Anglais Technique

Compiled by R.Ennaciri
Table of content

Part One: Texts.....................................................................................................................................2

Types of Business................................................................................................................................2
The Company is sinking.....................................................................................................................4
Shares and Debentures.......................................................................................................................6
The Stock Exchange.............................................................................................................................8
Making Decisions................................................................................................................................9
Test: 1..................................................................................................................................................11
Text: 2..................................................................................................................................................12
Text: 3..................................................................................................................................................14
Text: 4..................................................................................................................................................16
Part Two: Grammar..........................................................................................................................17
I. Simple present............................................................................................................................17
II. Present continuous....................................................................................................................18
III. Simple Past.................................................................................................................................19
IV. Past continuous..........................................................................................................................20
V. Present perfect............................................................................................................................21
VI. Present perfect continuous.......................................................................................................22
VII. Past perfect.................................................................................................................................24
VIII.Simple future..............................................................................................................................26
IX. Passive voice..............................................................................................................................27
X. Reported speech.........................................................................................................................29
XI. Conditional.................................................................................................................................32
XII. Conjunctions..............................................................................................................................34

1. Not only … But also....................................................................................................34

2. Although / though / even though / In spite of / despite........................................34
3. Both… and; either … nor; neither… nor..................................................................35
4. Purpose.........................................................................................................................36
5. Result............................................................................................................................37
6. If and Unless................................................................................................................37
XIII.Paragraphs..................................................................................................................................39
XIV.List of irregular verbs................................................................................................................42

Page | 1
 Part One: Texts
Types of Business

A partnership consists of at least two individuals. The abbreviation “& co.”

follows the name of the company. If it belongs to a family, the words “& Sons” or
“Bros” (brothers) are added.

If a company has unlimited liability its owners’ property (assets) may be

confiscated in case they fail to pay a debt. If it has a limited liability, the individuals
who own the company (the shareholders) are only responsible for the capital they
have contributed. Each one has a number of shares depending on the amount of
money he has invested. In case of bankruptcy, shareholders would lose nothing
except their shares. This is known as a limited company. The letters” Ltd” are always
placed after the name of the company.

Shareholders own a company but they don’t manage it. Some of them may not
even know anything about commercial or technical matters. The work is usually
done by a committee of management called the Board of Directors. This group of
people decides what should be done. They develop the company policy. The
shareholders elect a new board each year. In turn, the new board appoints a
chairman, a vice chairman, secretary and a treasurer.

Comprehension

A. Chose the best answer.

1- The abbreviation “& Co.” stands for:
a- A partnership.
b- A limited liability.
c- Two companies.

[Date]

Page | 2
 2- A partnership may be:
a- Limited or unlimited.
b- Only limited.
c- Only unlimited.
3- A limited company’s assets include:
a- What the company produces.
b- Everything that belongs to the company and its owners.
c- The company’s shares, offices and machinery.
4- If a company has an unlimited liability, the guaranty is:
a- The company’s assets.
b- The owners’ personal property.
c- The company’s assets as well as the owner’s property.
B. Answer the following questions.
1- List the advantages of a limited company.
2- Why don’t shareholders usually manage a company?
C. Complete these sentences according to the text.
1- The minimum number of partners in a partnership ………………….
2- In an unlimited business, the personal property of partners is confiscated when
………………………………………………………………………
3- The abbreviation “bros.” stands for ……………………………………

Page | 3
 The Company is sinking

Fashion clothing Plc is in difficulty. Sales are decreasing shareholders are selling
their shares. Afraid of going bankrupt, the board of directors is holding a meeting.
They are considering the necessary measures to take in order to save the company.

The Sales Manager is trying to convince the finance Manager to increase the
company’s spending on advertising. The Finance Manager is objecting as the
company has not got enough money. But the General Manager agrees with the sales
Manager. “We are going to make a good offer to our customers”, he says. “And with
the money we get we can prepare a good advertising campaign”. Meanwhile the
Product Manager is planning a change in product range and packaging. He thinks
most products are old-fashioned and less competitive.

Comprehension

A-Choose the best answer.

1-The company is going bankrupt:
a-The company is getting healthier.
b-It has a lot of customers but it has no money.
c-It is recovering from a difficult situation.
d-It has no more money to pay its creditors.
2-The Finance Manager objects:
a-He accepts the idea.²
b-He thinks advertising is not a good idea.
c-He does not like advertising.
3-A change in product range:
a-A change in all production.
b-A development in an article.
c-A change in a series of the same product.
4-Most products are old-fashioned:
a-They are behind the times.

Page | 4
 b-They are up- to- date.
c-They are unnecessary.
B- Are these statements true or false?
1-The Sales Manager thinks advertising is necessary if they want to increase sales.
2-Shareholders are selling their shares because profit is decreasing.
3-The Finance Manager disagrees because he thinks advertising is a waste of
money.
C- Answer these questions.
1-What sort of company is Fashion clothing?
2- Is it a successful company? Why?
3- Why is the board holding a meeting?
4- Why doesn’t the Finance Manager agree with the Sales Manager?
5- Is the General Manager optimistic or pessimistic? Why?
6- What is the Product Manager planning?
7-What are the advantages of an advertising campaign?

Page | 5
 Shares and Debentures

Last Sunday Jane, a student in a business college, was doing her homework on
shares and debentures. She found it difficult to answer some of the questions.
Fortunately, her trouble was over when her brother Brian came in. He was in that
same school seven years ago.

Brian: Hi Jane. What’s new?

Jane: Nothing special. I’m just having trouble with my homework.

Brian: Would you like me to help you?

Jane: Yes please, first of all what does a company’s capital consist of?
Brian: Shares and debentures.
Jane: Can you tell me about Shares?
Brian: Well, there are three types of shares. Ordinary shares are those whose
dividends depend on how much profit the company made. Ordinary
shareholders run the risk of receiving no return at all.
Jane: Who determines the rate of interest?
Brian: The board of directors does. But remember, when business is healthy
dividends rise. When it fails, ordinary shareholders may receive little or
nothing.
Jane: That’s right. What’s the second type?
Brian: Oh! Yes. They are preference shares. People may want to minimize their risk.
So, they buy these shares. But they are paid a limited rate of interest.
Preference shareholders and Ordinary shareholders have no guarantee,
they will receive any dividends. But preference shareholders are the first to
go into profit if there is any. In case a company is failing, preference shares
are paid and ordinary ones are by -passed.
Jane: Do you mean that the greater the profit, the more risk you run?

