inside Equation (14) and
with help of MAPLE 18, we encase all the coefficients of (F(ξ ))j (j = 0, 1, 2, 3) and set to zero,
it is pick up the following set of result
δ 2 κ 2 T1 +4 δ 2 κ 2 T2 +ω−2 T1 −2 T2 +0 UA (N−1)
2
Result 1: A0 = 0, A1 = A1 , C2 = 2K 2 δ 2 (T1 +4 T2 )
, C4 = 4K 2 δ 21(T +4 T ) . The
1 2
validity of the obtained result is set as 4K 2 δ 2 (T1 + 4 T2 ) = 0 and T1 > 0, T2 > 0.
i: Assuming C0 = C1 = C3 = 0, for C2 > 0, and C4 < 0, it is recovered the bright optical
soliton

−C2 
φ1 (x, t) = A1 sech( 2C2 (ξ )) × ei(kx+ωt+θ ) . (17)
C4
The constraint relation on the bright optical solution Equation (17) of cold bosonic
1 (N−1)
2
atoms in a zig–zag optical lattice is δ κ T1 +4 2K
δ 2 κ 2 T2 +ω−2 T1 −2 T2 +0
2 2
2 δ 2 (T +4 T ) > 0 and 4KuA
2 δ 2 (T +4 T ) <
1 2 1 2
0. Figure 1 stresses the behavior of the bright optical soliton incite by the sec-
ond nearest neighbor hopping and the fixe value of the repulsive boson-=boson
interaction. The suitable parameters of the acquired result are (a1 )[T2 = 0.001, C2 =
0.0674, C4 = −2.1318 × 10−9 , v = 0.0011], (a2 )[T2 = 0.07, C2 = 0.0634, C4 = −3.120 ×
10−9 , v = 0.0735], (a3 )[T2 = 0.09, C2 = 0.0614, C4 = −2.427 × 10−9 , v = 0.0945], (a4 )
[T2 = 0.1, C2 = 0.0613, C4 = −2.1846 × 10−9 , v = 0.1050]. However, Figure 2 depicts the
repulsive interaction of the bright optical soliton solution caused by the second near-
est neighbor hopping. It is obtained at (a1 )[T2 = 0.001, C2 = 0.0674, C4 = −2.1318 ×
10−9 , v = 0.0011], (a2 )[T2 = 0.07, C2 = 0.0634, C4 = −3.120 × 10−9 , v = 0.0735], (a3 )
[T2 = 0.09, C2 = 0.0614, C4 = −2.427 × 10−9 , v = 0.0945], (a4 )[T2 = 0.1, C2 = 0.0613,
C4 = −2.1846 × 10−9 , v = 0.1050]. By acting the first and second nearest neighbor and
the repulsive boson–boson interaction, it is shown in Figure 3, the interaction of three
bright optical soliton solutions for (a7 )[T2 = 0.8, T2 = 0.9], (a8 )[T2 = 1.0, T2 = 1.5]. We dis-
play in Figure 4 (a8,1 ) the evolution of soliton solution before interaction between the first
and second nearest neighbor. In Figure 4 (a8,2 )and (a8,3 ) it is shown the contour plot of the
action of two bright optical soliton, while in Figure 4 (a8,4 ) the contour plot of the soliton
after interaction. The obtained results have been depicted by using the first and second
nearest neighbor.
Meanwhile, Figure 5 is the evolution of dark optical soliton solutions of |φ2 (x, t)|2
incite by the second nearest neighbor and fixe value of the first nearest neighbor
for (a9 )[T2 = 0.5, C2 = −0.0018, C4 = 3.0509 × 10−7 , v = 2.4561], (a10 )[T2 = 1.5, C2 =
−0.0013, C4 = 4.5326 × 10−7 , v = 5.2631], (a11 )[T2 = 5.5, C2 = −9.6537 × 10−4 , C4 =
6.7507 × 10−7 , v = 16.4911] and (a10 )[T2 = 10.5, C2 = −8.9494 × 10−4 , C4 = 3.6469 ×
10−7 , v = 30.5261]. It is observed that the obtained bright and dark optical soliton solu-
tions obeyed the properties of the solitary waves (no deformation and distortion of the
shape during interaction).
6 A. HOUWE ET AL.

Figure 1. Plot evolution of the bright optical soliton solution of |φ1 (x, t)|2 incite by the second
nearest neighbor hopping (a1 )[T2 = 0.001, C2 = 0.0674, C4 = −2.1318 × 10−9 , v = 0.0011],
(a2 )[T2 = 0.07, C2 = 0.0634, C4 = −3.120 × 10−9 , v = 0.0735], (a3 )[T2 = 0.09, C2 = 0.0614, C4 =
−2.427 × 10−9 , v = 0.0945], (a4 )[T2 = 0.1, C2 = 0.0613, C4 = −2.1846 × 10−9 , v = 0.1050] for
[A1 = 0.0014, δ = 4.0001, κ = 0.4, T1 = 0.0001, k = 0.032, ω = 0.000000032, 0 = 0.001, K =
1.025, U = 0.02, N = 0.25].

