Topic:Causes of separation of East Pakistan 1969-72

Who Was General Yahya?(4)

Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan. (4 February 1917 – 10 August 1980), widely known as Yahya
Khan, was a Pakistani general who served as the third President of Pakistan, serving in this
post from 25 March 1969 until turning over his presidency in December 1971.

Q. Why did Mujeeb ur Rehman present the 6 points? (7)

The reason for proposing the Six Points was to give the East greater autonomy in Pakistan.
Following the partition of India, the new state of Pakistan came into being. The inhabitants of
East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) made up the majority of its population, and exports from East
Pakistan (such as jute) were a majority of Pakistan's export income. However, East Pakistanis
did not feel they had a proportional share of political power and economic benefits within
Pakistan.
East Pakistan was facing a critical situation after being subjected to continuous discrimination
on a regional basis, year after year. As a result, the economists, intelligentsia, and the
politicians of East Pakistan started to raise questions about this discrimination, giving rise to the
historic six-point movement.

Q. What was Operation Searchlight?(4)

Operation searchlight was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to put
down the Bengali
nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971. Ordered by the central government in
West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to "Operation Blitz" which had been launched in
November 1970. The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on March 26,
and then eliminating all opposition, political or military within one month. Bengali resistance was
not expected by the Pakistani army and led to many atrocities taking place that caused some 10
million refugees to flee to India. These atrocities enraged the Bengalis, who declared
independence from Pakistan, and led to the creation of Bangladesh.

Q. Cyclone of 1971 in East Pakistan (4)

The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (present-
day Bangladesh) and India's West Bengal on November 11, 1970. It remains the deadliest
tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the world's deadliest natural disasters. At least
500,000 people lost their lives in the storm,[1] primarily as a result of the storm surge that
flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta.
Q. CAUSES OF FALL OF DHAKA (14)

Separation of East Pakistan

Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of
dissension (disagreement that leads to discord) and conflict among East and West
Pakistan.Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had
begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947.. Hindu Influence 2. Failure of Muslim
League leadership in East Pakistan 3. The Delay in Constitution Making Process 4.. Presidential
Form of Government 5. Six Point Agenda of Sh. Mujeeb 6. Presidential Form of Government
7.Role of International Community 8. The War of Power Between Bhutto and Mujeeb

Hindu influence

The 14% Hindu population had full control over the economy of East Pakistan. They were
better educated than the native Bengali Muslims. They owned the press and mass media. At
First, the Hindus and Muslims were the members of the Indian National Congress but after
partition they founded their own organization, Pakistan National Congress (PAC).The members
of PAC were, in fact, the political agents of India in East Pakistan. i.e. Mahatma Gandhi,
Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Failure of Muslim League leadership in East Pakistan.

The Cabinet did not pay due attention towards the problems of the people, hence its capability
became zero in the eyes of people.The selfish politicians fought among themselves for the lust
of chair. The principal leaders and groups representing East Bengal in the Muslim League came
from upper-class, land-owning, Urdu speaking families of Dhaka or the mercantile group of
Calcutta. Soon after the creation of Pakistan, the conflict between those who claimed to
represent popular and more radical factors in Bengal and those more conservative elements
began

The Delay in Constitution Making Process

The delay in the Constitution making process gave rise to suspicions and misunderstandings
between the people of two halves. The population of East Pakistan was 56%. The Bengalis
demanded their representation according to the percentage of population in the national
assembly.

Mujeeb

The government should be federal and parliamentary in nature as it was discussed in Lahore
Resolution, its members to be elected with legislative representation on the basis of population.
The federal government shall be responsible for only foreign affairs and defense. There shall
be two separate currencies mutually or freely convertible in each wing for each region
The power of implementation & collection of taxes would lie with the provinces.

The F.G ‘will be given enough shares to fulfill its tasks of foreign and defense. There would be
Separate accounts of foreign exchange earnings for each of the federating units. East Pakistan
would be given the authority to have a paramilitary force to contribute towards national security.
Basically Sheikh Mujeeb suggested a confederation in the cover of provincial autonomy and
started propagating against the federation.

Presidential Form of Government

A parliamentary system could have at least partially offset West Pakistan dominance in the civil
and military services. Again the same mistake was made. Instead of opting for a loose
Confederate Form of Government, the power elite decided in favor of a highly centralized
presidential system. The opposition from East Pakistan was intense and unequivocal for
progressive increase in the amount of autonomy.

Q. Causes of Failure of Civil War (14)

Role of International Community

Both, Soviet Union and America were in favor of the disintegration of Pakistan. The Soviet
Union openly supported India’s attack on East Pakistan.Whereas, America did not fulfill her
promise to support Pakistan.

Indian attack on East Pakistan

After weakening Pakistan in every field when India felt that now Pakistan is weak enough to be
defeated, it attacked Pakistan directly on 24th Nov. 1971. The Pakistan army resisted this
attack for a month or so but it was very difficult for the army to fight without air support and its
public. Ultimately Pakistan army in spite of recording great gestures of bravery surrendered on
16 Dec 1971 and was defeated at the hands of the Indian army.