Page | 6
Brian: That’s right. In fact, the debenture holder -the third type- takes the least risk.
Debentures are money you lend to a company at a fixed rate of interest and
for a long term. Just remember this, both ordinary shareholders and
preference shareholders are part owners of a business. They have the right to
vote in meetings. On the other hand, debenture holders are simple creditors.

Comprehension

A-Choose the best answer.

1- Her trouble was over:
a- It began
b- It changed
c- It ended
2- Ordinary shares are by passed:
a- They are paid too little
b- They are reduced
c- They are ignored
3- Dividends:
a- Money a shareholder receives as a part of the profit
b- Money he receives for the sales of shares
c- Money he receives when he buys shares
B- Are these statements true or false?
a- Jane was lucky as her brother knows about business
b- Jane offered to help Brian
c- In case a company is not successful ordinary shares make a substantial
profit
d- Preference dividends are lower than ordinary ones because they present
more risk
e- Debenture holders are not only part-owners of a company, but creditors as
well.
C- Answer the following questions.
a- What was Jane’s homework about?
b- Where did Brian study business?
c- How long ago did he study there?
d- What happens to ordinary shares when business is healthy?
e- Why don’t debenture holders control a company?

Page | 7
 f- What do the underlined words refer to?
1- They are preference shares
2- Ordinary ones are by passed

The Stock Exchange

As the number of firms increased, shareholders increased and so did the

necessity for buying or selling shares. Then brokers began to make a living out of
bringing a buyer and a seller together. For such a service, they get a commission.

At first, these brokers did not have an office. But as activity went on growing,
they found it interesting to fix a place where shares can be traded. This office was
called stock exchange.

The first organization of this kind was the New York stock exchange. Other
stock exchanges include the American stock exchange in New York City, and the
Midwest stock exchange in Chicago.

Stockbrokers work in a commission house. On the trading floor of the exchange,

a broker receives orders for selling or buying shares.

Many people take risks at the stock market. They are called speculators, and are
identified by two funny names. Speculators who expect that the price of a share will
drop are called Bears. Bulls are those who buy shares in expectation of a price rise.

Comprehension

A- Answer the following questions.

1- What is the stock exchange?
2- How did stock exchange develop?
3- What is the oldest stock exchange?

Page | 8
 4- What is the function of a broker?
5- You are a speculator. You are selling most of your shares because you don’t
want to lose anymore. Are you a bull or a bear?
B- Complete the following sentences.
1- A broker’s job is to……………………………………………
2- A bull buys shares when…………………………………

Making Decisions

During the annual general meeting the management of equip electronics

discussed the company’s progress. They evaluated their plans and their strategies to
see if objectives were attained. Here are some of the manager’s reports

Personnel Manager
As far as my department is concerned, we have recently employed three
members of staff. We have dismissed a foreman for the lack of punctuality. Most
workers have become satisfied after the last increase in wages. As a result,
absenteeism has sharply decreased.

Production manager
I agree with Mr. Smith. Employees’ satisfaction and the growing demand for
our products have both contributed to an increase of 15% in production.

Sales Manager
Personally, I believe a 15% increase is not enough. We should consider other
means of increasing production much more. Ten department stores round the
country have placed orders with a total sum of 150.000.000 pounds. So, I don’t think
we can meet their demand with such a low production.

General Manager
Gentlemen, I really appreciate your contributions, but could I ask you to take a
final decision now? Perhaps we could hear your suggestion Mr. Hiram?

Page | 9
Finance Manager
Well, I think we can borrow money to buy new machinery. Production will
double then, and we may even seek other markets.

Comprehension

A-Choose the best alternative.

1- Evaluate their plans:
a- Decide how much profit they have made.
b- Decide how much loss they have made.
c- Find out what worked and what didn’t work in their planning.
2- Attain objectives:
a- Find objectives.
b- Realize objectives.
c- Go beyond objectives.
3- Dismissed:
a- Allowed to go.
b- Recruited.
c- Sent away.
4- Foreman:
a- A representative with a good experience.
b- An experienced worker who directs a group of workers.
c- An inexperienced worker who evaluates production.
5- For the lack of punctuality:
a- Because the foreman is always absent.
b- Because he does not control the other workers.
c- Because he does not come in time.
6- Wages:
a- Payment for work.
b- Help by a company.
c- What you pay each month.
7- Increase:
a- Become acceptable.
b- Become strong.
c- Become unimportant.
B- Say if the following statements are true or false.

Page | 10
 1- The general meeting is held once a year.
2- The finance manager believes that if the bank lends them money, they can
increase production.
3- According to the production manager, production has increased as a result of
workers’ satisfaction.
C- Answer the following questions.
1- What does Mr. Smith do?
2- Production has increased by 15%. Is it a very good result? Why?
3- Why has absenteeism decreased?

Test: 1

We now take photography very much for granted. We can hardly imagine
newspapers, magazines and books without photographs. Scientists, doctors and
policemen and many other people use photography daily in their work. And of
course, we all love to take photos of family, friends and places we have visited.
Yet photography is less than two hundred years old. The first photograph was
taken in 1926 by a Frenchman, Joseph Niepce. It was of a view from his window. The
photograph was on a metal plate, and the exposure took eight hours. For the next
forty years or so, though there were many developments in photography, cameras
remained heavy and expensive. Photographs were made on large glass plates.
Exposures were at least one or two seconds. Tripods were essential. The
photographer also need knowledge and equipment to process his work.
Nowadays, nearly everyone can afford at least a simple camera. We can make
personal records of family life and social occasions. For the first time in history,
ordinary people can see what their grandparents and great grandparents looked like.
At first, many painters feared that the birth of photography meant the death of
painting. In fact, photography has stimulated the growth of painting over the last
two centuries. Because photography is so efficient at accurately recording what
people and places look like, artists have felt free to paint in more imaginative ways.
They now often make colourful patterns, perhaps getting their ideas from what they
see, but not trying to record it « photographically ».

