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2-Basic Statistics For Pharmacology Practicals
2-Basic Statistics For Pharmacology Practicals
2-Basic Statistics For Pharmacology Practicals
2018/2019
Department of Pharmacology
Faculty of Medicine
University of Malaya
alshaweshmam@um.edu.my
http://www.esn.ac.lk/sdc/images/canstockphoto7351376-landingpage.jpg
Lecture outlines
• Introduction to statistics
• Statistic in Pharmacology
• Types of data
• Summarizing data
• Describing data & Normality
• Selection tests of significance
• Hypothesis testing & Significance level (p value)
• Student’s t-test
• Data presentation
Biostatistics
Sources of
data
data is.
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
Mean
that the data are spread out over a large range of values.
Variance and Standard deviations (SD)
No. x
• Variance (S2): the average of the squares of the 1 540
2 480
3 290
difference of each observation from the mean. 4 300
5 480
• Standard deviation (SD): the square root of the 6 120
7 300
sample variance. 8 260
Mean
STD
SEM
Standard error of the mean (SEM)
Normal Distribution (Normality)
• 1 SD: 68.2 %
• 2 SD: 95.4 %
• 3 SD: 99.6 %
Shape of curve distribution
Example:
– H0 : There are no difference between the mean of two groups
– HA : There are difference between the mean of two groups
• Hypothesis may be accepted or rejected based on the
probability (p) value at certain significance level
• To accept or reject the hypothesis the significance level
must be set
Significance level (p value)
Type of t test:
i. Independent t- test (two-sample t-test): to test the
difference between two independent variables, (e.g.
case/control)
ii. Paired t- test: to test the difference between two
dependent variables or paired populations (before/after ,
2 methods used on the same animal), e.g. glucose level
before & after treatment
How to calculate t-test?
How to calculate t-test?
• Refer the calculated t value with the t value given in the student
t-test table (at the appendix of the practical handout) which
shows the t value distribution
• Find the row for the degree of freedom (df); df = n-1; and in the
same row, seek the t value that is closest to the calculated t
value.
• – For two sample t test, df = (n-1)1 + (n-1)2
• Look at the probability (P) value corresponds to the calculated
t value
How to calculate t-test?
30.15
Pharmacology Practical
Figures
Histogram Bar Chart
Line graph Pie Chart
Scatter Diagram
Tables
Table title
Unit
Histogram
Histogram
Bar chart
- No class boundaries
- Spaces (gaps)
Line Graph
Scatter Diagram (plot)
Pie Chart
References
2. Also I would like to thank Dr. Zamri Chik and A/P Dr. Hesham Al-Mekhlafi for
using some of theirs slides .
• Images taken from the online materials with website link as shown.
Thank You