After war effects of war of 1971

We practically lost 55% of our country Over 90 thousand Pakistani military and civil personnels
were imprisoned. New stories of tyranny over Bengalis were written. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to
power in remaining Pakistan. A commission under supervision of Chief Justice of Pakistan
justice Hamood Urehman was formed to investigate the factors involved in fall of Dhaka, but its
report could never have been published. There was a huge wave of disappointment and tension
among Pakistanis as no one could believe that we had lost the war as well as half of our
country. On 2nd July 1972 Pakistan lost another war, this time on table buy signing Simla Pa
The War of Power Between Bhutto and Mujeeb

The Awami League, by virtue of its overwhelming majority in election, was entitled to establish
its government, but Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, having the patronage from General Yahya Khan boycotted
the session of National Assembly at Dhaka, which was postponed by General Yahya Khan. Mr.
Mujeeb-ur-Rehman alleged Yahya Khan with partiality and began to agitate the people for civil
war

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rehman, and General Yahya, this triangle undoubtedly is
the biggest factor in the fall of Dhaka. Pakistan could have been united today if these three had
thought of national interest and not of their own personal interests. Yahya wanted to remain
president and for that he was ready to do anything, Bhutto wanted his share in government by
giving the concept of second largest party and Mujeeb also showed rigidity in his attitude, and
this resulted in the fall of Dhaka

Conclusion

Minor misunderstandings between East & West Pakistan led to the major conflicts. Thad had
brought an end to the united Pakistan and Pakistan was disintegrated.

Indian Intervention was the main reason for failure of civil war in 1971.Explain your
answer whether you agree and disagree the statement.(14)

Catching India off guard was the only way Pakistan army could inflict any serious damage to
India's war making capability in 1971(particularly on western front). They had some success in
this area when they preemptively bombed some Indian cities and bases on 3rd December. This
was actually a good strategy as India has a 'attack only if attacked first' policy and Indian ground
forces were already mobilized in the western front(in case of an attack,given their past
experiences with Pakistanis in 47 and 65). But the fatal flaw in this operation was that IAF
wouldn't have allowed large scale air raids as their numbers were significantly higher, so the
operation was done using no more than 50 planes. The Pakistani high command(I assume)
thought and hoped that these planes would inflict significant damages to the air bases thus
slowing Indian mobilization. But in reality this plan can't be successful and wasn't successful for
many reasons (but it should be noted that even with a meager force of less than 50 planes PAF
has raided 11 air fields without losing a single plane in the operation which was a significant
success, but just wasn't big enough to make any significant difference in the outcome of the
war).This attack gave India a valid reason to attack Pakistan and IAF had started its raids on the
same night.

Military support from western countries was the biggest hope for Pakistan against India in 1971
and it did have the USA, UK, Saudi Arabia and even Indonesia ... backing it both diplomatically
and militarily. If USSR hadn't supported India, then Pakistanis would have had a very good
chance of winning the war with the help of US task force 74 which had USS Enterprise (World's
first nuclear powered aircraft carrier) and "Eagle" from the UK. Although the Indian Navy
deployed INS Vikrant near Andaman as a part of a naval blockade to deter Enterprise, I don't
think it would be a match to the Enterprise in long run(as it was a WW2 era carrier built by
British and was given the name HMS Hercules). But we are talking about the cold war era..! So
the USSR obviously supported India (please note that I am not saying that this was the only
reason for USSR support).

As we know, China supported Pakistan in this war. So the Pakistani high command was hoping
that a third front would be opened at the Chinese border which will effectively drive India into the
defensive. But China feared that any actual intervention would result in Russia's aggression
toward its border. So, this proved to be a dead end as well for the Pakistani's.

The Pakistan army at that time actually had good military equipment which it imported from
western countries, but it's numbers were no match to Indian army numbers. This was one of the
primary reasons why Pakistan lost in 1971, and couldn't mount a successful campaign in the
remaining wars either.

Pakistan had a standing army of 365000 men and 25000 paramilitary of which 90000 were
stationed in East Pakistan(i.e Bangladesh). These were no small numbers, but the problem was
logistical supply. It can't send any of its troops through ground to Bangladesh as they have to
pass through a hostile (to them) nation i.e India. For the same reason they can't send through
air as IAF was guarding Indian skies, making them impregnable. Sending from all the way
through SriLanka was not always practical. So the only remaining option is the naval
option.Pakistan's navy at that time was actually quite good with 3 Daphne class and 1 Tench
class submarines and can effectively combat the Indian navy. But it's numbers didn't allow it to
carry out operations on both sides and it was needed for support in West Pakistan, should India
attack first (which never happened in Indo-Pak wars). Their ships and their flagship submarine
PNS Ghazi (the mission was to attack INS Vikrant thus developing a naval blockade in East
Pakistan and had it been successful it could have at least for some time halted Indian naval
activity in the region) was sunk the poor decision making of Pakistani high command, as they
never in the duration of the war sent a considerable force at a time to the Eastern front, instead
sent forces bit by bit thus making them easy prey for INS (Ghazi was first spotted at Ceylon, so
to be factual they never stood a chance without any immediate support). Even if they succeeded
in this operation they could have only fractured Indian Navy Vikrant before losing their
submarine as Vikrant had support from other vessels like Rajput in the region. So, either way it
was a suicidal mission. This was a fatal mistake as Ghazi, in my opinion, could have proved
more useful in western front particularly after the attack on the port of Karachi during Operation
Trident and Operation Python by the Indian navy which completely crippled Pakistan's ability to
wage a naval war as Karachi was their biggest port at that time. Thus, though effective the PNS
failed due to a variety of reasons like the above mentioned brilliant operations conducted by
Indian navy.(I say brilliant because Karachi was at that time most heavily guarded ports of
Pakistan with both aerial and naval support, still Indian navy preemptively attacked it
successfully without losing a single ship which was quite remarkable, thus halting the Pakistan's
naval activity in western sphere also and creating a complete naval blockade in both the
regions)
Lastly, the psychological state of the Pakistani soldiers in East Pakistan should be considered.
They were surrounded on all sides with no naval or air support. So there really was no point in
fighting to the last man at least on the Eastern front. Thankfully the Pakistani high command
realized this and thus Mukthi Bahani along with the Indian army emerged victorious, taking
nearly 90000 POW's and treating them in strict accordance with Geneva convention rules.
What's really great on Indian part is that they could have demanded anything for those men,
instead they to chose to return all the prisoners unconditionally along with the 13000 sq.kms of
territory they occupied in West Pakistan (except few strategic points like Turtuk) in accordance
to Shimla agreement in 1972. This shows the moral soundness of a nation (although many till
date feel that India was lenient with Pakistan in this agreement and that Pakistan didn't keep its
end of the bargain by attacking Kargil in 1999), which frankly is quite rare in human history.