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions .

Page | 11
 1. Give a title to the text.
2. Is photography now part of our everyday life?
3. When was the first picture taken?
4. Why did the painters fear the birth of photography?
B. Are these sentences true or false? justify your answers.
1. Scientists, doctors and policemen rarely use photography.
2. Photography was invented over 300 years ago.
C. Find in the text the synonyms of the following words.

Necessary : …………….
Actually : ………………
D.Find in the text the opposite of the following sentences.

New ≠ ……………….
Cheap ≠ ……………….

Text: 3

Reading is a plus for the student as well as for the old people. The government
has given its population newspapers, magazines, books; so as to possess educated
intelligent inhabitants for the welfare of the country. Hence, the importance of
reading has increased and now in fact, for everybody, at every stage of life the skill of
reading is a must.

Continuous reading will give a child of five or six years old more creativeness
and imagination. This aspect of reading is mostly exploited by storytellers; artists
such as painters, actors, poets, designers whether in architecture or in fashion.
Therefore, reading also plays a part in the determination of a person’s career.

Reading is especially essential for students. Through reading, pupil improve

their vocabulary and upgrade their way of making things as well as their style of
writing. The teenagers learn all the time by reading new, interesting books which for
example give them several good ideas for any type of essays. Reading indeed is a
helping hand in education mainly in English.

Nowadays, the adults do not have time to spare; all the time go in working,
doing household tasks and looking after children. They are so busy that they do not
watch the news on TV. As a result, they tend to forget the outside world, the society

Page | 12
and enclose themselves in their homes. Since they are not aware of what is
happening around, they end up alone. Reading can help them overcome this
ignorance. For instance, during breakfast or in the bus one can take a newspaper and
at the same time, eat. In this way, time is not wasted.

Last but not least, reading is also a form of relaxation. This is why reading is a
world-wide pastime. When it is raining and the children cannot play outdoors, many
prefer reading to playing computer games because the latter cause headache quickly
and nothing good is acquired.

Comprehension
A. Answer the following questions from the text.
1. Why does the government provide newspapers, magazines and books to its
population?
2. How is reading essential to students?
3. Why do adults end up alone?
B. Are these statements true or false? Justify.
1. Through reading a child will be creative.
2. Adults have a lot of time for reading.

C. Give synonyms of the following words from the text.

Wellbeing: ………….
Young people: ………….
D.Give the opposite of the following words from the text.

Less≠ ………….
lazy≠ ………………

Page | 13
Text: 4

GPS stands for Global Positioning System, it is now being used for many
purposes and it has also proved to be a revolutionary technology in today’s world.

GPS is a space-based satellite navigation system that offers location. It is

widely in use today for navigation, map making, land surveying, fishing, treks, and
many scientific applications and time information in all- weather and also offers
critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. This
project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation
systems. GPS receivers can be incorporated into cars, boats, computers, mobile
phones, watches and more. You will never get lost driving with this type of GPS
since it gives turn-by-turn directions, including speed and estimation time of arrival.
Some GPS are optional when you purchase the vehicle whereas others are
aftermarket purchases. Most of them are preloaded with maps. These letters provide
information such as airports, police departments, hospitals, places of interest and gas
stations.

Page | 14
 The GPS is extremely easy to navigate as it tells you the direction for each turns
you take or you have to take to reach your destination, besides you need not worry
of the climate changes as in other navigation systems. Finally, one of the most
advantages of the GPS is that you can be found easily if in danger or accident. If your
vehicle is ever stolen, the GPS systems will track the vehicle and the authorities will
be able to get it back in no time. The GPS systems are used to detect structural
problems in buildings and roads and to predict disasters like earthquakes and so on.
The scientific applications of a GPS system are many. A GPS system can be used to
locate a lost child, pet or family. The application that made most people aware of
GPS is “in car navigation systems”, combining a map and GPS location with a
display, and now similar systems with cell phones and other devices.

Comprehension
A. Answer the following questions from the text.
1. What does GPS stand for?
2. How is GPs defined in the text?
3. What is the most important advantage of the GPS?
B. Say if these statements are true or false? Justify.
1. Once you are lost or have an accident you will not be found by GPS.
2. GPS is only used for military purposes.

C. Find in the text synonyms to:

Provide: ………….
Kind: ……………
D.Find in the text the opposite to:

Sell≠ ………….
difficult≠ ………………….

Page | 15
Text: 6

It seems that vocational training plays a major role in the development of a

country in the sense that it contributes considerably in the reduction of
unemployment and thus giving a boost to the economy.
Actually, it is almost impossible for a vocational training centre laureate to be
jobless unless he is willing to look for a job compared with his university counterpart
who, despite holding highly valuable degree, very often finds it quite hard to get
access to the job market.
It is also worth stressing the importance of the training period that the trainee
spends in a company as an apprentice. This is the start of a career that enables him or
her to be introduced to the working world and build a bridge with the academic one

Page | 16
 which is mainly theoretical. In that stage, the trainee acquires practical experience
and develops his personal aptitudes.
Furthermore, the training centre laureates are now able to join any university of
their choice to further their studies with the advantage of having already benefited
from professional experience during their formation in the training centre. And this
of course will give them more chance to find a job after their graduation than the
university laureates who didn’t happen to go through a training centre before.
In that respect, the vocational training is playing a crucial role in absorbing
unemployment and promoting the economy of the countries. For this reason, huge
sums of money are being invested in this sector along with the exchange of
experience in this field at the international level with the aim of developing it even
more in line with the needs of the job market.

