Semester : IV L T P C

Subject : Analog Circuits 3 0 0 3

A2ECT305
Total Contact Hours : 48

Prerequisite : Electronic Devices and Circuits, Network Analysis

UNIT I
POWER AMPLIFIERS: Concept, features of power amplifiers, comparison of voltage and
power amplifiers, Classification of power amplifiers, Series fed directly coupled Class A
amplifier, Transformer coupled Class A amplifier, Distortion in Amplifiers, Push pull class B
amplifier, Complementary symmetry Class B amplifier, cross over distortion.
TUNED AMPLIFIERS: Introduction, classification of tuned amplifiers, Q-Factor,
requirements of tuned amplifier, Single and double tuned amplifier analysis.

UNIT II
NON-LINEARWAVESHAPING: Diode series clippers, Diode shunt clippers, Transistor
clippers, clipping at two independent levels, Transfer characteristics of clippers, Emitter
coupled clipper, Positive clamping operation, Negative clamping operation, clamping circuits
using diode with different inputs, Clamping circuit theorem.
UNIT- III

INTRODUCTION TO OP-AMP: The operational Amplifier, Block diagram representation of

a typical Op-Amp, schematic symbol, Classification of IC’s, Types of IC’s, Manufacturers
designation for Linear IC’s, Package Types and temperature ranges, power supplies for IC’s,
electrical parameters, The Ideal OP-Amp ,equivalent circuit of an Op-Amp, Ideal voltage transfer
curve, open-loop Op-Amp configurations, Ideal and practical Op-Amp specifications, CMRR, PSRR,
DC and AC characteristics, Compensation techniques.

APPLICATIONS OF OP- AMPS AND 555 TIMER: Peaking amplifier, Summing, scaling,
averaging amplifiers, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator and differentiator, Comparators,
Schmitt Trigger, Introduction to 555 timer, connection diagram, Block diagram, Monostable and
Astable Operations.

UNIT-IV
 VOLTAGE TIME BASE GENERATORS: General features of a time base signal, methods of
generating time base waveform, Miller and Bootstrap time base generators – basic principles,
Transistor miller time base generator, and Transistor Bootstrap time base generator.

UNIT-V

ACTIVE FILTERS: Active filters, Butter worth filters– 1st order LPF, HPF filters, 2nd order
LPF, HPF filters ,Wide Band pass Filter, Narrow Band pass Filter, Wide Band reject Filter,
Narrow band reject Filter and All pass filters.

TEXT
BOOKS:
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – J. Millman, C.C. Halkias, SatyabrataJit, Tata Mc-Graw
Hill , Second Edition-2007.
2. “Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms” by J. Millman, H. Taub and MS Prakash Rao,
McGraw-Hill, 2007.
3. Op-Amps & Linear ICs by Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI, 1987.

REFERENCES
:
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits- G.K.Mithal, Khanna Publishers, 2010.
2. Pulse and Digital Circuits” by A.Anand Kumar, PHI, Second Edition 2012.
3. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd,
2nd Edition, 2003. 
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huDZjQcEBMg
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO6tA1z933k
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xki9taCqsWY

COURSE OUTCOMES
1 Have the ability to describe the concepts of Power , Tuned amplifiers,clippers and clampers
.2 Have the ability to state the characteristics and applications of Operational amplifier and describe the
. concepts of 555 timer.
3 Have the ability to list active filters and, A/D & D/A converters.
.4 Have the ability to compare and contrast Power, Tuned amplifiers, clippers and clampers.
.
5 Have the ability to draw the inferences on op-amp characteristics and 555 Timers.
.6 Have the ability to compare and contrast active filters, A/D & D/A converters.
.
7 Have the ability to solve problems using operational amplifier for various applications
.
Subject code & Subject Name : A2ECT305, ANALOG CIRCUITS
Course designed by Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 CO / PO PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9
mapping 0 1 2 1 2
CO1 3
CO2 3
CO3 3
CO4 1
CO5 1
CO6 1
CO7 3 1
1. Low 2. Medium 3. High

Subject code & Subject Name : A2ECT305, ANALOG CIRCUITS

Course designed by Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Approved by: Meeting of Board of Studies held on 29-08-2020
Approval
Ratified by: Meeting of Academic Council held on 21-11-2020

