Partial Differentiation Partial Differential Coefficients or Partial Derivatives Definition : First order partial Derivative: ‘The ordinerary derivatives of z with respect to x, treating y as constant is called the a: parital derivatives of z with respect tox andis denoted by 2 , # , £, or f(y). f(x+ B, of f(x,y) , the derivative of z with respect to y keeping 4: Thus, $2 = lim 5 k30 xasconstantis 2%. If zis a function of three or more variable x; , xp «vat then partial derivatives of z with respect to x; is obtained by differentiating z with espect to x, keeping all other 4; variables constant and is expressed by 7 = is the first order partial derivative of z with respect to x. Second order and higher order Partial Differentiations + Let z= f(x,y) @ _ a (a a _ o (a2) a ay (i) =% wn 7 Gy) in which we first differentiate z partially with respect to y considering x as constant and the result to obtained is then differentiated partially with respect to x, considering y as. constant. a, &, Ingeneral Gray = yay. thatis the order of differentiation is commutative, Iisutrative Examples Type 1- Direct partial derivatives Example 1: Tf u = log (x*+ y? + 2%) show that x tor = xe = & Solution : Similarly we can define thrid and higher order derivatives ez af a aa + log Error! We have, log (x+y? + 2”)Engineoring Mathematics — 1 a Partial Differentiation eye e [treating x and y as constant] 2] oe 2z (2y) dy Laz) ~~ GPs ye 2%? and =e © aye oP au? _ __=4xyz — * dy de = Payee fd oxy See edge * Gh yes oe yy Hence, x39, = Yozdx = *Oedy Fu By symmetry, 3, 9x Example 2: ni If v = (1-2xy+y’)? prove that a) av ov @ xy -yay =e a Z[a- 2] +2 [¥Z] -0 Solution 1 (@® Given (1-2xy+ yy? a av i 2 ie = 7g A ty ty)? @2y) r yes slacayess tl ol) 2 and & .} a-aayey? Caxton = (-y)v) (2) ax -y% exw! —ya-ye = xy! yaw) y2v = ye Gi) Wehave, = yw? -s(rom (1) a-x*) & = yQ-x) v3 Zla-» 2] - 2 va-Engineering Mathematics — | 3 Partial Differentiation -y[a-) 3X 203] = y [8 (1-x2) v? yv3— 2x04] = yi [By (1-9) v?— 2x] (8) and from (2) a av a £[r¥] ay WP &-y vA 2 = iy oy? -y) v4} = Gyt—y) a8 5 + Oxy 39%) = (xy?—y9) By? (-y) vo + (xy - By) v8 +.From (2) = yw [By (x—y)? v? + 2x-2y] (4) Adding (8) and (4), we get, gla) £).2[p2] = ye? [By (1-22) vi—ax+ By (xy) 2v? + Ox 3y] Ox = Sy?¥3 [(1-22) v4 @-y?h 2-1) = Sy? v5 (1-22) v2 + (2 - oxy +y*) v? - 1) = Sy? v3 [v? (1 -2xy +y%)—-1] = Sy? v3 fv? v2 1) = 8y?v5 (1-1) =0 Hence, a 5 a av $[a-e2] +2[r¥] =0 Example 3: oe If uz (x? +y2+22), prove that i a @ xteve eZ eu Pu oo 2.4.4 =0 x Solu © = 1 2 4= aye oP az Se -2atsyanme x = aba yh oeEngineering Mathematics ~ | A Partial Differentiation i =) ox Gey eee = oo. Similarly, Voy * - aye wn2) au ae and 2 7 aye = Adding (1) (2) and (3), du, ou du _ _@+y+2) Xan + Yay + ton Gt yts te =1 = 7 =-u G@ey?+2%)? Now, differentiating = wart. x partially, tu 20 ene j ox? = Ox [GPa y+ ae, 1 Ge syt a) -x 2 ts yte ed? aero + : ae bteyte stad} ae yr ee! aso oe inl Pu __ adel Similarly, 352 See 2B) ea = 22? end at * eee (6) Adding (3) , (6) and (6), we get, fu ®t wu n Ox? yee Pt x2 — By? 24x24 y— 22? ax? Say? * a2 = = (+ ye + Ze? Example 5: a ? az If z(x+y) = x?+y? show that @-2) = 4-2-2) 2 Solution : -ae Oz _ (x+y) 2x— G24 y?)1Engineering Mathematics -1 5 Partial Differentiation Similarly, = ie ay cA ox (2) From (1) and (2), @ aay _ 4@-y? ax ~ ay) = ery GB Example 7: If u = log (x3 + y* +23 - Sxyz) show that 2 ees az) “=~ @tysar oD Given Now, Similarly,Engineering Mathematics ~ | 6 Partial Differentiation ou 3? xy) xO + ye 2 Sxyz ox * vy + & BQ? +y?+2?