Rec.

709
ITU-R Recommendation BT.709, more commonly known by the
abbreviations Rec. 709 or BT.709, standardizes the format of high-
definition television, having 16:9 (widescreen) aspect ratio. The first
edition of the standard was approved in 1990.

Contents
Technical details
Pixel count
Frame rate
Digital representation
Primary chromaticities
Standards Conversion
Luma coefficients
Transfer characteristics
See also
References
BT.709 primaries shown on theCIE 1931 x, y
External links chromaticity diagram. Colors within the BT.709
color gamut will fall within the triangle that connects
the primaries. Also shown is BT.709's white point,
Technical details Illuminant D65.

Pixel count
Rec. 709 refers to HDTV systems having roughly two million luma samples per frame. Rec. 709 has two parts:

Part 2 codifies current and prospective 1080i and 1080p systems with square sampling. In an attempt to unify 1080-line HDTV
standards, part 2 defines acommon image format(CIF) with picture parameters independent of the picture rate.

Part 1 codifies what are now referred to as 1035i30 and 1152i25 HDTV systems. The 1035i30 system is now obsolete, having been
superseded by 1080i and 1080p square-sampled ("square-pixel") systems. The 1152i25 system was used for experimental equipment
in Europe and was never commercially deployed.

Frame rate
Rec. 709 specifies the following picture rates: 60 Hz, 50 Hz, 30 Hz, 25 Hz and 24 Hz. "Fractional" rates having the above values
divided by 1.001 are also permitted.

Initial acquisition is possible in either progressive or interlaced form. Video captured as progressive can be transported with either
progressive transport or progressive segmented frame (PsF) transport. Video captured as interlaced can be transported with interlace
transport. In cases where a progressive captured image is transported as a segmented frame, segment/field frequency must be twice
the frame rate.

In practice, the above requirements result in the following frame rates ("fractional" rates are specified in commonly used "decimal"
form): 25i, 25PsF, 25p, 50p for 50 Hz systems; 23.976p, 23.976PsF, 24p, 24PsF, 29.97i, 29.97p, 29.97PsF, 30PsF, 30p, 59.94p, 60p
for 60 Hz systems.
Digital representation
Rec. 709 defines an R’G’B’ encoding and a Y’CBCR encoding, each with either 8 bits or 10 bits per sample in each color channel. In
the 8-bit encoding, the R’, B’, G’, and Y’ channels have a nominal range of [16..235], and the CB and CR channels have a nominal
range of [16..240] with 128 as the neutral value. So in R’G’B’, reference black is (16, 16, 16) and reference white is (235, 235, 235),
and in Y’CBCR, reference black is (16, 128, 128), and reference white is (235, 128, 128). Values outside the nominal ranges are
allowed, but typically they would be clamped for broadcast or for display. Values 0 and 255 are reserved as timing references, and
may not contain color data.Rec. 709's 10-bit encoding uses nominal values four times those of the 8-bit encoding.
Rec. 709's nominal
ranges are the same as those defined in ITURec. 601.[1]

Primary chromaticities

RGB color space parameters[2]

White point Primaries
Color space
xW yW xR yR xG yG xB yB

ITU-R BT.709 0.3127 0.3290 0.64 0.33 0.30 0.60 0.15 0.06

Note that red and blue are the same as the EBU Tech 3213 primaries while green is halfway between EBU Tech 3213 and SMPTE C
(two types of Rec.601). In coverage of the CIE 1931 color space the Rec. 709 color space (and the derivative sRGB color space) is
almost identical to Rec. 601 and covers 35.9%.[3]

Standards Conversion
When converting between the various HD and SD formats, it would be correct to compensate for the differences in the primaries (e.g.
between the Rec. 709, EBU Tech 3213, and SMPTE C primaries). In practice, this conversion is rarely performed because the
difference is negligible in real-world scenes, except the ones with large patches of very saturated colors.[4]

