3rdsem Climatology Mod5

Climatic Design Considerations
Hot & Dry Warm & Humid Composite

Hot & Dry Climatic Regions
Form & Planning
(A)Resisting heat gain.
Decreasing surface exposure
to the outside.
Selective Use of materials
Providing buffer spaces
Decreasing daytime ventilation
in the summers.
Providing adequate shading
devices.
(B)Promoting heat loss.
Increasing ventilation during
cooler parts of the day or night
Providing for evaporative
cooling (e.g. roof surface
evaporative cooling).
Using earth coupling systems
like earth-air pipes.
1.Form and planning
2.External Spaces
3. Roofs, Walls and Opening
4.Ventilation and air flow
Form & Planning:
An enclosed, compactly planned,
inward-looking building.
All facilities to be provided under one
Orientation roof
An east-west orientation is preferred.
South and north facing walls are easier to

shade than east and west walls.
The surface to volume (S/V) ratio should be

kept as minimum as possible to reduce heat
gains.
non habitable spaces (stairs, stores, toilets)

can be used as thermal barriers if planned
on east and west ends.
Aligning buildings close to each other,

especially east and west walls, Creating
mutual shading.
Close group of buildings, narrow streets,

small enclosed courtyards, arcades,
colonnades etc
City of Marrakesh, Morroco.
Form & Planning:
Street width and orientation

Narrow Streets cauiinge mutually
shading. Streets need to be oriented
in the north-south direction to block
solar radiation.
External Spaces
Open spaces such as courtyards
and atria promote ventilation.
They can be provided with ponds
and fountains for evaporative
cooling.
External Spaces
External Spaces
Small Courtyards act as thermal

regulator and as heat sinks during the
day and radiate the heat back at night.
Waterbodies like ponds and lakes act
as heat sinks and can also be used for
evaporative cooling. They humidify the
air and make it comfortable inside.
Fountains and water cascades in the
vicinity of a building also aid in cooling.
External Spaces
Grass can be used as ground cover to
absorb solar radiation and aid
evaporative cooling.
Earth berming can help lower the
temperature and also deflect hot
summer winds.
Roofs
Thick Flat roofs/ vaulted roofs/
Domical roofs are ideal.
Massive material should be used
for the roof.
Eg: Filler Slab, (RCC) slab,
Thatched roof is preferred to
asbestos cement (AC) sheet roof.
Double roofs are extensively used.
External insulation in the form of
mud cover with inverted earthen
pots is also suitable.
False ceiling in rooms having
exposed roofs is favorable as the
space between the two acts as a
heat buffer.
Roofs
Use of Earthen pots/tiles/Kullhads. The cavity between these hallow

objects traps heat within them.
Roofs
Walls
The control of heat gain through the

walls becomes an important design
consideration.
Low thermal capacity materials for
shading devices to achieve quick
cooling.
during the day, small openings are
desirable and during the night
openings large to provided
adequate ventilation.
In hot and dry climates, reducing
the window area leads to lower
indoor temperatures.
More windows should be provided
in the north facade of the building
as compared to the east, west and
south as it receives lesser radiation
throughout the year
Walls
Copyrights – FOOTPRINTS E.A.R.T.H, Ahmedabad.

Openings
During the day, ventilation should be
minimum, to minimize the entry of hot
air and dust.
Large North facing windows and small
shaded opening in west, east, and
south
Ample ventilation at night is necessary
where stored heat is to be dissipated.
Air Ventilation
During the day, ventilation should be
minimum, to minimize the entry of hot
air and dust. Large North facing
windows and small shaded opening in
west, east, and south
Ample ventilation at night is necessary
where stored heat is to be dissipated.
Massing
Cascading Masses
High in the south west
corner thus casting
longer shadows.
Hot and dry Climatic Regions
Warm & Humid Climatic Regions
Warm and Humid climatic zone

The design objectives in such a climate should be aimed at:
1. The air temperature is continually (day and night) very near skin
temperature.
2. Bodily heat loss to air by convection, conduction is negligible.
3. Causing saturated air envelop
4. This can be removed by air movement.
5. Comfort can be achieved allowing outdoor breezes to pass through
the building, across the occupants.
6. At night, the air temperatures are same , so no significant cooling,
wall and roof surface temperature tend to remain same.
7. Promote the flow of outside air through the building, to remove indoor
warm air.
1.Form and planning