— xy~yz~zx) x+y? +23 Sxyz — — 3 ety? + st xy -ye- x) * jetyte) Gy ta? —xy—yo—x2) iS “ &ryeD ee (+y+2? eet Qw+y+2? Sa =BEes (x+y+2 ‘Substituting in equation (1), Os 20s OS 8 5 8 a ue +R) ° Ga * Gee Ee 9 * weyto? Similarly ele ele ele = RHS Example 9 : If u = log (tanx +tany + tan z) show that sin 2x u, + sin 2y uy +sin 2zu, = 2 Solution : Given _u = log (tanx + tany + tanz) ou i Os eee es “c= x = (anx+tany+tanz) "°° * OU ee eens ae ‘ = dy = Ganxttany+tanz) °° Y pugepen: see e ‘= 9c = (anx+tany+tanz) % * LHS = sin 2x u,+ sin 2y u,+sin2z u, __ Sin 2x sec? + sin 2y sec’ y + sin 2z sec” z tanx+tany+tanz 2sin x cos x + 2siny cosy Ir + Qsinzcosz - —— cos? x cos? z (tan x + tan y + tan z) _ 2(tanx+ tany + tan2) = “(an x + tany + tan 2)Engineering Mathematics — 1 7 Partial Differentiation O: Using log if x*y¥ 2* = c show that at x=y=z ay = ~[elog (ex) Solution : From the given claim, we can regard z as a function of two independent variables x andy. Given xty¥2? =. +) Taking log of both side of equation (1) we get, xlogx+ ylogy +zlog = loge 1) differentiate (2) w.x-t. partially x zoe E+ logx+ O42 5 +logz 1+ logx + 2 (1+logz) = __ Lelogx ox =~ L+logz =) Differentiate (2) w.r.t. y partially, x Bi oz 043 + logys % He + logs = 0 1 +logy+1 3 + loge =0 iz __ Lslogy gy =~ T+logz 88 (tee) = ae U4 loge, = (1+ logy) [-(1+ log ay? 2 #2 1+logy * (1 + log 2) «From (3) Given x= y = 2 weget, (A+ log x)? _ ~ x(1+logx)? ~~ x (1 +logx) eee = ~x(oge + logs) 1 ~ log ex = — bx log (ex)] Type 2: To show fy = fy,Engineering Mathematics —1 8 Partial Differentiation Example 11: e+ oe | Differentiating wr-t. x partially, 1_ Gy Gy -@+ yy f= ay Go? xy @e-2- yy __xoyt = YG sy) xy > xGta+y?) Differentiating f, w.r-t. y partially, eee (29) ~~ y?) ] sy? o [= 2y oe) x G+ ye? ta © e+ y? Similarly by symmetry ax Sy =i (e+ ) 2x) = (v2 x2) ‘as ey! oy? == = ayy 2) From (1) and (2), = 4x fy = Se = eye Example 12: f=atant @) Solution : fy = [2 et) _ aet-y’) @ ~ 8 ay | = atayh? a From given f = atan-t(*) Differentiating w.r-t. y, partially,Engineering Mathematics — | 9 Partial Differentiation of 8% 22) From (1) and (2), Thus, fae Example 13: fe xt 5 ot a1 Solution : Fe =e ls ylogy PE a Byox = dy Lye o1+ y*logyl = yx logx + x14 xy*-llogy = = x0~l+yx~! loge + xy*-! logy + yX-) = 1 (1+ylogx) +y*-1(1+x logy) ) Given f=x+y* ete el ay = © logx + xy* of 1 fy = dxoy = ye"? log x4 x75 + xy logy + y*-} yx)! logx 4x7"! + xy*-l logy + yx! wl (L+ylogx) + y“1(1+xlogy) +f) ‘Thus, From (1) and (2) folie, Example 14: f = &® sinby Solution : to = e™ sin by or 8 fye = Dyox = dy [a% sinby] = abe™ cosby -@)Engineering Mathematics —1 10 Partial Differentiation be casby ay ae fy = Gx ay = abe™ cos by on(2) ‘Thus from (1) and (2), fyy= fy. Type + to find n, a, b, etc. Example 15: 2 If uC, 8) = Ac® sin (nt gx) satisfies the equation 32 = 12S where A, g,n and k are constants, show that n= 2k? g? Solution + u (x,t) = Ac sin (nt- gx) a ie = Ane cos (nt - gx) 3% & = Ae® [—goin (nt gx) ~g008 (nt go] = ~Age® [sin (nt—gx) + cos (nt - gx)] eu Set = ~ Ager (~g [sin (at gx) + cos (nt gx) )] + [eos (nt gx) ~sin (nt- gx) ) @ @))) = Ag’ e® [2 cos (nt - gx)] +2) ou eu But, eared (given) From (1) and (2), Ane™® cos (nt- gx) = Ag? e® k? [2 cos (nt - gx) ] ne2ek? Example 16: eu a = +by ota ae _ oe z= ulsy) e%*l where uC, y)is such that 5.55 = 0. Gy - be - Ge + 2 =0, then find the constants a and b. Solution : Given u isa function of x and y. and z= u (xy) ety a) Differentiating (1) w.r-t. x, and partially, we have, a a fee eu eel (2) Be LD, gaesty yy. petty +8) ay = oyEngineering Mathematics ~| u Partial Differentiation ae 8 [oe dx ay = ax Lay. [88 cece +by = 2 [Bem ober ] -foese + am + by Bee [Be awe] ore i reg sy MY + aba (4) From (1) (2) (8 and (4) and given that Po ox 7 ox Pe dee gt Ox dy ~ Ox ~ ay +27 © @u du au ] [Be + 08s ole abu 2a Mba a =0 Given grpy = 9 -l6) From (6), eee [a-» ro-v g, u(a-1) -uo-0)] =0 Since e™*"Y + 0 and a #0 2 #0 Thus, a-1=0, b-1=0 asl and b= Example 17: av) Find the values of n, so that v =r" (3 cos? @~ 1) satisfy the equation. 