Figure 2. Plot evolution of two bright optical soliton solutions of |φ1 (x, t)|2 incite by the second near-
est neighbor (a5 )[T2 = 0.8, T2 = 0.9], (a6 )[T2 = 1.0, T2 = 1.5], for [A1 = 0.0014, δ = 4.0001, κ =
0.4, T1 = 0.0001, k = 0.032, ω = 0.000000032, 0 = 0.001, K = 1.025, U = 0.02, N = 0.25].

Figure 3. Plot evolution of three bright optical soliton solutions of |φ1 (x, t)|2 incite by the
first and second nearest neighbor (a7 )[T2 = 0.8, T2 = 0.9], (a8 )[T2 = 1.0, T2 = 1.5], for
[A1 = 0.0014, δ = 4.0001, κ = 0.4, T1 = 0.0001, k = 0.032, ω = 0.000000032, 0 = 0.001, K =
1.025, U = 0.02, N = 0.25].
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 7

Figure 4. Illustration of the bright optical soliton solutions of |φ1 (x, t)|2 incite by the first and sec-
ond nearest neighbor before interaction (a8,1 )[T2 = 0.5, T1 = 10.1], during interaction (a8,2 )[T2 =
10.5, T1 = 50.5], (a8,3 )[T2 = 15.5, T1 = 100.1] and after interaction (a8,4 )[T2 = 25.5, T1 = 150.5]
for [A1 = 0.0014, δ = 4.0001, κ = 0.4, k = 0.032, ω = 0.000000032, 0 = 0.001, K = 1.025, U =
0.02, N = 0.25].

Figure 5. Plot evolution of dark optical soliton solutions of |φ2 (x, t)|2 incite by the second near-
est neighbor and fixe value of the first nearest neighbor (a9 )[T2 = 0.5, C2 = −0.0018, C4 =
3.0509 × 10−7 , v = 2.4561], (a10 )[T2 = 1.5, C2 = −0.0013, C4 = 4.5326 × 10−7 , v = 5.2631],
(a11 )[T2 = 5.5, C2 = −9.6537 × 10−4 , C4 = 6.7507 × 10−7 , v = 16.4911] and (a10 )[T2 =
10.5, C2 = −8.9494 × 10−4 , C4 = 3.6469 × 10−7 , v = 30.5261], for [A1 = −0.0014, δ = 1.75, κ =
0.004, T1 = 1.5, k = 0.2, ω = 0.032, 0 = 0.002, K = 10.025, U = 50.2, N = 100.25].

C22
ii: C0 = 4C4 , and C1 = C3 = 0, for C2 < 0, C4 > 0. dark optical soliton is obtained

−C2 
φ2 (x, t) = A1 tanh( −C2 (ξ )) × ei(kx+ωt+θ ) . (18)
2C4
8 A. HOUWE ET AL.

However, the constraint relation on the dark optical solution Equation (18) in a zig–zag
1 (N−1)
2
optical lattice is set as δ κ T1 +4 2K δ 2 κ 2 T2 +ω−2 T1 −2 T2 +0
2 2
2 δ 2 (T +4 T ) < 0 and 4KuA
2 δ 2 (T +4 T ) > 0. It is notice
1 2 1 2
that the obtained bright and dark optical solutions of cold bosonic atoms in a zig–zag opti-
cal lattice depend on the first nearest neighbor hopping and the second nearest neighbor
hopping and the boson–boson interaction in the lattice. Furthermore, the obtained soli-
ton solutions could interact during the boson–boson interaction repulsive or attractive
depending on the sign of the parameter U.
Result 2:

δ 2 κ 2 T1 + 4 δ 2 κ 2 T2 + ω + 0 − 2 T1 − 2 T2
A0 = − , A1 = A1 ,
U(N − 1)
δ 2 κ 2 T1 + 4 δ 2 κ 2 T2 + ω + 0 − 2 T1 − 2 T2
C2 = − ,
K 2 δ 2 (T1 + 4 T2 )

− δ κ T1 +4 δ κ U(N−1)
2 2 2 2 T +ω+ −2 T −2 T
2 0 1 2
UA1 (N − 1) UA21 (N − 1)
C3 = , C4 = .
K 2 δ 2 (T1 + 4T2 ) 4K 2 δ 2 (T1 + 4T2 )
On the same way, the obtained result is has the following constraint existence
− δ κ T1 +4 δ κ U(N−1)
2 2 2 2 T +ω+ −2 T −2 T
2 0 1 2
> 0 and K 2 δ 2 (T1 + 4 T2 ) = 0.
3i: Considering C0 = C1 = 0, for C2 > 0 and C4 > 0, the combined bright-dark optical
solitons