Comprehension
A. Answer the following questions based on the text.
1. Give a title to the text.
2. What do you think of this article? Justify your opinion.
3. What do the nations do to improve the quality of vocational training?
4. Is there any difference between a vocational training laureates and his
university counterpart? Explain.
B. Are these statements true or false? Justify.
1. The university laureates and the training centres have equal chances to
access to the job market.
2. There is a correlation between the job market and the economy of a country.
C. Find in the text synonyms of the following words:

Talent: ……….
In fact: ….
D.Find in the text the opposite of the following words:

Unimportant ≠ ……….
Increase ≠ ………….

Part Two: Grammar

I. Simple present

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I look I don’t look Do I look?
You look You don’t look Do you look?

Page | 17
 He looks He doesn’t look Does he look?
She looks She doesn’t look Does she look?
It looks It doesn’t look Does it look?
We look We don’t look Do we look?
You look You don’t look Do you look?
They look They don’t look Do they look?

Signal words: (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, normally,

generally, occasionally, on Sundays, at weekends….)
Use:
1- We use the simple present to express habitual actions.
 I always play Football.
 He goes to visit his parents on Sundays
 Sara plays tennis every week.
2- We use the simple present to talk about facts.
 The Earth turns around Sun.
 Air consists of Oxygen and Nitrogen.
 Policemen keep the peace.
 In Europe, the weather is cold in winter

II. Present continuous

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I am looking I am not looking Am I looking?
You are looking You are not looking Are you looking?
He is looking He is not looking Is he looking?
She is looking She is not looking Is she looking?

Page | 18
 It is looking It is not looking Is it looking?
We are looking We are not looking Are we looking?
You are looking You are not looking Are you looking?
They are looking They are not looking Are they looking?

Signal words: (now, just now, right now, at present, this week, this month, still, at
the moment, look! Listen! …)

Use:
The present continuous is used to talk about actions happening at the time of
speaking.
 It is raining now.
 I am reading an interesting book at the moment.
 Look! Jimmy is climbing over the wall.

Exercise: Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present
progressive).
1- Look! He (leave) ……..the house.
2- She usually (walk)……. to school.
3- But look! Today she (go)……. by bike.
4- Every Sunday we (go) .…… to see my grandparents.
5- He often (go) …… to the cinema.
6- The child seldom (cry) ………
7- I (not / do) ………….. anything at the moment.
8- Peter (watch) ……….. the news regularly.
9- Every Monday, Sally (drive) ………. her kids to football practice.
10- I usually (work) as a Waiter, but this summer I (study) ……… French at a
language school in Paris.

III. Simple Past

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I looked I did not look Did I look?
You looked You did not look Did you look?
He looked He did not look Did he look?

Page | 19
 She looked She did not look Did she look?
It looked It did not look Did it look?
We looked We did not look Did we look?
You looked You did not look Did you look?
They looked They did not look Did they look?

Signal words: (yesterday, ago, an hour ago, in 1990, last week, last month, the other
day, Conditional type 2…)
Use:
The simple past is used to talk about finished actions in a finished period of time.
 Yesterday evening I played tennis with a friend.
 I started taking tennis lessons last year.
 I saw Ahmed in town a few weeks ago.

Exercise: Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form.
(Buy, catch, cost, fall, hurt, book, spend, take, throw, write.)
1- Mozart……………. more than 600 pieces of music.
2- We ……… two rooms.
3- Dave …………down the stairs this morning and ……. his leg.
4- He …………. his children from school.
5- Jim………. the ball to Kate, who ……………it.
6- Ann ……………. a lot of money yesterday. She ………. a dress which …….600
DH.

IV. Past continuous

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I was looking I was not looking Was I looking?
You were looking You were not looking Were you looking?
He was looking He was not looking Was he looking?

Page | 20
 She was looking She was not looking Was she looking?
It was looking It was not looking Was it looking?
We were looking We were not looking Were we looking?
You were looking You were not looking Were you looking?
They were looking They were not looking Were they looking?

Signal words: (while, when, as ...)

Use:
We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that
something happened in the middle of something else.
 Matt phoned me while we were having dinner.
 When Karen arrived, we were having Lunch.
 As I was working in the Garden, I hurt my back.

Exercise: Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or simple past.
1- He (sit) …… in a café when I (see) ……. him.
2- When I (go) ……. out the sun (shine) ……….
3- When the war (begin) …………. we (live) ………. in London.
4- The light (go out) ………. while I (have) ………… tea.
5- My friends (sing) ……… when I (come) ………… into the room.
6- While you (play) ……… the piano I (write) ………. a letter.
7- when his wife (arrive) ……… Charlie (watch) ………... television.
8- Amanda (meet) ………peter while she (walk) ………. Through the park.

V. Present perfect

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I have looked I have not looked Have I looked
You have looked You have not looked Have you looked
He has looked He has not looked Has he looked

Page | 21
 She has looked She has not looked Has she looked
It has looked It has not looked Has it looked
We have looked We have not looked Have we looked
You have looked You have not looked Have you looked
They have looked They have not looked Have they looked

Signal words: (Already, yet, just, ever, never, many times, recently, so far, up to
now, , the first …)
Use:
The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that happened in the past, but
the exact time it happened is not important.
 “Are you hungry?” no ‘I have just had lunch’.
 “Don’t forget to mail the letter?” ‘I have already mailed it’.
 Have you ever eaten caviar? No, I have never eaten it.
 I have seen James recently.
 Everything is going well. We haven’t had any problem so far.
 I haven’t finished yet.

Exercise: Use the verb in the brackets to form the sentences.

1- Would you like something to eat? No thanks I ……………. (just / eat) lunch.
2- What time is David leaving? He.................... (already / leave).
3- What is in the Newspaper today? I don’t know, I………. (not / read /) it yet.
4- Is sally going to the cinema with us? No, she ……………… (already / see / the /
film).
5-Are your friends here yet? Yes, they…………………… (just / arrive).

VI. Present perfect continuous

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

Page | 22
 I have been looking I have not been looking Have I been looking?
You have been looking You have not been looking Have you been looking?
He has been looking He has not been looking Has he been looking?
She has been looking She has not been looking Has she been looking?
It has been looking It has not been looking Has it been looking?
We have been looking We have not been looking Have we been looking?
You have been looking You have not been looking Have you been looking?
They have been looking They have not been looking Have they been looking?

