Unit VI : Integral Calculus

Reduction Formulae
Introduction:
Many functions occur whose integrals are not immediately reducible to one or
other standard forms and whose integrals are not directly obtainable. In some
cases however, such integrals may be linearly connected by some algebraic
formulae with the integral of another expression, which itself may be either
immediately integrable or easier to integrate than the original function.
For example  ( a 2  x 2 ) 5 / 2 dx may be connected with  ( a 2  x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx and this
latter may be expressed in terms of  ( a 2  x 2 ) 1 / 2
Which is a standard form?
Similarly  sin n x dx may be ultimately connected with  sin 2 x dx or  sin x dx
depending upon whether n is even or odd integer. Many such examples can b
cited.
An algebraic relation connecting two integrals is termed as Reduction formula.

**To find a reduction formula for  sin n

x dx, where n is a positive integer  2 and
 /2

to evaluate completely  sin nx . dx :

0

n 1
In   sin dx =  sin
n
Let x x .sin x dx
n 1 n2
I n  sin x .(  cos x )   ( n  1 ) sin x . cos x (  cos x ) dx
n 1 n2
  sin x . cos x  ( n  1 )  sin x .( 1  sin
2
x ) dx

n 1 n2
  sin x cos x  ( n  1 )  sin xdx  ( n  1 )  sin
n
xdx
n 1
I n   sin x cos x  ( n  1 ) I n  2  ( n  1 ) I n
n 1
I n  ( n  1 ) I n   sin x cos x  ( n  1 ) I n  2
n 1
nI n
  sin x cos x  ( n  1 ) I n  2

1 n 1 n 1
In   sin x cos x  I n2
n n
Thus the required reduction formula is
1 n 1 n 1 n2
 sin dx =  x cos x   sin
n
x sin x
n n
From (1),
 /2  /2
n 1 n2
 sin  sin
n
x dx =  1 
 xdx
n 1

0   sin x cos x  n
 n  0

n 1
 I n2
n
 n 1
Now, In  I n2
n

Changing n to n-2 in equation (2) successively we have,

n3 n5
I n2  I n4 : I n4  I n6
n 2 n 4
n 1 n  3 n  5
 In  . . I n6 and so on.
n n 2 n 4
Now, consider two cases.
Case I: Let n be a positive even integer
If n is an even integer, putting n=4, in equation (2) we get,
3 1
I4  I2; Similarly I2  .I 0
4 2
 /2

I0   x . dx 
0
sin
0
2

n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
In  . . .......... ... . .
n n  2 n  4 4 2 2

Case II: Let n be an odd positive integer

Put n=5 in equation (2)
4 2
I5  I3;I3  .I 1
5 3
 /2

I1   sin xdx  [  cos x ]  1

0

n 1 n  3 n  5 4 2
In  .......... .... . .1
n n  2 n  4 5 3

 /2
n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
Hence  sin
n
xdx  . . .......... . . . if n is even
0
n n  2 n  4 4 2 2

n 1 n  3 n  5 4 2
 . . .......... .... . . 1 if n is odd
n n  2 n  4 5 3

a a

Note: Using the property  f (x)   f ( a  x ) dx

0 0
  /2  /2  /2
 
 xdx    x  dx   sin
n n n
cos cos  x . dx
0 0  2  0

From equation (3)

 /2
n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
 xdx 
n
cos . . .......... . . . if n is even
0
n n  2 n  4 4 2 2

n 1 n  3 n  5 4 2
 . . .......... .... . . 1 if n is odd
n n  2 n  4 5 3

For example,
 /2
8 6 4 2 128
 xdx  . . . .1 
9
sin
0
9 7 5 3 315
 /2
5 3 1  5
 xdx  
6
cos . . .
0
6 4 2 2 32
Example:
a

1. Evaluate  a
2
 x dx ,
2

x  a sin   dx  a cos  d 
I    x dx
2 2
a Put
0

x 0 a
 0  /2

 /2

I    a  . a cos  d 
2 2 2
a sin
0

 /2
1  a
2

 a  d  a 
2 2 2
cos .
0
2 2 4

Conversion Formulae


In   sin
n
1. Let xdx
0

2a a a

By using the property of definite integral,  f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx   f ( 2 a  x ) dx

0 0 0

 /2

In   xdx   sin (   x ) dx
n n
sin
0
  /2  /2

  xdx   sin ( sin(   x )  sin x )

n n
sin xdx
0 0

 /2

 2  sin
n
xdx
0

  /2

 xdx  2  sin
n n
sin xdx , for all integral values of n.
0 0

In   cos
n
2. Let xdx
0

 /2  /2

  xdx   cos (   x ) dx
n n
cos
0 0

But cos(   x )   cos x

(  x )
n
cos = cos x if n is even
=  cos x if n is odd
 /2  /2

  xdx   cos xdx  0

n n
Therefore if n is odd then I n cos .
0 0

 /2  /2  /2

In   xdx   = 2  cos
n n n
If n is even then cos cos xdx xdx
0 0 0

  /2

 xdx  2  cos
n n
Hence, cos xdx if n is even
0 0

 0 if n is odd

2

In   sin
n
3. Let xdx
0

 

  sin xdx   sin ( 2   x ) dx

n n

0 0

But sin( 2   x )   sin x

(  x )
n
sin = sin x if n is even
=  sin x if n is odd

 

  xdx   sin xdx  0

n n
Therefore if n is odd then I n sin .
0 0

    /2

  xdx   xdx  2  sin =2  2  sin

n n n n
If n is even then In sin sin xdx xdx
0 0 0 0
 2  /2

 sin xdx  4  sin

n n
Hence, xdx , if n is even
0 0

 0 , if n is odd

4. Similarly, by using method used in result (3), we get

2  /2

 cos xdx  4  cos

n n
xdx , if n is even
0 0

 0 , if n is odd

To find a reduction formula for  sin m

x cos
n
xdx , where m and n are
 /2

positive integers  2 and to completely evaluate  sin m

x cos
n
x . dx .
0

I m ,n   sin
m n
Let x cos xdx

n 1
  sin
m
x cos x . cos x . dx

n 1
  cos
m
x .(sin x . cos x ). dx

 f ( x)
m 1 m 1
sin x
  f ( x)
m
Note that  sin m
x cos xdx   . f ( x ) dx 
m 1 m 1
Now applying integration by parts,
m 1 m 1
n 1 sin x n2 sin x
I m , n  cos x.
m 1
  ( n  1 ) cos x (  sin x )
m 1
dx .

n 1 m 1
cos x . sin x n 1 m2 n2
I m ,n 
m 1

m 1
 sin x . cos xdx

n 1 m 1
cos x . sin x n 1 n2
   sin
m 2
x . sin x cos x . dx
m 1 m 1
n 1 m 1
cos x . sin x n 1 n2
  sin x .( 1  cos
m 2
= x ) cos x . dx
m 1 m 1
n 1 m 1
cos x . sin x n 1 n2 n 1
  sin xdx   sin
m m n
= x cos x cos xdx
m 1 m 1 m 1
 n 1 m 1
cos x . sin x n 1 n 1
I m ,n   I m ,n  2  I m ,n
m 1 m 1 m 1
n 1 m 1
n 1 cos x . sin x n 1
I m ,n  I m ,n   I m ,n  2
m 1 m 1 m 1
n 1 m 1
 m 1 n 1 cos x . sin x n 1 n 1
I m ,n      I m ,n  2
 m 1  m 1 m 1 m 1
n 1 m 1
cos x . sin x n 1 n 1
I m ,n    I m ,n  2
m 1 m 1 m  n

n 1 m 1
cos x . sin x n 1 n2
 sin x cos xdx    sin
m
mx . cos x . dx
m  n m  n
Which is the required reduction formula.
 /2 n 1 m 1  /2
 cos x sin x  /2 n 1 n2
 xdx     sin
m n m
sin x cos  x . cos xdx
0  m  n 
0
m  n 0

n 1
 0 I m ,n  2
m  n
n 1
I m ,n  I m ,n  2
m  n

Replace n by n-2 in equation (2)

n 3
I m ,n  2  I m ,n  4 ;
m  n  2
n5
I m ,n  4  I m ,n  6
m  n  4
n 1 n3 n5
 I m ,n  . . I m ,n  6 and so on.
m  n m  n 2 m  n 4
We now have the following cases:

Case I: Let n be an even positive integer.

3 3 1
I m ,4  I m ,2  . .I m ,0
m  4 m  4 m  2
n 1 n 3 n 5 3 1
I m ,n  . . .......... ... . .I m ,0
m  n m  n  2 m  n  4 m  4 m  2
 /2  /2

I m ,0   x . dx   sin
0 m
sin m
x . cos xdx
0 0

m 1 m  3 m  5 3 1 
I m ,0  ......... . . , if m= even
m m  2 m  4 4 2 2
m 1 m  3 m  5 4 2
 .......... ... . .1 , if m= odd
m m  2 m  4 5 3
 If both m and n are even,
n 1 n3 1 m 1 m  3 3 1 
 I m ,n  ......... .......... ... . .
m  n m  n 2 m  2 m m  2 4 2 2
Which we write as,

( n  1 )( n  3 )......... 3 . 1
. ( m  1 )( m  3 )......... ... 3 . 1 
I m ,n  .
( m  n )( m  n  2 )......... .... 4 . 2  2
m, n both even

If m is odd and n be even,

n 1 n3 1 m 1 m  3 4 2
I m ,n  ......... . ......... . .1
m  n m  n 2 m  2 m m  2 5 3

( n  1 )( n  3 )......... 3 . 1
. ( m  1 )( m  3 )......... ... 4 . 2 
I m ,n 
( m  n )( m  n  2 )......... .... 5 . 3 . 1
m odd, n even

Case II: Let n be an odd integer.

