Construction Finishers Course

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Industry oriented Mini
project for the award of the degree of Bachelor Of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted by

G.VARSHA(19645A0101)
M.AKHILA(19645A0109)
G.NAVEEN(18641A0120)
L.VAMSHI(18641A0131)

Under the Guidance of

Dr .R.BHARATHI MURUGAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(UGC Autonomous)
(Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affliated to JNTUH)
BOLLIKUNTA, WARANGAL – 506 005

DECEMBER 2021
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “CONSTRUCTION FINESHERS” is a

bonafide record of work done by

G.VARSHA -(19645A0101)
M.AKHILA -(19645A0109)
G.NAVEEN -(18641A0120)
L.VAMISHI -(18641A0131)

In partial fulfillment of the Industry Oriented Mini Project for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of technology in civil Engineering of Vaagdevi college of
Engineering Bollikunta, warangal-506005.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

P.VINAY D r.R.BHARATHI MURUGAN

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

HOD (CIVIL)
CIVIL DEPARTMENT CIVIL DEPARTMENT

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Submitted for the mini project Viva - Voice Examination on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people behind the screen
who helped me to transform an idea into a real application.
we would like to express our heart-felt gratitude to our parents without
whom we would not have been privileged to achieve and fulfil our dream We are
grateful to our Dr. K . Prakash who mostly run the institution and has had the major
hand in enabling me to do our project .
We profoundly thank Dr .R. BHARATHI MURUGAN,Head of the
department of civil Engineering who has been an excellent guide and also a great
source of inspiration to our work.
We would thank our supervisor Dr.R.BHARATHI
MURUGAN,HOD,department of civil engineering ,vaagdevi college of
engineering ,for his technical guidance,constant encouragement crowns all the efforts
with success. In this context,I would like to thank all the other staff members,both
teaching and non-teaching,who have extended their timely help and eased my task.

G.VARSHA - 19645A0101

M.AKHILA -19645A0109

G. NAVEEN -18641A0120

L.VAMSHI -18641A0131
 ABSTRACT

Construction finishers are very important for constructing the structures.the finishing
works does a fine job in building construction process where it forms the beauty of a
building.

Finishers require a lot of time, as the accuracy on work,quality and work meth-ology
has to be followed with proper supervision, unfortunately,there are fewer finishing
engineers,available and the demand for construction finishers is more.
several types of finishers can be used based on the materials used,environmental
conditions and costs.they protect the structures from weathering effects and increases
the durability to the work.the construction finishers works improve the aesthetic view
and rectify defective workmanship.

In this project we learn about different kind of masonry,plastering,floor finishers,work

methods,precautions to be taken,joinery works,different types of wall covering.
 TABLE OF CONTETNTS

CHAPTER NUMBER-1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER NUMBER-2 MASONRY 2-10

CHAPTER NUMBER-3 JOINERY WORKS 10-14

CHAPTER NUMBER-4 FLOOR FINISHERS 14-16

CHAPTER NUMBER-5 PLASTERING 16-18

CHAPTER NUMBER-6 WALL PAINTINGS 18-21

CHAPTER NUMBER -7 PARTION WORKS 21-22

CHAPTER NUMBER -8 FALSE CEILINGS 23-25

 CHAPTER NUMBER-1
INTRODUCTION TO CONSRUCION FINISHERS:

 Residential ,commercial projects like hotels,malls,IT parks, cooperate

parks,schools,colleges and conventional halls require excellent
finishers.Finishers are an external element of structure,where everyone
eyes for a better finish.

 Finishers require a lot of time, as the accuracy on work,quality and work

meth-ology has to be followed with proper supervision, unfortunately,there
are fewer finishing engineers,available and the demand for construction
finishers is more.

 Construction finishers comprise of plastering, pointing,varnishing,white

and colour washing or distempering .

 These finishers fundamentally form a protective coating to the disclosed

surface and thereby increase the life span of materials.