2 (e 3) + 1-2 av" ano 36 (su§6 Solution : v = r™(3cos*@-1) nr®~! (3 cos? @~ 1) a & = nr™*1 (3 cos? @-1) 2 (2) =na(+Dv =) 30 = 16050 sin 0) = r*(-3 sin 26)12 Partial Differentiation Engineering Mathem: sino & = :9(-3 sin 0 sin 20) = 1. 3.cos 0 sin 20-6 sin 0 cos 26) = 1" 6 cos” @ sin 0-6 sin 0 (2 cos” 0 - 1)] r® sin @ [- 6 cos? 0-12 cos’@ +6) -6r* sin [3 cos’ @- 1] ~~ 6r" [3 cos @ - 1) sin® 0 = -6vsind +(2) +. From (1) and (2), a iv" 2%) =iIn+-@v =0 [n@+D-6v=0 n?+n-6 = 0 (n+ 3)(n-2) = 0 n=-3 or n=2 Example 18: =? ro=te® find the value of n which will make 75 ée%) =. Solution : @)Engineering Mathematics - | 13 Partial Differentiation Also, v2) Given that, 1 (400) _ 0 ror ar a . From (1) and (2), 2 F) G-2 ee n Exercise 5.1 Type &e. 32 +x 1. If 2 - x -y = 0, prove that ixdy 2. Ifux+y) + x®+y?, prove that e@ guy ( au au) ax ay) = 4 ‘ax ~ by, 23? tart ak ta yt 3. us x? tate - x? ton! provethat 505, = yy 4. Ie u = sin +tan = , prove that x2 tye 0. 5. If u = 2(ax+by)® - @+y?) and a? +b? =1, prove that 22 +4 =0. 6 Wy sot) prove that gs -_—. = (axtey?? Sees Fa _ eto 7. If u =e cos (x—kt), prove that 7 = ST Gu Hu ou 2 tyit2?, provethat 57 + 59 + of Tu 8. If uw? 9, If e= tanx+tany, prove that sin 2x 2 4 sin 2y 2 eu Bu 10. ux, provethat 5.757 = Ray da 11. If u =x" prove that ea = ae Fa 1s Syne x ya Troy dz = (+ Says ety? a%u 12. If u= e% prove thatEngineering Mathematics —1 14 Partial Differentiation exten du du au 18. us Sy oye» Provethat 3. +9, +9, = 20 fu eu 14. If us &(ccosy—ysiny), provethat 53 + = au eu 15. If u = e® tanby logs, provethat 59, 52 = Gedy Ox eu tu = Sxy? , prove that 5 + og 2° 16. fu Gu Ohne ax dy Ox Gy ox? 17. If u =x? y4, prove that Type 2: u Ay Prove that rie * Gy dg OF Vay = Uyy it, 19. u = e™sin by 20. u=xi+yi-3 at 22, usr +x A. y a uae x as x+y ous ay G 25. u = sin () 26, w= tog 22) 27. u = cos" 165) = e+ I) Type 3: = {bag 29. Find the value of n for which z = pt? e™ * satisfies the equation oe te nl Partial differentiation of function of a function (Composite function) (First order Partial derivative) If Z = f(u) andu=6 (x,y), ie. Z isa function of u and u itself is a function of two independent vriables x and y. The two relations define Z as a fuention of x and y. ‘Thus Z is called a function of a function of x and y. 1. If 2 = f (v) is differentiable function of u and u = 6 (x, y) possess first order partial derivatives. ie. zu x,y, then oe iz ou oe _ oF Ge treating y as constant.Engineering Mathematics —1 = ou f (u) ie f (uw) 2 ele ely oy 15, partial derivatives, i.e. v->u—>x,y,z, then, ele ele gle ‘Type 1: x ou” cag ou wv ou” ox au ay du a2 Mlustrative Exampels = f(u) = f(u) = f(u) au ox au ay ou a Partial Differentiation tee ee =f @) zis a function of single variable u. treating x as constant. f(u) is differentiable function of u and u = @ (x, 8y, z) possess first order treating y, z constants, treating y, z constants. treating y, z constants. Example 1: (x au oa yale) isa Solution : Example 2 + If u=f(x) where r= \x?+y?