From equation (2)
4
I m ,5  I m ,3
m 5
4 2
 . . I m ,1
m 5 m 3
n 1 n 3 n 5 4 2
I m ,n  ...... . . I m ,1
m  n m  n  2 m  n  4 m 5 m 3
 /2
 sin  1 x 
m
 /2 1
I m ,1   x . cos xdx   
m
sin 
 m 1  m 1
0
0

 If n is odd and m may be even or odd

 /2
 n 1 n 3 2  1
 xdx 
m n
sin x cos .........
m  n m  n  2 m  3  m  1
0 
This is also written as,

( n  1 )( n  3 )...... 4 . 2 ( m  1 )( m  3 )...... 3 . 1

 /2
 
 xdx  
m n
sin x cos 
0  ( m  n )( m  n  2 )......( m  3 )( m  1 )( m  1 )( m  3 )... 3 . 1 
m= even; n= odd

( n  1 )( n  3 )...... 4 . 2 ( m  1 )( m  3 )...... 4 . 2 

 /2
 
 xdx  
m n
sin x cos 
0  ( m  n )( m  n  2 )......( m  3 )( m  1 )( m  1 )( m  3 )... 4 . 2 
If m= odd; n= odd
Note: From the above cases, it appears that the following working rule may be
adopted for evaluation of integrals of the form

( m  1 )( m  3 )........ 2 or 1( n  1 )( n  3 )........ 2 or 1

 /2

 xdx 
m n
sin x cos P
0
( m  n )( m  n  2 )( m  n  4 )... 2 or 1


where P  if m and n are both even
2
1 For all other values of m and n

For example
 /2
( 5 . 3 . 1 )( 3 . 1 )  3
 xdx   
6 4
sin x cos
0
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 2 512
 /2
( 4 . 2 )( 5 . 3 . 1 ) 8
 xdx  1 
5 6
sin x cos
0
11 . 9 . 7 . 5 . 3 . 1 693
 /2
( 3 . 1 )( 4 . 2 ) 8
 xdx  1 
4 5
sin x . cos
0
9 .7 .5 .3 .1 315
 /2
( 2 )( 4 . 2 ) 1
 xdx  1 
3 5
sin x cos
0
8 .6 .4 .2 24

Conversion Formulae
 /2  /2
1
 x cos xdx    cos
p p
1. sin x . sin x . dx
0
p 1 0

 /2  /2

 xdx  2  sin
n m n
2. sin mx cos x . cos xdx if n is even (m= even or odd)
0 0

 /2  /2

 xdx  4  sin
m n m n
3. sin x cos x . cos xdx if m and n both are even
0 0

=0 otherwise
List of the all reduction formulae for ready reference:

 /2  /2

1.  sin
n
xdx   cos
n
xdx
0 0

n 1 n  3 n  5 5 3 1 
 ... , if n is even
n n  2 n  4 6 4 2 2
n 1 n  3 n  5 4 2
= ....... 1 , if n is odd
n n 2 n 4 5 3
  /2

 sin xdx  2  sin

n n
2. xdx , for all n integral values of n
0 0

  /2

3.  cos n
xdx  2  cos
n
xdx if n is even
0 0

 0 if n is odd
2  /2

4.  sin n
xdx  4  sin
n
xdx if n is even
0 0

 0 , if n is odd

2  /2

5.  cos n
xdx  4  cos
n
xdx , if n is even
0 0

 0 , if n is odd
 /2
( m  1 )( m  3 )...... 2 or 1 ( n  1 )( n  3 )...... 2 or 1 
6.  sin
m
x cos
n
xdx  xP
0
( m  n )( m  n  2 )...... 2 or 1

Where P   / 2 if m, n both even

= 1, otherwise
  /2

7.  sin m
x cos
n
xdx  2  sin
m
x cos
n
xdx , if n is even
0 0

= 0 if n= odd
2  /2

8.  sin m
x cos
n
xdx  4  sin
m
x cos
n
xdx if m and n both even
0 0

= 0 , otherwise
 /2  /2
1
9.  sin
p
x cos xdx    cos
p
x sin xdx
0
p 1 0
 Solved Examples
Type I: Using Trigonometric Formulae:


I   sin  (1  cos  ) d 
2 4
Ex.1:
0

 2 4 
        
I    2 sin  d  2  sin d
2 6 2 10
Sol: cos   2 cos cos
0 
2 2   2  0
2 2

Put =t    2t  d   2 dt  0 
2
t 0  /2

 /2  /2

 I  64  t 2 dt  128  sin
2 10 2 10
sin t cos t cos tdt
0 0

(1 )( 9 . 7 . 5 . 3 . 1 )  21 
 128 x 
12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 2 16
 /4

I   sin 2 d 
7
Ex.2:
0

t
Put 2  t  
2
 0  /4

t 0  /2

 /2
dt 1 6 4 2 8
 I   sin 7 t .
2
 . . . 
2 7 5 3 35
0



4
sin
Ex.3: I   (1  cos d
)
2
0


( 2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2 )
4

Sol: I   d
 / 2)
2 2
0
( 2 cos
4  
 / 2 cos  /2
2 4
2 sin
  d   4  sin  / 2d
2

 /2
2 4
2 0
cos 0

Put  /2  t    2t  : 0 
d   2 dt t : 0  /2

 /2
1 
 I  4  sin 2 t . 2 dt  8 . .  2
0
2 2
  /4

Ex.4: Evaluate  cos 2  sin 4 d 

3 2

1
Sol.: Put 2   d  d  0  /4
2
 0  /2

 /2  /2
1  1
I    sin 2  d     cos  ( 2 sin  cos  ) . d 
3 2 3 2
cos
0 2  2 0

 /2
(1 )( 4 . 2 ) 16
 2   cos d  2 
2 5
sin
0
7 .5 .3 .1 105

 /2

 cos  (1  sin  ) d 
3 2
Ex.5: Evaluate
 / 2

 /2

I   cos (1  2 sin   sin  )d

3 2
Sol.:
 / 2

 /2  /2  /2

  d  2   sin  d    cos  sin  .d 

3 3 3 2
cos cos
 / 2  / 2  / 2

 /2  /2

 2  d  0  2  cos  sin d

3 3 2
cos
 / 2  / 2

2 ( 2 )( 1 ) 8
I  2   2 
3 5 .3 .1 5

a a

Note: Here we have used  f ( x ) dx  2  f ( x ) dx if f(x) is even

a 0

 0 if f(x) is odd

2

Ex.6: Evaluate  sin  (1  cos  ) d 

2 4

2 2 4
      
I    2 sin  d
2
Sol.: cos   2 cos
0 
2 2  2
2
 
 64  sin d put  d   2 dt
2 10
cos  2t
0
2 2


 64  sin
2 10
t cos t . 2 dt
0

 /2
(1 )( 9 . 7 . 5 . 3 . 1 )  21 
 128 . 2  tdt  256 
2 10
sin cos
0
12 . 10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 2 8
Type II: Examples involving trigonometric & algebraic
functions:


I   x sin
5 4
Ex.7: x cos xdx
0

Sol. Using the property

a a

 f ( x ) dx   f ( a  x ) dx , we get
0 0

I   (  x ) sin (   x ) cos (   x ) dx
5 4

  (  x ) sin
5 4
x cos xdx
0

 

  sin xdx   x sin

5 4 5 4
x cos x cos xdx
0 0

I   .  sin xdx  I
5 4
 x cos
0

 /2

2 I   .2  sin
5 4
 x cos xdx
0

( 4 . 2 )( 3 . 1 ) 8
 I  
9 .7 .5 .3 .1 315


5
2

 x cos xdx 
6
Ex.8: Prove that
0
32

I   x cos
5
Sol.: xdx
0

  (  x ) cos (   x ) dx
6

  (  x ) cos
6
xdx
0

 

  x   x cos
6 6
cos xdx
0 0

 /2

 2 I   .2  cos 6 xdx [n is even]

0
 5 3 1 
I . . . .
6 4 2 2
5
2

I 
32

Ex.9: Evaluate  x sin 7

x cos
4
xdx
0

I   sxin
7 4
Sol.: x cos xdx
0

 a a

  (  x ) sin (   x ) cos (   x ). dx  f ( x ) dx   f ( a  x ) dx
7 4

0 0 0

I   (  x ) sin
7 4
x cos xdx
0

sin(   x )  sin x cos(   x )   cos x

Adding (1) and (2),
  /2

2I    sin xdx .   . 2  sin

7 4 7 4
x cos x cos xdx (See additional result)
0 0

6 .4 .2 .3 .1 16 
I . 
11 . 9 . 7 . 5 . 3 . 1 1155

Type III: Examples involving substitutions:

Note:
 x put x  a sin 
2 2
For a

 x put x  a tan 
2 2
For a

 a put x  a sec 
2 2
For x

x 1  x dx
6 2
Ex.10:
0

Sol.: Put x  sin   dx  cos  d  x: 0 1

 : 0  /2

 /2  /2
( 5 . 3 )( 1 ) 5
I   sin 6  . cos  . cos  d    sin 6  cos 2  d   . / 2 
0 0
8 .6 .4 .2 256
 1/2

I  x 1  4 x dx
3 2
Ex.11:
0

 sin  2 x  sin 
2 2
Sol. Put 4x OR
1
 x  sin 
2
1
dx  cos  d  x: 0 1/2
2
 : 0  /2
 /2 3
1  1
 I    sin   . 1  sin 2 . cos  d 
0 2  2
 /2
1 1 ( 2 )( 1 ) 1
  sin 3 . cos d  
2

16 0
16 5 . 3 . 1 120

3 3/2
x
Ex.12: Evaluate I   (3  x)
1/2
dx
0

Sol.: Put x  3 sin 2  , dx  6 sin  . cos  d 

Changing the limits x: 0 3
 : 0  /2

 /2  /2
) 
2 3/2 3
( 3 sin 3 3 . sin
I   . 6 sin  cos  d   6  . sin  cos  d 
( 3  3 sin 2  )
1/ 2
3 (1  sin )
2 1/ 2
0 0

 /2  /2
 . cos  d  3 1  27 
4
sin
 18   18   d   18 . 
4
sin . .
0
cos  0
4 2 2 8

2a

Ex.13: Evaluate  x 2 ax  x dx .
2

2a 2a

I   2 ax  x dx   x. 2 a  x dx
2
Sol.: x x
0 0

2a

 x (2a  x) 
3/2 1/ 2
x  2 a sin
2
dx . Put
0

dx  4 a sin  cos  d 

x 0 2a

 0  /2

 /2

I   (2a )  ( 2 a  2 a sin 2  ) 4 a sin  cos  d  .