LESSON PLAN

Subject Name : Analog Circuits

Class : IV-Semester (2020-21)
Course Coordinator : Dr. D. Ramadevi/ Dr.Vimala Kumari/Dr.B.Srinivas
Branch : ECE

S.N Unit Lecture Preferred

Title & Sub Topics
o No s Books
1 Demo 1 Course Orientation
POWER AMPLIFIERS and TUNED AMPLIFIERS
Concept, features of power amplifiers, comparison
1 of voltage and power amplifiers, Classification of
power amplifiers.
1 Series fed directly coupled Class A amplifier
Transformer coupled Class A amplifier, Distortion
2
in Amplifiers.
I (9 Push pull class B amplifier, Complementary
2 2 1&2
Hrs) symmetry Class B amplifier, cross over distortion.
Classification of tuned amplifiers, Q-Factor,
1 requirements of tuned amplifier, Single tuned
amplifier.
1 Double tuned amplifier.
1 Tutorial
NON-LINEARWAVESHAPING
II (9 1 Diode series clippers, Diode shunt clippers
3 2
Hrs) 2 Transistor clippers, clipping at two independent
 levels
Transfer characteristics of clippers, Emitter
2
coupled clipper
Positive clamping operation, Negative clamping
2
operation
clamping circuits using diode with different
1
inputs, Clamping circuit theorem
1 Tutorial
INTRODUCTION TO OP-AMP
The operational Amplifier, Block diagram
1 representation of a typical Op-Amp, schematic
symbol, Classification of IC’s
Types of IC’s, Manufacturers designation for Linear
1 IC’s, Package Types and temperature ranges, power
supplies for IC’s
The Ideal OP-Amp, equivalent circuit of an Op-Amp,
2 Ideal voltage transfer curve, open-loop Op-Amp
configurations.
Ideal and practical Op-Amp specifications, CMRR,
2
PSRR, DC and AC characteristics
III (16 1 Compensation techniques
4 3
Hrs)
APPLICATIONS OF OP- AMPS AND 555
TIMER
Peaking amplifier, Summing, scaling, averaging
1
amplifiers
Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator and
2
differentiator
2 Comparators, Schmitt Trigger
1 Introduction to 555 timer, connection diagram,
Block diagram
2 Monostable and Astable Operations
1 Tutorial
VOLTAGE TIME BASE GENERATORS
General features of a time base signal, methods of
1
generating time base waveform
Miller and Bootstrap time base generators – basic
IV (6 2
5 principles 2
Hrs)
1 Transistor miller time base generator
1 Transistor Bootstrap time base generator
1 Tutorial
ACTIVE FILTERS
1 Active filters
V (7 1 Butter worth filters– 1st order LPF, HPF filters
6 3
Hrs) 2 2nd order Butter worth LPF, HPF filters
1 Wide Band pass Filter, Narrow Band pass Filter
 1 Wide Band reject Filter, Narrow band reject Filter
1 All pass filters
1 Tutorial

Text Books
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – J. Millman, C.C. Halkias, SatyabrataJit, Tata Mc-Graw
Hill , Second Edition-2007.
2. “Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms” by J. Millman, H. Taub and MS Prakash Rao,
McGraw-Hill, 2007.
3. Op-Amps & Linear ICs by Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI, 1987.

References
4. Electronic Devices and Circuits- G.K.Mithal, Khanna Publishers, 2010.
5. Pulse and Digital Circuits” by A.Anand Kumar, PHI, Second Edition 2012.
Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd Edition,
2003.

Assignment Questions

Unit-1
1. Explain the classification of power amplifiers based on class of operation.
2. With neat diagram explain Series fed, Direct coupled Class A Power Amplifier
3. A series fed Class A amplifier shown if the Fig, operates from dc source and applied
sinusoidal input signal generates peak base current 9mA. Calculate: (i) Quiescent
current ICQ, (ii) Quiescent voltage VCEQ, (iii) DC input power PDC, (iv) AC output
power PAC and (v) Efficiency.