Signal words: How long? All (day, night, week…), for 4 years, since 1993, the whole
(week, month, year …)
Use:
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity which began in the past and
has continued to the present.
It began raining two hours ago, and it is still raining, so it has been raining for two
hours.
 How long have you been watching TV, I have been watching TV since 8: 30.
 She has been waiting for the bus since 6: 00.
 She has been studying at the institution for two years.

Exercises:
A- Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect
Progressive)
1- I (play) …………… football for five years.
2- My team (win) ………… two matches so far.
3- Are we not there yet? We (walk) ……………. for hours.
4- I (just/finish/) …………………. my homework.
5- I (work) ………………. on this essay since two o'clock.
6- How long (wait / you) …………………. for us?

B- Supply the most suitable tense (Present, past, or present perfect).

1- She (go) ………. away every weekend.
2- He (go) …………. abroad last week.
3- No, he isn’t here. He (just /go) ………………. out.
4- This boy never (see) ……………… the sea.

Page | 23
5- When I (see) …………… you yesterday, you (sit) …………. outside a café.
6- Agatha (write) ……………. a letter now.

Page | 24
VII. Past perfect

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I had looked I had not looked Had I looked?
You had looked You had not looked Had you looked?
He had looked He had not looked Had he looked?
She had looked She had not looked Had she looked?
It had looked It had not looked Had it looked?
We had looked We had not looked Had we looked?
You had looked You had not looked Had you looked?
They had looked They had not looked Had they looked?

Signal words: (already, just, never…. when, as soon as, as, the moment, before,
after…)
Use:
We use the past perfect to talk about two actions in the past, one preceded the
other.
 Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too, but they didn’t see
each other. Paul left the party at 10:30; whereas, Sarah came at 11o’clock.,.So :
When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had gone home.
 When we got home last night, we found that someone had broken into the flat.
 As soon as I got to the station, the train had gone.
 He got an answer, after he had sent a complaint.

Exercises:
A-Complete the sentences using present perfect or past perfect.
1- Who is that man? I ………………. (never /see) him before.
2- I didn’t know who he was, I…………. (never /see) him before.
3- We aren’t hungry. We …………. . (just / eat) lunch.
4- We weren’t hungry. ………………We (just /eat) lunch.
B- Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple).

1-Jimmy (tell) …………. us about the film that he (see) ………….

2-We (find) …………. the mobile phone that Marlin (lose) ………….
3-He (sing) ……………. a song that I (hear / never) ………………. before.
4-Cathrine (open) the window that I (close / just) …………….
Page | 25
5-When James (try) ……… to ring us, we (leave / already) ………. the house.
6-The children (clean) …………… the board they had used to do the grammar
exercises.

Page | 26
VIII. Simple future

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I shall/ will look I shall/ will not look Shall I look?
You will look You will not look Will you look?
He will look He will not look Will he look?
She will look She will not look Will she look?
It will look It will not look Will it look?
We shall/ will look We shall not look Shall we look?
You will look You will not look Will you look?
They will look They will not look Will they look?

Signal words: (, Soon, in the next few days, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow  next
week, next month in the future….)
Use:
 We use the simple future for instant decisions
I have left the door open; I’ll close it.
 We use the simple future, when we predict a future situation
She will pass the exam. She is hardworking.
 We use the simple future with: I think…, I expect…., I’m sure…., I wonder …,
probably.
I think it will rain tomorrow

Put the verbs in simple future tense.

1. We (travel)……………. next month.
2. I (get) ………... you a drink.
3. I think our team (win) ……….… the match.
4. Maybe she (do) ………….… a language course in Malta
5. Perhaps she (do) …………… a language course in Malta.
6. She hopes that he (cook) ……………… dinner tonight
7. I’m sure they (understand) ………………. your problem
8. They (go / probably) …………………….. to the party

Page | 27
IX. Passive voice
Use:
When you want to place more focus on the action rather than on who is doing the
action E.g. (our house is being painted again).
Active: We keep the butter here.
Passive: The butter is kept here.
Active: They broke the window.
Passive: The window was broken.

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Simple Active : Ahmed writes a letter
Present Passive : A letter is written by Ahmed
Present Active : Ahmed is writting a letter
Continuous Passive : A letter is being written by Ahmed
Simple Past Active : Ahmed wrote a letter
Passive : A letter was written by Ahmed
Past Active : Ahmed was writing a letter
Continuous Passive : A letter was being written by Ahmed
Present Active : Ahmed has written a letter
Perfect Passive : A letter has been written by Ahmed
Past Perfect Active : Ahmed had written a letter
Passive : A letter had been written by ahmed
Future Active : Ahmed will write a letter
Passive : A letter will be written by Ahmed
Conditional Active : Ahmed Would write a letter
Passive : A letter would be written by Ahmed
Modal verbs Active : Ahmed can write a letter
Passive : A letter can be written by ahmed

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Page | 28
 Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active : Ahmed wrote a letter to me
Passive : A letter was written to me by ahmed
Passive : I was written A letter By ahmed

Exercise:
1. They stole the painting.
2. They are repairing the road.
3. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
4. They may ban the film.
5. The boy writes poems
6. The girl drove the blue car.
7. Ann opened the window.
8. She would carry the box.
9. You should open the window.
10. We might play cards.
11. He couldn’t read the sentence.
12. Her friend gave her a book
A book………………………………
She…………………………………
13. They offered William a promotion.
A promotion…………………….
William…………………………
14. They offered him a job
A job……………………………
He……………………………….
15. The man showed us the house
The house……………………….
We…………………………….

Page | 29
X. Reported speech

There are two ways in relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.
 In direct speech, we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
 In Indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without
necessarily using the speaker’s exact words:
He said that he had lost his umbrella.

Direct speech Reported speech

Present simple Past simple

He said: “I’m happy.” He said that he was happy.
Present continuous Past continuous
She said: “I’m coming.” She said that she was coming.