+r* prove that Ua yy + Yep = £G)+E Solution : im tyer Differentiating w.r-t. partially, a are Similarly, ele aie aly ° nha oieEngineering Mathematics —| gle sz f(r) 4 +f) tal & y ar =f F = = fr @) ti} a Reto R Partial Differentiation ie = <1 5 +e@% 2, Simitaty yy 28222 rey) Ss eH -@) a fo 2 aa and rr POR +805 ) 7 (1) +2) +) gives, Fa fu fs Lis = 53 +33 + =P OO ate Pate ed #0) 20) 4 fo = ED 2 EP #e) fo). = HO £9 Lee @ +*2 - gas Example 3 : 2, If u=xlog(x+r) -r where r? = x24 y? find the value of £3 & Solution : Given rs x+y? fe, roy =F Given us xlog@+n - 5, a ar) Se = bog en + (1+) = = log (x +1) + SES 5 (+ 2) -% = log e+» +o (f44) 8 = log x +2) eu 1 2 x So 0+®) -h 0-3)Engineering Mathematics — | v7 Partial Differentiation oD) ne 2/9 x Soxer *y@+n “rat x Fern oa Adding (1) and (2), w eget, fo ful x ox tay? =r 7 r&+n etre m se 21 “re+r) “x+r Example 4: If v = (x?—y’) £ (xy), show that & + s = (xt—y!) £ (xy) Solution v = (x?~y?) f( where J = xy al = y and 3, =x RIF Fh; (x?—y?) £(@) y+ 2xf (0) Ig. = yiGe-y) y+ 2] +20 M yx+fO] = yae-y?) £) + dxyf + 260) xEngineering Mathematics —| 18 Partial Differentiation and v = G-y%) £0), =e ro Ft +9 Cay = @-y?) £0) x- 2yf@) & x [@-y) f@ x-2yf )] -2 yf Mx+f0) = O?-y?) xP F') -4xy fd) - 2° +f) Adding (1) and (2) ad SS ters ew + ot 200 = (y+ x2) @?-y) PE) = @t-y) 1@ Hence proven, Example 5 : If u = f(r) andx=rcos®, y=rsin@ prove that 23 a & rast £@) Solution + Given us f@) andr =Vi+y? au sa or: fo and > 3ye= = , wot ju aa ox ox eu 2 ns =f @% +f) a A) Similarly, 7 P05 seq 2 (2) . From Equation (1) and (2), 2 fu | #u ~ & = + FO) [=e] LHS=93 + a2Engineering Mathematics — | v Partial Differentiation =f") + f@)=RHS. Example 6 + If z = e+" £(ax-by) provethat, b 2 +a Solution : PF £(ax— by) em+by £ (ax—by) a+ae™*'Y f(ax —by) and em+by £ (ax—by) (-b)+ b+ e+" f (ax —by) Now, LHS = vf + oe = abe™* f (ax—by) +abe™*Y f(ax—by) — abe™*Y £ (ax—by) +abe™t'Y f(ax— by) = 2abe™* f(ax—by) = 2abz = RHS Example 7: Ifx=reos®, y = rsin@ prove that, Cr ax? * ay? = * lay) 0 (#0, y+ 0) Solution : 1. Given = x = _r cos@ and y= rsin@ @) +2) Similarly from (3) pe a 7SEngineering Mathematics -1 20 Partial Differentiation nee) * 2 _# at a A) DY | | (Vo oe ee is & a &) ES 8) . From equation (4) and (5), ps 2 C LHs.=55 + ed : 2/ @) ie @y]-nus. 2. Given x = reos9 andy = rsind sat? | ie. 03 xy ae ox ae Pet (1) 20 and z a se 2) From equation (1) and (2) fo | we ox? * ay? Example 8 : gu If u=f (r+ ay) + 6(x-ay) , prove that 53 Solution : Given u = £(x+ay) + (x-ay) au Fe =f Gctay) + Peay) Poe And a = MM xtay) + o"e-ay) sD) From given w a dy =f &+ay) a+ Gay) (a) a (2) Bay = PE tay) + a2" (e~ay) From Equation (1) and (2),Engineering Mathematics — | 21 Partial Differentiation Fu _ tu ay? ox? Example 9: a Ifus 8) | prove that x 2 +e =0 Solution : oe BQ dm BGG) mux xox = y Fe) (1) And oy ta A) 2) Adding equation (1) and (2), we get, da) du *ox + Yay =O Example 10 : 2, If u =xf(x+y) + yoee+y) stow that £3 — 9B 8 =0 Solution : xf (x+y) +£(x+y) + yo +y) pl = Xf ety) +f ty) + Paty) + yo ty) = xf" (x+y) +2f &+y) +y6" x+y) @ & _ weecey) + Wary) +oa+y) B= xe ety) + Paty) + Hy) E HOY) (2) & = xf"(x+y) +yd" (x+y) + 2Wa+y) From (1), (2) and (8) we get, Fu uu ae Pox ay * at xf (x+y) +2f x+y) tye" +y) 2x f" (x+y) — OF Ge +y) -2yd" (K+) ~29 ty) + xf ety) tye ty) + BWxty) = 0-RES. LES.Engineering Mathematics ~ | 22 Partial Differentiation Example 11: ; 2. - a)? + (y-by + (2-0), show that 23 +g & If u =logr, where r?= “3 Solution : Wehave, — r? = (x-a)? + (y—b)?+ (z-c)” +) Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t.x, we have, =. (4) (2) =. From (2) Ff . i 2 ‘Thus, Similarly, by symmetry, Pu _ P-2(y-be ay? rf a = = ot eget az" Bence 22 22! fy Sr? = 2 ( (xa) + (yb)? + (2-0) lence, 5.2 +552 tg? = a a ess «(Using (1)) 4 =3 Hence Proven Example 12: ru= x9) +v@) prove that 2? 