4. With neat diagrams, discuss Transformer coupled Class A Power Amplifier.

5. Explain in detail about distortion in amplifiers.
6. With neat diagrams explain Push Pull Class B Power Amplifier.
7. A class B push pull amplifier supplies power to a resistive load of 12Ω. The output
transformer has a turns ratio of 3:1 and efficiency of 78.5%. Obtain (i) Maximum
power output, (ii) maximum power dissipation in each transistor and (iii) Maximum
base and collector current for each transistor. Assume hfe = 25 and VCC = 20V.

8. With neat diagrams explain Complementary symmetry Class B Power Amplifier.

9. A complimentary symmetry Class B power amplifier is operated using V cc = ±10v and
delivers power to a load RL=5𝞨. Calculate maximum output power, power rating of
transistors, DC output power.
10. Explain how cross over distortion is eliminated in Push pull class B amplifier?
11. Explain about elimination of cross over distortion in Complementary symmetry class
B amplifier?
12. With neat sketches, describe the operation of a single tuned capacitive coupled amplifier.
13. Explain double tuned amplifier in detail with relevant diagrams.

UNIT 2

1. Draw the circuit diagram of negative diode series clipper and explain its operation
2. Draw the circuit diagram of positive diode series clipper and explain its operation
3. Draw the circuit diagram of negative diode shunt clipper and explain its operation
4. Draw the circuit diagram of positive diode shunt clipper and explain its operation

5. Explain the working of transistor clipper for ramp and sinusoidal inputs with
necessary diagrams.
6. With the help of neat circuit diagram explain the working of a two level diode
clipper.
7. Draw the transfer characteristics of any series clipper and explain for positive
reference voltage.
8. Draw the transfer characteristics of any shunt clipper and explain for positive
reference voltage.
9. With the help of neat circuit diagram explain the working of an emitter coupled
clipper.
10. With the help of neat circuit diagram explain the working of a positive clamping
circuit
 11. With the help of neat circuit diagram explain the working of a negative clamping
circuit
12. A 100 V peak square wave with a period of 20 ms is to be positively clamped at 25
V. Draw the circuit diagram necessary for this purpose. Draw the output waveform.
13. A 200 V peak square wave with a period of 40 ms is to be negatively clamped at 50
V. Draw the circuit diagram necessary for this purpose. Draw the output waveform.
14. State and prove clamping circuit theorem

UNIT 3 Cluster 3

1. Draw the block diagram representing a typical OP-Amp and explain the function of
each block.
2. Explain the classification of IC’s
3. Briefly explain the various types of IC packages.
4.What are the types of ICs and Manufacturers designations for Linear IC’s
5.What are the operating temperature ranges of IC? Explain about power supplies for IC’s
6.Write various electrical parameters, of an Op-Amp.
7.Mention ideal characteristics of an operational amplifier.
8.Draw and explain the three open loop Op-Amp configurations .
9.i) Determine the output voltage for the inverting amplifier if a) Vin=20mv dc
b) Vin=-50 µv peak sine wave. Assume that OP-amp is a 741.

ii) Determine the output voltage in each of the following cases for the openloop differential
amplifier a) vin1=5 µvdc, vin2= -7 µvdc b) vin1=10 mv rms, vin2= 20mv rms
Assume that OP-amp is a 741.
10. Explain the specifications of practical Op-Amp.
11.Explain in detail about CMRR, PSRR
12.Explain about input offset voltage, input offset current, input resistance resistance of an
opamp.
13.Explain about input bias current, output offset voltage and input capacitance of an
opamp.
14.Define slew rate of an Op-amp and explain its significance in the dynamic Characteristics of
an Op-amp.
15.Explain about frequency response of op-amp .
16. With a neat sketch explain the frequency compensation using pole – zero method.
17.With a neat sketch explain the frequency compensation using Dominant-pole method.

UNIT 3 cluster 4

1. Explain peaking amplifier using schematic diagram and frequency response.

2. The peaking amplifier is to provide a gain of 10 at a peak frequency of 16
kHz.determine the values of all components.
3. Design an Opamp based circuit to produce an output –(V1+2V2-5V3), where V1,V2
and V3 are the input voltages.
4. Explain about Summing,scaling,averaging amplifiers in inverting configuration of
OP-amp.
5. What is Instrumentation amplifier? Draw and explain about Differential instrumentation
amplifier using a transducer bridge.
6. Explain about basic integrator circuit using op-amp and draw the input and output
waveforms.

