EXERCISE 42.4 IDENTIFY AND SCHEDULE PLEASANT ACTIVITIES People who are depressed almost always withdraw from participation in activities that they once found satisfying, rewarding, pleasurable, or just plain fun. It is very important to break this cycle of withdrawal and to begin reinvesting in the activities of life, the relationships around you, and the things you do well. A starting point for this task of reinvestment or reinvolvement is to create an inventory of all those things that you found to be pleasant events in the past, On the lines that follow, write down a description in only a few words of those activities that you found pleasurable and pleasant in the past. These enjoyable activities should include (1) positive social interactions (e.g., spending time with a good friend), (2) useful or productive activities (e.g., caring for your child, doing a job well), and (8) intrinsically pleasant activities (e.g., a meal at your favorite restaurant, listening to favorite music, taking a warm bath). During. this brainstorming session, allow yourself to freely recall any pleasant and enjoyable activities without censoring them based on whether you think you have the energy for them or whether they are feasible, You may want to ask significant others to give input to your list, but please remember that this is your list of personal pleasant activities and must reflect events that you find enjoyable. Positive Social Intrinsically Pleasant Interactions ‘Useful Activities Activities 334 UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION.EXERCISE 42.4 Now select from your list of pleasant events seven that you believe are most likely for you to engage in. In the seven lines, list those activities and thén write a few words that describe what was positive about the activity or why you found it pleasant or enjoyable. Most Likely Acti ies Why Pleasant? NOAA YH PE | On the following lines, schedule one pleasant activity por day to which you are committed. Include the time of the day and with whom you might share the activity. Activity When and With Whom Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 On the following lines, record the activity engaged in and the degree of satisfaction on a scale of 1 ow) to 10 (high) that was felt during and after the engagement with the pleasant event. Also record the effect that the pleasant event had on your mood using a scale of 1 (no positive effect) to 10 (strong uplifting effect on mood). Activity Satisfaction Effect on Mood Day 1 : Day 2 Day 8 Day 4 Day 6 Day 6 Day 7 UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION. 335EXERCISE 42.8 NEGATIVE THOUGHTS TRIGGER NEGATIVE FEELINGS We used to believe that it was depression or anxiety that made people think negatively, but psychologists and psychiatrists have discovered that most people who struggle with anxious or depressed feelings first had negative, pessimistic, distorted thoughts that produced those feelings. People often have completely different reactions to tho samo situation. For example, John and Jack both heard their supervisor say to their production group, “We have to work harder and be more productive. Too much time is boing wasted on trivial matters and we need to got focused.” John thinks, “The supervisor is trying to increase production and make us more efficient. Td better do my part.” But Jack thinks, “he supervisor is blaming me for our low productivity numbers. I'm worried that 'm going to get fired, He never did like me.” Jack returns to work fecling depressed and anxious and his preoccupation with these negative feelings reduees his productivity. John, after hearing the samo statement from the supervisor, returns to work more focused and confident that the situation ean improve. The thoughts and interpretations that you make regarding a circumstance have a very strong influence on the feelings that are generated. Psychologists have identified several negative thinking patterns that are common to people who struggle with feclings of anxiety and depression. These distorted thinking patterns trigger the negative feelings and ean lead to chronie states of depression and anxiety. Study the following list of the types of negative thinking patterns that have been identified and defined. These distorted thinking patterns are common to people who suffer from depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. DISTORTED THINKING ‘Type Definition Example Black or white | Viewing situations, people, | When Mary brought her vegetable or self as entirely bad or __| salad to the neighborhood potluck, a entirely good—nothing in | hostess commented, “That’s our third between, salad.” Mary immediately thought, “She's criticizing me. She doesn’t like me.” UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION 337‘Type Definition Example Exaggorating —_| Making self-critical or Jack was accidentally overlooked other-critical statements _ | when coworkers joined to make plans that include terms like _| for luneh together. Jack thought, never, nothing, everything, |“They never ask me to do anything. or always, Nobody wants me around here.” Filtering Ignoring the positive things | Kate had her hair eut short and that occur to and around —_| styled differently. After receiving self but focusing on and _| several compliments from friends and accentuating the negative. | family, one person was mildly critical. Kate thought, “I knew I shouldn't have gotton it eut short. I look