 Finishers of a construction can be divided into several sections:

1. Masonry works.
2. Joinery works(Doors and Windows)
3. Floor finishers(tiles/Marble/Granite,wooden,carpet)
4. Plastering.
5. Painting and wall coverings.

 Finishers are used in the final part of the construction or manufacturing

process,forming the final surface of an element.They can protect the
element they finish from impact,water,frost,corrosion,abrasion and so on or
they can be used as an decorative surface.
 Finishers can be considered as either interior finishing or exterior
finishing.Using materials that may include doors,windows,exterior trims or
paint and moldings.
 Exterior finishing may be extended to include sidewalks ,decks,parking
areas and even the landscaping that compliments and completes the
building.
 While interior finishing will include ceilings,walls,flooring,stairs,it will
also include trim,molding casing, and fixtures that meets owners
requirements and those of the building occupants
 FINISH WORK: Construction work phase that provides an
attractive,completed appearance and provides protection to the building.
 So in the upcoming chapters we will learn about the different construction
works and there process,precautions to take while executing..

1
 CHAPTER NUMBER-2
MASONRY
 Masonry: The term masonry refers to a construction material formed by
combining masonry units such as stone and brick with a binding material
called mortar.
 Masonry is used to build masonry wall, which is a vertical structure , thin
in proportion to its length and height, that serves to enclose or divide a
space and/or support other elements.
 Masonry is one of the oldest materials of construction.

 Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often
laid in and bound
 together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units
themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are brick,
building stone such as marble, granite, and limestone, cast stone, concrete
block, glass block, and adobe.
 Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.
 However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship,
and the pattern in which the units are assembled can substantially affect the
durability of the overall masonry construction.
 A person who constructs masonry is called a mason or bricklayer. These
are both classified as construction trades.
 Masonry works are performed with Bricks and stones with a binding
material .
 So lets learn about the Manufacturing of bricks and types of bricks because
bricks are widely used masonry material in the building.
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS :
Clays for brick making differ widely in composition from place to place, even
in the same field, clay deposits from one part or depth may differ significantly
from those from another part or depth. Clays are composed mainly of silica
(grains of sand) and alumna. Alumna is the soft plastic part of the clay, which
readily absorb water. Makes the clay plastic, and melts when burned. Present in
all clays in addition to these two compounds are lime, manganese, sulfur, and
phosphates.

The proportion between these compounds varies from place to place. Iron is
useful in improving the hardness and strength of bricks. Lime present in clays
will decompose during burning and promote shrinkage and disintegration when
left in bricks
Standard size of brick = 19*9*9camand whn placed in masonry it becomes
20*10*10cm.

Figure 2.1 Brick size

Percentage of constituents of Brick(weight basis)

Silica(sio2)- 55%
Alumina(al2o3)-30%
Iron oxide(Fe203)
Magnesia(Mgo)-5%
Figure 2.3 manufacturing process of bricks

Building bricks are manufactured in three grades (durability Grades)

 Grade SW – Highest min. compressive strength requirements and lowest
maximum water absorption.
 Grade MW– Moderate compressive strength requirement •
 Grade NW– Has the lowest min. compressive strength requirement and no
limit on the water absorption.
__Grading is based on physical requirements (Minimum
compressive strength, maximum water absorption, and maximum saturation
coefficient) and is directly related to durability and resistance to
weatherin.Sizes of Bricks Like concrete blocks, bricks and tiles are
designated by their nominal dimensions. The most widely used
specification for building brick is ASTM C62. Building brick: available
standard sizes and shapes
Types of Bricks in Masonry Construction – Properties & Uses
different types of bricks are used in masonry construction based on material such as
clay, concrete, lime, fly ash etc. Filed field identification of bricks for their properties,
uses and suitability for different construction works are important. A brick is an
important construction material which is generally available in rectangular shape
manufactured from clay. They are very popular from olden days to modern days
because of low cost and durability.