Q.Who Was Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rehman?(4)

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bengali: 17 March 1920 – 15 August 1975), was a Bangladeshi
politician, statesman and Founding Father of Bangladesh who served as the first President and
later as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 17 April 1971 until his assassination on 15
August 1975. He is considered to have been the driving force behind the independence of
Bangladesh. He is popularly dubbed with the title of "He became a leading figure in and
eventually the leader of the Awami League, founded in 1949 as an East Pakistan–based
political party. His daughter Sheikh Hasina is the current leader of the Awami League and also
the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.

Q. Why did the Civil War start?(7)

Write Causes of Separation of East Pakistan With Operation Searchlight.Why Was Civil War
started?(7)
Write Causes of Separation of East Pakistan With Operation Searchlight.
 Topic: Zia Ul Haque 1977- 88

Q. Who Was Zia Ul Haque?(4)

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924-17 August 1988) was a four-star general and
the dictator of Pakistan after declaring martial law in 1977. He served as the head of state from
1978 until his death in a plane crash in 1988. He remains the country's longest-serving head of
state and Chief of Army Staff.

Q Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979? [7]

[Martial law] Pakistan national alliance (PNA) a union of opposition parties had started a
movement against Z.A.Bhutto government after the 1977 election, because PNA had refused to
accept election results. General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in the country and arrested
Z.A.Bhutto on 5th July 1977.

[Murder case] Bhutto was released from arrest at the end of July, but when Bhutto stated in his
speeches that he would get back his political authority and trial Zia on imposing martial law.
Bhutto was rearrested on 3rd September. He was blamed for murdering a political opponent by
sending FSF to kill him. After two years trial (case in court) of Bhutto, death punishment was
announced. As President, General Zia had the power to change the death punishment to life
imprisonment (term). But Bhutto refused to appeal to Zia for his life. Bhutto was hanged on 4th
April 1979.

Q Why did General Zia-ul-Haq introduced his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and
1988? [7]

Ans: According to General Zia Pakistan was setup on the name of Islam. He introduced Islamic
laws to set up a strong government run by people who respect Islamic values. Zia was worried
due to popularity of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Zia introduced Islamic laws to get support of Islamic
parties for his government.

Zia also wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor and needy by introducing Islamic taxes
like Zakat. He introduced Islamic education in schools to increase Islamic awareness in
students. Strict Islamic laws against drinking, gambling and adultery would check moral decline
and crime rate in the society. He also wanted to set up laws which punish people for showing
disrespect towards the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
The Soviet Union was a non-believer country. When the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan, Zia
wanted to start Jihad against the Soviets. Zia introduced Islamisation to get support of common
Pakistani Muslims for Jihad against the Soviet Union.

Q ‘Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies between
1977 and 1988.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government
managed by people keen to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and therefore the
Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government.

Federal shariat court was set up

This court can declare any law unislamic.This court can hear appeals on cases decided by
lower courts under Islamic laws. This court had five judges, three Ulemas (religious scholars)
and a chairman.

Hudood ordinance

Islamic punishments were introduced on gambling, drinking, theft and adultery.Right hand was
cut off on theft and 80 stripes of cane on drinking Alcohol. Laws affecting women were also
included.

Council of Islamic Ideology

It was set up to suggest ways in which legal system of Pakistan could be brought closer to
Islam. It is included in law that disrespect for the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) death punishment
could be given to such a person.

Zakat and Usher ordinance

Zakat was collected on the first Ramadan at the rate of 2.5% on saving accounts every year.
5% usher was collected on agricultural production known as Usher. Collected Zakat and usher
were given to the poor and needy. Shia-Muslims protested because the way of collection of
Zakat was different from their sect. Later Zia government spared Shia Muslim from payment of
Zakat.

Respect of Ramadan ordinance

Eating and drinking at public places was not allowed in the month of Ramadan during fasting
time. Fine and punishment was given to people for eating and drinking during fasting time.

Interest free banking was introduced.

All banks opened profit and loss sharing accounts.

Education

Islamiat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory in schools and colleges.Extra marks were
given to students at the time of admission who had remembered the Holy Quran by heart.
Learning of Arabic language and recitation (reading) of the Holy Quran was made part of school
studies.Radio Pakistan introduced Arabic courses. Daily NEWS in Arabic was shown on
Pakistan television. Salat committees (teams) were set up to convince people to perform
Namaz.

Economic policies

The arrival of funds in the 1980s allowed Zia to introduce economic reforms. Funds were
coming from western countries and two million Pakistanis working overseas (abroad). Zia's
government denationalized many industries that the Bhutto government had nationalized. Some
were returned to former owners, others were sold to new investors. Efforts were also made to
increase the efficiency of government- run industries. The private sector was encouraged to re-
invest. Zia also tried to attract foreign investors. Between 1977 and 1986, the average growth
rate was 6.2%, amongst the highest in the world at that time.