3/2 3 1/2
sin
0
  /2
( 3 . 1 )( 1 )  a
3

 16 a   cos  d   16 a 
3 4 2 3
sin
0
6 .4 .2 2 2

 2
x
Ex.14: Evaluate  dx
(1  x )
6 7/2
0

1
 tan  , 3 x dx  sec  d  , x dx  d 
3 2 2 2 2
Sol.: Put x sec x 0
3

 0  /2

 /2  /2
d d
2 2
sec 1 sec
I   (1  tan
2
)
7/2
3

3
 sec
7

0 0

 /2
1 1 4 2 8
=  cos 5 d   . . .1 
3 0
3 5 3 45

x  x
8 5

Ex.15: Evaluate  dx
(1  x )
3 5


 x
6 3
x
I   (1  
2
 tan
3 2
Sol: 3 5
. x dx x
0
x )
 /2
  tan  2
4 2
tan
I   tan  sec d
2

(1  tan )
2 5
0
3

3 x dx  2 tan  sec d

2 2

x 0 

 0  /2

 /2

  tan   cos  d 
2
   tan
5 3 8

3 0

2  
 /2

   sin  cos  d    sin  cos  d  

5 3 3 5

3  0
 
 0
a a

  f ( x ) dx   f ( a  x ) dx .
0 0
  /2  /2  /2

  cos  d    (  / 2   ) cos ( / 2   ) d    cos  sin  .d 

5 3 5 3 5 3
 sin sin
0 0 0

1
1 x
2

Ex.16: Evaluate  x 4 m  1 dx
1 x
2
0

1
(1  x )
2

I   x4m  sin 
2
Sol.: . xdx Put x x 0 1
1 x
4
0

2 xdx  cos  d   0  /2

 /2  /2  /2
(1  sin  ) cos  1  2 m 1

   d   d   sin  .d  
2m 2m
sin  sin
0
cos  2 2  0 0 
1  2m  1 2m  3 3 1  2m 2m  2 4 2 
 . ....... . .  . ......... . .1

2  2m 2m  2 4 2 2 2m  1 2m  1 5 3 

Type IV: Examples involving inverse functions:

1
1
Ex.17: Evaluate  x 4 cos xdx
0

1
1
I  x
4
Sol.: cos xdx
0

Integrating by parts we get

1 1
 x  1
5 5
1 x
  cos x    dx
1 x
2
 5  0 0
5
1 5
1 x 1
 0  dx [ cos 1  0]
1 x
2
5 0

Put x  sin  , dx  cos  d  x 0 1

 0  /2

 /2
1 sin 5
 I   . cos  d 
5 0
cos 

1 4 2 8
 . . .1 
5 5 3 75

1
1
Ex.18: Evaluate  x 5 . sin xdx
0
 1
1
I   sin
5
Sol.: x . x dx (integrate by parts)
0

1 1
 x 
6 6

 
1 1 x
  sin x 
6 
  1  x2 6
dx
 0 0

1
1  1 x6
 .   dx
1 x
2
6 2 6 0

Put x  sin   dx  cos  d 

x : 0 1
 :0  /2
 /2
 1 sin 6 
I    cos  d 
12 6 0
cos 

 1 5 3 1   11 
   . . .  
12 6 6 4 2 2  192

Type V: Miscellaneous Examples:

1
m ! n!
Ex.19: Prove that  (1  x
1/ n
) dx 
m

0
( m  n )!
1

I   (1  
1/ n m
 sin
1/ n 2
Sol. x ) dx Put x
0

 x  sin 
2n

2 n 1
dx  2 n sin  cos  d 
 /2
2 n 1
I   (1  sin 2  ) . 2 n sin  cos  d 
m
x 0 1
0

 0  /2
 /2
2 n 1 2 m 1
 2n  sin  cos d
0

2 n [( 2 n  2 )( 2 n  4 )... 2 ][( 2 m )( 2 m  2 ).... 2 ]


( 2 m  2 n )( 2 m  2 n  2 )......... .. 2

m ! n !
n
2 . n !2 m . m !
 mn

2 ( m  n )! ( m  n )!
 1

2n
x ( 2 n )!
Ex.20: Prove that  dx  2n 2
.
1 x
2
0
2 ( n! ) 2
1 2n
x
x  sin 
Sol.: I   dx Put
1 x
2
0

 dx  cos  d 
 /2

2n
sin
I   . cos  d  x 0 1
0
cos 

 0  /2

 /2
2n  1 2n  3 2n  5 3 1 
  d 
2n
sin ......... . .
0
2n 2n  2 2n  4 4 2 2

In order to get (2n)! In the numerator multiply and divide by the terms required.
2n 2n  1 2n  2 2n  3 3 2 1
I  ....... . . . / 2
2n 2n 2n  2 2n  2 4 2 2
( 2 n )!
 . / 2
( 2 n ) ( 2 n  2 ) ...... 2
2 2 2

( 2 n )! ( 2 n )!
  /2  . / 2
[ n ( n  1 ).... 1 ]
2n 2
2 22 n ( n ! )


dx ( 2 n  2 )! 
Ex.21: Prove that   2n2
.
 1) [( n  1 )! ]
2 n 2
0
(x 2 2

dx
I   (x x  tan  dx  sec d
2
Sol.: Put . x 0 
 1)
2 n
0

 0  /2

 /2  /2
d
2
sec 2n2
I     cos  .d 
  1)
2 n
0
(tan 0

2n  3 2n  5 3 1 
 . ......... . .
2n  2 2n  4 4 2 2

Multiply numerator and denominator by ( 2 n  2 )( 2 n  4 )......... .. 4 . 2

( 2 n  2 )( 2 n  3 )( 2 n  4 )( 2 n  5 )......... ... 4 . 3 . 2 . 1
I 
[( 2 n  2 )( 2 n  4 )......... 4 . 2 ]
2
 ( 2 n  2 )! 
 .
[ 2 ( n  1 ) 2 ( n  2 )......... 2 ( 2 ). 2 (1 )
2
2
( 2 n  2 )! 
 n 1
x
( n  1 )! ]
2
[2 2
( 2 n  2 )! 
 2n2
.
[( n  2 )! ]
2
2 2

 /2
1 n 1
  d .
n
Ex.22: If U n
cos Prove that U n
  2
 U n2
0
n n
 /2

un   d
n
Sol.: cos
0

 /2
n 1
  cos d , Integrating by parts
0

 /2
n 1 n 1 n2
u n  [ cos  . sin  ] sin  [cos    ( n  1 ) cos  (  sin  ) d 
0

 /2  /2
n 1 n2
un  0    . sin  d   ( n  1 )   . cos  . sin d
2
cos
0 0

 /2  /2
n 1 n2
    sin  d   ( n  1 )   . cos  .( 1  cos  )d
2
cos
0 0

Put cos   t in 1st integral,   sin  d   dt

 0  /2

t 1 0

0  /2  /2
n 1 n2
un  t dt  ( n  1 )   cos  d   ( n  1)   . cos d
n

1 0 0

0
t 
n

    ( n  1) u n  2  ( n  1) u n
 n  1

1
 u n (1  n  1 )    ( n  1) u n  2
n
1 n 1
 un  2
 u n2 (Proved)
n n
 1
x (4  x )
2 4

Ex.23: Evaluate 
1 x
2
0

1
 x
2 6
4x
x  sin  dx  cos  d 
Sol. I   1  x2
dx Put x 0 1
0

 0  /2

 /2
  sin 
2 6
4 sin
 I   . cos  d 
0
cos 
 /2  /2

I  4  sin 2  d    sin d

6

0 0

1  5 3 1  5 27 
 4. .  . . .   
2 2 6 4 2 2 32 32

1
1 x
2

Ex.24: Evaluate  x 5 . dx
1 x
2
0

1
1 x
2

I  
5
Sol.: x dx
1 x
2
0

1 x
2
Multiply and divide by

1
(1  x )
2

I    sin   2 xdx  cos  d 

5 2
 x dx Put x x 0 1
1 x
4
0

 0  /2

1
x (1  x ) xdx
4 2

I  
1 x
4
0

 /2
 (1  sin  ) cos  d 
2
sin
  1  sin 2  2
0
 n
*REDUCTION FORMULA FOR  tan x dx
n2
In   tan xdx   tan
n 2
Let x . tan x . dx
n2
  tan x  1 ) dx .
2
x .(sec

n2 n2
  tan xdx   tan
2
x sec xdx
n 1
tan x
In   I n2
n 1
n 1
tan x n2
 xdx    tan
n
tan xdx
n 1
Which is the required reduction formula?