Open elongated plan shapes, with single row of rooms to allow cross
ventilation.
Rooms accessible to open verandhas, galleries, balconies etc.
The building can be elevated on slits, to capture air movement of higher
velocity.
Orientation
An long axis in east-west direction orientation is preferred.
This may conflict with direction of wind.
South and north facing walls are easier to shade than east and west walls.
Cross-ventilation must be ensured through the day and night.
Radiation is diffused, shading devices should provide greater coverage, to
obstruct the sky and not just the location of the sun.
1.Form and planning

As temperatures are not very high, free plans can be evolved as long as the
house is under protective shade.
An unobstructed air path through the interiors is important to ensure proper
ventilation.
The buildings could be long and narrow to allow cross-ventilation. For
example, a singly loaded corridor plan (i.e. one with rooms on one side only)
is preferable over a doubly loaded one.
1.Form and planning

Heat and moisture producing areas like toilets and
kitchens must be ventilated and separated from the rest
of the structure.
Semi open spaces such as balconies, verandahs and
porches can be used advantageously for daytime
activities as well as give protection from rainfall.
In multistoreyed buildings a central courtyard can be
provided with vents at higher levels to draw away the
rising hot air.
1.Form and planning

Street width and orientation
Open spaces and built form
Buildings should be spread out with large open spaces in between for
unrestricted air movement.
In cities, buildings on stilts can promote ventilation and cause cooling at the
ground level.
Major streets should be oriented parallel to the prevailing wind direction during
summer months to encourage ventilation in warm and humid regions.
A north-south direction is ideal from the point of view of blocking solar
radiation.
The width of the streets should be such that the intense solar radiation during
late morning and early afternoon is avoided during the summers.
External Spaces
Trees and plants can be used as shading devices, as plants carry full foliage
throughout the year. Pergolas and light framing are used as shading
element. These can be covered with climbing plants.
Roofs,walls and opening
Roof
In addition to providing shelter from rain and heat, the form of the roof should
be planned to promote air flow.
Vents at the rooftop effectively induce ventilation and draw hot air out.
very thin roofs having low thermal mass, such as AC sheet roofing, require
insulation as they tend to rapidly radiate heat into the interiors during daytime.
A double roof with a ventilated space in between can also be used to promote
air flow. The space in between can also act as a heat buffer.
Roofs, walls and opening
Walls:
The walls must also be designed to promote air flow so as to counter the
prevalent humidity. Baffle walls, both inside and outside the building can help to
divert the flow of wind inside. If adequately sheltered, exposed brick walls and
mud plastered walls work very well by absorbing the humidity and helping the
building to breathe.
Ventilation and air flow

Cross-ventilation is of utmost importance. Openings of a comparatively
smaller size can be placed on the windward side, while the corresponding
openings on the leeward side should be bigger for facilitating a plume effect
for natural ventilation. The openings should be shaded by external overhangs.
Outlets at higher levels serve to vent hot air.
Composite Climatic Regions
Composite climatic zone
The climatic zone is a combination of Hot and dry and warm and humid
zone
1. The characteristics change from season to season.
2. Significant differences in temperature is widely seen.
3. A task to the designer because of the changing climates with seasons
4. Shading devices are required in summer and also undesirable in
winters
Composite Climatic Regions
Ventilation Technique
Ventilation stacks
Specially when the outdoor temperatures are high, wind scoops or
wind traps play an important role
A LIG house in North India
Design by – Public works department
New Delhi
Low cost traditional shelter with separate
day and night shelters.

3rdsem Climatology Mod5

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Climatic Design Considerations

Hot & Dry Warm & Humid Composite

An east-west orientation is preferred.

South and north facing walls are easier to

The surface to volume (S/V) ratio should be

non habitable spaces (stairs, stores, toilets)

Aligning buildings close to each other,

Close group of buildings, narrow streets,

Street width and orientation

Small Courtyards act as thermal

Use of Earthen pots/tiles/Kullhads. The cavity between these hallow

The control of heat gain through the

Copyrights – FOOTPRINTS E.A.R.T.H, Ahmedabad.

Warm and Humid climatic zone

1.Form and planning

1.Form and planning

1.Form and planning

1.Form and planning

Ventilation and air flow

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