Types of Bricks used in Masonry Construction

1. Sun-Dried or Un-burnt Clay Bricks
2. Burnt Clay Bricks
3. Fly Ash Bricks
4. Concrete Bricks
5. Engineering Bricks
6. Sand Lime or Calcium Silicate Bricks.
1. Sun-Dried or Unburnt Clay Bricks:
Sun-dried or unburnt bricks are less durable and these are used for temporary
structures. Unburnt bricks preparation involved in 3 steps they are preparation of clay,
molding and drying. After molding, bricks are subjected to sunlight and dried using
heat from sun. So, they are not that much strong and they also have less water
resistance and less fire resistance. These bricks are not suitable for permanent
structures.
2. Burnt Clay Bricks:
Burnt bricks are good quality bricks but however they also consist some defected
bricks. So, burnt bricks are classified into four types and they are
1. First class bricks
2. Second class bricks
3. Third class bricks
4. Fourth class bricks
11.First class bricks
First class bricks are good quality bricks compared to other classes. They are molded
by table-molding and burnt in large kilns. So, these bricks contain standard shape,
sharp edges and smooth surfaces. They are more durable and having more strength.
They can be used for permanent structures. However, because of their good properties
they are costly than other classes.

Figure 2.5 FIRST CLASS BRICK

2.Second Class Bricks:
Second class bricks are moderate quality bricks and
they are molded by ground-molding process. These bricks are also burnt in
kilns. But because of ground molding, they do not have smooth surfaces as
well as sharp edges. The shape of bricks also irregular due to unevenness in
ground. These also will give best results in strength and durability. Smooth
plastering is required on the brick structure.

Figure 2.6 SECOND CLASS BRICK

3.Third Class Bricks:

Third lass bricks are poor quality bricks which are generally used for
temporary structures like unburnt bricks. These are not suitable for rainy areas.
They are ground-molded type bricks and burnt in clamps. The surface of this
type of bricks are rough and they have unfair edges

Figure 2.7 THIRD CLASS BRICK

4.Fourth Class Bricks:
Fourth class bricks are very poor quality bricks and these
are not used as bricks in the structure. They are crushed and used as aggregates
in the manufacturing of concrete. They are obtained by over burning, because
of this they gets overheated and obtains brittle nature. So, they can break easily
and

Figure 2.8 fourth class brick

3. Fly Ash Bricks:
Fly ash bricks are manufactured using fly ash and water. These bricks have
better properties than clay bricks and great resistant to freeze thaw cycles.
These bricks contains high concentration of calcium oxide which is used in
cement production, thus it is also called as self-cementing brick. Fly ash bricks
are lightweight and thus it reduces self weight of structures. The advantages of
fly ash bricks over clay bricks are that they have high fire insulation, high
strength, uniform sizes for better joints and plaster, lower water penetration,
does not require soaking before use in masonry construction.

4. Concrete Bricks:
Concrete bricks are manufacturing using concrete with ingredients as cement,
sand, coarse aggregates and water. These bricks can be manufactured in sizes
as required. The advantages of using concrete bricks over clay bricks are that
they can be manufactured at construction site, reduces quantity of mortar
required, can be manufactured to provide different colors as pigmented during
its production. Concrete bricks are used for construction of masonry and
framed buildings, facades, fences, and provide an excellent aesthetic presence.

5. Engineering Bricks:
Engineering bricks have high compressive strength and are used special
applications where strength, frost resistance, acid resistance, low porosity is
required. These bricks are commonly used for basements where chemical or
water attacks are prevalent and for damp proof courses.

6. Sand Lime or Calcium Silicate Bricks:

Calcium silicate bricks are made of sand and lime and popularly known as sand
lime bricks. These bricks are used for several purposes in construction
industries such as ornamental works in buildings, masonry works etc.
Identification of Bricks Quality at Construction Site:
1) To build a good quality structure, observing quality of materials is
important. Here we discuss about how good bricks are identified at
construction site.
2) The color of bricks should be bright and uniform.
3) They should be well burned and having smooth surfaces and sharp edges.
4) Thermal conductivity of bricks should be less and they should be sound
proof.
5) They shouldn’t absorb more than 20% by weight when we placed it in
water.