ILLUSTRATIONS

 /4

  tan d ,
n
Ex.32: If U n
then show that, n (U n 1
U n 1
)1 and hence, find
0

 /4
3
 tan d and also evaluate  x 5 ( 2 a 2
6
 x )
2
dx .
0

 /4

  tan d
n
U n
0

 /4
n 1
Sol.: U n 1
  tan d
0

 /4  /4
n 1 n 1
   tan d   tan  (sec   1) d 
2 2
U n 1
tan
0 0
 /2  /2
n 1 n 1
   sec d   tan d
2
tan
0 0


n
tan 1
 U n 1
 U n 1
n n
1
U n 1
U n 1
  n U n 1
U n 1
1
n

1
We have, U n 1
 U n 1
n
1 1 1   1 
Put n=5, U 6
 U 4
   U 2   U 4
 U 2 
5 5 3   3 
 2 2
  U 2
  1U 0
15 15
 /4
13 13 
   d  
12 0
15 4
a
3
I  x  x )
5 2 2
Let (2a dx
0

Put x  2 a sin  dx  2 a cos  d  x 0 a

 0  /4

 /4

  
5
3 6 3
 2 ) 2 . a cos  d 
5 5 2
2 a sin a (cos
0

 /4  /4
5
   cos d   tan d  U
5 5
sin 5
0 0

1 1 1 
Put n=4, U 5
 U 3
   U1
4 4 2 
 /4  /4
1 1
    tan  . d     log sec  
4 0
4 0

1 1  1 
   log 2    log
2
 
4 2  2 
a
3 1  1 
x  x ) dx    log 2
5 2 2
 (2a

2  2 
0 

 /4
1
In   tan
n
Ex.33: If xdx . Show that I n  I n2  , hence evaluate I5.
0
n  1,
 /4

In   tan  .d 
n
Sol.:
0

 /4  /4
n2 n2
   . tan d   tan  (sec   1) d 
2 2
tan
0 0

 /4  /4
n2 n2
In    sec d   tan d
2
tan
0 0

tan   t   d   dt ,
2
Put sec
 0  /4

t 0 1
 1
n2
 In  t dt  I n  2
0

n 1 1
 t 
In     I n2
 n  1 0

1
In   I n2
n 1

Putting n+1 instead of n, the same result can be written in the form:
1
I n 1   I n 1
n
1
 I n 1  I n 1 
n

 n  I n  1  I n 1   1

1 1 1  1
Now, I5   I3    I1    I1
2 
4 4   4
 /4
 /4

And I1   tan xdx  [log sec x ]

0
0


 log sec  log sec   log 2  log 1  log 2
4
1
 I5    log 2
4

 /4

Ex.34: Evaluate  tan d

8

 /4

In   tan d ,
n
Sol.: If then
0

1
In   I n  2 (Refer Ex. 34)
n 1
1 1 1  1 1 1 
Put n=8, I8   I6    I4     I2
5   
7 7   7 5 3 
 /4
1 1 1 1 1 1
    I  I n     1  tan d
0

7 5 3 7 5 3 0

76  /4
76 
       
105 0 105 4
 EXERCISE 1.1
1 7
x 1
1. Prove that  dx  .
1 x
4
0
3


2. Evaluate  (1  cos  ) d 
3

 /4

3. Evaluate  sin 2 d  2  t .
7
Hint: Put Ans.: 8/35
0

a 4
x
4. Evaluate  dx
 x
2 2
0 a
3 a
4

Ans.:
16
 /6

5. Evaluate  sin 3 d 
6

5
Ans.:
96
1 9
x
6. Evaluate  dx .
1 x
4
0

3
Ans.:
2


7. Evaluate  (1  cos  ) d 
3

5
Ans.:
2
 2
x
8. Evaluate  dx
 x )
2 6 5/2
0
(a

2
Ans.: 4
9a
2a
1 / 2
9. Evaluate  x 7 / 2 ( 2 a  x) dx
0

Hint: Put x=2a sin2θ

35  a
4

Ans.:
8
2a

10. Evaluate  x 3 ( 2 ax  x )
2 3/2
dx .
0

Hint: Put x=2 a sin2θ

9 7
Ans.: a
16
 

11. Evaluate  x sin 5

x cos
8
xdx .
0

8
Ans.:
1287
 /2

12. Evaluate  cos 3

2 x sin
4
4 xdx .
0

Ans.: 0
a

  f ( x ) dx  0 if f (a  x)   f ( x)
0

1
35 
8
x
13. Prove that  dx 
1 x
2
0
256

3
4
t
14. Prove that  dt 
(1  t )
2 3
0
16
1 7
x 1
15. Prove that  dx 
1 x
4
0
3
3
27 
3/2
x
16. Prove that  dx 
(3  x )
1/2
0
8
1

2n
x ( 2 n )!
17. Prove that  dx  2
1 x
2
0
22 n ( n ! ) 2
 2
x 2
18. Prove that  dx 
(1  x )
2 7/2
0
15
 6
 t  3
19. Prove that   a  t 2  dt  512
0


 x
7 8
x
20. Prove that  dx  0
(1  x )
17
0


x (1  x
7 12
)
21. Prove that  dx  0
(1  x )
28
0

2a
a
2

22. Prove that  x 2 ax  x dx 

2

0
2
2a n2
a  ( 2 n  1 )!
23. Prove that  x n 2 ax  x dx 
2

2 n ! ( n  2 )!
n
0

1
m  n 1 m ! n!
24. Prove that  (1  x ) (1  x ) dx  2
m n
where m and n are positive
1
( m  n  1 )!
integers.
Hint: Put x= cos 2 θ
 1

25. Considering  (1  2
x ) dx
n

n n ( n  1) n ( n  1 )( n  2 ) 2 4 6 2n
1    ......  . . .......... ..
1 .3 1 .2 .5 1 .2 .3 .7 3 5 7 2n  1
 /2

26. Show that  sin
4
x cos
2
xdx 
 / 2
16
 /2

27. Show that  sin 5

xdx  0
 / 2



28. Show that  sin
4
x cos
2
xdx 
 / 2
8
2

29. Show that  sin 4
x cos
2
xdx 
0
8
 /4
8
30. Show that  2 d  
7
sin
0
35

21 
31. Show that  sin 2  (1  cos  ) d  
4

0
16
 2
x 8
32. Show that  dx 
(1  x )
6 7/2
0
45
6
7
33. Prove that  sin  x cos 2  xdx 
4 2

4
16

8
34. Prove that  x sin 5
x cos
4
xdx 
0
315

5 2
35. Prove that  x cos 6
xdx 
0
12
1
5
36. Prove that  x 6 1  x 2 dx 
0
256
1/ 2
1
37. Prove that  x
3
1  4 x dx 
2

0
120
 /3  /3

38. Establish a reduction formula for  cos n

xdx and evaluate  cos 6
xdx .
0 0

m
 
1 1
m ! n!
39. Prove that   1  x  dx 
n
 ( m  n )!
0  
 f (m , n)  x (1  x ) dx ,
m n
40. If show that
m 1
(1  x )
n
x n
f (m , n)   f ( m , n  1)
m  n 1 m  n 1
1
m ! n!
Hence show that  x m (1  x ) dx 
n

0
( m  n  1 )!
 GAMMA AND BETA FUNCTION
GAMMA FUNCTION


Consider the definite integral  e  x x n  1 dx.

0

It is denoted by the symbol  n  or n

(we read it as Gamma ‘n’) and is called Gamma function of n. Thus,

 n  
x n 1
e x dx (n  0) …………………….(1)
0

Gamma function is also called Euler’s integral of the second kind.

PROPERTIES OF GAMMA FUNCTION

11.  n  =1


 n  
x n 1
Proof: e x dx
0

 1  
x 11
e x dx
0



x x 
 e x dx  [  e  ( e  e )  0 11
0 0
]
0
0

 n 
x2 2 n 1
2.  2 e .x dx (Alternative definition of Gamma function)
0

 n  
x n 1
Proof: We have, e x dx
0

Put x = t2 , dx = 2t dt.
 

 n  
t 2 2n2 t 2 2 n 1
e t 2 tdt  2  e t dt
0 0

 n  = 2  e
x2 2 n 1
x dx ………………….(2)
0
3. Reduction formula for gamma function:
  n  1   n   n .


 n  
x n 1
Proof: e x dx
0

 n  1 
x
e
n
Therefore, x dx
0

Now integrating by parts,




 n  1  x (  e  n x
)   nx
n 1
( e
x
) dx .
0
0

n
x x
  0 as x  
n
Since x e x
,
e


 n  1 = [0 - 0] + n  e  x x n  1 dx  n  n 
0

Therefore,   n  1   n   n .

If n is a positive integer,

 n  1  n  n 
 n ( n  1)   n  1 
 n ( n  1 )( n  2 )   n  2 
= n(n  1 )( n  2 )( n  3 )......... .......... .......... .. 3 . 2 .  1 
= n(n  1 )( n  2 )( n  3 )......... .......... .......... .. 3 . 2 . 1   1  =1
 n!

Hence,  n  1  n  n  , in general
 n! if n is positive integer.

