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Overview

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The Market for Foreign Exchange )1.()
Chapter Five
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Function and Structure of FX Market FX Market Participants


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6.'2$*(5.,$&1-$'$&8+%$')&.#7&)$55$')&,"#0'$0.*$ • ;)"#"'*#"'CT'.#+0"#1'I)+',*(&)'.79'*/3'1"--'+#3"#1'
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?*)#*%/
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F+/3+/ )8(*&#14+)-$(&+7#2-26%2'#5(%3(&+7#!"#6&-'(&+7#
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C#*/&%1&+:'*/3'F+1'6/="-"1 Copyright © 2021 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-3 Copyright © 2021 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-4
Shares of Reported Global Foreign Average Electronic Foreign Exchange
Exchange Turnover by Country Conversations per Hour (Monday–Friday, 2001)

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Correspondent Banking Relationships Correspondent Banking Communications


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8.#2)&6./#*./#/#0&7$6.#7&7$(")/*&.,,"+#*)& :&0&</33@$6<)%6/$1"
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3.,/5/*.*$)&*-$&$33/,/$#*&3+#,*/"#/#0&"3&*-$&:<& (#*/1*&(%+/1
6.'2$*

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Spot Market Spot Rate Quotations
• 90-)#$%&'()#*2:-3:(+#%3$-+)#*$$(5*%)(# • 56,#)%'#$).0%%$".7)80,#'#+,"/).'")&$)
04&18%+(#-&#+%3(#-;#;-&(*<2#(=18%2<( /#'#$9)+")9+%$.#),%)+"9+%$.#)#$%*/
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• B%+8#+())3($(2)#*+#4+4%33?#$%5(#*2#),-# ,+''$#,%
64+*2(++#5%?+#%;)(&#)8(#)&%2+%1)*-2#;-&#)&%5(+# – G#7/'$,*&F+"*.*/"#&/)&*-$&('/,$&"3&"#$&7"6$)*/,&
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F$(&*1%2#14&&(21?

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Average Daily Foreign Exchange Turnover Exchange Rates


by Instrument and Counterparty

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Spot Rate Quotations (Continued) The Bid-Ask Spread
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ID?D&($')($,*/9$
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.0%%$".7)+/)#2$)=>5>)9,--'%
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Spot FX Trading Cross-Rate Trading Desk


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Triangular Arbitrage Spot Foreign Exchange Market Microstructure
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The Forward Market Forward Rate Quotations


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– !.%&8$&+)$7&*"&-$70$&:<&$4(")+'$&"'&*"& ,+''$#,%&C 3"'&7$5/9$'%&/#&U 6"#*-)&
)($,+5.*$&/#&:<&6.'2$* – : #"*.*/"#&/)&+)$7&*"&7$#"*$&.&3"'1.'7&
– :"'1.'7&('/,$&/)&+)+.55%&-/0-$'&;.*&.&('$6/+6=& $4,-.#0$&'.*$
"'&5"1$'&;.*&.&7/),"+#*=&*-.#&)("*&('/,$ – M/2$&)("*&F+"*$)>&3"'1.'7&F+"*$)&.'$&$/*-$'&
– O.#2&F+"*$)&3"'&6.*+'/*/$)&"3&K>&L>&V>&W>&.#7&KX& 7/'$,*&"'&/#7/'$,*&1/*-&"#$&8$/#0&*-$&'$,/('",.5&
6"#*-)&.'$&'$.7/5%&.9./5.85$ "3&*-$&"*-$'
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Forward Rate Quotations (Continued) Forward Premium
• H6$'/,.#&*$'6&?1/))&3'.#,&3"'1.'7&F+"*.*/"#) • C,**,")#,)$E6%$//)#2$)6%$*+0*),%)
– !XUY!C#Z'['45MM4\ Example of reciprocal 9+/.,0"#),?)')?,%1'%9)%'#$)'/)'")
– C!XUY!C#Z'['45MMR] calculations:
'""0'-+J$9)6$%.$"#'3$)9$A+'#+,")?%,*)#2$)
– C"XUY!C#Z'['45M4MR 1 / 1.0018 = 0.9982 /6,#)%'#$
– C#XUY!C#Z ['45M4^G 1 / 0.9928 = 1.0018
– :"'1.'7&('$6/+6&;"'&7/),"+#*=&/)&+)$3+5&3"'&
• Z+'"($.#&*$'6&3"'1.'7&F+"*.*/"#)&.'$&*-$&
,"6(.'/#0&.0./#)*&*-$&/#*$'$)*&'.*$&7/33$'$#*/.5&
'$,/('",.5&"3&*-$&H6$'/,.#&*$'6&F+"*$)
8$*1$$#&*1"&,"+#*'/$)
– !X!C#YUZ'['M5^^\@
– C!X!C#YUZ ['M5^^VG
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– C"X!C#YUZ'['M5^\^]
F+"*.*/"#)
– C#X!C#YUZ'['M5^\44
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Forward Cross-Exchange Rates Non-Deliverable Forward Contracts


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1I/%+3)'*&%+%/+1&%%0&+)+>/'-)'?+I/16%6/$
– 9/'+3)$=+/>+%.&1&+<@''&$<6&1J+%')?6$C+6$+$/$K
?&06L&')(0&+>/'-)'?+,HM92+</$%')<%1+&F61%1
– HM9+</$%')<%1J+@$06*&+)+?&06L&')(0&+>/'-)'?+,M92J+61+
1&%%0&?+6$+<)1.+)%+%.&+?6>>&'&$<&+(&%-&&$+%.&+1I/%+
&F<.)$C&+/$+%.&+3)%@'6%=+?)%&+/>+%.&+</$%')<%+)$?+%.&+
HM9+')%&+%63&1+%.&+$/%6/$)0+)3/@$%+/>+%.&+</$%')<%
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Swap Transactions Exchange-Traded Currency Funds
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+,%0#)&%2+%1)*-2+ ;*2%21*%3#%++()+#*2#,8*18#+8%&(+#&(0&(+(2)*2<#
– :'"6&*-$&8.#2[)&)*.#7("/#*>&.#&"+*'/0-*&3"'1.'7& ;&%1)*-2%3#-,2(&+8*0#-;#)8(#;425#)&%5(#-2#%2#
*'.#).,*/"#&/)&.#&+#,"9$'$7&)($,+5.*/9$&(")/*/"#& -&<%2*J(5#(=18%2<(
/#&.&,+''$#,%>&$9$#&*-"+0-&/*&6/0-*&8$&(.'*&"3&.& – N00/-+13)00+6$L&1%/'1+%.&+/II/'%@$6%=+%/+6$L&1%+6$+
,+''$#,%&-$70$&*"&*-$&8.#2&,+)*"6$'&"#&*-$& I/'%>/06/1+/>+>6$)$<6)0+)11&%1+%.)%+%.&=+-/@0?+>6$?+
"*-$'&)/7$&"3&*-$&*'.#).,*/"# ?6>>6<@0%+%/+</$1%'@<%+6$?6L6?@)00=+
– ?1.(&*'.#).,*/"#)&('"9/7$&.&6$.#)&3"'&*-$&8.#2& – N11&%1+6$L&1%&?+6$+%.&+C0/()0+D:9+6$?@1%'=+'&)<.&?+)+
*"&6/*/0.*$&*-$&,+''$#,%&$4(")+'$&/#&.&3"'1.'7& $&-+'&</'?+/>+OP"Q+%'6006/$+)%+%.&+&$?+/>+R)'<.+4S!T
*'.7$
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