6) .When we struck two bricks together, ringing sound should be delivered.

Structure of bricks should be homogeneous and uniform.
7) The bricks should not break when we dropped it form 1m height.
8) There should not be any scratch left on the brick when we scratched with
finger nail.
9) There should not be any white deposits on brick, when we soaked it in
water for 24 hrs.
Uses of Different Types of Bricks:
 Bricks are widely used in construction industry for different purposes as
following.
 Good quality bricks (1st and 2nd class) are used in the construction of
buildings, tunnels, pitching works etc.
 3rd class and unburnt bricks are used for temporary structures.
 4th class bricks are used as aggregate for making concrete.
 Bricks are also used for architectural purposes to give aesthetic appearance
to the structure.
What precautions to be taken in brick masonry work?
1. Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the water
penetrates to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of wetting is
sufficient.

2.A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork.

Vertical joints shouldn’t be continuous but staggered.

3. The joint thickness shouldn’t exceed 1 cm. It should be thoroughly

filled with the cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: Sand by volume)

4. All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top (depression
on top of the brick for providing bond with mortar).

5. Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment,
vertically and horizontally of construction.

6. Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to

provide good bond.

7. A maximum of one metre wall height should be constructed in a day.

8. Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days.

Common Site Problems During Masonry Construction:

Figure number-2.9
Masonry structure is easy to design and construct, but various site issues may
occur such as incorrect mix proportions, use of unauthorized admixtures,
sulphate attack, freeze and thaw cycles and aesthetic failures.

Common Site Problems During Masonry Construction

1. Incorrect Mix Proportions
2. Use of Unauthorized Admixtures
3. Sulphate Attack
4. Freeze and Thaw Cycles
5. Aesthetic Failures

1. Incorrect Mix Proportions

 Incorrect mortar mix proportions are mostly the use of less quantity of
binder materials than the required amount.
This problem is reported to be come up when materials are mixed at the
construction site.
 Commonly, applicable codes and construction documents emphasize on
measuring binder material either by weight or volume, but this measure is
mostly ignored when material blending is carried out on project site.
Sometimes, number of shovels is used as a measuring technique, but this
practice is not accurate and lead to incorrect mix proportions.
 This problem cannot be tackled unless all mix constituents are accurately
measure.

2. Use of Unauthorized Admixtures

 This problem is the reduction of mortar quality due to the addition of air
entraining admixture that take the form of domestic detergent or washing
up liquids.
 It is likely that the strength of mortar is compromised especially in bond
due to excessive air entraining.
 The main motivation of adding air entrain admixture is that it improves
mortar plastic properties, and mortar utilization will be substantially eased.
This problem is usually encountered when materials are mixed on site.

4. Freeze and Thaw Cycles

 When masonry elements saturated with water and subject to cycles of
freezing and thawing, the masonry member may suffer degradation and
subsequent failure.
 There are certain strategies used to protect masonry members from the
effect of freezing and thawing for example introduction of suitable damp
proof courses and copings.
 Another effective technique is to use air entraining agent in mortar which
proven to be substantially advantageous. That is why most applicable codes
specify the use of air entraining agent to protect masonry construction form
both freezing and thawing cycles and sulfate attacks.
5. Aesthetic Failures
 Aesthetic of masonry members does not affect its load carrying capacity
but it is crucial and need to be considered during design and construction.
 The formation of widespread bloom or efflorescence is not acceptable by
the majority of clients.
 Therefore, it is required to take necessary action to prevent it for example
covering newly constructed masonry at the end of each day to prevent
saturation, otherwise masonry member will develop disfiguring stain and
hence aesthetic appearance will be compromised.
 Another aesthetic problem will arise when hydrated Portland cement is not
protected .
Types of Masonry Construction Based on Material:

A variety of materials combined with mortar of varying strength can be used

for masonry construction. Some of the common materials used are brick,
stones, concrete, veneer, gabion, etc.