.   ( 6 )  5! ,   ( 8 )  7 ! ,   ( 2 )  1!  1

5 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 1
 1  1 .  . . 
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

11 9 7 5 3 1
 . . . . 
2 2 2 2 2 2
For negative fraction n, we use
( n  1) 5  3 2  3  3  1 9 1
n  ,               
n 3  5 3  5  2  3 10 3

4.  0   
 n  1
Since  n  1   n  n  ,  n  
n
 0  1   1  1
Therefore,  0      
0 0 0

1
5.    
2

 n 


6.  e  kx x n  1 dx  n
0
k


Proof: Let I =  e  kx x n  1 dx
0

dy
Put kx= y  dx 
k
Limits : x: 0 
y: 0 

 n 1 
 y dy 1 1
 n 
y y n 1
I=  e   = n e y dy = n
0  k  k k 0
k

 n 

 kx n 1
 e x dx 
k
n
0

 1
n

7.  e  x dx  n n  ( n  1 )
0

 1
n

Proof: Let I =  e  x dx
0

1
n 1
Put x n  y ,  x  y ,
n
 dx  ny dy
Limits : x: 0 
y: 0 
  

I=  e  y ny n 1
dy = n  e  y y n  1 dy = n n  ( n  1)
0 0

 1
n
x
  e dx  n n  ( n  1 )
0


8. P 1 P  if 0  P 1
sin p 

1 3 1 1 1  
e.g.  1 Let P  1   2 . .
4 4 4 4 4 1  1
sin   
4  2

SOLVED EXAMPLES ON GAMMA FUNCTION




Ex.1: Evaluate  4 xe
x
dx .
0

1


Sol.: I  x
4
e
x
dx Put x  t or x= t2; dx=2t dt x 0 

t 0 

 
5 3 1 3 
  t 1 / 2 .e  t 2 tdt  2  e  tt 3 / 2 dt  2  2. . .  
0 0
2 2 2 2


2
Ex.2: Evaluate  e  x dx
0

dt dt
Sol. Put x2=t,  2 xdx  dt  dx   x 0 
2x 2 t
t 0 


t dt
 I  e 2 t
0


1 1 / 2 t 1 1 

2
t e dt 
2 2

2
0


x2
Ex.3: Evaluate  xe dx
0
 1
Sol.: Put x2= t,  x  t
1/ 2
, 2x dx= dt  dx  dt x 0 
2 t
 
t dt 1 1 / 4 t 1
I    t dt 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 (t ) e e 3/4 t 0 
0 2 t 2 0
2


x3
Ex.4:  xe dx .
0

1 2 /3
 t, x  t , dx  
3 1/3
Sol.: Put x t dt x 0
3
t 0 


1 2 /3
I  t .e  t .
1/5
t dt
0
3

1 1 / 2 t 1 

3
t .e dt 
3
1/ 2 
3
0


4
Ex.5: Evaluate  e  x dx .
0

1 3 / 4
 t, x  t , dx  
4 1 4
Sol.: Put x t dt x 0
4
t 0 


t 1 3 / 4 1 t 3 / 4 1
 I   e
4
t dt 
4
e t dt 
4
1/ 4
0 0

Ex.6: Evaluate  ( x log 3

x ) dx .
0

I  x
3 3
Sol.: (log x ) dx
0

t t
Put log x   t , x  e ,  dx   e dt
[To find limits Put x=0,  log 0   t ,    t  t   , Put x  1, log 1   t , t  0 ]
0
3t t
 I  e (  t ) .(  e
3
) dt


4t y dy
  e
3
t dt Put 4t = y, t   dt  t 0 
0
4 4
y 0 
 
y dt 1 y
I  e   . y e
3 3
 ( y / 4) 4
dy
0
4 4 0
 1 6 3
  4   
256 256 128

Ex.7: Evaluate  x m (log n

x ) dx .
0

I  x
m n
Sol.: (log x ) dx
0

t t
Put log x   t  x  e dx   e dt x 0 1

T  0

0 
 mt t  ( m 1) t
I   (t) ( e dt )   (  1)
n n n
e e t dt
 0

(  1) n  1 (  1) n  1
n n

 n 1
 n 1
( m  1) ( m  1)

1 n 1
 1 
Ex.8: Show that   log y  dy  n
0  
1 n 1
 1  1 1 t t
I    log   t  e y  e dy   e
t
Sol.:  dy log Or dt
0 
y  y y
0 
n 1 t t n 1
 t ( e ) dt  e t dt  n y 0 1
 0

t  0

Ex.9:  x 3 [log( 1 / x )] dx .
4

1 t t
Sol.: Put log  t , x  e , dx   e dt x 0 1
x
0  5
3t t 4t
I   t .(  e ) dt  t e dt  
4 4
e 5
t 0
 0
4

 n 


(Since  e  kx x n  1 dx  n
)
0
k
  a
x
Ex.10: Evaluate  x
dx ( a  1)
0
a

t dt
Sol.: Put ax= et or x loga= t or x   dx  x 0 
log a log a
t 0 

 a
x
I  a x
dx
0

 a
t dt 1
I   (log a)
a
.
log a e
. t
0

1

1 a 1
t
 e .t dt  a 1
a
a 1 a 1 a 1
(log a ) 0
(log a ) (log a )


2
Ex.11: Evaluate  7  4 x dx .
0

4 x 2 t
 e  4 x log 7  t
2
Sol.: Put 7 ,

t t
 ,  x 
2
x
4 log 7 2 log 7

1
dx  dt
4 t log 7

t dt
 I  e 4 t log 7
0


1 1 / 2 t 1
 . t e dt  .1 / 2
4 log 7 0 4 log 7



4 log 7

 n 1
2 2 n 1
Ex.12: If In  , show that I n2  In and hence find I5
n n 2
1
2
  n 1
2 2
Sol.: In  , Replace n by n+2 then.
n
1
2

 n3  n 2
1
2 2 2 2
I n2  
n  2 n  2 n  2
1
2 2 2

n 1 n 1  n 1
. .
 2 2 n 1 2 2
 .  .
n  2 n n  2 n
1 1
2 2

n 1
I n2  .I n Now put n=3, then
n  2

.1
4 4 2 8 2
I5  .I 3  . .I 1  .
5 5 3 15 1
1
2

8
 I5 
15

 1 
2n  n  
 2
Ex.13: show that  1 . 3 . 5 .......... ( 2 n  1 )


Sol.:
 1  1  1
n    n  n    ( n  1)  n n 
 2  2 2

 1  3  3
  n   n    n  
 2  2 2

 1  3  5  5 3 1 1
  n    n    n    n   .......... ....... .  1 
 2  2  2 2 2 2 2    
 2 
 
2n  1 2n  3 2n  5 3 1
 . . ......... . . 
2 2 2 2 2
( 2 n  1 )( 2 n  3 ).... 3 . 1
 n

2
  1 
2n  n  
 2
  1 . 3 . 5 .......... .....( 2 n  1 )



n
Ex.14: Evaluate  x m e  ax dx ( a  0 )
0

1
 1/ n 1
 ax n t 1 tn
I  
m
 t
n
So.: x e dx Put ax , or x  1/ n
, dx  1/ n
dt
0
a n a
1
1
 m /n n
t t dt
 a m /n
.e  t .
n .a
1/ n
x 0 
0

t 0 

  m 1 
1 t
 1 
1 1  m 1
 e .t  
dt 
n
m 1
. m 1
 
n 0
n
n
 n 
n .( a ) (a )

1 n 1

a 1  1 
Ex.15: Evaluate  x  log  dx ( a  0 ).
0  x
1 n 1
a 1  1 1 1 t t
I    t  e  e dx   e
t
Sol.: x  log  dx . Put log or ,x dt
0  x x x
0
t a 1 n 1 t
  (e ) t ( e ) dt x 0 1


t  0

   
n 
 at n 1 t  at n 1   ky n 1 
  dt    dy 
t
e e t e e t dt  e y
 k 
 
0 0 0

1
I  n
n
a


2 2 
Ex.16: Prove that  e  x h
x dx 
2

0
2h
 1/ 2
h 2 t 1 1 / 2
I  e
2
 t; x  ; dx  
2 2
Sol.: x dx h x t dt x 0
0
h 2h
T 0 
  
t
1 / 2
1 1 1   1 
t t 1 / 2
  
 e .
2h

2h
e t dt 
2h 2

2h  2


0 0  

Exercise 1

2 3
1.  x 7 e  2 x dx 
0
16

 t)
2
Hint: (2 x


2
h x
2 
2.  x e
2
dx  3
0
4h

 t
2 2
Hint: h x


 y3 
3.  ye dy 
0
3

 t
3
Hint: y

4 1 1
4.  e  x dx 
0
4 4

 t
4
Hint: x

1
dx
5.   2
0 1
x log
x
 1 
Hint:  log  t
 x 

1
dx
6.   
0  log x
Hint: (  log x )  t )

 4
x 24
7..  x
dx  5
0
4 (log 4 )

( 4  e )
m
Hint:

 5
x 120
8.  x
dx  6
0
5 (log 5 )

( 5  e )
m
Hint:
 1 (n  1
9.  x m (log x ) dx  (  1 )
n n
n 1
0
( m  1)
Hint: (log x   t )


2 ( 2 n  1 )!
10.  x n e  ax
dx  n 1
0
a
(n is integer)
Hint: ax  t


2 
11.  a  4 x dx 
0 4 log a

( a  e ,4 x  t)
m 2
Hint:
1
3
12.  ( x log x ) dx  
3

0
128

Hint: log x   t
1

13.  (log x ) dx  (  1 ) n
n n

Hint: log x   t

1
xdx 
14.  
0 1  2
log  
 x
 1 
Hint:  log  t
 x 


2 2 
15.  e  h x
dx 

h

2 2
h x
Hint:  I  2 e dx
0

16.  x log( 1 / x ) dx
0


Ans.:
6

  x2
x2 e
17.  xe dx   dx
0 0 x
 Hint: Put x2= t & use 1/ 4 3/ 4   2


Ans.:
2 2


2 
18.  3  4 x dx 
0 4 log 3

2 
19.  5  4 x dx 
0 4 log 5

BETA FUNCTION
1
m 1 n 1
Definition: Consider the definite integral  x (1  x ) dx , m  0 , n  0 .
0

It is denoted by the symbol B (m, n) (we read it as Beta (m, n) and is called Beta
function.

