Name: Rachel Duhaylungsod Course: BSED in Sciences

MODULE 7
BEHAVIORISM: PAVLOV, THORNDIKE,WATSON,SKINNER
1. Explain the basic principles of behaviorism.

Answer: The theory of behaviorism focuses on the study of observable and measurable
behavior. It emphasizes that behavior is mostly learned through conditioning and
reinforcement (reward and punishment). It does not give much attention to the mind and the
possibility of thougt processes occurring in the mind. We have the Radical Behaviorism, which
accepts the view that organisms are born with innate behaviors, and thus recognizes the role of
genes and biological components in behavior. Which was founded by B.F Skinner and agreed
with the assumption of methodological behaviorism that the goal of psychology should be to
predict and control behavior. Also, Methodological Behaviorism which is purely objective
experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of
behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its
data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms
of consciousness.
2. Make a simple plan applying the learning principles.

Answer: In applying the learning principles this could be my simple plan. Before the lesson starts
I will assess their prior knowledge, have a discussion of response for clarification and check for
understanding. Second, Provide a comfortable, safe,non-threatening environment yet
challenging to the learner for optimal learning to occur, I will provide small group activities.
Third Formulate learning goals. Fourth, Develop relevant specific learning objectives. Fifth, Ask
question to checkunderstanding, followed by discussion of the response, clarify
misunderstandings and give the correct answer. Lastly, address different learning styles like
giving role play to students.
3. Explain how to use rewards in the learning process effectively.

Answer: It suggests that tangible rewards may be valuable in boosting performance when it
comes to learning. This is one of my experience during my elementary years. Our teacher used
to have this kind of mindset wherein she uses rewards system to improve the quality of work,
and some suggest that it may even incentivize students to sacrifice quality. Here it goes, when I
was in fourth grade, my class was offered a small prize for each book we read. Many of us
quickly developed a love for short books with large print, certainly not the teacher’s intent. This
proves that the reward system will make the students strive hard though its not their passion to
be studious, thus it simply justified the essence of rewards which is vital in learning process.
 MODULE 8
Neo Behaviorism: Tolman and Bandura
1. In your own words and in not more than 5 sentences each, explain:
a.) Tolman’s purposive behaviorism

Answer: Purposive behaviorism is a branch of psychology and it combines the objective study of
behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior. According to Edward Tolman
that learning developed from knowledge about the environment and how the organism relates
to its environment. This theory is a form of functionalism that proposes that all behavior is
functionally relevant to the organism’s ultimate goal, or “purposes”. Tolman’s goal was to
identify the complex cognitive mechanisms and purposes that guided behavior. This theory
states that humans have an innate tendency to learn from rewards or punishments.
b.) Bandura’s social learning theory

Answer: Social learning theory was proposed by Albert Bandura which emphasizes the
importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
reactions of others. Social learning theory considers how both environmental and cognitive
factors interact to influence human learning and behavior. The social learning approach takes
thought processes into account and acknowledges the role that they play in deciding if a
behavior is to be imitated or not. Social learning theory is not a full explanation for all behavior.
This is particularly the case when there is no apparent role model in the person’s life to imitate
for a given behavior.

2. Give atleast one teaching application of each theory.

Answers:

a.) An example of teaching application theory of tolman’s purposive behaviorism is when

teachers reward their class to a certain students with a party or special treat at the end of the
week for good behavior throughout the week. The same concept is used with punishments. The
teacher can take away certain privileges if the student misbehaves.
b. The situation goes like this, The teacher is having an oral examination wherein she ask some
questions relating to the topic she discusses. One of the student raised a hand and then
answered so a student who is praised for raising their hand to speak will more than likely
repeat that behaviour. Additionally, other students will follow suit and raise their hands after
observing that the behaviour elicited a positive outcome.

MODULE 9
 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

1. In your own words, describe the different gestalt principles.

Answer: The different gestalt Principles:

 Proximity- This refers to how proximate the elements to each other. The closeness of
elements to one another. The nearness of each elements will determine them as
belonging together.

 Law of Similarity- This refers on how the elements are alike. This law can be used to tie
together elements that might not be right next to each other in a design.

 Law of Closure- This refers on filling the gaps or missing parts of a certain situation or
images to create a whole.

 Law of Good Continuation- this refers to the continuity which

posist that the human eye will normally follow the
 smoothest path when viewing lines. Continuation can be a valuable tool when the goal
is to guide a visitor’s eye in a certain direction.

 Law of Good Pragnanz- this also refers to the law of symmetry and order. This principle
says is that your brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible.

 Law of Figure/Ground – this refers on the way we perceive things which we started first
from foreground. This is also similar to the closure principle in that it takes advantage of
the way the brain processes negative space.
2. List at least 5 ways to apply gestalt psychology in the teaching-learning process.

Answer:

 One way To be done is when teachers maintain an emotionally harmonious and non
threatening atmosphere during the teaching and learning process which consequently
caters exchange of ideas and learning.
 Teachers must make use of discovery approach in learning. Teachers can use
experiments, laboratory and inquiry-based strategies.
 Another way, as a teacher I can actually do this by setting the objectives that does not
only focus on the cognitive (and psychomotor) domains of teaching and learning but
also on the affective domain as well.
 Fourth way is teachers should vary the tone of their voice or write boldly or underline
the important key words of the lesson.
 In teaching we do make lessons plan so we the aid of gestalt psychology let’s make the
lesson complete. Present it clearly, simply and always be ready for students'
clarifications.