δ 2 κ 2 T1 + 4 δ 2 κ 2 T2 + ω + 10 − 2 T1 − 2 T2
φ3 (x, t) = −
U (N − 1)
√
C2 sech2 ( 2C2 (ξ2) )
+ A1 √ √ . (19)
2 C2 C4 tanh( 2C2 (ξ2) ) − C3

4i: For C0 = C1 = 0, for C2 > 0 and C32 − 4C2 C4 > 0, it is obtained bright-bright optical
soliton

δ 2 κ 2 T1 + 4 δ 2 κ 2 T2 + ω + 0 − 2 T1 − 2 T2
φ4 (x, t) = −
U (N − 1)
√
2C2 sech( 2C2 (ξ ))
+ A1  √ . (20)
C3 2 − 4C2 C4 − C3 sech( 2C2 (ξ ))
5i: Admitting that C0 = C1 = 0, for C2 > 0, the combined bright-dark optical soliton gives

δ 2 κ 2 T1 + 4 δ 2 κ 2 T2 + ω + 0 − 2 T1 − 2 T2
φ5 (x, t) = −
U (N − 1)
√
C2 C3 sech2 ( 2C2 (ξ2) )
+ A1 √ . (21)
C2 C4 (1 − tanh( 2C2 (ξ2) ))2 − C32

Furthermore, for (−δ 2 κ 2 T1 + 4 δ 2 κ 2 T2 + ω + 0 − 2 T1 − 2 T2 ) × U(N − 1) > 0 and K 2 δ 2

(T1 + 4T2 ) = 0, it is obtained three families of the optical soliton such as combined bright-
dark optical and bright–bright optical soliton with the effects of the attractive boson–boson
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 9

Figure 6. Evolution of U-shaped optical soliton solutions of |φ5 (x, t)|2 provoke by the attractive
boson–boson interaction and the nearest neighbors (a13 )[A0 = 0.1209, A1 = 0.00084014, C3 =
0.0018, C2 = 36.5319, C4 = 4.407 × 10−7 , v = −9.13555 × 10−4 , U = −20.02] and (a14 )[A0 =
0.0541, A1 = 0.00084014, C3 = 0.0088, C2 = 36.5319, C4 = 0.0022, v = −9.1355 × 10−7 ] for
[T2 = 0.0010075, T1 = 0.015, δ = 0.001, κ = 0.004, k = −0.00012, ω = 0.0032, 0 = 0.001, K =
200.025, N = 0.905].

Figure 7. Evolution of W-shaped optical soliton solutions of |φ5 (x, t)|2 provoke by the attrac-
tive boson–boson interaction and the first nearest neighbor (a15 )[ T1 = 0.00145, A0 =
0.0491, A1 = 0.024 C3 = 0.4371, C2 = 1.8265, C4 = 0.1093, v = −0.0078] and (a16 )[ T1 =
0.00165, A0 = 0.0491, A1 = 0.024, C3 = 90.4371, C2 = 1.8265, C4 = 0.1093, v = 2 − 0.0078]
for [T2 = 0.020, A1 = 0.024, δ = 0.002, κ = 0.004, k = −1.0032, ω = 0.0032, 0 = 0.001, K =
100.025, U = −1.2007, N = 0.015].

interaction and the first and second nearest neighbor in a zig–zag optical lattice. By using
suitable value of some parameters involving during the numerical simulation of |φ5 (x, t)|2 ,
it is set out the U-shaped optical solition in Figure 6 and the W-shaped profile in Figure 7.
However, it is observed that by involving the attractive boson–boson interaction and
the first and second nearest neighbor as (a15 )[ T1 = 0.00145, A0 = 0.0491, A1 = 0.024
C3 = 0.4371, C2 = 1.8265, C4 = 0.1093, v = −0.0078] and (a16 )[T1 = 0.00165, A0 = 0.0491,
A1 = 0.024, C3 = 90.4371, C2 = 1.8265, C4 = 0.1093, v = 2 − 0.0078], the U-shaped pro-
file are obtained compare to refs.[17,18]. On the same time, involving only the first near-
est neighbor and the attractive boson–boson interaction, the W-shaped is obtained. The
obtained above results, could have a good explanation in the non-dispersive developments
10 A. HOUWE ET AL.

where soliton structures have a great interest. Moreover, these results will be used to high-
light the marvel of soliton interaction in the optical lattice in the system of ultracold bosonic
atoms.