1
m 1 n 1
B (m , n)  x (1  x ) dx , m  0, n  0.
0

The Beta function is also called Euler’s integral of the first kind.
1
 3
B ,  3,   x (1  x )
2 1/2
e.g. (1) dx .
 2 0

1
 5
t (1  t ) dt  B  5 , 
4 3/2
(2)
0  2

PROPERTIES OF BETA FUNCTION

1. B (m , n)  B (n, m )
1 1
m 1 n 1 m 1 n 1
Proof: B (m , n)   x (1  x ) dx   (1  x) (1  (1  x )) dx
0 0

 
a a

  f ( x ) dx   f ( a  x ) dx 
 0 0 
1 1
m 1 n 1 n 1 m 1
  (1  x ) .x dx  x (1  x ) dx  B ( n , m )
0 0

 B (m , n)  B (n, m )
 1

2.  x m (1  x ) dx  B ( m  1 , n  1 )
n

 /2
2 m 1 2 n 1
3. B (m , n)  2  sin  cos d
0

1
m 1 n 1
B (m , n)  x (1  x ) x  sin  dx  2 sin  cos  . d 
2
Proof: dx Put ,
0

 /2
2m2 n 1
  sin  (1  sin ) 2 sin  cos  d 
2
x 0 1
0

 0  /2

 /2
2 m 1 2 n 1
B (m , n)  2  sin  . cos  .d 
0

p 1 q 1
Further, Let 2m  1  p, 2n  1  q m  ,n 
2 2
 /2
 p 1 q 1
  2  sin  . cos d .
p q
B ,
 2 2  0

Standard Formula:

 /2
1  p 1 q  2
  cos d 
p q
sin B , 
0
2  2 2 

Note: Students are advised to remember this formula.

 m 1
x
4. B (m , n)   (1  x)
mn
dx
0

1
m 1 n 1 t
Proof: B (m , n)  x (1  x ) dx . Put x 
1 t
(remember this substitution)
0

x
 x (1  t )  t i.e. x  xt  t  x  t  xt Or t 
1 x

0 1 1
When x=0 t   0 and when x=1, t     x 0 1
1 0 11 0
(1  t )( 1 )  t (1 ) 1
dx  dt  dt t 0 
(1  t ) (1  t )
2 2
  m 1 n 1
t  t  dt
B (m , n)   (1  t ) m 1
1 


1 t 
.
(1  t )
2
0

 m 1  m 1
t dt t dt
  ( t  1) m 1
(1  t )
n 1
(1  t )
2
  (1  t ) mn
0 0

 m 1
x
B (m , n)   (1  x)
mn
dx
0

We consider this result also as another definition of Beta function.

5. Relation between Beta and Gamma function:

We have
m n
B (m , n) 
m  n

p 1 q 1
,
 /2
1  p 1 q 1 1 2 2
6.   cos d   
p q
sin B ,
0
2  2 2  2 p  q  2
2

Put p  q  0
 /2
1 1/ 21/ 2 1
1 / 2 
2

 d    1/ 2  
0
2 1 2

7.DUPLICATION FORMULA OF GAMMA FUNCITONS

1 
m m   2 m 1
.2m
2 2

p 1 q 1
 /2
1 2 2
  sin  cos  .d 
p q
Proof: Consider .
2 p  q  2 0

p 1 q 1
Put p= 2m-1, q= 2m-1, i.e.  m,  m
2 2
 m.m  /2
1 2 m 1 2 m 1
  sin  cos  .d 
2 2m 0

m.m  /2
2 2 m 1
 2 m 1  ( 2 sin  cos  ) d
2m 2 0

 /2
2 m 1 1
 2 m 1  (sin 2 ) 2 d Put 2  t ; d   dt  0  /2
2 0
2
t 0 

  /2
1 1
 2 m 1  (sin t )
2 m 1
dt  2 m 1
2  sin
2 m 1
t . dt  f (  t )  f ( t ) 
2 0
2 0

 /2
1 2 m 1
  sin
0
2 m 1
t . cos t . dt Note this step
2 0

2m  1  1 0  1

2 1 2 2
 2 m 1
2 2 2m  1  0  2
2

m.m
1 m 
= 2 m 1
2m 2 1
m 
2

1 
 m m   2 m 1
2m
2 2

SOLVED EXAMPLES ON BETA FUNCTION

Type 1: Examples Involving substitutions:
1

Ex.1: Evaluate  x 3 1   dx .
5
x
0

x  t , x  t , dx  2 tdt
2
Sol.: This can be reduced to beta function by putting

x 0 1

t 0 1
 1 1

I   ( t ) (1  t ) . 2 tdt  2  t (1  t ) dt  2  ( 8 . 6 )
2 3 5 7 5

0 0

86 2 ( 7 ! )( 5! ) 1
 2  
14 13 ! 5148

Ex.2: Evaluate  ( a 6  x )
6 1/6
dx .
0

Sol: This can be expressed in beta function consider:

1/6
 
a a 6
 x 
I   (a  x ) dx   a 1    
6 6
dx
 a  
0 0  
6
 x x 1 5 / 6
  t ,  t , x  at , dx  a
1/6 1/6
Put   t dt x 0 a
a  a 6
t 0 1

1
1 3 / 5
I   a (1  t )
1/6
. t dt
0
6
2 1 2
a 5 / 6 a 1 7 
 t (1  t ) dt  
1/6
, 
6 0
6 6 6

1
1 / 6. 1/6
a
2 1/6 7 /6 a
2
6
 
6 8/6 6 1
1/3
3
2
 1
 
2  6
a  

12 1/3
1

Ex.3: Evaluate  x 2 (1  2
x ) dx .
4

dt
 t , 2 xdx  dt , dx 
2
Sol.: x x 0 1
2 t
t 0 1

1 1
dt 1
I   t .( 1  t )  t (1  t ) dt
4 1/ 2 4

0 2 t 2 0
 3/25
1 1 128
  ( 3 / 2 ,5 )  
2 2 13 / 2 3465

Ex.3: Evaluate  x (1  x )
4 3/2
dx .
0

1
3
55/2
I   x (1  x ) dx   ( 5 , 5 / 2 ) 
4
Sol.: 2

0 15 / 2

3 1 1
4!
2 2 2

13 11 9 7 5 3 1 1
. . . . . .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

24 . 32 256
 
13 . 11 . 9 . 7 . 5 15015

Ex.4: Evaluate x 7 (16  x 4 ) 10 dx

Sol.: This can be reduced to beta function by substitution x4 =16t
3 3
 4x dx= 16 dt , x dx= 4dt x 0 2

t 0 1

2 1

I  x .( 16  x ) . x dx   16 t (16  16 t )
4 4 10 3 10
4 dt
0 0

 16  4  t (1  t ) dt  4  16 .  ( 2 ,11 )
11 10 11

1 10
1  9!
 4  16  4  16
11 11

12 11 !

2  16
4
9!
 4  16 
11

9 ! 10  11 55

Ex.5: Evaluate  x
m
(1  x ) dx .
n p

1
1 1
n 1/n
sol.: Put x = t, x = t ,  dx  t n
dt x 0 1
n
t 0 1
 1 1
1 1
I   ) (1  t ) .
1/n m p
 (t t n
dt
0
n
1 m 1
1 1
 t (1  t ) dt
n p

n 0

m 1
p 1
 m 1
1  1 n
  , p  1 
n  n  n m 1
 p 1
n

Ex.6: Evaluate  x 5 (1  x )
3 10
dx
0

dt
Sol.: Put x3= t, 3x3 dx= dt, x2 dx= x 0 1
3
t 0 1

1 1
dt
I  x (1  x ) . x dx   t (1  t )
3 3 10 2 10

0 0
3

1 2 11
1 1 1
  t (1  t ) dt   ( 2 ,11 )  
10

3 0
3 3 13 396

1
dx
Ex.7: Evaluate 
1 x
m
0

1 1
1 1
1 / 2
I   (1  x
m
 t, x  t , dx 
m 1/ m
Sol.: ) dx Put x t m
dt
0
m
1 1
1 1
1 / 2
I   (1  t ) x 0 1
m
. t dt
0
m
t 0 1
1 1
1 1
1 / 2 1  1 1
 t
m
(1  t ) dt   , 
m 0
m m 2

1
1/ m 1/ 2
1 1/ m 
 
m 1 m 1 1
1/ m  
2 m 2

Ex.8: Evaluate  1  x dx
4

0
 1
1 3 / 4
I   (1 
4 1/ 2
 t, x  t , dx 
4 1/ 4
Sol.: x ) dx Put x t dt x 0 1
0
4
T 0 1

1 1
1 3 / 4 1 3 / 4
I   (1  t ) dt  t (1  t )
1/ 2 1/2
. t dt
0
4 4 0

1/ 4 3/ 2
1 1 1 1
  ,  
4 4 2 4 7/4

1 / 4.2 1 / 2
1 1 1/ 4
 .  
4 3 6 3/4
3/4
4

2a

Ex.9: Evaluate  x 2 ax  x dx
2

2a

I   x. x (2a  x)
1/ 2
Sol.: dx Put x  2 at , dx  2 adt x 0 2a
0

T 0 1

1 1

I   ( 2 a  2 at ) . 2 adt  ( 2 a ) t (1  t )
3/2 1/ 2 3 3/2 1/ 2
( 2 at ) dt
0 0

5/23/2
 8 a .  ( 5 / 2 ,3 / 2 )  8a
3 3

3 1 1
. . 1/ 2 1/ 2
a
3 3
2 2 2 8a x3 1
 8a  . .  .  
3

3! 8 6 2

Type 2: Examples involving application of

p 1 q 1
,
 /2
1  p 1 q 1 1 2 2
  cos d   
p q
sin B ,
0
2  2 2  2 p  q  2
2

 /2

Ex.10: Express  tan  d  as gamma function.