Law and government

Military courts were set up to punish criminals according to martial law. The decisions of these
courts could not be challenged in civil courts. Large number of military officers were appointed
in civil departments. In this way Zia was able to reduce opposition to his government.In 1985
non party elections were conducted by President Zia and new government under Prime Minister
Muhammad Khan Junejo was set up.The new assembly passed the Eighth Amendment in 1985
gave the President the power to appoint the Prime Minister, Governors, and other officials. The
President could also dismiss the Prime Minister of the time and National assembly. As a result
of this, martial law was lifted and the 1973 constitution was restored, but all actions of the
martial law remained unchallenged.

Q Difficulties did Zia-ul-Haq find in ruling Pakistan during the late 1980s? [7]

Ans: Poor Law and order

General Zia-ul-Haq found it difficult to control the poor law and order situation in Pakistan. The
Western countries had freely supplied guns to help the Afghans against U.S.S.R, but those
guns had become common on the streets of Pakistan through smuggling. Unlawful weapon
were a danger for peace in country. Pakistan became a more violent country with killings in
cities such as Karachi.
Drugs

Drug trade was growing at a dangerous level; Pakistan became one of the world's leading
countries of drug trading. Millions of Pakistanis have become unproductive and a burden on
society due to drug habits. There was an increase in levels of corruption in society due to the
huge sum of wealth earned by drug trade.

Situation in provinces

The provinces except Punjab became more difficult to govern. Sindh had almost become
ungovernable. Armed bodyguards were needed for safe travel. It was demanding separation
from Pakistan. The NWFP was also becoming more critical of the Zia government. It was facing
a refugee problem caused due to the Afghan war. Uprising in Balochistan had ended in 1977
but there were still separatist groups among the people.

Ojri camp incident

In 1988 an army weapon store at Ojri camp blew up. It was located between densely populated
cities Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Hundreds were killed and thousands were injured. Prime
Minister Junejo wanted to set up an inquiry which seemed to blame top army commanders.
President Gen Zia was not happy with it so he dismissed PM Junejo and dismissed the National
Assembly. This led to a political crisis for Zia.

What was Afghan Miracle?(4)

In December 1975, the Soviet Union Attacked in Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion proved to be
a windfall To Zia regime, Which had replaced democracy in Pakistan and made Western
counties unhappy. But now Pakistan became a leading country in world politics and enjoyed
unconditional military, economic, Cordial relations with the USA and western bloc against
Communist block. Infact Pakistan became the West's only ally in the region.This is called
Afghan Miracle.

Q. Eighth Amendment (4)

Book page 153

Q. Describe MRD (4)

The Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) was a historically left-wing populism
and massive socialist political alliance formed to oppose and end the military government of
President General Zia-ul-Haq. Directed and chaired by Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan Peoples
Party, its primary objectives and aims were to restore democracy as well as gaining civilian
control of the military.
Who Was Muhammad Khan junejo (4)

Mohammad Khan Junejo (Sindhi: born 18 August 1932 – 18 March 1993) was a Pakistani
politician and an agriculturist who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan, having been elected in
this capacity in 1985 until being dismissed in 1988.

Q. Why Was Muhammad Khan Junejo dismissed.by Zia Ul Haque?(7)

In 1986–87, his political relations with President Zia began to deteriorate over the control over
the foreign policy and daringly authorized his Foreign Minister Yakob Ali Khan to ratify the
Geneva Accords that allowed the Russian retreat from Afghanistan. In this regard, he had held
a party conference that he invited the Communist Party and Pakistan Peoples Party to discuss
to end the bloodshed in Afghanistan. In 1987, he provided his political support and eventually
used his prerogative to appoint Lieutenant-General Mirza Aslam Beg as vice-army chief, despite
President Zia wanting Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar.

Prime Minister Junejo also stalled the fundamentalist legislation in an attempt to keep leverage
on President Zia. Following the massive explosion near a hidden facility in Rawalpindi
Cantonment that resulted in more than 100 lives lost, Prime Minister Junejo announced to call
for a parliamentary inquiry to overlook the incident.

His government was noted for the support of conservatism, austerity measures that ultimately
reduced the government budget deficits and repealed the emergency laws to allow the freedom
of press and media and,Revival of political activities and in the country. Despite strong
resistance and fierce opposition from President Zia-ul-Haq, Junejo authorized his Foreign
Minister Yaqoob Khan to sign and ratify the Geneva Accords in 1988. His relations with
President Zia-ul-Haq also soured when he opened the parliamentary inquiry on the Ojhri Camp
disaster, also in 1988.

Q. What was the Geneva Accord?(4)

With the United States and Soviet Union acting as guarantors, Pakistan and Afghanistan on 15
April 1988 signed a set of agreements under negotiation for nearly six years providing for the
withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan by next year 1989. Signing the accords were
Pakistani Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Zain Noorani and Afghan Foreign Minister Abdul
Wakil.

Q. Describe Ojhri Camp disaster (4)

An army weapons dump at Ojhri Camp blew up on 10th April 1988. As the dump was located in
a densely populated area between Islamabad and Rawalpindi, hundreds of civilians were killed
with thousands injured. This was embarrassing for Zia. Junejo ordered an immediate inquiry into
the explosions and stated that whoever was responsible would be punished even if it meant
dismissal of important army leaders. Consequently, Junejo was dismissed by Zia on 29 May
1988.

Q. Referendum (4)
Book page 152
Topic: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1972-77

Who Was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto?(4)

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Sindhi: Urdu: January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani barrister and
politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that
as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was also the founder of the Pakistan
People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution.

