13.

The interaction of the skeletal and muscular systems to allow movement

● Muscle span joints are connected to the bone in at least 2 places.
● When muscles contract the movable bone, the muscle’s insertion moves toward the muscle.
● Muscles attach;
○ Directly - the epimysium part is fused to the periosteum of the bone
○ Indirectly - CT wrappings extend beyond the muscle as a tendon or aponeurosis
14. Muscle Fibers-the cellular and gross anatomy of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle & smooth muscle
Smooth Muscles
● Fibers are spindle shaped, uninucleated (one nucleus) cells are arranged in paralell lines
forming sheets
● No striations
● Located in walls of hollow organs
● Contraction is invoulentary
Cardiac Muscles
● Fibers are uninucleated, striated, and cyndrical
● Fibers are also branched, allows fibers to interlock at intercalated disks (unique structural
formations found between the myocardial cells of the heart.)
● Relax completely between contractions preventing fatigue
● Invoulentary and rythmic contractions
Skeletal Muscles
● Fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated and very long
● Contractions are voulentary and controlled by the nervous system
15. Physiology of the skeletal muscle contraction system and the neuromuscular junction
❏ Skeletal Muscle Contraction:
❏ Myosin heads are attached to strands of actin.
❏ When ATP binds to the myosin heads, which causes the myosin to release the actin strand.
❏ ATP releases a phosphate and converts into ADP, releasing energy and “cocking” the myosin head into a high-energy
state.
❏ When the phosphate is released from the myosin head, the myosin pushes on the actin strand, causing muscle
movement.
❏ Tropomyosin, which is coiled around the actin strand, prevents myosin from detaching or attaching if it’s already detached.
❏ When calcium ion concentration is high, troponin (which is attached to the tropomyosin) changes its shape and shifts the
tropomyosin, allowing the myosin head to move again.
❏ Neuromuscular Junction:
❏ An influx of calcium in the axon terminal of a nerve will result in the release of vesicles containing Acetylcholine (AcH).
The calcium will bind to the vesicle and the vesicle will bind to the presynaptic membrane, releasing its contents into the synaptic
cleft (gap between the nerve and the muscle cell).
❏ After exocytosis of the AcH happens, the AcH will bind to the receptors of sodium channels, causing them to open and a
mass influx of sodium to occur.
❏ Once the membrane is depolarized enough from the sodium, calcium is able to enter as well (voltage-gated calcium
release).
❏ Once enough calcium enters the cell, calcium will bind to the protein receptors of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and cause a
massive release of calcium (calcium-induced calcium release).
❏ Muscle cells are all connected by gap junctions. Calcium ions can cross gap junctions into other muscle cells, causing a
chain reaction of contraction.

