Conversation

Relatively informal social

interaction in which the
The Principles of roles of speaker and hearer
are exchanged in a
Process
nonautomatic fashion under
the collaborative of all
parties.
 CONVERSATION PROCESS

OPENING

CLOSING FEEDFORWARD

FEEDBACK BUSINESS
1st stage • Use greeting ,phatic communion
– (phatic communication)

• Opening References
i. Self- references
ii. Other-references
iii. Relational references
iv. Context references
OPENING • Opening lines
i. Cute-flippant openers:
humorous, indirect, ambiguous
ii. Innocuous openers: highly
ambiguous, simple comments
iii. Direct openers: demonstrate
clearly speaker’s interest
2nd stage

• Gives another person general

idea of the conversation focus

• Usually combined with opening

• Function of feedforward
i. To open the channels of
FEEDFORWARD communication
ii. To preview the message
iii. To disclaim
iv. To altercast
3rd stage

• Substance or focus of the

conversation

• The longest part of

conversation

• Speaker and listener roles

are exchange
BUSINESS • Emphasize communication
that are goal directed.

• Fulfill general purposes (to

learn, relate, influence, etc.)
4th stage

• Reverse of second step

• Reflect back on conversation

• Signal that conversation has

completed

• Five dimension of feedback:

i. Positive-negative
FEEDBACK
ii. Person focused-message
focused
iii. Immediate-delayed
iv. Low monitoring-high
monitoring
v. Supportive-critical
5th stage
• Opposite the first step - Goodbye

• Reveal persons satisfaction with

the conversation

• Closing and feedback could be

combined

CLOSING • Closing conversation techniques.

i. Reflect back to the conversation
and briefly summarize it.
ii. Directly state the desire to end
the conversation and to get on
with other things.
iii. Refer to future interaction.
iv. Ask for closure.
v. State that you enjoyed the
interaction.
 You and other person implicitly
agree to cooperate in trying to
understand what each is saying.

4 conversational maxims (principles

of speaker and listener)
Principle of i. Maxim of quantity (say
what makes the meaning
cooperation clear, omit not)
ii. Maxim of quality (say what
assume true, not; false)
iii. Maxim of relation (talk
what is relevant to
conversation)
iv. Maxim of manner (use
terms that listener understand)
 • Dialogue – Two-ways interaction;
each person both speaker/listeners,
sender/receiver.
• Deep concern for other person and
relationship
• Objective; mutual understanding, and
empathy
• Respect; allow to make own choices
without coercion, threat, pressure,
punishment.

Principle of • Monologue – one person speaks the

Dialogue other listens.
• Communication in which a person
speaks and the other is listens.
• No real interaction among participants.
• No genuine interaction.
• No real concern for another person
feeling and attitude.
• Concerned only his/her goals
• Not effective communication
 • Conversational turns; changing
(maintaining) speaker or listener role
• Regulated by audio and visual signals
• Speaker cues
• Turn-maintaining cues; help
maintaining speaker’s role
• Turn-yielding cues; tell listener you
have finished, wish to change the role
of speaker
• Listener Cues
• Turn requesting cues; let the
speaker know you’d like to take turn
as speaker
Principle of Turn- • Turn denying cues; indicate
reluctance to take the role of speaker
Taking • Back-Channeling Cues
• Use to communicate various
information back to the speaker.
• Four back-channeling cues
messages:
i. To indicate agreement and
disagreement.
ii. To indicate degree of
involvement.
iii. To pace the speaker.
iv. To ask for clarification.
▪ The principles of process emphasize conversation as a
process begin with Opening, Feedforward, Business,
Feedback and Closing.
▪ Principles of cooperation emphasize that conversation
proceeds with the assumption that each person is
cooperating in each process.
▪ The principles of dialogue emphasizes that conversation
involves two involved people.
▪ The principle of turn-taking focus on process of exchanging
speaking and listening turns.
 Compulsory Text

References De Vito, Joseph A., The Interpersonal Communication

Book, 13th Edition, Pearson Education Inc, USA. 2013

www.bensound.com