Q Constitutional reform of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the most important of his reforms; Do
you agree? Give reasons. [14]

Ans: 1973 constitution

Z.A Bhutto introduced the 1973 constitution that was passed by will of all political parties.Power
was in the hands of the Prime Minister. The National assembly was the lower house and the
Senate was the upper house of Parliament. Maximum self-Government was given to Provinces
Basic human rights were included in it. The President and Prime Minister should be
Muslims.Islamic Advisory council was setup to change all laws according to Islam.

Industrial reforms

Wealth was in the hands of 22 families. Bhutto wanted to improve the condition of workers.
Bhutto introduced Nationalization. Government took control of 70 major industries and banks.
The Ministry of Production was set up to run these industries but Government officers failed to
run these industries. Workers' jobs were protected. Worker unions were allowed. Bhutto was
partly successful in checking high prices.

Land Reforms

Landlords were not allowed to keep land more than 250 acre irrigated and 500 acre unirrigated.
Excess land was given to landless farmers.But cunning landlords had shifted land to their
relatives or loyal servants, later they took back their land.

Health reforms

Rural Health Centers [RHU] were set up in villages and Basic Health Units [BHU] in towns to
provide healthcare.New medical colleges and nursing schools were set up to train health staff.
For first years doctors had to work in small towns and villages. Drug companies were only
allowed to sell medicines under its medical name which reduced the prices of medicines. Many
International Drug companies closed their business in Pakistan because their profits were
reduced. These reforms improved health services but there was a shortage of Doctors and
nurses.

Educational reforms

Bhutto wanted to provide free education to every child and uneducated adult in
Pakistan.Private schools and colleges were Nationalized and taken under government control to
provide the same education to every student. Number of new schools and colleges were set up
but they were not enough to provide education to a large number of students. There was a lack
of trained teachers. Literacy rate increased only 1%, parents were not ready to send their
children to schools due to poverty and child labor.

Administrative reforms

Bhutto considered the civil service of Pakistan (CSP) as corrupt and inefficient. Bhutto wanted a
modern civil service to carry out policies of the Government. Bhutto removed needless rules.
Bhutto organized the civil services in a small number of levels and a unified pay scale.
Experienced and highly educated staff could be hired at any level.

Shimla Agreement (4)

Book page 140

1973 Constitution (4)

Page 141

Nationalization
page 143

Q. Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto fell from power?(7)

1-Bhutto being one of the most popular leaders took his popularity for granted.He used to take
very sudden and undemocratic actions leading to his downfall, like running the country in a
dictatorship style, neglecting the majority of internal dislike by religious factions considering him
to be an anti religious person . He gave many statements against the USA time and again.
Especially regarding the pressure on him by USA to shut down or roll back Pakistan’s nuclear
program

2- After the 1974 summit of Muslim countries held in Lahore , Pakistan , he became very
popular in the whole world and especially among the Muslim countries. He was considered as
the "Political Spokesperson“ if the Muslim countries and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia as the
religious leader of Muslim world , being the custodian of Mecca and Madina,the 2 Holiest
Muslim places .
Such a high political status ever achieved by a Pakistani political leader turned Bhutto into a
very proud and he thought that he could do whatever he wanted and the opposition composed
of Anyi Bhutto and religious factions would never be able to defeat him .

3- Moreover he started taking some very unpopular and undemocratic steps . He had
established a Federal police force named “ Federal Security Force , whose sole purpose was to
help police to maintain law and order as a para military force . Bhutto started using FSF for his
political designs such as harassing his political opponents, sabotaging opposition’s rallies,
attempts to attack and kill his political rivals including even the critics of his fascist like actions.
Prime example was Ahmad Raza Qasoori, from his own party who used to openly criticize
Bhutto’s dictatorial style of government and undemocratic actions. Bhutto ordered the FSF to kill
Ahmad Raza Kasuri.FSF came up with a drive-by shooting on Ahmad Raza Qasoori’s
car.Qasoori survived but his father sitting in the car got killed in the drive-by shooting.Qasoori
was entangled in one such barbaric action and believed he was attacked by direct orders issued
by Bhutto himself. Qasoori registered a detailed FIR (first information Report) to the police and
nominated Bhutto as the main accused person and FSF officials as his hired killers. The
complaint was registered but never had a follow up action taken due to Bhutto’s orders and
became a cold case.The investigation of that complaint was later reactivated by General Zia
who led a coup against Bhutto and arrested him.A detailed investigation revealed all the
evidence , hand written directions to the then Director General of FSF, Mahmoud Masood, who
became a crown witness and produced the complete account of Bhutto’s vengeance and
revengeful designs to get Qasoori and other opponents killed. Three lower ranking officials of
FSF who had carried out the shooting also also testified and told the Full bench of Supreme
Court of Pakistan that they had carried out shooting by the orders of DG FSF.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan found Bhutto responsible for the shooting Orders and killing
plan of Qasoori. He was ordered to be hanged till death . Bhutto was hanged in Kot Lakhpat jail
Lahore on April 07, 1978.

4- Another major cause of Bhutto’s fall was his carried out plans of rigging 1977 national and
provincial elections at full scale. The 9 opposition parties coalition started country wide
agitations which became bloody and the whole country was engulfed by them.Bhutto first
refused to acknowledge the rigging of elections but later bowed down to the country wide daily
rallies and extreme pressure from public and political opponents. He announced new elections
but continued his fascist actions.This resulted in a coup against him by his own hand picked
head of the military head General Zia and Bhutto was arrested.
 Chapter: 15 (Topic: Benazir Bhutto)

Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1988–
90 and 1993–96? [14]

Ans. [Benazir successes]

Modernization:

She became first woman prime minister of Muslim world.She improved rights for women, with
equal pay for equal work.She ended a ban on trade unions and released (set free) political
prisoners from jails and renewed student unions.She also took steps towards spreading
electricity in rural areas of Pakistan.