1. Brick Masonry Construction

2. Stone Masonry Construction
3. Concrete Masonry Construction
4. Veneer Masonry Construction
5. Gabion Masonry Construction
6. Composite Masonry Construction
 CHAPTER NUMBER-3
JOINERY WORKS
 joinery is the manufacturing of objects, usually in a workshop, to be
installed after the construction is finished.
 Joinery is a skilled trade which involves constructing
furniture,ships,office,shops and use materials involving wood and
timber,although now other materials are also being incorporated in such
constructions such as plastic and cement board.

 The joiner's works are in many cases of a complicated nature, and often
require to be executed in an expensive material, therefore joinery requires
much skill in that part of geometrical science which treats of the projection
and description of lines, surfaces and solids, as well as an intimate
knowledge of the structure and nature of wood.
JOINERY ITEMS:
A Joinery usually produces items such as interior and exterior
doors,windows,stairs,tables, bookshelves, cabinets,furniture,etc,.

TOOLS AND MACHINES

:
 The joiner operates with saws, planes, chisels, gouges, hatchet, adze,
gimlets and other boring instruments (aided and directed by chalked lines),
gauges, squares, hammers, wallets, floor cramps and a great many other
tools. His operations consist principally of sawing and planing in all their
varieties, and of setting out and making joints of all kinds.
 There is likewise a great range of other operations - such as paring, gluing
up, wedging, pinning, fixing, fitting and hanging - and many which depend
on nailing and screwing, such as laying floors, boarding ceilings,
wainscoting walls, bracketing, cradling, firing, and the like. In addition to
the wood on which the joiner works, he requires also glue, white lead,
nails, brads, screws and hinges, and acceserily he applies bolts, locks, bars
and other fastenings, together with pulleys, lines, weights, hold fasts, wall
hooks, &c.

PURPOSE:
The purpose of joinery is to hold pieces of wood together, securely and
strongly but it can be quite a decorative project with very pleasing results.
Joinery is a key element of woodworking and is found in markets such as
cabinetry, furniture, doors and windows, flooring and so on.

The structure and properties of wood should be thoroughly understood by

every joiner. The man who has made the nature of timber his study has always
a decided advantage over those who have neglected this. Timber shrinks
considerably in the width, but not appreciably in the length.
Advantages of wood construction

 Simplicity of construction. The wood beams, joists, and studs can be cut
to size onsite and, unlike some other construction materials, no heavy
equipment is required.
 Speed of construction. While the frame is generally built on site, some
elements can be prefabricated allowing for greater control of details and
less time in construction.
 Sustainability. Wooden buildings are, unlike concrete and steel ones, made
from a renewable resource and one that is especially abundant in North
America: trees.
 Carbon-capture benefits. Over the course of its life cycle, trees remove
carbon from the air, but they return that captured carbon into the soil and
the atmosphere when they eventually decompose. When wood is used in
the construction of a house, however, the carbon remains trapped, at least
as long as the building still stands.
 Insulation. Compared to other materials like glass, concrete, and steel,
wood has low-thermal conductivity—in other words, it retains heat and
makes for a more energy efficient home.

Figure number-3.1
Disadvantages of wood construction
Wood rot. While huge advances have been made in the treatment of wood to
extend its life span, it still remains more subject to rot than concrete. Mold and
mildew can also be concerns with wood construction, though they can also be
avoided if attention is paid to moisture control, properly sealing windows, and
taking other preventative measures.

Structural limitations. Wood is an excellent choice for many traditional

houses, especially those in a timber frame style. Some design features found in
more contemporary houses, however, like cantilevered elements or large
windows, can be difficult to achieve relying on wood frame construction.
Concrete and steel structures may be more appropriate choices for some
contemporary home designs.