4. Modulation instability analysis

MI is a rigorous debate concerning the confrontation between nonlinearity and dispersion
terms in nonlinear system. Generally, it is crop up during the exponential growth of modula-
tion sides bands. However, during the MI analysis, the small perturbations of the permanent
waves could induces the ultrashort pulses due to the flash of the wave into a repeating
pulse train. To stress the influence of the neighbor hopping and the boson–boson interac-
tion on the MI gain spectra in a zig–zag optical lattice, we set the continuous waves with
small perturbations as solution of Equation (1)

φ(x, t) = [ P0 + A(x, t)]eP0 t (22)

where A(x, t) is small perturbation and the corresponding complex is A∗ (x, t), while P0 is
the power incident. Inserting the set of Equation (22) into Equation (1), gives the linear
equation below

iAt − (0 − 2T1 − 2T2 ) A + δ 2 (T1 + 4T2 ) Axx − U (N − 1) P0 (2A + A∗ ) = 0. (23)

Taking the plane wave solution of Equation (23) in the following expression

A(x, t) = m1 ei(Kx−
t) + m2 e−i(Kx−
t) (24)

where K are the perturbation wave numbers in x-directions and

the perturbation wave
frequency of the modulation waves. Substituting Equation (24) into Equation (23), we get
the following matrix
 
a11 a12 m1
= 0, (25)
a21 a22 m2
and
2
a11 = −K δ 2 (T1 + 4T2 ) + 4U (1 − N) P0 +
− 0 + 2(T1 + T2 ),
2
a22 = −K δ 2 (T1 + 4 T2 ) + 4 U (1 − N) P0 −
− 0 + 2(T1 + T2 )
a12 = a21 = 2 U (1 − N) P0 .

while the condition of vanishing of the obtained matrix is set as follows

4 2
α4 K + α2 K + α0 = 0. (26)

where

α0 = 12 (N − 1)2 u2 P0 2 − 16 (N − 1) uP0 (T1 + T2 ) + 80 (N − 1) uP0 + 4 (T1 + T2 )2

− 4 0 (T1 + T2 ) −
2 + 0 2 .
α2 = 2 δ 2 (T1 + 4 T2 ) (4 u (N − 1) P0 − 2 (T1 + T2 ) + 0 ) , α4 = δ 4 (T1 + 4 T2 )2 , (27)
 WAVES IN RANDOM AND COMPLEX MEDIA 11

Figure 8. The comparison of the MI gain spectra versus the angular frequency incite by the repulsive
boson–boson interaction (b1 ) [U = 10.45], (b2 ) [U = 20.45], (b3 ) [U = 60.45] and (b4 ) [U = 80.45]
for [P0 = 0.2005W, T2 = 0.074, T1 = 0.025, N = 1.25, 0 = 0.0002, U = 80.45, δ = 0.002].

Figure 9. The comparison of the MI gain spectra versus the angular frequency incite by the first near-
est neighbor hopping (b5 ) [T1 = 0.025], (b6 ) [T1 = 1.025], (b7 ) [T1 = 2.025] and (b8 ) [T1 = 4.025] for
[P0 = 20.2005W, T2 = 0.014, N = 1.45, 0 = 0.12, U = 0.45, δ = 0.002].

Figure 7 shows the MI gain spectra versus angular frequency with the influence of the
boson–boson interaction in the lattice for b1 [U = 10.45], b2 [U = 20.45], b3 [U = 60.45]
and b4 [U = 80.45]. By increasing the repulsive boson–boson interaction and taking fixed
values of the nearest neighbor hopping, it is observed that the MI bands increase and
the maximum value of the MI gain is obtained for
= 0. Besides, the situation changes
by varying the first nearest neighbor and maintain fixe the value of the boson–boson
12 A. HOUWE ET AL.

interaction, the MI bands decrease when the value of the latter grows and the MI bands
vanish (see Figure 8).

5. Conclusion
The work is focussed to involve the influence of the boson–boson interaction and the
nearest neighbors on the bright, dark optical solitons, U-shaped and W-shaped profile in
a zig–zag optical lattice by using subsidiary equations method. The clout the boson–boson
interaction and the nearest neighbors hopping have been show out in Figures 1–6. The
obtained numerical simulations involved suitable values of the model. The survey of the
Modulation gain spectra and the acquired MI bands reveal how it is workable to produce
stability or instability zones by altering the boson–boson interaction and the nearest neigh-
bors parameters. Otherwise, by acting the boson–boson interaction, it is revealed U-shaped
profile of the optical soliton solution in Figure 5. However, by varying the first nearest
neighbor hopping, the obtained optical soliton turns to W-shaped profile (see Figure 6).
Compared these results with the foregoing works [17,18], it could be give a comfortable
device to clarify the virtue of the boson–boson interaction and the nearest neighbors
hopping parameters on the diverse others optical soliton solutions.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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