Health policy:

She introduced a wide-range national health policy; Lady Health workers were appointed to
improve health standards of women and children.

Foreign policy:

Benazir was more successful in foreign policy. She took Pakistan to the CommonWealth
Organization.She was able to conduct the fourth summit conference of SAARC in 1988 in
Pakistan improved relations with India and both countries were able to sign three separate
peace agreements.She visited USA in 1989 and was successful to restore (improve) relations
between two countries. She was also able to convince the US to remove the ban on supply of
weapons to Pakistan, Pakistan had already paid the price of these weapons.

[Benazir failures, Years 1988– 90]

Social problems:

The prices of commodities (items of daily use) remained stable (same) during the General Zia
Government but during her rule there was sudden increase in prices. She was unable to control
price rises; unemployment was a common feature of her rule. Benazir Government also failed to
deal with the country's growing use of drugs and smuggling in Pakistan.

No confidence motion:

Just after 11 months of Benazir government, opposition parties organized a No-Confidence

motion against her government and failed with only 12 votes.
Pucca Qila operation:

MQM ended its union with PPP and voted against the PPP government in a no confidence
motion launched by opposition leader Nawaz Sharif. Benazir's response was rude. 40 MQM
women protestors were killed by Sindh Police in the Pucca Qila Hyderabad in the name of
operation against criminals. This cruel action spoiled her image as a champion of democracy
and human rights.

Constitutional matters:

Benazir failed to cancel Hudood and Zina ordinances and was also unable to pass any new law
for welfare of women because the Senate was dominated by opposition parties. Benazir wanted
to cancel the Eighth Amendment in order to increase the authority of the Prime Minister but she
failed to get support of two-third members of Parliament

Differences in Benazir and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan:

They were created on appointments of positions in armed forces and courts. Ishaq Khan
considered such appointment as right of President. Benazir government was also accused by
the President of giving bank loans to party supporters. Benazir's husband Asif Zardari and her
father-in-law were accused of corruption. President dismissed her government in 1990 on
corruption charges.

Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1993–
96? [14]

Ans. [Benazir successes, years 1993–96]

Steps for women:

She established a women police station, appointed women judges and set up a women
development bank to provide easy loans to small businesses run by women.

Economy:

There was a decrease in the nations’ trade deficit and a slight rise in foreign exchange reserves.
A large investment in the country's energy sector was made by American, South Korean and
Hong Kong, Chinese investors and businessmen. Pakistan continued to receive loans, funding
and aid from World Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank.
Foreign policy:

In Sep 1995 the United States Senate voted to lift the economic and some of the military
sanctions that had been imposed on the country in 1990. Wife of USA president Hillary Clinton
and her daughter also visited the country as a guest of the Prime Minister; It was a signal that
the US wanted to improve relations with Pakistan.

Peace keeping mission:

Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a part of a UN peacekeeping mission that had
been promoted by United States. Pakistani forces also served in UN missions in trouble spots
from Asia to Africa to Caribbean, these services were generally recognized.

[Benazir failures, years 1993–96]

Train march:

Benazir Government found it difficult to face opposition from Nawaz Sharif and PML. In 1994
Nawaz Sharif began a train march from Karachi to Peshawar during which huge crowds listened
to his critical speeches. Strikes were organized throughout Pakistan in Sep and Oct 1994.
Benazir arrested several opposition leaders including the aged father of Nawaz Sharif.

Family differences:

There were differences between Benazir and her mother Nusrat Bhutto over the control of
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP); Nusrat wanted Benazir's brother, Mir Murtaza as leader of PPP.
According to Mir Murtaza Benazir was moving away from their father's principles; Mutaza was
also against Benazir husband Asif Ali Zardari because he was accused (blamed) of corruption.
In 1996 Murtaza was killed by Sindh police near his house in Karachi. According to an
investigation report, the Benazir government was involved in the killing of Murtaza Bhutto.
Murder of Murtaza Bhutto reduced popularity of Benazir government.

End of Government:

Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme Court’s decision to dismiss 20 judges
appointed by the government which caused a political crisis. On 5th Nov 1996 President Leghari
dismissed Benazir Government on corruption charges and political murders.
Q. Why was the Benazir Government dismissed in 1990?(7)

She faced Corruption on nepotism charges, her husband (Zardari) was accused of corruption,
bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was appointed as the senior Minister with a
portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of the parliamentary public accounts committee.
These charges badly affected her reputation and opposition exploited these charges against her
and thus justified Ghulam Ishaq’s dismissal of her.

Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The president had
discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of superior court, but Benazir
wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by the president created tension between both and
he dismissed her to retain his own powers.

In 1988 PPP was able to get a majority but could not form its own government. It made the govt
center In Sindh Province with MQM but this coalition started to crumble on issues, such as the
promotion of Sindhi language and people. This led to serious violence where people died
(Pacca Qila). She also faced a policy of confrontation from Nawaz Sharif, who was chief
minister of Punjab and opposed her rule fiercely. The spread of violence and killing disabled
Sindh (largest trade/industrial hub), and fierce non co operation from Punjab justified president’s
dismissal of her.

Q. Why did Benazir fall from office for a second time in 1996?

Benazir succeeded Zulfikar, but had a feud with Nusrat Bhutto who wanted Mir Murtaza as head
of PPP and successor as PM on his return from long exile in 1993. He put up fierce opposition
against her government and against Asif Ali Zardari. He was killed in 1996 near his house by
Sindh Police, this high profile murder/lawlessness justified Farooq Ahmed Leghari’s actions of
dismissing her government.