Fire risks. The application of fire retardants and the installation of sprinkler
systems can limit the risk of fire in completed wood-frame buildings, but
builders should be aware of the fire hazards in the early stages of construction,
when the wood frame is largely exposed and unprotected
 CHAPTER NUMBER-4
FLOOR FINISHERS
 During the process of designing a new home or re-modelling an old one,
changing the flooring is often one of the priorities as it gets worn out over
time. While one might consider the different materials that can be used, the
type of floor finishes is not given much importance. However, choosing the
right type of finish can complete the overall look of the house, so when
working with a professional architect or interior designer, it’s important to
discuss the available options as well as the advantages and disadvantages
that each one offers.

 Every type of material, whether it’s wood, stone, ceramic or vinyl flooring
can come in glossy or matte finishes. Similarly, for heavy-traffic areas such
as entrance passageways, it’s advisable to use floor finishes that are
abrasion resistant. In some areas, such as kitchens and bathrooms, certain
types of flooring can get damaged if exposed to acid. The climate in the
area also influences the choice of the floor finish. For example, a marble
floor might feel cool under the feet in a coastal region but is ill-suited for a
place with cold climate. A professional can provide the best advice.

How does one decide on the perfect floor finishes? Durability is a key factor
for the flooring as it should look good for years. Additionally, one needs the
floor to look stylish, besides being maintenance-free, fire-resistant and
moisture resistant. Similarly, one should decide between soft and hard floor
finishes.
-One has a range of materials to choose, including stone, porcelain tiles,
laminates and wood flooring. Each of these has specific characteristics that
make them more suitable for certain areas.
MATERIALS USED FOR FLOOR FINISHERS:
 Natural stone floor finishes
 :Among the types of natural stone that are easily available in India are
granite, marble and slate.
 Granite
While it is among the more expensive floor finishes for homeowners who want
a hard material, granite is highly durable, stylish and resistant to chemicals.
The material can be polished to give it a smooth and shiny finish. Alternatively,
it can be honed for a less slippery surface. Granite comes in several colors.
 Marble
Although it adds sophistication to any home, marble is one of the most high-
maintenance among floor finishes as it is a porous material that absorbs
moisture easily. They are not acid-resistant and can get worn out easily as the
stone is not as strong as granite. After polishing, marble needs to be coated to
protect the surface from getting damaged.
Floor finishes using concrete
Besides being an affordable alternative for the flooring, concrete is hard and
durable. While it was not a popular choice earlier due to its grey colour, with
advancements in technology, raw concrete can be mixed with pigments to
create a wider range of shades for the flooring.
Hardwood floor finishes
 Wood is always a popular alternative as it adds a cosy ambiance to any
environment. The colour options range from light oak to dark teak. Natural
wood flooring is expensive and requires regular maintenance to prevent the
surface from absorbing moisture.
 When looking at hardwood floor design ideas, it’s also essential to assess
the area where the flooring is being used. Ideally, it should be kept away
from wet areas such as kitchens and bathrooms. Wood can be finished by
polishing, staining or coating. Some varieties of wood come pre-finished
with a durable surface seal.
 CHAPTER NUMBER -5
PLASTERING
Plaster is a thin layer of mortar applied over the masonry
surface and it acts as a damp-proof coat over the brick masonry work.
Plastering also provides a finished surface over the masonry that is firm and
smooth hence it enhances the appearance of the building. The primary
objectives of plastering are to protect the surface from atmospheric influences,
to cover the defective workmanship in masonry, to conceal porous materials,
and to provide a suitable surface for painting.
Procedure of Plastering Work
1. Preparation of Surface for Plastering
2. Groundwork for Plaster
3. Applying Under Coat or Base Coat
4. Applying Finishing Coat
5. Curing of Plastering works

Procedure of Plastering Work

1. Preparation of Surface for Plastering:

1.Keep all the mortar joints of wall rough, so as to give a good bonding to hold
plaster.
2. Roughen the entire wall to be plastered.
3. Clean all the joints and surfaces of the wall with a wire brush, there should
be no oil or grease etc. left on wall surface.
4. If there exist any cavities or holes on the surface, then fill it in advance
with appropriate material.
5. If the surface is smooth or the wall to be plastered is old one, then rake out
the mortar joint to a depth of at least 12 mm to give a better bonding to the
plaster.
6. Wash the mortar joints and entire wall to be plastered, and keep it wet for
at least 6 hours before applying cement plaster.
7. If the projection on the wall surface is more than 12 mm, then knock it off,
so as to obtain a uniform surface of wall. This will reduce the consumption
of plaster.

