FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Hamdard University
Lab # 02

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming

(Introduction to OOP)

Objective
 To get introduced with fundamentals of OOP.
 Introduction of class and objects.

Theory

Introduction of OOP

Object-oriented Programming, or OOP for short, is a programming paradigm which provides a

means of structuring programs so that properties and behaviors are bundled into individual
objects.

For instance, an object could represent a person with a name property, age, address, etc., with
behaviors like walking, talking, breathing, and running. Or an email with properties like recipient
list, subject, body, etc., and behaviors like adding attachments and sending.

Put another way, object-oriented programming is an approach for modeling concrete, real-world
things like cars as well as relations between things like companies and employees, students and
teachers, etc. OOP models real-world entities as software objects, which have some data
associated with them and can perform certain functions.

Another common programming paradigm is procedural programming which structures a

program like a recipe in that it provides a set of steps, in the form of functions and code blocks,
which flow sequentially in order to complete a task.

The key takeaway is that objects are at the center of the object-oriented programming paradigm,
not only representing the data, as in procedural programming, but in the overall structure of the
program as well.

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
NOTE: Since Python is a multi-paradigm programming language, you can choose the paradigm
that best suits the problem at hand, mix different paradigms in one program, and/or switch from
one paradigm to another as your program evolves.

OOP Pillars

Major principles of object-oriented programming system are given below.

 Class
 Object
 Method
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Data Abstraction
 Encapsulation

Classes

Classes are used to create new user-defined data structures that contain arbitrary information
about something. In the case of an animal, we could create an Animal() class to track properties
about the Animal like the name and age.

It’s important to note that a class just provides structure—it’s a blueprint for how something
should be defined, but it doesn’t actually provide any real content itself. The Animal() class may
specify that the name and age are necessary for defining an animal, but it will not actually state
what a specific animal’s name or age is.

It may help to think of a class as an idea for how something should be defined.Focusing first on
the data, each thing or object is an instance of some class.

The primitive data structures available in Python, like numbers, strings, and lists are designed to
represent simple things like the cost of something, the name of a poem, and your favorite colors,
respectively.

What if you wanted to represent something much more complicated?

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Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
For example, let’s say you wanted to track a number of different animals. If you used a list, the
first element could be the animal’s name while the second element could represent its age.

How would you know which element is supposed to be which? What if you had 100 different
animals? Are you certain each animal has both a name and an age, and so forth? What if you
wanted to add other properties to these animals? This lacks organization, and it’s the exact need
for classes.

Object:

While the class is the blueprint, an instance is a copy of the class with actual values, literally an
object belonging to a specific class. It’s not an idea anymore; it’s an actual animal, like a dog
named Roger who’s eight years old.

Put another way, a class is like a form or questionnaire. It defines the needed information. After
you fill out the form, your specific copy is an instance of the class; it contains actual information
relevant to you. You can fill out multiple copies to create many different instances, but without
the form as a guide, you would be lost, not knowing what information is required. Thus, before
you can create individual instances of an object, we must first specify what is needed by defining
a class.

Like other general purpose languages, python is also an object-oriented language since its
beginning. Python is an object-oriented programming language. It allows us to develop
applications using an Object Oriented approach. In Python, we can easily create and use classes
and objects.

Method

The method is a function that is associated with an object. In Python, a method is not unique to
class instances. Any object type can have methods.

Inheritance

Inheritance is the most important aspect of object-oriented programming which simulates the real
world concept of inheritance. It specifies that the child object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of the parent object.

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
By using inheritance, we can create a class which uses all the properties and behavior of another
class. The new class is known as a derived class or child class, and the one whose properties are
acquired is known as a base class or parent class.

It provides re-usability of the code.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism contains two words "poly" and "morphs". Poly means many and Morphs means
form, shape. By polymorphism, we understand that one task can be performed in different ways.
For example You have a class animal, and all animals speak. But they speak differently. Here,
the "speak" behavior is polymorphic in the sense and depends on the animal. So, the abstract
"animal" concept does not actually "speak", but specific animals (like dogs and cats) have a
concrete implementation of the action "speak".

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is also an important aspect of object-oriented programming. It is used to restrict

access to methods and variables. In encapsulation, code and data are wrapped together within a
single unit from being modified by accident.

Data Abstraction

Data abstraction and encapsulation both are often used as synonyms. Both are nearly synonym
because data abstraction is achieved through encapsulation.

Abstraction is used to hide internal details and show only functionalities. Abstracting something
means to give names to things so that the name captures the core of what a function or a whole
program does.

Object-oriented vs. Procedure-oriented Programming languages

Inde Object-oriented Programming Procedural Programming

x
1. Object-oriented programming is the problem- Procedural programming uses a list of
solving approach and used where computation instructions to do computation step by step.
is done by using objects.

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Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
2. It makes the development and maintenance
easier.
3. It simulates the real world entity. So real-world
problems can be easily solved through oops.
4. It provides data hiding. So it is more secure than
procedural languages. You cannot access
private data from anywhere.
5. Example of object-oriented programming
languages is C++, Java, .Net, Python, C#, etc.
In procedural programming, It is not easy to
maintain the codes when the project
becomes lengthy.
It doesn't simulate the real world. It works on
step by step instructions divided into small
parts called functions.
Procedural language doesn't provide any
proper way for data binding, so it is less
secure.
Example of procedural languages are: C,
Fortran, Pascal, VB etc.

Python Class and Objects

As we have already discussed, a class is a virtual entity and can be seen as a blueprint of an
object. The class came into existence when it instantiated. Let's understand it by an example.

Suppose a class is a prototype of a building. A building contains all the details about the floor,
doors, windows, etc. we can make as many buildings as we want, based on these details. Hence,
the building can be seen as a class, and we can create as many objects of this class.

On the other hand, the object is the instance of a class. The process of creating an object can be
called as instantiation.

Creating classes in python

In python, a class can be created by using the keyword class followed by the class name. The
syntax to create a class is given below.

Syntax

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Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

Example # 1:

Output:

The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required syntactically but

you do not want any command or code to execute. The pass statement is a null
operation; nothing happens when it executes.

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Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
Methods
Once there are attributes that “belong” to the class, you can define functions that will access the
class attribute. These functions are called methods. When you define methods, you will need to
always provide the first argument to the method with a self keyword.

def function_name (self)

Def means define the method and self means this keyword wich is used in java , c# in OOP
concepts which means it represents the instance of the class. By using the “self” keyword we can
access the attributes and methods of the class in python. It binds the attributes with the given
arguments.

Example # 2:

Output:

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
There are also special attributes in it that begins with double underscores (__). For example,
__doc__ gives us the docstring of that class.

As soon as we define a class, a new class object is created with the same name. This class object
allows us to access the different attributes as well as to instantiate new objects of that class.

Creating an Object in Python

We saw that the class object could be used to access different attributes.

It can also be used to create new object instances (instantiation) of that class. The procedure to
create an object is similar to a function call.
1. >>> ob = MyClass()
This will create a new instance object named ob. We can access attributes of objects using the
object name prefix.

Attributes may be data or method. Method of an object are corresponding functions of that class.
Any function object that is a class attribute defines a method for objects of that class.

This means to say, since MyClass.func is a function object (attribute of class), ob.func will be a

method object.

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

Example # 3

Output:

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

Lab Task
2.1 write a program to create a class in which find out the area of trapezoid.

2.2 write a program to create a class in which you create the details of patient records and display it.

2.3 write a program to create a class in which you convert rupees into dollars.

NOTE: Attach printouts of above mentioned task with your name and roll number in header or
footer.

Learning outcomes:
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