Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
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 Torsion on structural systems may be classified into :
1. STATICALLY DETERMINATE TORSION ( = Equilibrium Torsion)
2. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TORSION ( = Compatibility Torsion)

P P

P A

Statically Determinate Torsion P Statically Indeterminate Torsion

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 By changing the rigid connection
B P
at point B into a simply supported
end, this system would become
a statically determinate structure.

By changing the fixed end at point A

P A
into a free end, this system would
be a statically determinate structure.

SNI 2847:2019 sec 22.7.3 including Fig. R22.7.3a and R22.7.3b

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• Centre portion of a solid beam can be neglected.
• Torsion is resisted through a constant shear flow q (force per unit length
of wall centerline) acting around the centerline of the tube. For
equilibrium:
T = 2 Ao q = 2 Ao  t … (1) 7
Rearranging Eq. (1)
T
q = t = … (2)
2 Ao
Where:
 = shear stress, assumed uniform, across wall thickness
t = wall thickness
T = applied torque
Ao = area enclosed within the tube centerline 8
When concrete beam is subjected to a torsional moment causing principal
tension larger than (√fc’)/3, diagonal cracks spiral around the beam. Then
the tube is idealized as space truss.

Tension truss → tension ties (=stirrups) + longitudinal reinforcement

Compression truss → concrete compression diagonal
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Shear force V2 is equal to the shear flow q times the height of the wall y0.
Stirrups are designed to yield when the maximum torque is reached. The
number of stirrups intersected is a function of the stirrups spacing s and
the horizontal projection y0 cot  of the inclined surface.
From vertical equilibrium:
At fyv
V2 = s yo cot  …(3)

As the shear flow is

constant over the height of
the wall,
T
V2 = q y0 = y …(4)
2 A0 0
Substituting for V2 in Eqs (3) and (4),
2 A0 At fyv
T= cot  … (5)
s 10
 Horizontal component
equal to:
Ni = Vi cot 

Internally, it is assumed that the longitudinal steel yields when the maximum
torque is reached. Summing the internal and external forces in the chords of
all the space truss walls results in:
T T
 Alifyi = Alfyl = Ni = Vicot = qyicot =  yi cot = cot yi
2A0 2A0
Where Alfyl is the yield force in all longitudinal reinforcement required for
torsion. Rearranging the above equation,
2 A0Alfyl
T = 2 (x + y ) cot  … (6)
0 0
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Torsion can be neglected if the factored torque Tu is less than Tcr/4,
where Tcr is the cracking torque. The cracking torque corresponds to a
principal tensile stress of (√fc’)/3. Prior to cracking, thickness of the tube
wall “t” and the area enclosed by the wall centerline “Ao” are related to the
uncracked section geometry on the following assumptions:

3Acp
t = 4p … (7)
cp
2Acp
A0 = 3 … (8)
(Before cracking)
Where: Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-
section, including the void of hollow cross-sections, mm2.
pcp = outside perimeter of concrete cross-section, mm.
A0 = area within centerline of the thin-wall tube, mm2. 12
Substituting for t from Eq.(7), A0 from Eq.(8), and taking  = (√fc’)/3 in
Eq.(1), the cracking torque for nonprestressed members can be derived:
1 Acp2
Tcr = √fc’ … (9)
3 pcp

The design for torsion can be neglected if Tu < ¼ Tcr, i.e:

Acp2
For nonprestressed members Tu <  0.083 √fc’ … (10)
pcp
SNI 2847:2019 sec 22.7.4.1

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 The design torsional strength should be equal to or greater than required
torsional strength:

 Tn ≥ Tu

The nominal torsional moment strength in terms of stirrup yield strength:

2 A0 At fyt
Tn = s cot  … 2847:2019 sec 22.7.6.1

Where: Ao = 0.85 Aoh (after cracking, concrete cover is ignored)

Aoh = area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed
transverse torsional reinforcement
 = angle of compression diagonal (45° for nonprestressed)
Substituting for T from Eq.(5) into Eq.(6) and replacing 2 (xo + yo) with ph
(perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional 16
reinforcement), the longitudinal reinforcement required to resist torsion
 is computed as a function of the transverse
reinforcement:
At fyt
Al = p cot2
s h fy

To reduce unsightly cracking and prevent

crushing of the concrete compression struts,
SNI code prescribes an upper limit for the
maximum stress due to shear and torsion.
In solid sections, stresses due to shear act over the full width of the
section, while stresses due to torsion are assumed resisted by a thin-
walled tube. Thus, SNI specifies an elliptical interaction between stresses
due to shear and those due to torsion as follows:
2 2
Vu Tu ph Vc
bw d + ≤  + 0.66√fc’ … SNI 2847:2019
1.7 Aoh2 bw d 17
sec 22.7.7.1a
Usually, a member subject to torsion will also be simultaneously subjected to
shear. The minimum area of stirrups for shear and torsion is computed from:
bw s
(Av + 2 At) = 0.062 fc’ … SNI 2847:2019 sec 9.6.4.2
fyt

0.35 bw s
And not less than:
fyt

The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement is computed from:

0.42 √fc’ Acp At f

Al,min =  ph yt … SNI 2847:2019
fy s fy
sec 9.6.4.3
With At/s not less than 0.175 bw/fyt
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• Spacing of stirrups must not exceed ph/8 and 300 mm. … SNI
2847:2019 sec 9.7.6.3.3
• SNI 2847:2019 sec 9.7.5 requires:
• The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion must be
distributed around the perimeter of the closed stirrups, at a
maximum spacing of 300 mm.
• There should be at least one longitudinal bar or tendon in each
corner of the stirrups to help transmition of forces from the
compression struts to the transverse reinforcement.
• To avoid buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement due to the
transverse component of the compression struts, the longitudinal
reinforcement must have a diameter not less than 0.042 of the
stirrup spacing, but not less than 10 mm.
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 START

Calculate : Tu, Vu

yes
Tu < 0.083f’c(Acp2/pcp)
no

The influence of Redesign

Crushing of the concrete yes
Torsion is the section
compression struts?
neglected.
The Section is
designed as no
Shear Shear Consideration Torsion Consideration
consideration
alone Calculate : Vc Calculate : Tn≥Tu

Finish 1 2

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 1 2

Choose the Ø of stirrup Choose the Ø of stirrup

and find Av/s and find At/s

Combined shear and torsion:

Av/s + 2At/s

Find: stirrup spacing, s

Check s (max)

For torsion: For shear:

smax= ph/8 or 300 mm smax= d/2 or 300 mm

yes
s > smax ? Use s ≈ smax
no
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 3

Check minimum stirrup area

(Av+2At)

yes
(Av+2At) < Atotal,min ? Use Atotal,min
no
Determine stirrups layout

Calculate longitudinal torsion

reinforcement, Al

yes
Al < Al,min Use Al = Al,min
no
Finish

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• Design a continuous six-bay edge beam built integrally
with a 175 mm slab on the exterior of the building (elev F).
• Given:
– f’c = 35 MPa
– fy = 420 MPa
– b = 450 mm
– h = 760 mm
– Superimposed dead load = 0.75 kN/m2
– Live load = 3 kN/m2

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• Load calculation:

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• Flexure design:

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• Shear design:

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• Torsion design:

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