Head and Neck Frontalis

Function- Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead Insertion- Interrubercular sulcus of humerus
Origin- Cranial aponeurosis (a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue on Biceps branchii
the head) Function- Flexes forearm and supinates hand
Insertion- Orbicularis oculi muscle Origin- Scapula
Orbicularis Oris Insertion- radial tuberoisity
Function- purses lips Triceps
Origin- manible and maxilla Function- extends forearm
Insertion- tissues of upper and lower lips Origin- Scapula, proximal humerous
Occipito frontalis Insertion- olecranon process of ulna
Function- Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead Brachialis
Origin- 2 occipital bellies and 2 frontal bellies (muscles) Function- Flexes forearm
Insertion- Galea aponeurotica Origin- Anterior humerus
Zygomaticus major Insertion- Coronoid process of ulna
Function- draws angle of mouth upward and laterally Brachioradialis
Origin- Zygomatic Function- Flexion of elbow
Insertion- Modiolus of mouth Origin- Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Masseter Insertion- Distal radius
Function- closing of mouth and protrusion of manible Palmaris longus
Origin- Zygomatic arch Function- wrist flexor
Insertion- manible Origin- medial epicondyle of humerus
Sternocleidoastioid Insertion- Palmar aponeurosis &flexor retinaculum of hand
Function- Turns head Flexor carpi radialis
Origin- Sternum and clavicle Function- Flexion and adduction at wrist
Insertion- Temporal bone Origin- Medial epicondyle of humerus
Trapezius Insertion- Bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
Function- Extends neck and adducts scapula Flexor digitorum superficialis
Origin- Occipital bone and all cervical and thoracic vertebrae Function- flexor of fingers
Insertion- Clavicle and scapula Origin- Medial epicondyle of humerus and parts of radius and ulna
Buccinator Insertion- base of middle phalanges of the 4 fingers
Function- Chewing Extensor carpi radialis
Origin- Maxilla and Manible Function- adducts hand at wrist
Insertion- Orbicularis orbis Origin- lateral supracondylar ridge
Upper Extremities Insertion- 2nd metacarpal
Pectoralis major Extensor digitorum
Function- flexes and adducts arm Function- extension of hand, wrist and fingers
Origin- Clavicle, sternum, 2nd to 6th costal cartilages Origin- lateral epicondyle
Insertion- Intertubular groove of humerus Insertion- middle and distal phalanges of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
Latissimus dorsi fingers
Function- Extends or adducts arm Extensor digiti minimi
Origin- Lliac crest Function- extends wrist and little finger at all joints
Insertion- Intertubular groove of humerus Origin- Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Deltoid Insertion- extensor expansion, located at the base of the proximal
Function- Adducts arm phalanx of digit 5 on dorsal side
Origin- Acromion process, spine of scapula and clavicle Extensor carpi ulnaris
Insertion- Deltoid tuburoisity of humerus Function- extends and adducts wrist
Teres major Origin- Humeral head: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. Ulnar head:
Function- adducts and rotates humerus olecranon, poterior surfuce of ulna
Origin- Posterior aspect of scapula Insertion- 5th metacarpal
External Intercostals
Function- Inhalation Origin- Lower border of ribs Insertion- upper border of ribs
Internal Intercostals
 Function- Holds ribs steady Origin- Rib, superior border Insertion- rib, inferior border
Transverse abdominis
Function- compresses abdominal contents Origin- lliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, costal cartilages 7-12 Insertion-
Xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
Infraspinatus
Function- external rotation of arm and stabalization of glenohumeral joint Origin- scapula Insertion- Humerus
Rectus Abdominis
Function- Flexion of lumbar spine Origin- crest of pubis Insertion- costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 Xiphoid process of
sternum.
Serratus Anterior
Function- protracts and stabalizes scapula, assists in upward rotation Origin- fleshy slips from the outer surface of
upper 8 or 9 ribs Insertion- Scapula
Diaphragm
Function- breathing Origin- sternum at the xyphoid process, the lower six ribs and the spaces in between, and the
lower part of the spine. Insertion- central tendon
Iliopsoas
Function- flexion of hip Origin- lliac fossa and lumbar spine Insertion- femur
Sartorius
Function- Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of the hip, flexion of the knee Origin- Pelvic bone Insertion- Tibia
Gluteus Maximus
Function- External rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief
antigravity muscle in sitting and abduction of the hip origin- ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
insertion- femur and iliotibial tract
Gluteus Medius
Function- abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial/internal rotation and flexion of the hip (anterior
fibers). Extension and Lateral/external rotation of the hip (posterior fibers Origin- ilium, under gluteus maximus
Insertion- femur
Tensor fasciae latae
Function- movement of hip and knee Origin- iliiac Insertion- lliotibial tract
Adductor Longus
Function- adduction of hip, flexion of hip joint Origin- pubic body Insertion- linea aspera
Gracilis
Function- flexes, medially rotates, and adducts hip Origin- ischiopubic ramus Insertion- tibia
Semimembranosus
Function- Extention of hip and flextion of knee Origin- Ischial tuberosity Insertion- tibia
Semitendinosus
Function- flexion of knee, extension of hip joint Origin- ischium Insertion- tibia
Biceps femoris
Function- flexes knee joint, laterally rotates knee joint (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only) Origin-
ischium. Linea aspera, femur Insertion- fibia
Rectus femoris
Function- knee extension, hip flexion Origin- iliac Insertion- patellar tendon
Vastus lateralis
Function- Extends and stabalizes knee Origin- Femur Insertion- patella and tibia
Vastus Intermedium
Function- Extension of knee joint Origin- Femur Insertion- Quadriceps tendon
Vastus medialis
Function- Extends knee Origin- femur Insertion- Quadriceps tendon
Tibialis Anterior
Function- Dorsaflection and inversion of the foot Origin- Tibia Insertion- First metatarsal bone of the foot
Gastrocnemius
Function- plantar flexes foot, flexes knee Origin- femur Insertion- achilles tendon into calcaneus
Soleus
Function- plantarflexion Origin- fibula, tibia Insertion- Achilles tendon
Peroneus longus
Function- eversion and plantarflexion Origin- fibula Insertion- First Metatarsal
Peroneus brevis
Function- Plantarflexion, eversion Origin- fibula Insertion- Fifth metatarsal
19. Exercise and aging effects on the cellular and gross anatomical structures of the muscular system
● Exercise helps muscles become more effective and efficient
● Tendons will become thickers
● High intensity exercise: strength, size, and power gain in muscles
● Low intensity exercise: endurance benefits
●
20. Muscle and tendon injuries and their prevention (i.e., strains and sprains)
Strains
Injuries from overexertion or trauma which involve stretching or tearing of muscle fibers. They often are accompanied by pain
and inflammation of the muscle and tendon. Strains often occur in the lower back and in the muscle in the back of the thigh
(hamstring).
Sprains
Stretching or tearing of ligaments. The most common are sprained ankle, thumb, wrist, and knee.
Cramps
Painful muscle spasms or involuntary twitches.
21. The diseases on each level from the cell to the whole person as listed: Poliomyelitis, Muscular dystrophies, Myasthenia
gravis, tetanus, myositis
● Poliomyelitis or polio is a viral disease that mostly affects children. It causes paralysis. It is incurable, it can only be
prevented by immunization.
● Muscular dystrophies are diseases that cause disabilities to walk or do other things that would include using those
muscles. Most types of Muscular dystrophies are caused by something going wrong with genes.
● Myasthenia gravis is a weakness and fatigue in muscles. Some symptoms are a drooping face, difficulty speaking,
double vision, and weak arms and legs. No cure. Gets worse the longer you have it.
● Tetanus is caused by clostridium bacteria from dust, poop, and RUST. It causes your muscles to tighten up in pain
● Myositis is muscle swelling caused by