0
  /2  /2
1 / 2
I   tan  d    sin  cos d
1/ 2
Sol.:
0 0

1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
3 / 41/ 4
 2 
   
1 1 2 2 2

2 2
2 1
2


dx  2
Ex.11: Prove that  
1
4
0
x 4

dx 1 1 / 2
I  1  tan  x  tan  dx   sec d
2 2
Sol.: 4
Put x or tan
0
x 2

1 1 / 2
 sec d
2
 /2 tan
2
  1  tan 2 
x 0 
0

 0  /2

 /2  /2
1 1 / 2 1 1 / 2
  d   sin  cos d
1/ 2
tan
2 0
2 0

1 1
 1 1
2 2
2 2 1 3

1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1
 .   1
2 2 1 1 4 1 4 4 4
   2
2 2
2

1  2
 
4 sin  / 4 4

 /2
d
Ex.12: Evaluate 
1
1 
0 2
sin
2
  /2
d
Sol.: I   1
1 
0 2
sin
2
 
1 1
1 1 1 3 / 4
Put cos
2
  t or cos   t ,   cos 4 t 4 , d   . t dt
 
1 t
1/ 2
  4


When   0 t  1;   t  0 Also sin   1  cos  1
2 2
t
2
1 3 / 4 1 3 / 4
1 1 t dt 2 t dt
I   .   1 t
1 t 4 1 4
1 (1 
0 0
t)
2
1 3 / 4 1 3 / 4
1 t dt 2 t

4
 1

4
 1 t
1 (1 
0 0
t t
2
1
2 3 / 4 1 / 2

4
t (1  t ) dt ,
0

1 1

21 1  2 4 2
 .B  ,  
4 4 2 4 3
4

1 / 4    1 / 4 
2 2 2
2 1 / 4 2  (1 / 4)
2
2. 
   
4 1 1  4 2 
1 4.
4 4 sin  / 4

 /2  /2

2

Ex.13: Show that  tan  d   cos  d  

0 0
2
 /2  /2
1 / 2
 tan  d    sin  cos d
1/ 2
Sol.:
0 0
 1 1
1 1
1 2 2
2 2 2 1 3 1
. .
2 4 4
 
1 1 1
 1
2 2
2

1 1 1
 .1 
2 4 4

1   
   
2  sin  / 4  2
  
 p 1  p  , 0  p  1 

 sin p  
 /2  /2
 
a a
 
cot  d    d  f ( a  x ) dx 
  cot 
 2 
  f ( x ) dx   
0 0  0 0 
 /2
 
  tan  d  .. cot      tan 
0  2 

 (By above result)
2
 /2  /2
  
2

  tan  d   cot  d   . 
0 0 2 2 2

 /2  /2
d
Ex.14: Evaluate    sin  d 
0 sin  0

 /2  /2
1 / 2
I   dx  sin d
1/ 2
Sol.: sin
0 0

1/ 41/ 2 3 / 41/ 2

23/4 25/4

1 / 4.  . 
 
1 1
4.
4 4
  /6

Ex.15: Evaluate  sin 6  cos 3 d 

2 6

 /6  /6

I   6  cos 3 d    ( 2 sin 3 cos 3 ) cos 3 d 

2 6 2 6
Sol.: sin
0 0

 /6
1
 4  sin 3 cos 3 d  3  t ,   t / 3 , d     /6
2 8
Put dt 0
0
3
t 0  /2

 /2
dt 4  ( 3 / 2 ,9 / 2 )
I  4  
2 8
 sin t cos t
0
3 3 2

1 7 5 3 1
1/ 2 . 1/ 2
4 1 3/29/2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
3 2 6 3 5!

1 7 .5 .3 .1 35 
 . 
3 16  5 ! 16  120
7

384

 /4

Ex.16: Express  cos 3

2 x sin
4
4 xdx , in terms of beta function and evaluate.
0

 /4

I   cos
3 4
Sol.: 2 x ( 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x ) dx
0

 /4
 d
 16  sin 2x   ,x   /4
4 7
2 x , cos 2 xdx Put , dx  x 0
0
2 2
 0  /2

 /2  /2
d
I  16   cos 7   8  sin  cos 7  d 
4 4
 sin
0
2 0

 (5 / 2 ,4 ) 5/24
 8  4
2 13 / 2

5/2 4 . 6 . 16
 4. 3! 
11 9 7 5 11 . 9 . 7 . 5
. 5/2
2 2 2 2
384 128
 
1155 385
 m n
Type 3: Examples involving application of B (m , n) 
m  n

Ex.17: Prove that B ( m , n )  B ( m , n  1 )  B ( m  1, n )

Sol.: R . H . S .  B ( m , n  1 )  B ( m  1, n )
m n 1 m 1n mn n m m n
   
m  n 1 m 1 n (m  n) m  n (m  n) m  n

m n(n  m ) m n
   B ( m , n )  LHS .
(m  n) m  n m  n

m n p
Ex.18: Show that B (m , n) B (m  n, p ) 
m  n  p

m n m  n p
Sol.: LHS B (m , n)B (m  n, p ) 
m  n m  n p

x
Ex.19: Prove that B ( x  1, y )  B ( x , y ).
x y
Sol.: L.H.S.= B ( x  1, y )
x 1 y x x y
 
x 1 y (x  y) x  y

x
 B ( x , y )  R . H .S .
x y

Ex.20: Prove that yB ( x  1 , y )  xB ( x , y  1 )

x 1 y
Sol.: L.H.S.= yB ( x  1, y )  y
x 1 y

x x. y y x y 1
  x  xB ( x , y  1 )  R . H . S .
y 1 x x  y 1

1  1
Ex.21: Prove B ( x, x)  2 x 1
B  x, 
2  2
Sol.: We have by duplication formula:
  2m
m m 1/ 2  2 m 1
2
m 
 
2 m 1
2m 2 m 1/ 2

x x x
Now, B ( x, )   x.
2x 2x

 x .1 / 2 1  1
 x.   2 x 1
.B  x , 
2 x 1 1 2 x 1 1 2  2
2 .x  2 .x 
2 2

Type 4: Examples involving application of second form of

 m 1
y
definition of beta function B (m , n)   (1  mn
dy
0
y)


x (1  x )
8 6

Ex.22: Evaluate  dx
(1  x )
24
0

 
x (1  x ) x  x
8 6 8 14

Sol.: I   (1  x )
24
dx   (1  x)
24
dx
0 0

 8  14
x dx x
  (1  x)
24
  (1  x)
24
dx
0 0

 m 1  8  m  9
 B ( 9 ,15 )  B (15 , 9 )  
 m  n  24  n  15 
 B ( 9 ,15 )  B ( 9 ,15 )  B (m , n )  B (n, m )
 0


x (1  x )
4 5

Ex.23: Evaluate  dx
(1  x )
15
0
   
 x
4 9 4 9
x x x
Sol.: I   (1  x)
15
dx   (1  x)
15
dx   (1  x)
15
dx
0 0 0

 B ( 5 ,10 )  B (10 , 5 )  2 B ( 5 ,10 )

5 10 4 !9 !
 2  2
15 14 !

1

5005

Type 5: Miscellaneous Examples:

1 m 1 n 1
y  y
Ex.24: Show that  mn
dy  B ( m , n )
0
(1  y )
 m 1
x
B (m , n)   (1  x)
mn
dx .
0
Sol.: We have, 
1 m 1 m 1
x x
B (m , n)   (1  x)
mn
dx   (1  x)
mn
dx  I 1  I 2
0 1

 m 1
x 1 1 dt
Consider I2   (1  x)
mn
dx Put x 
t
or t 
x
 dx  
t
2
1

X 1 

T 0 1

0
 1  1  dt 
   t m 1


mn
.  2 
 t 
1 1
1  
 t
1 mn 1 n 1
t dt t dt
 t m 1
(1  t )
mn
  (1  t ) mn
0 0
1 n 1
x dx
I2   (1  x)
mn
0

1 m 1 1 n 1
x x
 B (m , n)   (1  x)
mn
dx   (1  x)
mn
dx
0 0

1 m 1 n 1
x  x
  (1  x )
mn
dx
0
 1 m 1 n 1
x (1  x ) B (m , n )
Ex.25: Show that  mn
dx 
(a  x) a (1  a )
n m
0

1 m 1 n 1
x (1  x ) x t
Sol.: I   (a  x)
mn
dx . Put
a  x

a 1
(Note this substitution).
0

 x ( a  1)  t ( a  x ) Or x .( a  1  t ) at
at
Or x 
a 1 t
( a  1  t )( a )  at (  1 ) a ( a  1 ) dt
 dx  . dt 
(a  1  t) (a  1  t)
2 2

at a  1  t  at
Also 1 x 1 
a 1 t a 1 t
a  1  t ( a  1) ( a  1 (1  t )
 
a 1 t a 1 t
at a ( a  1 )  at  at a ( a  1)
a  x  a   a 1 t 
a 1 t (a  1  t)
at 1 t
When x=0, 0   t  o; when x= 1,   t 1 x 0 1
a 1 t a 1 a 1
T 0 1