22 + ay BE +8 Solution : Wehave, ou x0) +v@) -@ Differentiating (1) partial w.r-t. x and y, we get,Engineering Mathematics —| 2 Partial Differentiation B ==) Ca) 8-63) m BeabQ)-O bE (@) + ¥@) saad 2) Now differentiating (2) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively, we get, seh toon -* PG} CS +08 - FQ) od xy tre +e *e@} 2-08) Multiplying these equations by x and y respectively and adding we get, BE cay BE ye BS it yD = x0(2) 2, 2 = vy + ay SE 8 6 +» (from (2)) Example 13: UF log O = rox where = ate, how hat 28 = S02 pe) Solution : 8@7r> x,y Given log, @ = r-—x Be tay? eee or a ere ar 5 = Say =r ge H yd and Oy Ce by. So ohn oe aeEngineering Mathematics — | Partial Differentiation (a) Letz = f(x,y) Type 2 - Composite Function : andx = 9(t) y= y (t), sothat zis function of x, y which are functions of third variable t. ‘Thus, z is a function of t. In such cases z is called as a composite funciton of t. ie zoxyo Partial Differentiation of composite function: Let z continuous first order p: order derivatives then t. = f (, y) possess artial derivatives and x = ¢(t), y= y(t) posses continuous first me oe by eth ee @oxny > (b) Let z = fu, v) possess continuous first order partial derivatives and Let u = & y), v = Ww, iezouvol cn ox a ay Let Z = f(u,v, that z is functio relations define © y) posses continuous first order partial derivatives, xy then, az ou | oz ov : aed or te «(treating y constant) a du | oz i Raine onies ..-(treating x constant) w) and u= (x,y,z), v = w (,y,2) and w= & (x,y, 2). So mn of u, V, w and u, v, w are themselves functions of x, y, 2. These z as a function of x, y, z. i.e, z—> u, v, wx, y, 2, Then zis called a composite function of x, y and z. i.e. z> u,v, Wx, Y,z. Let z= f(u, v, w) possess continuous first order partial derivatives and let u= 6(x, yD, ve vey, derivatives, then wz ox a ay a a = Gu dz *av a2 * Ow oe 2) and w = ¢ (x, y, 2) possess continuous first order partial az bz ov aw EERE Be (Treating y, 2 constants) 2 du oz Wy | de Ow fs ao eh. ee (Treating x, z constants) oz av da du dev | On Ow (Treating x, y constants)Engineering Mathematics ~ 1 25 Partial Differentiation @ Similarly if 2 = (4, wy, yt) Where Uy, Uy... Uy Are functions of of z with respect to x), Ea 1X1 , Xp, Xg, -----.) X,- Then the partial differential coefficie is given by az ou az 1 az Wy ‘i oe ‘= thE + ssnnest Fa By (eating (Xp wee ) constant Similarly az. ou ae 8 az du, ‘i z tes = ‘ Fe Tae eating (xy xy. y Jeonstant wand gs ts tn ty fe Oy Buy Oy (treating (x, xy, ...%,_1 ) constants Ilustrative Examples Example 1 If f(ay®, 2—x) = 0 provethat x -fy= = Solution : Le fm) = 0 where 1 = xy? m = z— 2x, iezohmoxy and derivatives of z w. r. t. x and y involved. Differentiating w.r-t. x, +) we(2) at From (1), < +(8) 6m te from (2) 4 = = onl) ém From (3) and (4)Engineering Mathematics — | 26 Partial Differentiation oe ye = ae ** Hence proven Example 2: Ifz = f(x,y) x = rcos@, y= rsin@, prove (+ GF - GF 3G Solution : Wehave, zx, y 31,0 a me me my oes or a tay | ar sr eonO +5, + ain &x & b as 2.2 & +9 Oe Tae | CFHiN®) + % (e050) ar 1 nus-(@) +3 @) = cost 0 (2) + eos sin 9 $2 32 + sin? @ + sin?