2. Groundwork for Plaster:

1.In order to get uniform thickness of plastering throughout the wall surface,
first fix dots on the wall. A dot means patch of plaster of size 15 mm * 15 mm
and having thickness of about

2.Dots are fixed on the wall first horizontally and then vertically at a distance
of about 2 meters covering the entire wall surface.

3.Check the verticality of dots, one over the other, by means of plumb-bob.
4.After fixing dots, the vertical strips of plaster, known as screeds, are formed
in between the dots. These screeds serve as the gauges for maintaining even
thickness of plastering being applied.

3. Applying Under Coat or Base Coat

1. In case of brick masonry the thickness of first coat plaster is in general 12
mm and in case of concrete masonry this thickness varies from 9 to 15 mm.
2. The ratio of cement and sand for first coat plaster varies from 1:3 to 1:6.
3. Apply the first coat of plaster between the spaces formed by the screeds on
the wall surface. This is done by means of trowel.
4. Level the surface by means of flat wooden floats and wooden straight
edges.
5. After leveling, left the first coat to set but not to dry and then roughen it
with a scratching tool to form a key to the second coat of plaster.

4. Applying Finishing Coat

1. The thickness of second coat or finishing coat may vary between 2 to 3
mm.
2. The ratio of cement and sand for second coat plaster varies from 1:4 to 1:6.
3. Before applying the second coat, damp the first coat evenly.
4. Apply the finishing coat with wooden floats to a true even surface and
using a steel trowel, give it a finishing touch.
5. As far as possible, the finishing coat should be applied starting from top
towards bottom and completed in one operation to eliminate joining marks.

5. Curing of Plastering works

1.After completion of the plastering work, it is kept wet by sprinkling water for
at least 7 days in order to develop strength and hardness.
2.Use of gunny bags or other materials is used to keep the plastering works wet
in external works.
3.Improper curing may lead to cracks formation or efflorescence in plaster
work.
 Care be taken after Completion of Plaster Work
 Cleaning of doors or frame and floor area is necessary at the completion of
work.
 Curing should be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently
and must be cured for at least 7 days.
 Curing shall commence, 24 hours after the plaster is laid.

--

Fig5.1: Plastering work Fig 5.2: Mixing of cement and

sand for plastering work

Fig 5.4: Applying of Finishing coat of Fig 5.3: Applying of base coat
plastering work of plastering for brick masonry
 CHAPTER NUMBER -6
WALL PAINTINGS
Paints and varnishes are used in building and other engineering works for
covering the surfaces of wood, metal, masonry, plastered walls, slabs, etc. To
protect the surfaces from atmospheric influences and to preserve them from
decay, oxidation, and corrosion. To improve the appearance of surfaces.

Following are the objects of painting a surface

(i) It protects the surface from weathering effects of the atmosphere and actions
by other liquids, fumes and gases.

(ii) It prevents decay of wood and corrosion in metal.

(iii) It is used to give good appearance to the surface. The decorative effects
may be created by painting and the surface becomes hygienically good, clean,
colourful and attractive.
(iv) It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning.

Types of Paints Used in Building Construction

1. Aluminium Paint
2. Anti corrosive Paint
3. Asbestos Paint
4. Bituminous Paint
5. Cellulose Paint
6. Cement Paint
7. Colloidal Paint
8. Emulsion Paint
TOOLS REQUIRED FOR PAINTING

I. Interior paint primer

II. Interior paint - either oil or emulsion.
III. Paint kettle and paint can opener (or flat head screwdriver)
IV. Paint roller set: paint roller, sleeve and tray.
V. Paint brushes.
VI. Radiator brush.
VII. Paint roller extension pole.
VIII. Plastic bucket and sponge

Figure number-6.1
 CHAPTER NUMBER-7
PARTITION WORKS

Figure number-7.1

 Partitions are non-load bearing walls that separate spaces in buildings.