Nawaz Sharif of PMLN gave her fierce opposition. He along with Mir Murtaza Bhutto organized
opposition against her, and then started the “Train march” from Karachi to Peshawar in 1994-
1995. Nawaz was able to gather much attention, and targeted the poor economic performance
of Benazir’s govt and Zardari’s corruption. He also organized labour and industrial strikes in
1994. This spread of violence and killing in major city under these strikes made her arrest her
opposition leaders, this made her politically weak and unpopular and led to Legari dismissing
her.

She clashed with the Superior courts and their judges. In 1996, the Supreme Court and 4
provincial high courts ordered the sacking of 24 judges appointed by her government. The
Supreme Court further ordered the federal government to appoint judges on permanent basis
rather than on an acting basis and also to take seniority of judges into account with their
appointments. This dismissal created a political crisis as two highest pillars of state were in a
dispute thus making the whole political system weaker and invited criticism, lending strength to
her opposition.

Topic:Nawaz Sharif

Q How successful were the policies of Nawaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan in his
second term 1996 to 1999? [14]

[Nawaz Successes years 1996–99]

13th amendment:

In the second term Nawaz Sharif took measures to protect his government. The Nawaz
government introduced the 13th amendment in the constitution in which President authority to
dismiss assemblies was cancelled. Three governments were dismissed in 9 years. It was an
effort to make Pakistan more democratic. The president's power to appoint judges and the
chiefs of three armed forces was cancelled. The President would have to make these
appointments on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Anti-Defection Bill:

Nawaz government introduced the Anti-Defection Bill known as fourteenth amendment in which
members of Assemblies were not allowed to move from one party to another. He introduced the
fourteenth amendment in order to increase political stability and check the horse trading of
Assembly members.
Nuclear tests: In 1998 the Nawaz government conducted a series of nuclear tests at Chaghi,
Balochistan increasing the popularity of the government on firm stand against Indian tests.

[Nawaz failures, 1997–99].

Relation with press:

In 1997 Nawaz Sharif's secret police attacked the home of a leading press reporter and critic of
the government, Najam Sethi and kidnapped him. He was released after an international
protest. Heavy tax notices were given to newspapers that were printing news against the Nawaz
government. The Relationship of Nawaz Sharif was spoiled by the press.

Attack on supreme courts:

The Chief Justice of Pakistan Sajjad Ali Shah was hearing corruption cases against Nawaz
Sharif. The Supreme Court was attacked by hundreds of Nawaz Sharif workers. Later the Chief
justice was forced to resign by the Nawaz Sharif government. These actions earned defame for
Nawaz Sharif.

National Security Council:

In the second term, the Nawaz Sharif government was involved with the Pakistan army on the
issue of the National Security Council. Army chief Jehangir Karamat was in favour of creating a
national Security Council to make coordination between civil setup and army but Nawaz Sharif
was unwilling to give an active role to the army in political affairs. So Janangir Karamat was
forced to resign which created a feeling of displeasure in the army. Later Nawaz's efforts to
improve relations with India through the Lahore declaration were destroyed by the army. New
military chief general Musharaf started the Kargil operation against India without informing the
Nawaz government.

Martial law

Nawaz Sharif tried to remove General Musharaf as chief of Pakistan army when he was on a
visit to Srilanka. Nawaz Sharif government tried to stop the plane of Musharaf from landing at
Karachi airport and replace Musharaf with General Zia-ud-Din but Nawaz Sharif failed. General
Musharaf imposed martial law and arrested Nawaz Sharif.

Q. Why did nawaz sharif fall from office in 1993? (7)

- U.S. Economic and foreign aid declined

- Shariat Bill in 1991 opposed by people who did not like the influence of Islam in politics

- BCCI Scandal

- Co-operative Societies Scandal damaging his reputation as he took billions of dollars in loans
for use for the Sharif family

- Kalashnikov Culture where guns were freely available due to connections with Afghan
warlords and murders, kidnappings and killings were common. Sharif had to even cancel his trip
to Japan in order to deal with the violence of this.

- He favored Punjab and Kashmir and in beautifying Lahore rather than Sindh and Balochistan.
His opposition parties rallied against him taking many permits for his business and family.

- There was favoritism in Privatisation.

- Clashes with the President on who should be appointed Chief of Army Staff and Nawaz found
out a few minutes before announcement and so the 8th Amendment came to haunt him as his
government was dismissed on the charges of mismanagement and corruption.
Q. Why Was Nawaz sharif dismissed in 1999
Or Why did Musharraf take over in 1999?(7)

Answer on book page(164)

Q How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947 and
1973? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans: [Objectives Resolution]

It was presented in 1949 in the national assembly, it was the first step to set up the new
constitution of Pakistan. According to resolution Principles of democracy, equality and social
justice were according to Islam. Promotion of Islamic way of life, religious freedom for all
groups, protection of fundamental rights and minority rights were included in the resolution.
Objective resolution tried to set up a plan to protect Islamic principles in the constitution. The
Objectives Resolution was criticised by East Pakistan who disliked the fact that instead of
Bengali, Urdu was chosen as the official language despite that Bengali speaking population was
much larger. Bengali were also against the idea of equal representation in the National
Assembly, again due to the size of its population. The constitution making process was delayed
due to the death of Liaquat Ali Khan until a new government settled in.

[B.P.C]

In 1952 a revised Basic Principles Committee presented a report which made firm steps to set
up an Islamic constitution by stating that the Head of State should be Muslim and that he would
make a committee of Islamic expert to make sure that all laws would be according to Islam. The
Basic Principles Committee’s report was criticised because the official language issue was still
not settled and East Pakistan was firm to oppose the selection of Urdu. Political changes in the
country further delayed constitution making for a few years until 1956.