7.Explain about basic differentiator circuit using op-amp and draw the input and output
waveforms.
8.Explain the operation of a basic comparator circuit and draw its input and output
waveforms when used as a non-inverting comparator
9.Explain the operation of a basic comparator circuit and draw its input and output
waveforms when used as a inverting comparator
10.Explain Schmitt trigger circuit and draw the input and output waveforms.

11. Draw the pin diagram of a 555 timer IC and explain significance of each pin.
12. Draw the block diagram of 555 timer and explain.
13.Derive the expression for pulse width of a Mono stable multivibrator using 555 timer .
14.Explain the operation of an astable multivibrator using 555 timer.

UNIT 4

1. What are the general features of time-base signal? Explain.

2.What is the significance of voltage time base generators?Explain.
3.Explain different methods of generating time base waveforms
4.Define and derive the expressions for sweep error for a time base sweep circuit
5.What is Transmission error and obtain the expressions for Transmission error for a time base
sweep circuit
6.Define and derive the expressions displacement error for a time base sweep circuit
7. With neat sketch draw the circuit of exponential sweep circuit to generate the saw tooth
waveform.
8.Explain the basic principle of bootstrap sweep generator. Derive the expression for slope error.
9.What is the basic principle of operation of miller sweep generator. Derive the expression for
slope error.
10.Explain transistor bootstrap sweep circuit with circuit diagram and necessary waveforms
11.With neat sketch explain transistor Miller sweep circuit and draw necessary waveforms

Unit 5

1. Classify the filters based on range of frequencies, type of components used and type of
input signal.
2.Explain about frequency response of major active filters.
3.Design a first order low pass filter for a high cut-off frequency of 2 kHz and pass band
Gain of 2.
4.Explain about first order low pass butter worth filter. Also draw its frequency response.
5.Design a first order high pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1KHz and pass band
gain of 11. Also draw its frequency response.
6.Explain about first order high pass butter worth filter. Also draw its frequency
response.
7.Explain about second order low pass butter worth filter. Also draw its frequency
response.
8.Design a second order low pass butter worth filter at a high cut off frequency of 1KHz.
9.Explain about second order high pass butter worth filter. Also draw its frequency
response.
10.Design a second order high pass butter worth filter at a low cut off frequency of
1KHz.
11.Design a first order band pass filter with lower cutoff frequency of 100Hz and a higher
cutoff frequency of 1KHz. The pass band gain should be 4. Calculate the‘Q’ of the filter.
12. With a neat diagram explain the wide band pass filter. Draw the frequency response.

13.Explain the operation of Narrow band pass filter with a neat diagram.
14.Design a band pass filter so that fc=1KHz, Q=3, AF=10

15.With a neat diagram explain the wide band reject filter. Draw the frequency response.
16.Design a first order wide band reject filter with a higher cutoff frequency of 100Hz and a
lower cutoff frequency of 1kHz.
17.Draw and explain narrow band reject filter and draw the frequency response.
18.Design a 60 Hz active notch filter.
19.Explain all pass filter with circuit diagram and draw the phase shift between input
and output voltages.
20. For the all pass filter, find the phase angle Ø if the frequency of Vin is 1KHz .

TUTORIALS
UNIT I

1 Which power amplifier is distortion free power amplifier? Why?

2 How the total harmonic distortion is calculated?
3 In Class-C circuit the output current flows for a period---------- of the input signal.
4 In Class-A circuit the output current flows for a period---------- of the input signal.
5 This is an example of the output swing for a class ________ amplifier.