Past simple Past perfect

He said: “Jack broke his leg yesterday.” He said that Jack had broken his leg the
day before.
Present perfect Past perfect
he said: “I have bought a car.” He said that he had bought a car.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

He said: “I was playing football. “ He said that he had been playing football.

Future Conditional
He said: “I will open the door.” He told me that he would open the door.

Can Could
May Might
must Had to
shall Should

Page | 30
have to Had to

1. Reporting Questions

 With question word (what, why, where…)

Direct speech Reported speech
He said, “Where is she going?” He asked where she was going.

He said, “Where is the station?” He asked where the station was.

 Without question word (yes or no question)

Direct speech Reported speech
He said, “Do you speak English?” He asked me if I spoke English.

He said, ““Is anyone there?” He asked me asked if anyone was there.

.

2. Reporting requests/ commands

Direct speech Reported speech
“Nancy, do your exercise.” He told Nancy to do her exercise.

“Nancy, give me your pen, please.” He asked Nancy to give him her pen

“Don’t be lazy.” She asked me not to be lazy.

 Time and place words changes when reporting statements or questions: Here are
some changes that may have to be made:

Demonstratives Time expressions

Direct Speech Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech
this that tonight that night
these those tomorrow the next day
Place the next day the following day
here there last week the week before
now then

Page | 31
 today That day
Yesterday the day before

Exercise:
1. John said” I love this town.”
John said………………………………….
2. “I am waiting for Ann,” He said
He said that……………………………
3. “I have been waiting for 3 hours.” He said.
He said that……………………………
4. “I took the book home with me yesterday,” He said.
He said that……………………………
5. “Ann will be in Paris next week.” She said.
She said that……………………………
6. “I have had three cars.” Jack said.
Jack said that………………………….
7. “I can’t swim here.” She said.
She said that………………………….
8. “Which book are you reading now?” she asked.
She asked me……………………………………………
9. “Where were you last night? He said
He asked me…………………………………………
10. “Did you like soccer?” he asked me.
He asked me ………………………….
11. “Be nice to your mother”. He said.
He asked me ………………………….
12. Don’t touch it. She said
She ordered me
13. Don’t do that again. She told me
She told me.
14. Stop talking. He said
He ordered me…………………….

Page | 32
XI. Conditional
Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. In the
sentence
If it rains I shall stay at home
‘If it rains’ is the if- clause, and ‘I shall stay at home’ is the main clause.
1-Conditional sentences type 1: probable
The verb in the if- clause is in the present tense; the verb in main clause is in the
future tense. It doesn’t matter which comes first.
 If he runs, he will get there in time.
 The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.
 If I have money, I will travel abroad.
1- Conditional sentence type 2: unreal
The verb in the if- clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main clause is in the
conditional tense.
 If I had a map, I would lend it to you.
 If someone tried to blackmail me, I would tell the police.
 If I were you, I would plant some trees round the house.
2- Conditional sentence type 3: impossible
The verb in the if-clause is in the past perfect tense; the verb in the main clause is in
the perfect conditional. The time is the past and condition cannot be fulfilled because
the action in the if-clause didn’t happen.
 If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
 If you had obeyed orders, this disaster would not have happened.
 If I had prepared well, I would have succeeded the exam.

Exercise:
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
1- If I see him I (give) …………. him a gift.
2- The table will collapse if you (stand) ………… on it.
3- If you eat all that you (be) …………… ill.

Page | 33
4- If I find your passport I (telephone) ……………. you at once.
5- Someone (steal) ………. your car if you leave it unlocked.
6- If you mow the grass I (give) ………………… you 50p.
7- If I had a typewriter I (type) ……………. it myself.
8- If I knew his address I (give) …………….it to you.
9- He (look) ……………. a lot better if he shaved more often.
10- If you played for lower stakes you (not loose) …………. so much.
11- I shouldn’t drink that wine if I (be) ………………… you.
12- If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) ……………. you.
13- If the captain had been more careful, his ship (not be) ……………. sunk.
14- If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) ……………. down wrong
street.
15- If you (not sneeze) ……………. he wouldn’t have known that we were there.

Page | 34
XII. Conjunctions
1. Not only … But also
When you use not only --- but also in a sentence, you have to ensure that not only
and but also go immediately before the words or expressions that they modify.
 She is not only intelligent but also beautiful.
When using a correlative conjunction, both clauses have to be parallel. That means
you have to use them before two nouns, two adjectives, two verbs etc. Study the
following examples.
 They need not only food but also shelter. (Here we use nouns (food and shelter)
after not only and but also.)
 She is not only rich but also generous. (Here we use adjectives (rich and generous)
after not only and but also.)
 My uncle not only brought me to the city but also found a good job for me. (Here
we use verb phrases after not only and but also.)
.
Exercise: Joins the sentences using not only … but also.
1. There are problems with the children. There are problems with their parents.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. He can make people laugh. He can make people cry.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. I sent him many letters. I also tried to telephone him.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. We visit our grandfather’s house in summer. We visit our grandfather’s house in
winter.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. She can dance. She can sing.
………………………………………………..
6. They need food. They need medicine.

Page | 35
……………………………………………………………

2. Although / though / even though / In spite of / despite

After although we use a subject + a verb:
 Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
 I didn’t get the job although I had the necessary qualifications.

After in spite of or despite, we use a noun or ing:

 In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

 I didn’t get the job in spite of having the necessary qualifications.

You can also say in spite of the fact that…. And despite the fact that…….
I didn’t get the job in spite of the fact that I had the necessary qualification.

Exercise: Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your
sentences.
1. I couldn’t sleep. I was very tired. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………
2. They have very little money. They are happy. (in spite of)
………………………………………………………………………………..........
3. My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although)
…………………………………………………………........................................................
4. He worked very hard. He didn’t manage to pass the exam. (in spite of)
……………………………………………………………………………
5. The holiday was great. The hotel wasn’t very nice. (although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I got very wet in the rain. I was only out for five minutes. (even though)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Both… and; either … nor; neither… nor
Both….and
 He is both rich and helpful
 Both James and Shania sing together
Either…. or
 I will either buy a shirt or a T-shirt

Page | 36
  He is either English or Scottish.
Neither…. nor
 Neither James nor Peter lives in Morocco.
 She neither speaks nor reads Italian
Exercises:
A- Join the following statement with both…and…
1. John is going to the movies. Mary is going to the movies.
2. Your brother is living in London. Your sister is living in London.
3. She can sing. she can dance
4. I am going to visit los Angeles on my trip. I am going to visit san Francisco
on my trip
5. Wheat is grown in Kansas. Corn is grown in Kansas
6. He buys used cars. He sells used cars.