@ eg - 20080 sin oS . a + cos” @ ey = ey + @f un, s. Example 3: If x = Vw, y = Jaw ,z = yur provethat, a BO oe OR 50 Ming Sy Pag on Siow 2 ew where @ isa function x, y, 2. Solution + $3 %y2 3 uUyw. Since © is a function of x, y, z themselves are functions of u, v, w Thus @ is composite function of v, u, w. OO) oe ae OP ay eee du ~ ax * by * dy ‘dy * Oz * Gu a aD 1 Ot RG te WagEnginearing Mathematics —| 27 Partial Differentiation New ® lye @ aw SE 3 low 2 Id an -3(6 2. .8) ot) = 2 1/2, a6) Similarly, vie 3 ( ex 2) eu(2) ad 1 ad an and wH 3@ 8: y@) (8) adding the three results, we get, BO le te OP Oe ao Ua toy +¥ aw x + Yay + on Example 4: If z = £(u,v) where u = xcos@ ~ ysin@ v = xsin@ + ycosd 6 a; az a: show that x3 + y5¢ = u St + v5z, Obeing constant, Solution Here z= f (u,v) where u,v, themselves are functions of x and y amd thus be a composite function of x - y. Th mm mm hw a ax = Ou ‘ax * av * ox 5: ‘ FB coso4 % sing oD) if ae de du ev =m dy = ou’ dy * av * ay a: 5; = = & Csina) + 52 cose (2) Multiply (1) by x and (2) by y, then adding, a; 5: 5; 2 xf coo +xH sind- yH sind +y% cos 3; = & (x cos ~ y sind) + Fe (yeos0 +x sin 6). 5: 4; _ eB yH - Ht Hence proved Example 5: If wet show that x 5 + yg + 292 Solution : a ek gL Lt = 1,2 =m, =n thenus mn > xyzEngineering Mathematics — | 28 Partial Differentiation u = £4, m,n) where J, m,n themselves are function of x, y, x and hence u be a composite functions of x, y, z. gu gu A, im jh in ‘Thus, ax = ° ax tam" ox tan * Ox au (1 a #6) +Bo+ (3) ea) gu du jaa am du dn ay = al ay tom‘ dy +n * By 2 ae) +2 Q +20 =) du du | du am | iu an az “al dz * am "2 * an ” Ge ou (x) 2 a + am (3 ton Q ~@) Multiply (1) by x, (2) byy and (3) by z, then adding, a gm, Lem zm py Oe pede X ex * Yay +2 =y ol ~x al +z am +x on - x2 + ve +2 0 Hence proved Example 6: If 2 = f(x,y) where x = ecosv, y=e" sinv, show that, o br a: oz @ y xe txge = ME o@ -@ --[(9 +] Solution : Givenz > x,y > u, () Here zbe a composite function of u, v. oe in es ou ou * ay du (e*cosv) + e (e* sin v) a: 4: a Rxk tye -@) oe _ dee | de oy end av = ax Ov * ay av 2 (-e"siny) +e (e¥ cos v) 4 a; a: BTW Re tthe +(2) Multiply (1) by y and (2) by x and adding then Lusy & +x = % yx - xy) +2 GP +x)Engineering Mathematics ~ | 29. Partial Differentiation = &+y) z Co xtty= eH) (i) Wehave, a a _ ot du * uy 2 ov = ov oz _ ot i ot ax = ox a ay = ay ‘Then we have from (1) and (2), of Os OE at eoony 5 + sinv 5 = XR +VGy af Of ot) ar inv G+ leosy 5 =¥5 +X 5y Squarring and adding, we get, (Sof = EP = (conv + sine) om (conv BE — aia = ef (ey (cos? v + sin? v) + @ (sin? v + cos’ v) + Beinv coy (50) (96) - 2sinvemsv (24) (2) - +O] Ge) + GT = =[GD +67) Example 9: usa sin® wherex = 3r?+ 2s, y = 4r - 258 z= 2x? 35? Findthat © , 22 Solution + wsxycons. Here ube a function of x, y and z where x, y,z themselves are functions of r ands. Thus u be a composite functions ofr ands, gu oe jou dy jou oe ox © Or toy or +02 ° Or z cos (2) 4) (6) + cos (2) 8 @ + sin¥ an) cos (2) (a = Ss) + 4rsin® x Ou: ys ox fou by aul oe. And as = x ° Os * dy ‘Os * az * OsEngineering Mathematics - | 30 Partial Differentiation = 2c08 @ (4) @ + cos (¥)(2) 634) +sin¥ (6s) cos (2) @ + a?) - 6esin(2) Example 10: a Ifz = f(u,v), u= x?- 2xy ~y?, v=y show that (x+y) 2 + (-y) ts = 0is equivalent to 2 = 0, Solution : Given z > u,v x,y ee mu oe e ox = du ax * Wv ° & Re ae = "noe tHe od Since us x- ay -y,vey du & be = 2-25, A x = 0 ou a oy = 2x-8y ; oe Substitute a and in (1) we get, 9: a: a he 2a +z 0 4 = 2a-y) 5 Multiply both sides by (x + y) a; 9; ty) = 26%-y) +8) gatas or and substitute GJ and 5 in (2), we get, 3; is a: Be Tr Rey) EE = -20@+y % +0 & Multiplied both sides by (x - y) a: a; f-y) F = -26¢-yh H ald) Adding (3) and (4), we get, a: ar ty) FE +(x-y) Fe=0 Hence Proven Example 11:Engineering Mathematics — | 3 Partial Differentiation If V =f(r,0) , where r?= x?