[1956 constitution]

Important decisions were taken in 1956 constitution that Pakistan was to be an Islamic
Republic, president should be Muslim, Urdu and Bengali would be the official languages, which
was an attempt to calm the people of East Pakistan. Fundamental rights for all citizens were
included.The 1956 constitution was heavily criticised since it didn’t solve the political problems
of Pakistan. The constitution promised a parliamentary system of government but the President
had the power to interfere or even suspend the Assembly.East Pakistan was very unhappy at
not having a majority in the Assembly because their population was 10 million more than West
Pakistan. The constitution was dismissed just after two years.

[1959 Basic Democracies]

In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced by Ayub Khan which was a 4 tier structure of
government, allowing elections at various levels. The success of these councils which were set
up was such that martial law was lifted in 1962 after a new constitution was introduced.

[The 1962 constitution]

Presidential form of government was introduced. President could choose the cabinet; judges,
governors and no law could be passed without his will. The 1962 constitution had increased the
powers of the ruling class, because the major landlords dominated the elections to the Basic
Democracies and often used force or bribery to influence the election results.Urdu and Bengali
were national languages; the National assembly session was to be held in both Dhaka and
Islamabad. If the President was from West Pakistan then the Speaker of the assembly was to
be from East Pakistan.Despite these measures the people of East Pakistan were upset as they
felt they were going to have little part in the governing of Pakistan and that the power was held
by the military and civil officials of West Pakistan.

[1973 constitution]

1973 constitution received total support in the Assembly. The 1973 Constitution revived the
power of the National Assembly and as a result political parties became more important. The
leader of the majority party would become Prime Minister and select the cabinet, and the
President became a figurehead, whose orders had to be signed by the Prime
Minister.Parliament was composed of two houses: the National Assembly and Senate; the
Senate had equal members from all provinces to protect their rights. The dream of provincial
autonomy was destroyed after only one year of Provincial governments of Balochistan and K. P.
K were dismissed by the Central government. Freedom of press was reduced and F.S.F was
allowed to arrest any politician.

How successful have the governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947
and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans: The Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in March 1949 which was the
first step towards the constitution of Pakistan. This resolution made several references to
Islamic laws like social justice, equality and religious freedom, and Muslims were also enabled
to lead their lives according to Islamic teachings. But the religious wings were not satisfied with
these provisions. They wanted complete implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with
other reasons, the resolution was withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.

Khawaja Nazimuddin revised the proposals of the same resolution in 1952. Now the Head of the
state would be Muslim over 40. He would appoint a board of religious scholars who would
advise on central and provincial legislation. In case of objections on religious grounds, the bill
had to be sent back to the assembly for amendment. Now fears arose in many circles that the
Religious Advisory Board would have power of veto over new laws. The Prime Minister
withdrew the proposals in 1953.

When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of Pakistan
to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was still retained for monitoring
the legislation with right of veto. The constitution also declared that the President was to be a
Muslim.

Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to which
marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were defined for
marriage. Women were empowered. In spite of opposition from religious wings, these laws were
imposed. He established the Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to advise him on the religious
aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute. These institutes were just
symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.

In the 1973 constitution, Bhutto gave no consideration to the implementation of Shariah Laws. It
was almost based on the 1956 constitution. Islamic committee was still set up, but it could only
advice on legislation. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National Alliance was protesting
on the roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious factions by banning gambling,
restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the weekly holiday. These were just
desperate actions. However, there was also a little success on road of Islamization. Both
President and Prime Minister were to be Muslims and had to believe in the finality of Holy
Prophet (PBUH). The Legislation also gave a definition of a ‘Muslim’.

General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established the Federal Shariat Court in
1979 to consider existing laws and judgments in the light of Islamic principles. He set up a
Federal Shariat Court to consider existing laws and legal judgements and decide if they were in
keeping with Islam. He introduced Hudood Ordinances which gave Islamic punishments to
people involved in drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. A new offense of disrespect of the
Holy Prophet was introduced, with imprisonment or a fine as a punishment for offenders. He
also introduced the Council of Islamic Ideology to suggest ways for bringing the legal system
closer to Islamic ideology. He also introduced Zakat and Ushr Ordinances imposing 2.5%
wealth tax and 5% tax on agricultural income respectively. Islamiat and Pakistan Studies were
made compulsory subjects in the schools and colleges. Memorizers of the Holy Quran were
given extra marks in the Civil Service examinations. The Arabic language was promoted
through TV and Radio programs. No woman was allowed to appear on TV without a scarf. Many
people from the civil society raised a voice against some of his actions, but in many areas he
has support from Ulamas

Of course the reign of Zia ul Haq saw maximum implementation of Shariah Laws. He won the
support of many religious political parties, ulamas and religious factions.

In conclusion it can be said that although several serious efforts for Islamisation were made,
implementation of clauses of Islamisation remained in question. Desired results were not
achieved because of lack of will and proper implementation. The fact remains that governments
have not been successful in their efforts for Islamisation in Pakistan

Q: What was the Kargil Conflict? [4]

Ans: In April 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the
Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. The Pakistan govt. denied any involvement. In May,
India launched a counter-attack during which it fired over 250,000 shells and rockets. Two of its
aircrafts crossed into Pakistani air space and one was shot down. During May and June 1999,
Pakistani forces were pushed back and eventually Sharif was persuaded by US President
Clinton to withdraw all Pakistan forces from Indian held territory behind the Line of Control. The
Kargil conflict proved to be a major blow to Pakistan-India relations.

Compiled by
Aizaz Ahsen Wahla
C3A