As well as spatial division, they can provide; privacy, acoustic and fire
separation and flexibility of layout.
 Partition walls can be solid, typically constructed from brick or block
work, or can be a framed construction.
 Framed partition walls are sometimes referred to as stud walls, and can
be constructed from a timber, steel or aluminium frames clad with
boarding such as plasterboard, timber, metal or fibreboard. Partition
walls may also be glazed.
 As they are non-load bearing, partition walls can provide good
flexibility, particularly if they are lightweight, framed systems, as wall
positions can be changed relatively easily and inexpensively without
impacting on the overall structure of a building.
 some, or all of the components of the wall in a different location.

 They may also be movable.

 Partitions are the vertical walls or panels used to divide rooms or portions
of buildings.
 `below figure shows partition walls diving
the existing building into more divisions.`

Figure number7.2

Figure number-7.3
 CHAPTER NUMBER-8

FALSE CEILING

A dropped ceiling is a secondary ceiling, hung below the main (structural) ceiling. It
may also be referred to as a drop ceiling, T-bar ceiling, false ceiling, suspended
ceiling, grid ceiling, drop in ceiling, drop out ceiling, or ceiling tiles and is a staple of
modern construction and architecture in both residential and commercial applications.

False ceilings are essentially used for concealing wires, sound proofing, fire safety,
energy efficiency and to help in moisture and sag resistance. Earlier, false ceilings
were usually made of gypsum boards, but these days, it is easy to have

INSTALLATION SEQUENCE:
1. to the walls at the desired levels.
2.Suspended the intermediate C channel from the ceiling at the desired height with
soffit cleat.
3.Marking and drilling in primary ceiling.
4.Fix the perimeter angle section Suspended the main frame ceiling section from the
intermediate section with connecting clips at 60mm c/c.
5.Screw the panel onto the frame work.
6.The electric cables and services ducts as per design before panels onto the frame
work.
sss
ADVANTAGES OF FALSE CEILING

1. It is very easy to install false ceiling with the help of right kind of tools. Although,
you can install it by yourself, it is advisable to get it installed by a professional
contractor

2. A false ceiling hides the duct work, pipes and electrical wires giving the ceiling a
clutter free neat and clean look.

3.It is easy to reassemble the panels of a false ceiling in case of repair works.

4.A false ceiling plays a key role in acoustics and sound absorption. It is designed in
such a way that it adds to noise reduction thus, making the space quiet

5. It is much more economical to install a false ceiling than to get the entire
ceiling renovated in case of damages as they are removable.
DISADVANTAGES OF FALSE CEILING

1. One of the major disadvantages of false ceiling is that it can reduce the
height of a room by several inches or feet as it is hung below the existing
ceiling. 2. It requires frequent maintenance and does not have long life.
Sagging is possible in case of false ceiling and the ceiling gets de coloured or
stained after frequent use for few years.
3. False ceilings are not as solid as the traditional ceilings, especially in the
case of natural calamities like earthquakes they might turn out to be unstable.
Another danger is the falling of installed fixtures.
 CONCLUSION

In this project we learn about different kind of masonry works

,precautions to be taken at construction site,problems during masonry
works and there solutions,plastering,floor finishers,work
methods,precautions to be taken,joinery works,different types of wall
coverings

Finishers are used in the final part of the construction or manufacturing

process,forming the final surface of an element. They can protect the
element they finish from impact, water, frost, corrosion, abrasion, and so
on ,and they can be decorative.

Finishes commonly relate to internal surfaces, but they may also be

applied to external elements .they can be applied wet or dry .some
elements are self finished,that is the final surface is part of the material
the element is formed from.