+y'+z? and ztan@ = Vx’+y’ prove that, a ee Rogen Sey 2 Ste os cri Solution: V—> r, 0 > x,y,z. V=fG,0) wi WN me wv a5 ox = Gr ° x * 08 “ox wf Ww NM ew : ay = or oy + 0 “ay we(2) WwW = oz = or oz + 88 ‘ae sal z Pexteyet ; tang = + (ee 20 2x. i zs ; wo «est a|e " nie ® ls FI fl 4 + ai. Ble el we ae vee e a “r a2 *~ 2? sect 38 | Substitute xin (D, we get, WLW xv 1 ox “arr +80“ aeyy? | sec%O Multiplying by x Ye, ee tw. (a) Sree! Te aVxt+y? © sec? @ 00 = Substitute = and je in (2), we get, Ww Wiy pana: ay = or’ * Tea | sect@ 08 Multiplying by y wv yw y 1 Yay ='r or +i yeayl seckO S + 20 Substitute = and & in), we get, ee 3 wv ie ee = = 2 sec? @ Multiplying by 2ing Mathematics —1 32 Partial Differentiation ow fo vee ov Ge "oz “ r or ~ zeect@ 00 gh Adding (4), (6) and (6) we get, Nv, Ww ew x w ox +Yay + ac “or Or * Ta yeeecte yu oy ow fo Wei 1 or * afayeooctg 08 * 5 ar ~zeec?@ 00 _ @ty+2) W | sy-x?-y) st r or * ysecte Vay? 0 alt 0 Wav Pines Feeder Ce ee vw vw w 2a + Vay toe FT Or Type Example 1: If £(x +my+nz, x?+y?+ 22) = 0, prove that (mz—ny) + (a-m0 + (mx-ly) = =0 Solution : If f(x+my+nz, x?+y?+27) = 0 Let us ik +my + nz and vexttyt+z? f(u,v) = 0 eo) Since implicit relation between u, v, ie. x, y, z indicates that one of the three variables x, y, z can be expressed as function of remaining two variables which are independent. The result to be proved indicated that x is a function of y, z. Thus, fou, v > xyandxy,z af af du | af be | He TO lB) a _ of u | at 92 = du 2 * ov O @) ae Ww a From, = wv ay a oe From), 2 = 2; aEngineering Mathematics —| 33 Partial Diferentiation ove oY ym Su ~ bu ay ae du dv dudv te oy ity Oe wl) usix+my +n Differentiate partially w.r.t. y and noting that x is a funetion of y, z we have, au _ : em zis constant Differentiating partialy w.r.t. 2 keeping y constant. But au a2 av ay ov ax rms +s Substituting In (4), ( (mz—ny) + 02-0) + (mx=1y) =0 Hence Proved Example 2+ If x? = au + by, y= au -bv and V = f(x,y) then show that wv wN Ww g fe ae a Sol n : Given Vox,y>??v BV, OVS Oe OV. By Wehave, 9y = ox ‘ou ty’ du a wv -£@) -£@) ef) x? = au+ bv x gu wea Re Similarly, 2. ;Engineering Mathematics — | 34 Partial Differentiation Again, +2) Multiplying equation (1) by u and (2) by v, and adding we get, wow (mets) x ee be) zw yw Wigus Yay. ax) ox 2y ) dy * 2x ox * By ay w Xa ae x) Xox + Vay "au * Yav. Example 3: If x=rcos0, y = rsin@ where r and @ are functions of t, prove that By og AE 208 Foe Tat Fat Solution : Given x, yr, 0 Here x and y are composite functions of t. mx oe orm 28 at = Or Ht + 30° a a = 000 © - reing by by dy a Also, ar a * a0 “at se a sino 3 +08 0% wy _ ym LHS.x@ - yt = +e080(sino a + re088 4) -rsind (cos 0% - rein = 7 (cos? 0+ sin? @) 4 2 Type 4: Examples on variable to be treated as constant. Let Z = f£(u,v) and u = $(x,y), v = w(x, y). ie. zou,voxy city Then ( ) means the partial derivative of u w.r-t, x treatign y constant. 7 ‘To get ®&) from the given three relations we first express x in terms of u and v. ie. x = f; (u,v) then we can find partial derivative of x wrt. u treating v constant.Engineering Mathematics - | 35 Partial Differentiation To get &) express vin terms of y and u. ile. v = f(y, w then we can find partial derivative of v w.r-t. y treating u constant. Example 1: Ifx = rcos0, y= rsin®, show that, @,-G) y Solution : (@) Since ros @ cos @ wey 2x Example 2: If bx -ay,Engineering Mathematics — | 36 Partial Differentiation au) (ox) (ay) (ov) find the value of @) ®), @ @). (May 1998) Solution : u = ax + by Differentiating u w.r.t, x treating y constant, @) =a v(D) " rt ' a @) --2 =) Similarly bu-av z. x ++) BAC) eeEngineering Mathematics —1 a7 Partial Differentiation «(By determinant) sar “34 2 ad ve FS ée ypeov=z (2x) = ey? = yt GEE =F Gaye - ee @ ~eF = aoa (+x) 2) Subtracting (2) from (1), we get, 2 _ _G+y?) @-y) oO ay Example 4: If x= au +bv , y = au ~ bv prove that (2) G) - &) ©) x? = au + bv Differentiating w.r.t. u treating v constant Solution : 2) = esEngineering Mathematics — | 38 Partial Differentiation Differentiating y w.r-t. v treating u constant (ay) @), =-b «=(2) x? = autby y = au-by Adding x+y = 2au Subtracting, x?