like a freak. People are laughing at me.” Discounting Rejecting positive ‘Tyler was complimented by his boss experiences asnot being —_| for his good work on a project. Le important or meaningful. | thought, “Anybody could have done that. She doesn’t know anything about this project and I didn’t do anything special with it.” Catastrophizing | Blowing expected ‘The teacher told Mary that her son consequences out of was struggling a bit with math. Mary proportion ina negative | thought, “Phis is awful. Johnny is direction. going to fail. I knew I should have worked with him more.” Judging Being critical of self or Jill made a sales presentation to a others with a heavy emphasis on the use of should have, ought to, must, have to, and should not have. client. The client was very attentive and made comments about being impressed with the product. Jill. thought, “He knows I stumbled over amy words. I should have been more prepared. I have to be more relaxed ‘or no client will ever buy fromm: 338 UNIPOLAR DEPRESSIONEXERCISE 42.8 Type Definition Example Mind reading | Making negative Aaron inquired about a transfer to a |assumptions regarding _| new department. When he was told other people's thoughts and | the position was already filled, he motives, thought, “This manager never did like me. THe knew I wanted that position but he just ignored me.” Forecasting Predicting events will tum | Kelly just finished an important job out badly. interview. She immediately predicted that she would not get hired. “Til never get this job. That interview was awful and I'm sure I blew it,” she thought, Feelings are facts | Because you fecl a certain | Jim did not have plans for activity way, reality is seen as with any friends for the weekend. He fitting that feeling. felt lonely and inferior. He thought, “No one likes me. Thave a terrible personality.” Labeling Calling self or others a bad | Joan had a disagreemeiit with her name when displeased with | friend about where to meet for lunch. a behavior. Joan thought, “Betty.ig such a controller. She never listens to anyone and insists on always getting her own way.” Selfblaming _| Holding self responsible for | Paula’s friend had.a minor traffic an outeome that was not | accident while she and Paula were completely under one’s _| riding to tho mall. Paula thought, control. “This accident was my fault, I should not have been talking to Jackie while we were driving. Even though that: other car hit us, I'm sure Jackie could have avoided it if I would have kept my mouth shut.” rr UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION 3392. 340 UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION EXERCISE 42.8 Apply these 11 common types of distorted thinking to your own way of thinking. List at least three examplos of your own thoughts that have led you to feeling depressed and anxious. First, describe the event that prompted you to feel depressed and then deseribe the thoughts that. promoted the bad feelings. What Happened? Negative Thoughts You Had A. Tt is important to try to replace negative, distorted thoughts with positive, more realistic thoughts that can help you feel happier. Refer to each of your examples listed in number 2 and write a positive thought that you could have used to make you feel better. What Happened? Replacement Positive Thoughts AEXERCISE 42.C POSITIVE SELF-TALK How soon we forget. This statement is especially true for people struggling with depression. They forget how to think positively and they forget about their worth as individuals, their contribution to society in general, and friends and family in particular. 'The cloud of depression blocks out the positive and distorts their vision into seeing themselves, the world, and their future as nogative. This assignment is designed to help you break out of that self-defeating, unrealistic, negative thinking cycle. It will take effort and focused attention to break the bad habit of distorted thinking. 1, List five positive mood-enhancing statements regarding yourself (¢.g., “I am a competent person who has had successes”), the world (¢.g., “Other people are basically kind and want to be helpful”), and the future (eg., “As I increase my activity, the future looks brighter”). You must foree yourself to focus in on your smecostes, positive traits, the goodness of people, and an optimistic view of the future, Your tendency will be to think of failures and discount or ignore successes ‘ag well as seeing the future as hopeless, In other words, you must think contrary to your natural depressive inclination and return to the realistic, positive way of thinking that characterized you before bad habits got a stranglehold on your thoughts. Positive View of Me Positive View of the World 342 UNIPOLAR DEPRESSIONEXERCISE 42,€ Positive View of the Future Each day select one mood-enhancing thought from your lists and write it on a piece of paper to be pasted somewhere in your house so that it will be easily visible (e.g., on the refrigerator, on a mirror). Stand in front of a mirror each day for 3 minutes and look yourself in the eye while repeating the positive self-talk that you have written in item 1, Explain the impact that the positive self-talk has had on your mood. Rate the degree of improvement in your mood when you think positively versus when you think negatively. 1 L J 1 2 3 4 5 No Moderate Great Impact: Impaeé Impact UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION 343