6 The Q of a tuned amplifier is 50. If the resonant frequency for the amplifier is
1000kHZ, then what is its bandwidth ?
7 In a parallel LC circuit, if the signal frequency is decreased below the resonant
frequency, then what will happened
8 What is the relationship between Q and BW of a tuned amplifier?(2M)
9 A tuned amplifier is designed to have a resonant frequency of 100 KHz and a
bandwidth of 40 KHz. What is the Q of this amplifier?
10 In a Class A amplifier, the circuit efficiency can be increased by using
____________.
11 A Class A power amplifier is biased at the centre of the load line at VCEQ=5 V,
ICQ = 10 ma. The maximum power output is _______

UNIT II

1 Why the output of the clipper is taken in d.c mode?

2 Positive peak clipper means-----------------------
3 Negative peak clipper means---------------------
4 What is the difference between clipping and clamping operations?
5 How clippers are applicable in noise reduction in audio applications?
6 What is the difference between slicing and clipping of a voltage waveform?
7 Clippers come under linear or nonlinear wave shaping?
8 Explain meanings of nonlinear wave shaping?
9 Names some nonlinear wave shaping circuits?
10 Draw the ideal characteristics of the diode?
11 Why capacitors are used in clampers?
12 Practical applications of clampers are---------------------
13 Draw the practical characteristics of the diode
14 In a -------------------------- clipper ,when the diode is on ,the output follows the
input.
15 D.C restorers are used in CRO’s yes or no-----------------
16 D.C inserter means------------
17 Voltage or amplitude slicers means-----------
18 Voltage or amplitude limiters means---------------.
19 A transistor has ------------ nonlinearities which can be used for clipping purposes
20 In a -------------------------- clipper ,when the diode is off,the output follows the
input.
UNIT III

INTRODUCTION TO OP-AMP
1 What is an ideal voltage transfer curve of an op-amp?
2 What is a practical voltage transfer curve of an op-amp?
3 Explain virtual ground concept with respect to Op-amp?
4 Explain Differential mode Gain of a Differential Amplifier?
5 Draw the equivalent circuit of an op-amp?
6 Why does an op-amp have high CMRR?
7 Explain Common-mode Gain of a Differential Amplifier?
8 What is the significance of DC level shifter?
9 What is the first stage of block diagram of OP AMP?
10 For the CMRR to be infinite what will be the condition?
11 If ground is applied to negative terminal of an op-amp,then it is called---------
12 If ground is applied to positive terminal of an op-amp,then it is called---------
13 Refer to the given figure. What is the output voltage?

14 An op-amp has an open-loop gain of 90,000. Vsat = ±13 V. A differential voltage of

0.1 V p-p is applied between the inputs. What is the output voltage?
15 Refer to the given figure. Determine the output voltage.

16 Refer to the given figure. With the inputs shown, determine the output voltage.
17 With zero volts on both inputs, an OP-amp ideally should have an output ………..
18 The realistic value for open-loop voltage gain of an OP-amp 741 is ……
19 A certain OP-amp has bias currents of 50 μA. The input offset current is ……..
20 What type of signals Op-amp can amplify
21 The input offset current of an OP-amp equals to the ………

UNIT III

APPLICATIONS OF OP- AMPS AND 555 TIMER

1 Explain how basic differential mode op-amp acts as a subtractor?

2 Calculate the output voltage if V1 = –0.2 V and V2 = 0 V.

3 Determine the output voltage when V1 = –V2 = 1 V.

4 The output of an op-amp adder is to be 3V1- V2+ 5.5V3. If the value of the
feedback resistor is 30 k ohms. Find the values of R2?
5 The output of an op-amp adder is to be V1- 2V2+ 5.5V3. If the value of the
feedback resistor is 30 k ohms. Find the values of R1?
6 The output of an op-amp adder is to be 3V1- 2V2+ 5.5V3. If the value of the
feedback resistor is 30 k ohms. Find the values of R3?
7 Why the Reset pin of ic 555 is normally connected to Vcc?
8 Calculate the ON time, OFF time, generated by an astable multivibrator using
resistors RA = 5k, RB =5K and capacitor C = 10µf?
9 Calculate the Total time period, and Frequency of the output generated by an astable
multivibrator using resistors RA = 5k, RB =5K and capacitor C = 10µf?
10 What is the output of Integrator when sinusoidal input is applied?
11 What is the output of Differentiator when sinusoidal input is applied?
12 A Schmitt trigger is a comparator with --------------------
13 Refer to the given figure. This circuit is known as------------------------------

14 The output of a Schmitt trigger is a ------------------- waveform

15 Refer to the given figure. This circuit is known as--------------------------
16 If an op-amp comparator has a gain of 100,000, an input difference of 0.2 mV, and a
supply of  12 V, the output will be------------------------
17 A comparator with a Schmitt trigger has--------------------- trigger levels
18 Refer to the given figure. Determine the upper trigger point.