-y = 2bv Differentiating w.r-t. x, treating y constant, we get, 1. ‘au x -x-@) v ‘du’ x (@®) -2 ~) 7 ev Differentiating w.r.t. y treating x constant, we get, 1 -3- ‘ay =1 @) -3 8) From (1) and (3) ot ee = 1, prove that =0 Solution : Given ux +vy = 0 ys-¥ a = or and xty* 1 a1Engineering Mathematics —1 39 Partial Differentiation ) xe -7— = W-% 9g - YW ue +) oy Hint Let z= fy) andx,y 3,0 Type 4: z z ax) aie x = 7 (+ e%) , y = 7 (e- e*), thenprove that (3) = 5 (ax ox) Y Hint a ‘ay 3 22.18 x= rcos®, y = rsin@,prove that |x [5=| + y [Fz] | = 2 +" s e cose sin 0 (ax) (au) 6 aaates > vy = 2° provemat (Oo) (oa) = 26.0 tanto = % , sot @ = x+y and u = £06), prove that ee 1 ox), \Ov), ~ “4 x+y)? Homogeneous Function Definition: An ay x® + a x®-!4a,x°-2y? + .......4 a, ¥%, where all the terms are of the same degree, is called a Homogeneous expression in x and y of the n™ degree. ‘The above expression can be written as, f(,y) = ay x tax + apxt2y? + [Gh +a@'-aG.Engineering Mathematics —1 Aa Partial Differentiation 1 OR z= f(x,y) -1[S +. G7 +48" +40 Thus, 2 = 2o() orz=y" 2) is defined as a homogeneous expression of n** a degree of the variables x and y. eg. diz = xty - dod y? + Bayt + day? + y5 is a hom ogeneous function of degree five. 2 5 Tl a +3) + 2) 2, The function log @ is an homogeneous function of degree zero. We can write, vee (2) = x? logt 3 3. The function cos es) is not a homogeneous function because it cannot be express in the form a(@ an) Euler's theorem on Homogeneous Function : If wis a homogeneous function of degree nis xandy, then x34 + y ele 0 g Proof: Given u is homogeneous function of degree n in x and y. ie, usx @ @ Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and y respectively, we have, Beer Q(g) i Vig *X ya ODE @) a a te ince, ity" tats, Multiplying equation (2) by x, equation (3) by y, and adding we get, (-9ds) 6B wet =(n-1) [ez + v2] = 2th tig . 28 = a(a-Dnz = n(a-1) z 2. If z ishom ogeneous function of x,y ofdegreenandz = f (u). Geto ese mee 9x ¢Yoy = Pa)Engineering Mathematics —1 Ab Partial Differentiation a2u a*u 4 oe hea and 3+ 21 Gxoy TY Gye = 9m) fi where g() = apy Proof : 2 is homogeneous function of x, y of degree n, we have, by Euler's theorem, 4 oz xe tae =O a Given : 2 on ox Substituting in equation (1), we get, a sta Z tyro satw eg Os 0 Differentiating equation (2), partially w.r.t. x, we get, ua Fu ee @u #u ou > x30 *Vixoy 7 le @-0 8) Differentiating equation (2) partially w.r-t. y, we get, fu uy ou = Yo *¥ decay = [el w- 1 by (4) Multiplying equation (3) by x and equation (4) by y and adding, we get, a Pu & gu a 2od + 20 ie + ve = le ( 2, 7B) = ¢@) [gs ()-1) ++ (from (1)) Illustrative Examples Type 1: Verification Verify Euler's theorom for the following functions. Example 1: Verity Euler's theorem, when t = ax? + 2hxy + by? Solution : teats thay + ty? = at [a em E+» Z)] which is the homogeneous equation of x and y of order 2.Engineering Mathematics ~ | 47 Partial Differentiation ©. For Euler's theorem To prove x2 tye sn-f =2f Given f = ax? + 2hxy +by? # = 2ax + Dhy SD) and z = 2hx + 2by oD); Now, multiplying (1) and by x and (2) by y and adding we get, xa +e = Dax? + Qhxy + thyx + 2by? = 2(ax? + 2hxy + 2by*) = oF Example 2: oD Solution : Given ti, y) which is the homogeneous equation of x and y of order + s Hence to prove Ojo tee, *ox + Yay = 12 Now, from (1),