B- Join the following statement with neither… nor.

1. John will not be here. Mary will not be here.
2. She does not drink. She does not smoke.
3. He does not eat breakfast. He does not eat lunch.
4. He does not like coffee. He does not like tea.
5. Chapter one is not hard. Chapter two is not hard.
6. Her husband does not speak English. Her children do not speak English.

C- Join the following statement with either…or.

1. I will ask John, or I will ask Mary
2. John has your book, or Mary has your book
3. We will go to New Orleans for our vacation, or We will go to Miami 
4. Your sister will meet you at the airport, or your brother will meet you at the
airport 
5. You are going to give your friend a book for her birthday, or you are going
to give your friend a pen
6. we can go swimming, or we can play tennis
4. Purpose
In order to / so as to/ to + (infinitive)
So that / In order that + (subject + modal verb + infinitive)
 The board is holding a meeting so as to discuss the company policy.

Page | 37
  I left early so that I would meet my friend in the café.

Exercise:
A. Join the sentences using the given conjunctions.
1. I took a taxi. I want to arrive on time. (so that)
2. I’ll go by car. I can take more luggage. (So that)
3. I went to the post office. I wanted to buy some stumps. (to)
4. He left the work early. He wanted to be at home with children. (so as to)
5. Ali went to the library. He wanted to study grammar. (so as to)
6. Ahmed turned off the lights. He wanted to save energy. (so that)
5. Result
So + (adjective/adverb) ……. That (subject + verb)
Such + (adjective + noun) ……. That
 The finance Manager looked so sad that we felt sorry for him.
 It was such a frightening experience that we couldn’t sleep.

Exercise: link the pair of sentences to express cause and effect with such …. That or
so … that.
1. The meeting was interesting. Nobody wanted to miss it.
2. The company had a bleak future. Many employees were afraid of insolvency.
3. The team in charge of the feasibility study worked carefully. It took them a
long time to make a decision.
4. The rival company seemed profitable. We opted for a merger.
5. We worked late last night. We couldn’t get up early this morning.
6. Mr. Johnson had wonderful memories of the trade fair. He decided to return.
7. The storm was terrible. The roofs were ripped off.
8. He was handsome man. She fell in love immediately.

6. If and Unless
If: means on (the) condition that
If I am free this evening, I will watch the match.
Unless: means except if, e.g.
You will feel cold unless you wear a warm jacket.

If and unless in conditional sentences

Page | 38
 • If we don't hurry, we will be late for the show.
• Unless we hurry, we will be late for the show.
.
Exercises:
A. Rewrite the following sentences using 'unless' in place of 'If....not'
1. If the cart is not ready, we will go on foot.
………………………………………………………………….
2. We will miss the train if we do not start now.
……………………………………………………………………
3. If Ann does not submit the assignment today, she will lose her marks.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. If marketing is not in the hands of farmers' organizations, they will not get a
good realization of their efforts.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. If you do not water the plants, they will not grow.
…………………………………………………………………………..

Page | 39
XIII. Paragraphs

EXAMPLE 1
1
 Because I did not know for many years that I needed eyeglasses, my first few
years in school were *miserable. 2 I could not see the board clearly, so I often copied
homework assignments incorrectly. 3Even worse when tests were written on the
board, I often had low scores. 4Worst of all, some of my teachers thought I was not
very *bright, while others thought I was lazy. 5Now that I have eyeglasses, I am no
longer miserable in school.
*Miserable: very unhappy
*bright: intelligent; smart

OUTLINE OF EXAMPLE 1
Topic idea: not having eyeglasses made my first few years in school miserable.
Supporting idea 1: I often copied homework assignments incorrectly.
Supporting idea 2: I did not do well on tests which were written on the board.
Supporting idea 3: some teacher thought I was either not bright or lazy.
Concluding idea: I now have eyeglasses, so I am no longer miserable in school.

EXAMPLE 2
1
Successful students have learned three important techniques: organizing,
planning, and preparing. 2Organized students have the necessary tools for their
classes. 3They usually carry an assignment notebook and a calendar, a highlighting
marker, folders to keep papers in orders, and a pocket dictionary. 4In addition,
successful students plan their time well. 5They keep lists of assignments and due
dates and allow enough time to do the work. 6Finally, successful students prepare

Page | 40
well for tests. They take good class notes and *anticipate test questions. 7Students
with these techniques are the most *likely to succeed in the classroom.
*anticipate: to consider in advance
*likely: probable

OUTLINE OF EXAMPLE 2
Topic idea: Successful students have learned to organize, plan, and prepare.
Supporting idea1: Successful students are organized.
(Details): They have many tools, such as an assignment notebook and a calendar, a
highlighting marker, folders, and a pocket dictionary.
Supporting idea 2: Successful students plan well.
(Details): They keep lists of assignments and due dates and allow enough time to do
the work.
Supporting idea 3: Successful students prepare well for tests.
(Details): they take good class notes and anticipate test questions.
Concluding idea: Students with these techniques are the most likely to succeed in
the classroom.

Example 3
1
Child psychologists have *pointed out that at age six, children shift their *focus
from family to the outside world. 2They become more independent of their parents
and often become more impatient with them. 3Another indication of this *shift of
focus is that six-year-olds become more concerned with what other children say and
do. 4In addition, children of this age become interested in impersonal subjects such as
arithmetic and engines. 5These changes in behaviour and attitude indicate that six-
year-olds have begun a new phase in the long journey to adulthood.
*point out: to state, to direct attention to
*shift: move, transfer
*focus: center of interest
Topic idea: ………………………………………………………………………
Supporting idea 1: …………………………………………………………
Supporting idea 2: …………………………………………………………
Supporting idea 3: …………………………………………………………
Concluding idea: …………………………………………………………..