19 In ________ circuit when the input voltage exceeds a specified reference voltage,
the output changes state.
20 Refer to the given figure. Determine the lower trigger point.

21 Find the output of the given circuit

22 Find the output of the given circuit.

23 Refer to the given figure. Determine the output voltage, VOUT.

24 Refer to the given figure. What is the output voltage?

25 An________ amplifier is a summing amplifier with a closed-loop gain equal to the

proportional of the number of inputs.
26 Refer to the given figure. Determine the upper trigger point.

27 Refer to the given figure. Determine the lower trigger point.

28 An________ amplifier is a summing amplifier with a closed-loop gain equal to the

reciprocal of the number of inputs.

UNIT IV

1 Obtain the expressions for slope error of a time base sweep circuit
2 Obtain the expressions for displacement error of a time base sweep circuit
3 Obtain the expressions for transmission error of a time base sweep circuit
4 Obtain relation between slope speed error and transmission error
5 Obtain relation between slope speed error and displacement error
6 Obtain relation between displacement error and transmission error
7 Discuss about the recovery time of a sweep circuit.
8 Explain about performance deviations of time base generators.
9 What are 'Restoration time' and 'Sweep time' of a time base signal?
10 What are the features of Miller sweep generator
11 What are the features of Bootstrap sweep generator
12 Which types of amplifiers are used in construction of Miller sweep generators and
explain in detail.
13 Which types of amplifiers are used in construction of bootstrap sweep generators
and explain in detail.
14 Why bootstrap time base generator is called so?
15 Time base generator takes certain time to begin a new cycle. True or false
16 When ---------- is zero,we get saw tooth waveform
17 A--------- is one that provides an output waveform a portion of which exhibits a
linear variation of voltage or current with time.
18 A------------- is one that provides an output current waveform, a portion of which
exhibits linear variation of current with time
19 A------------- is one that provides an output voltage waveform ,a portion of which
exhibits linear variation with time
20 In miller circuit the gain of the inverting amplifier is--------------------
21 In bootstrap circuit the gain of the non inverting amplifier is--------------------
22 A miller time base generator produces ----------- going sweep
23 A bootstrap time base generator produces ----------- going sweep
24 What is the word miller in miller time base generator

UNIT V

1 The gain of the multiple-feedback band-pass filter below is equal to

------------Assume C = C1 = C2.
2 Compare butterworth and chebyshev filter responses
3 List the differences between the frequency responses of first order filters and
Second order filters.
4 Draw the frequency response of ideal and non -ideal low pass filter
5 Draw the frequency response of ideal and non- ideal high pass filter
6 Explain the procedure for frequency scaling
7 What is the difference between analog and digital filter?
8 What is the difference between passive filter and active filter?
9 What is the difference between AF filter and RF filter?
10 Draw the frequency response of ideal and non-ideal band pass filter
11 Draw the frequency response of ideal and non-ideal band reject filter
12 What is all pass filter ? Where and why it is needed?
13 Explain the procedure for wide band pass filter design?
14 Explain the procedure for narrow band pass filter design?
15 Explain the procedure for wide band reject filter design?
16 Explain the procedure for Narrow band reject filter design?
17 Explain the procedure for all pass filter design?
18 Draw the frequency response of band pass filter?
19 Draw the frequency response of band reject filter?
20 Which filter is called Flat flat filter?
21 Which filter performs exactly opposite to the band pass filter?
22 Define chebeshev filter.
23 A ________ filter rejects all frequencies within a specified band and passes all those
outside this band.
24 Define butterworth filter.
25 Filters with the ________ characteristic are useful when a rapid roll-off is required
because it provides a roll-off rate greater than –20/dB/decade/pole.
26 A ________ filter significantly attenuates all frequencies below fc and passes all
frequencies above fc.