1 m 1 m 1 n 1 n 1 mn
a t ( a  1) (1  t ) a ( a  1 ) dt (a  1  t)
 I   (a  1  t)
m 1
(a  1  t)
n 1
(a  1  t)
2
a
mn
( a  1)
mn
0

1
1 m 1 n 1 B (m , n)

a (1  a )
n m t (1  t ) . dt 
a ( a  1)
n m
0

1 p 1 q 1
x (1  x ) B ( p, q)
Ex.26: Prove that  pq
dx 
(a  bx) a (a  b )
q p
0

1 p 1 q 1
x (1  x ) x y
Sol.: I   (a  bx)
pq
dx Put
a  bx

b  a
0

ay
( b  a ) x  ay  b . x . y , ( b  a  by ) x  ay  x 
b  a  by
ay b  a  by  ay ( b  a )( a  y )
1 x 1  
b  a  by b  a  by b  a  by
aby a (a  b)
a  bx  a  
a  b  by a  b  by
a (a  b)
Also dx  dy
( b  a  by )
2

ay
When x= 0   y  0
b  a  by
 1 y
When x= 1   y 1
a b b  a
1 p 1 p 1 q 1 q 1 pq
a .y (b  a ) (1  y ) (a  b  by ) a (a  b )
I   (b  a  b y ) p 1
.
(b  a  b y )
q 1
.
a
pq
(a  b )
pq
(b  a  b y )
2
dy
0

1
1 p 1 q 1 1

a (a  b )
q p  y (1  y ) dy 
a (a  b )
q p
B ( p, q)
0

1  m 1
m 1 n 1 y
Ex.27: Using B (m , n)  x (1  x ) dx , show that B (m , n)   (1  y)
mn
dy .
0 0


dx
Evaluate  p 1 
1
x ( x  1)
Sol.: For the first part, refer property 4 of beta function. For the second part,

dx 1 1
Let   x
p 1
( x  1)

Put x 
t
dx 
t
2
dt x 1 
1

t 1 0

1
 1 / t dt
2

  
0 1 1 
p 1
  1
t t 
1 p 1  1
1 t t p  1 
  t 2 . (1  t )  dt  t (1  t ) dt  B ( p   ,1   )
0 0

 m 1
x 1
Ex.28: Prove that  mn
dx  B (m , n)
( a  bx )
n m
0
a b
 m 1
x a
Sol.: I   ( a  bx ) mn
dx Put bx= at; dx 
b
dt x 0 
0

t 0 

 m 1 m 1
a t a 1
  b
m 1
.
b
. dt
( a  at )
mn
0

 m m 1  m 1
a t dt 1 t dt 1
 b m
a
mn
(1  t )
mn

a b
n m  (1  t ) mn

a b
n m
B (m , n)
0 0

Ex.29: Evaluate  ( x  a ) ( b  x ) dx
m n

a
 b

I   (x  a) ( b  x ) dx
m n
Sol.: Put x  a  (b  a )t. Then dx  ( b  a ) dt
a

x a b

t 0 1

1 n 1 n

  (b  a )
m
t
m
b  a  ( b  a ) t  ( b  a ) dt  ( b  a )
m 1
 t ( b  a )( 1  t ) 
m
dt
0 0

1
m  n 1 m  n 1
 (b  a ) t (1  t ) dt  ( b  a ) B ( m  1, n  1 )
m n

Ex.30: Evlauate  ( x  3)
1/ 4
(7  x )
1/ 4
dx
3

Sol.: Put x= 4t+3, dx= 4 dt (Note this substitution) x 3 7

t 0 1

I   ( x  3) (7  x )
1/4 1/ 4
dx .
0

1 1

  (4t) (7  4t  3) 4 dt  4 [ 4 (1  t )]
1/ 4 1/4 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
t 4 dt
0 0

5 5 1 1 1 1
2
2  1
1 1
5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
 
 4 t (1  t ) dt  8 B  ,   8  8 
3/2 4 1/ 4

4 4 5 3 1 3   4 
0 
2 2 2

Exercise 2
Evaluate the following
2
1 / 3
1.  y (8  y )
4 3
dy Hint: Put y= 2t.
0

16 5 2
Ans.:  , 
3 3 3
1

2.  1  
m
 t
n 1/ n
x dx Hint: Put x
0

m ! n!
Ans.:
( m  n )!
  4
 t 
3.    dt Hint: Put t  tan 
1
2
0  t 
1
Ans.:  ( 5 / 2 ,3 / 2 )
2


x (1  x )
5 3

4.  dx
(1  x )
15
0

Ans.: 0

 /2

5.  cot  d 
0

Ans.:  / 2

9
2a
x 2
21 
6.  dx Ans.:
0 2a  x 16

a
a 6
7.  x 3 (a
2
 a ) dx
2 3
Ans.:
0
32

1
1
8.  x 2 (1  2
x ) dx
4
Ans.: B ( 3 / 2 ,5 )
0
2
1

9.Expres in terms of gamma functions  x m (1  n p

x ) dx .
0

m 1
p 1
1 n
 t
n
Hint: x Ans.:
n m 1
 p 1
n
1

10.Evaluate  x 3 (1  5
x ) dx
0

Hint: x  t

11. Evaluate  x n ( n  x ) dx .
p
(Put x= nt)
0

n  p 1
Ans.: n B ( n  1, p  1 )
  n 1
x 1
12. Prove that B (m , n)   (1  x)
mn
dx (Put x 
1 t
in the definition of B(m,n)
0

1
x  2x  x
2 3
1
13.Evaluate  dx Ans.:
(1  x )
5
0
48
1
m ! n!
14.Prove that  (1  x
1/ n
) dx 
m

0
( m  n )!

 t
1/ n
Hint: x
1

15.Express  (1  x ) (1  x ) dx
m n
in terms of gamma functions.
1


Hint: x  cos 2 ; x   1;   ; x  1  0 .
2
n 1m 1
Ans.: 2m  n  1
m  n 2

 /4 2/3
6 
16.Show that  (sin   cos  ) d 
1/3
5/6
 / 4
2 1/6

 
1 1

(sin   cos  )  (sin   cos  )  (1  sin 2  ) 6 Put  
1/3 2

3
Hint:
4

dx  1/ m
17.Prove that  
1  xm m 1 1

m 2

 t
m
Hint: x
m
18.Show that ( i ) B ( m  1, n )  B (m , n) ( ii ) nB ( m  1 , n )  mB ( m , n  1 )
m  n
 n 1
x 1
19.Show that  mn
dx  B (m , n)
( a  bx )
m n
0
a b

a (1  t )
Hint: Put bx=
t

dx 
20.Show that    tan  )
2
( Put x
1 x4 2 2

n 
2

1
21.Show that B ( n , n  1) 
2 2n
 1
dx 2 
22.Show that   (Put x
3
 t. Use p1 p  0  p  1)
0
3
1 x
3
3 3 sin p 
2
16  
23.Show that  x ( 8  x 3)
1/3
dx  (Put x 3  8t . Use p1 p 
0 9 3 sin p 

x (1  x ) dx
8 6

24.Show that   0
(1  x )
28
0

 9 1  15  1
x dx x dx
Hint: I   (1  x)
9  15
  (1  x)
15  9
 B ( 9 ,15 )  B (15 , 9 )  0
0 0


 x
6 3
x
25.Show that  x dx  0
2
(Put x
3
 t)
(1  x )
3 5
0

1
 x
2 3
x 1
26.Show that  dx 
(1  x )
7
0
60
1 2 1 3
x dx x dx 1
Hint: I   (1  x)
7
  (1  x)
7
(Put x 
t
inI 2
)
0 0

1 1

2
x dx dx
27.Prove that   (1  
(1  x 4 )
1/ 2 4 1/ 2
0 0
x ) 4 2

 sin   tan  2  t )
2
Hint: For I1 Put x ; For I2, Put x 2 , further

 /2  /2
d
28.Prove that   sin  d   
0 sin  0

 /2

Hint: Use  sin  cos d
p

 /2
m 1
B (m , n)  2  (t  t
2
29.Prove that ) dr
0

1/ 2 1
m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1
Hint: B (m , n)   t (1  t ) dt  t (1  t ) dt .
0 1/2

In second integral I2, Put t= 1-x

n
1

n n 
2
x 1
30.Prove that  dx  B , 
(1  x )
n
1
2  2 2
n n n
1 1 1
 1 
n n
2 2 2
x x x 1
Hint: B ,  
2 2
 (1  x)
n
  (1  x)
n
  (1  x)
n
(Put x 
t
in I1)
0 0 1
 1
(1  x ) 3 
4 3/4
t y
31.Show that  dx  Put x
4
 t then Use p1 p 
(1  x ) 1 t 2 sin p 
4 2 15 / 4
0
2

B ( m , n  1) B ( m  1, n ) B (m , n)
32.Show that  
n m m  n
1
1 m 
33.Show that  x m  1 (1  x )
2 n 1
dx  B ,n
0
2  2 
x at
34.By putting  , where the constant a, is suitably selected, show that
1 x 1 t
1
1 / 3 2 /3 1 1 2 1 
x (1  x ) (1  2 x ) dx 
9
1/3
B , 
3 2
0