Luma coefficients
HDTV according to Rec. 709 forms luma (Y’) using R’G’B’ coefficients 0.2126, 0.7152, and 0.0722. This means that unlike Rec.
601, the coefficients match the primaries and white points, so luma corresponds more closely to luminance. Some experts feel that the
advantages of correct matrix coefficients do not justify the change from Rec. 601 coefficients.[5]

Transfer characteristics
Rec. 709 specifies the OETF (opto electrical transfer function) of HDTV encoding in reference to the camera, known as camera
gamma (sometimes indicated as "scene-referred"[6] gamma). The Rec. 709 transfer function from the linear signal (luminance) to the
nonlinear (voltage) is linear in the bottom part and then transfers to a power function for the rest of the range:[7]

The conversion to linear is as follows.

The power function of the majority of the gamma curve is 0.45, but because it is offset by the linear section the resulting equivalent
gamma is more approximate to 0.50-0.53 (the inverse of which is approximately gamma 1.9-2.0 to convert back to linear).
While Rec. 709 does not specify the display referred gamma, display gamma is discussed in EBU Tech 3320 and specified in ITU-R
BT.1886 as a gamma of 2.4. This is a higher gamma than the 2.0 the math shown above would indicate, because the television system
has been deliberately designed with an end-to-end system gamma of about 1.2, to provide compensation for the ‘dim surround’
effect. Therefore, the monitor gamma is not the inverse of the camera gamma.[8]

It is worth noting that Rec. 709 and sRGB share the same primary chromaticities and white point chromaticity; however, sRGB is
explicitly output (display) referred with a gamma of 2.2.[9]

In typical production practice the encoding function of image sources is adjusted so that the final picture has the desired aesthetic
look, as viewed on a reference monitor with a gamma of 2.4 (per ITU-R BT.1886) in a dim reference viewing environment (per ITU-
R BT.2035).[10][11][12]

See also
Rec. 601, a comparable standard forstandard-definition television(SDTV)
Rec. 2020, a standard for ultra high definition television(UHDTV) with standard dynamic range
Rec. 2100, a standard for HDTV and UHDTV withhigh dynamic range
sRGB, a standard color space for web/computer graphics, based on the Rec. 709 primaries and white point

References
ITU-R BT.709-6: Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international programme exchange.
June, 2015. Note that the -6 is the current version; previous versions were-1 through to -5.
[3]: Poynton, Charles, Perceptual uniformity, picture rendering, image state, and Rec. 709. May, 2008.
sRGB: IEC 61966-2-1:1999

1. ITU-R Rec. BT.601-5, 1995

2. ITU-R Rec. BT.709-5 page 18, items 1.3 and1.4
3. " "Super Hi-Vision" as Next-Generation Television and Its Video Parameters" (https://archive.is/20130112220145/htt
p://www.informationdisplay.org/article.cfm?year=2012&issue=12&file=art6) . Information Display. Archived from the
original (http://www.informationdisplay.org/article.cfm?year=2012&issue=12&file=art6)on 2013-01-12. Retrieved
2013-01-01.
4. [1] (http://www.glennchan.info/articles/technical/hd-versus-sd-color-space/hd-versus-sd-color-space.htm)
: Chan,
Glenn, "HD versus SD Color Space".
5. [2] (http://www.poynton.com/papers/SMPTE_98_YYZ_Luma/index.html): Poynton, Charles, "Luminance, luma, and
the migration to DTV" (Feb. 6, 1998)
6. https://www.provideocoalition.com/scene_vs_display_referred_profiles/
7. ITU-R Rec. BT.709-6 page 3, item 1.2http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.709-6-201506-I!!PDF-
E.pdf
8. EBU Tech 3320 page 11, https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3320.pdf
9. Poynton, Charles (2012).Digital Video and HD Algorithms and Interfaces. Burlington, Mass.: Elsevire/Morgan
Kaufmann. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-12-391926-7.
10. ITU-R Rec. BT.709-6 page 3 footnote 1
11. ITU-R BT.1886 http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1886-0-201103-I!!PDF-E.pdf
12. IITU-R BT.2035

External links
ITU-R Recommendation BT.709

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