Basra University College For

Science and Technology

Department of pharmacy

●The Extraction

Mr.Ahmed Almohhmmed

‫م‬
)Gr.10( ‫ صطفى حميد عطية نابت‬-: ‫الاسم‬
DATA: 12/6/2021
●THEORY:–
Extraction in chemistry is a chemical separation process, in which a
so-called extracting agent or extractor (which can be in a gaseous,
liquid, solid or supercritical state) is used by performing a selective
separation process of one or more components within a mixture (And
which can be in the gaseous, liquid, or solid state). The product of the
extraction process is called the extract (and sometimes by the
common name extract). Extraction is a process encountered in daily
life, as it is encountered in a coffee machine while extracting aromatic
compounds from coffee powder, and then conducting a filtering
process at the end Raising the temperature or pressure often
increases the solubility of the material to be extracted.
• Types of extraction
1) Liquid–liquid extraction
Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and
partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes,
based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids,
usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar). There is a
net transfer of one or more species from one liquid into another
liquid phase, generally from aqueous to organic. The transfer is
driven by chemical potential, i.e. once the transfer is complete, the
overall system of chemical components that make up the solutes and
the solvents are in a more stable configuration (lower free energy).
The solvent that is enriched in solute(s) is called extract. The feed
solution that is depleted in solute(s) is called the raffinate
2) Solid-phase extraction
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is an extractive technique by which
compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are
separated from other compounds in the mixture according to their
physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use solid
phase extraction to concentrate and purify samples for analysis. Solid
phase extraction can be used to isolate analytes of interest from a
wide variety of matrices, including urine, blood, water, beverages,
soil, and animal tissue
3) Acid-base extraction
Acid–base extraction is a procedure using sequential liquid–liquid
extractions to purify acids and bases from mixtures based on their
chemical properties. Acid–base extraction is routinely performed
during the work-up after chemical syntheses and for the isolation of
compounds and natural products like alkaloids from crude extracts.
The product is largely free of neutral and acidic or basic impurities.
It is not possible to separate chemically similar acids or bases using
this simple method.
4) Supercritical fluid extraction
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one
component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using
supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Extraction is usually
from a solid matrix, but can also be from liquids. SFE can be used as
a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or on a larger
scale to either strip unwanted material from a product (e.g.
decaffeination) or collect a desired product (e.g. essential oils). These
essential oils can include limonene and other straight solvents.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used supercritical fluid, sometimes
modified by co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol. Extraction
conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide are above the critical
temperature of 31 °C and critical pressure of 74 bar. Addition of
modifiers may slightly alter this. The discussion below will mainly
refer to extraction with CO2, except where specified.
5) Ultrasound-assisted extraction
Ultrasound extraction is the preferred method for the isolation of
bioactive compounds from plants. Sonication achieves complete
extraction thus superior extraction yields are obtained in a very short
extraction time. Being such an efficient extraction method, ultrasonic
extraction is cost- and time-saving, while resulting in high-quality
extracts, which are used for foods, nutritional supplements and
pharmaceuticals.
6) Heat reflux extraction (HRE)
process with cyclohexanone (CYC) in a high-performance mass
transfer extractor was applied to dissolve Shenmu-Fugu high-volatile
bituminous (SFHB) coal for the first time to afford extract € and
extract residue (ER) from the extraction.
7) Mechanochemical-assisted extraction
Extract the bioactive compounds efficiently and safely is a central
issue in modern food and pharmaceutical industry.
Mechanochemical assisted extraction is an innovative effective and
eco-friendly extraction technology, which has shown a great prospect
in the industry and biotechnological research. By this method,
mechanochemical pretreatment allowed physical and chemical
transformations of target compound to improve its water solubility
and accelerated extraction efficiency markedly.
8) Maceration
Maceration is an extractive technique that is conducted at room
temperature. It consists of immersing a plant in a liquid (water, oil,
alcohol, etc.) inside an airtight container, for a variable time based on
the plant material and liquid used. … The plant material can be used
fresh or dry based on the desired product.
9) Microwave Assisted Extraction
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a process of using
microwave energy to heat solvents in contact with a sample in order
to partition analytes from the sample matrix into the solvent.
10) Instant controlled pressure drop extraction
Was invented as a drying and decontamination food process. This
process is based on the thermomechanical effect induced by a rapid
pressure drop leading to instant evaporation of water and
inactivation of vegetative bacteria and spores. DIC technology is
distinguished by its ability to handle a wide range of solid food
products. In addition, this process results in volume expansion and
positive texture modification. Preservation of sensory aspects and
nutriment compounds of food products was also reported using this
technology. Based on the DIC technology, many industrial projects
were realized and several patents were filed . The DIC technology as
a food drying and microbial decontamination process is reviewed in
this chapter was invented as a drying and decontamination food
process. This process is based on the thermomechanical effect
induced by a rapid pressure drop leading to instant evaporation of
water and inactivation of vegetative bacteria and spores. DIC
technology is distinguished by its ability to handle a wide range of
solid food products. In addition, this process results in volume
expansion and positive texture modification. Preservation of sensory
aspects and nutriment compounds of food products was also reported
using this technology. Based on the DIC technology, many industrial
projects were realized and several patents were filed. The DIC
technology as a food drying and microbial decontamination process
is reviewed in this chapter.
• Extraction is one of the methods of separation, and the extractionof
a compound depends on the chemical or physical properties of the
components of the mixture present in this compound. There are
several reasons for using extraction in a chemistry lab. It is a major
method of isolating compounds from plant materials. Extraction
transfers compounds from one liquid to another, so that they can be
processed or concentrated more easily. It also enables the selective
removal of components in a mixture. It has many uses for its
purpose:
• Extraction is used to separate the components of the mixture using
an appropriate solvent (the solvent is selected so that it dissolves one
substance completely or significantly and does not dissolve the other
substance). It is used to purify organic substances from impurities,
and this is done by placing the substance to be purified between two
immiscible solvents, and this depends on the solubility of the
substance or the separation factor between them. It is used to
separate dissolved substances from their solutions or from a mixture,
if the substances in the purification of an impurity substance, if they
are acidic, they are washed with sodium bicarbonate.
• Solvent conditions for extraction :
The solvent does not mix with the solution in which the compound is
located.The solvent does not interact with the components of the
mixture .Ease of separation of the solvent from the compound
dissolved in it .The diffusion coefficient of the solvent is appropriate
for the compound to be separated, and not suitable for the impurities
●Tools:–
1-Stand
2-Ring clamp
3-Separatory funnel 250 ml
4-Beaker 100 ml
5-Graduated cylinder 50 ml
6-Road glass
7-Watch glass
8-Conical flask 100 ml
9-Washing bottle