Page | 41
EXAMPLE 3
1
Researchers who study dreaming can observe the *frequency and length of
dreams in two ways. 2One way is to measure the brain’s electrical activity. 3This is
done by connection *wires from a recording device, called an EEG, to the sleeper’s
head. 4When the EEG revels a particular pattern of electrical activity, known as brain
waves, researchers know that the sleeper is dreaming. 5Another way to observe
dreaming is to observe the sleeper’s eyes. 6There is active eye movement when a
person dreams. 7This eye movement can be seen through closed eyelids and recorded
onto moving paper tape. 8Scientists have learned a great deal about dreaming by
using these two methods.
*Frequency: the number of times an event occurs.
*Wires; a length of metal drawn out into the form of a thread.

Topic idea: …………………………………………………………………

Supporting idea 1: ……………………………………………………….
(Details)…………………………………………………………………….
Supporting idea 2: ……………………………………………………….
(Details) ……………………………………………………………………
Concluding idea: …………………………………………………………

Page | 42
XIV. List of irregular verbs

to awake awoke awoken (se) réveiller

to bear bore borne supporter
to beat beat beaten battre
to become became become devenir
to begin began begun commencer
to bend bent bent (se) courber
to bet bet bet parier
to bid bid bid offrir (un prix)
to bind bound bound lier, relier
to bite bit bitten mordre
to bleed bled bled saigner
to blow blew blown souffler
to break broke broken casser
to breed bred bred élever (du bétail)
to bring brought brought apporter
to build built built construire
to burn burnt burnt brûler
to burst burst burst éclater
to buy bought bought acheter
to cast cast cast jeter
to catch caught caught attraper
to choose chose chosen choisir
to cling clung clung s'accrocher

Page | 43
to come came come venir
to cost cost cost coûter
to creep crept crept ramper
to cut cut cut couper
to deal dealt dealt distribuer
to dig dug dug creuser
to do did done faire
to draw drew drawn dessiner
to dream dreamt dreamt rêver
to drink drank drunk boire
to drive drove driven conduire
to dwell dwelt dwelt habiter
to eat ate eaten manger
to fall fell fallen tomber
to feed fed fed nourrir
to feel felt felt sentir, éprouver
to fight fought fought combattre
to find found found trouver
to flee fled fled s'enfuir
to fling flung flung jeter violemment
to fly flew flown voler
to forbid forbade forbidden interdire
to forget forgot forgotten oublier
to forgive forgave forgiven pardonner
to freeze froze frozen geler
to get got got obtenir
to give gave given donner
to go went gone aller
to grind ground ground moudre
to grow grew grown grandir
to hang hung hung pendre, accrocher
to have had had avoir
to hear heard heard entendre
to hide hid hidden (se) cacher
to hit hit hit frapper, atteindre
to hold held held tenir
to hurt hurt hurt blesser
to keep kept kept garder
to kneel knelt knelt s'agenouiller

Page | 44
to know knew known savoir, connaître
to lay laid laid poser à plat
to lead led led mener
to lean leant leant s'appuyer
to leap leapt leapt sauter
to learn learnt learnt apprendre
to leave left left laisser, quitter
to lend lent lent prêter
to let let let permettre, louer
to lie lay lain être étendu
to light lit lit allumer
to lose lost lost perdre
to make made made faire, fabriquer
to mean meant meant signifier
to meet met met (se) rencontrer
to pay paid paid payer
to put put put mettre
to quit quit quit cesser (de)
to read read read lire
to rid rid rid débarrasser
to ride rode ridden chevaucher
to ring rang rung sonner
to rise rose risen s'élever, se lever
to run ran run courir
to saw sawed sawn scier
to say said said dire
to see saw seen voir
to seek sought sought chercher
to sell sold sold vendre
to send sent sent envoyer
to set set set fixer
to sew sewed sewn coudre
to shake shook shaken secouer
to shear sheared shorn tondre (des moutons)
to shed shed shed verser (des larmes)
to shine shone shone briller
to shoe shod shod ferrer, chausser
to shoot shot shot tirer
to show showed shown montrer

Page | 45
to shrink shrank shrunk rétrécir
to shut shut shut fermer
to sing sang sung chanter
to sink sank sunk couler
to sit sat sat être assis
to sleep slept slept dormir
to slide slid slid glisser
to sling slung slung lancer (avec force)
to slink slunk slunk aller furtivement
to slit slit slit fendre, inciser
to smell smelt smelt sentir (odorat)
to sow sowed sown semer
to speak spoke spoken parler
to speed sped sped aller à toute vitesse
to spell spelt spelt épeler
to spend spent spent dépenser
to spill spilt spilt renverser (un liquide)
to spit spat spat cracher
to split split split fendre
to spoil spoilt spoilt gâcher, gâter
to spread spread spread répandre
to spring sprang sprung jaillir, bondir
to stand stood stood être debout
to steal stole stolen voler, dérober
to stick stuck stuck coller
to sting stung stung piquer
to stink stank stunk puer
to stride strode stridden marcher à grands pas
to strike struck struck frapper
to string strung strung enfiler, tendre (une corde)
to strive strove striven s'efforcer
to swear swore sworn jurer
to sweep swept swept balayer
to swell swelled swollen enfler
to swim swam swum nager
to swing swung swung se balancer
to take took taken prendre
to teach taught taught enseigner
to tear tore torn déchirer

Page | 46
to tell told told dire, raconter
to think thought thought penser
to throw threw thrown jeter
to thrust thrust thrust enfoncer
to tread trod trodden fouler aux pieds
to understand understood understood comprendre
to wake woke woken (se) réveiller
to wear wore worn porter (des vêtements)
to weave wove woven tisser
to weep wept wept pleurer
to win won won gagner
to wind wound wound enrouler
to wring wrung wrung tordre
to write wrote written écrire

Page | 47