●Materials:–
1-Iodine crystal
2-Potassium iodide
3-Chloroform
3-Distilled water
4-Grease
5-CHCL3
6-NaoH
7-H2O
8-Benzoit acid
●Procedures:–
1- Transfer approximately 3-5 mg (about a spoonful) of a mixture of
both organic benzoic acid (white powder) and organic base m-nitro
aniline (yellow powder) into a conical flask.
2- We add 50 ml of chloroform to the mixture (in the conical flask)
and shake until the mixture dissolves.
3- Transfer the contents of the Erlenmeyer flask to the separating
funnel (make sure that the spout of the separating funnel is working
properly and the stopper of the funnel is closed).
4- We add to the separating funnel 20 ml of a 10% NaOH solution,
stir the funnel for 5 minutes, taking into account the pressure inside
the funnel. In his step, the added base NaOH reacts with the organic
acid benzoic acid to give sodium benzoate and water. Shaking is done
in this step-in order for the reaction to take place and the salt formed
from the organic layer (consisting of the organic acid dissolved in
chloroform) is transferred to the aqueous layer (consisting of the base
NaOH). Notice; The salt formed dissolves in water, so it moves from
the organic layer to the aqueous layer.
5- After agitation for 5 minutes, the funnel is fixed perpendicular to
the holder and the cover of the funnel is removed, then the organic
and aqueous layers begin to separate, the upper layer is the aqueous
layer, and the lower layer is the organic layer (higher density).
6- We open the tap slowly and start separating the aqueous layer in
one cup and the organic layer in another (we put a label on the cup so
that the cups do not mix).
●DATA:–
●Discussion:–
• why did we added HCL acid ?
When HCl is added, a salt will be formed HCl reacts with the
aqueous layer to form the salt and is separated by filtration
-C7H5O2Na + HCl → C7H6O2 + NaCl
• Why did we added NaoH ?
Sodium hydroxide was added to the benzoic acid to form an aqueous
layer H2O and an organic layer (sodium benzoate salt). Where the
solubility of sodium benzoate is good in water.
-NaOH + C6H5COOH → H2O + Na(C6H5COO).
• Why are there two layers ?
Due to the different solubility of each layer, two layers are formed,
the heaviest at the bottom and the lighter at the top of the funnel.
• Why is the separating funnel lid open?
Pressure builds up during mixing if a reaction occurs with a gas or a
physical change occurs. This problem can easily be addressed simply
by opening the cap on top of the funnel because it is mixed.
• Acid does not dissolve in water while its salt dissolves?
The main reason for its weak solubility in cold water is the polar
carboxyl group present in it, and the largest part of the benzoic acid
molecule is in the non-polar form, meaning that there is only the
carboxylic group that is polar in it. While salt dissolves because it is
an ionic component, that is, it contains molecules that carry an
electrical charge called ions. When ionic compounds dissolve in
water, the ions separate to be surrounded by water molecules, a
process called "dissolution".
• Why was chloroform used as a solvent for benzoic acid?
The use of chloroform as a solvent is common in the laboratory
because it is relatively unreactive, immiscible with most organic
liquids, and is suitably volatile. Chloroform is used as a solvent in the
pharmaceutical industry, dyes and pesticides production.
Chloroform is an effective solvent for base-form alkaloids, and
therefore plant material is usually extracted with chloroform for
pharmaceutical treatment. Where chloroform was used as a solvent
for benzoic acid in the extraction experiment, to hide the substance
(benzoic acid), when it was added to it in a conical flask, by shaking
the conical flask several times to make the substance disappear and
gradually dissolve.

●References:–
(1) Book of Modern Methods of Chemical Analysis - Biscuit and
Karner Translator Chapter Three / Extraction

(2) Book of Basic Concepts in Conventional and Instrumental

Analysis Chapter (14): Methods of Chemical Separation

(3) A book of experiments in automated analysis, chapter two /

methods of chemical separation - extraction

(4) Chemical separation methods Solvent extraction

(5) J. M. Sànchez, M. Hidalgo, M. Valiente and V. Salvadò, Solvent

Extraction and Ion Exchange, 1999.

(6) Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook 2nd Edition by Pradyot

Patnaik / Chapter Two: preliminary separation methods

(7) Muhammad Subaie Murad, Organic Chemistry, Al-Baath

University 5991.