1 PROPOSED TITLE

Analysis of Automatic Schedule-based Control Smart Lighting System for Educational

Building

2 ABSTRACT
Lighting constitutes a significant portion of building energy consumption. Automatic lighting
control systems reduce energy consumption by decreasing operating time of lamps based on
various factors like occupancy, time of day, and availability of daylight. Various technologies
exist that perform lighting control. These technologies differ in their input parameters, their
control method, control algorithm, cost of installation, complexity of commissioning, etc. Each
of the control schemes has a unique set of factors that affect their performance in terms of
energy savings as well as user acceptance. This paper aims to introduce a new smart system to
reduce energy consumption due to lighting loads, to investigate the suitable control system
type for an educational building, the savings reported from the application and the factors
affecting their performance.
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 SMART LIGHTING SYSTEM
Energy efficient building through Smart Building Program is the world’s peak demand in
today’s era [1]. In a smart building, devices are controlled automatically and intelligently as
the per occupant’s preferences [2]. Lighting is one of the largest load in buildings that are
known to be dominant contributors to high energy consumptions [1]. To achieve a significant
reduction in energy consumption, a smart lighting system is an essential part of a smart
building. Smart Lighting System is integrated with smart Building Energy Management system
where Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) for lighting system is taken into consideration
as suggested [3];
• Manual/ automatic control equipment
• Equipment maintenance; periodical cleaning and ballast replacement with more
efficient alternatives
• Delamping in over-lit areas
• Use of daylight in conjunction with lighting control
• Equipment replacement; efficient luminaries, low loss ballast and tri-phosphor lamps
• Automatic control equipment; dimmers, occupancy sensors, photo/daylight sensors
cells and time clock
Smart Lighting System can be broadly categorized into three categories; occupancy based
control, daylight based control and schedule based control [1].
3.1.1 OCCUPANCY BASED CONTROL
Occupancy sensors employ motion sensing technique to detect the presence of occupants in a
given range of space, so the light is switch on when it detects any occupants, and switched off
when there is no occupant within a pre-fixed delay period. Occupancy based control can be
classified into two schemes which are the motion-based switching and motion-based dimming.
Occupancy based control utilizes different techniques and technologies of sensing system such
as Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors, Ultrasonic sensors, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
and by imaging through cameras (CCTV) [4].
3.1.2 DAYLIGHT BASED CONTROL
Daylight based control can either be used to switch lights on or off or can be used in
combination of dimmable electronic ballast to provide the required artificial lighting level
when daylight is present. Rooms with daylight penetration can benefit from using the available
daylight, complementing the electrical lamps to provide adequate light levels. Manual
supervision of lights would be unnecessary thus, saving labor time. Daylight based control
adopt two methods of implementation which are the daylight-linked switching and the
daylight-linked dimming. Daylight-linked systems can also be divided based on the algorithm
of control which are the closed loop and the open loop system [4].
 3.1.3 SCHEDULE BASED CONTROL
Scheduling systems are based on time, so it is useful in areas where the occupancy pattern is
accurately predictable. A classroom is the perfect example where events takes place in a very
specific period with fixed class routine. Scheduling can be done using simple control devices
called time switches or time clocks. The lights that are controlled by the control system are
switched on and off based on pre-fixed schedule [4].
3.2 PROJECT LOCATION
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) is a private university with a Government Link
University (GLU) status; wholly owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Universiti Tenaga
Nasional operates from two campuses. The main campus is located in Putrajaya. It is adjacent
to the administrative center of the Federal Government of Malaysia, malls, hotels and resorts.
The Putrajaya campus offers courses in Engineering, Computer Science, Information
Technology, Business Economic and Energy Economics. The second campus, Sultan Haji
Ahmad Shah (KSHAS) in Bandar Muadzam Shah, Pahang offers course in Accountancy,
Finance, Marketing, Human Resource and Business courses [5].
The College of Engineering is the largest college in this university and offer programmes at
bachelor levels. The COE also collaborates with the College of Graduate Studies to offer
programmes at Masters and PhD levels. The college comprises of four departments, which are
Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Civil Engineering, and two supporting units, which are Engineering Mathematics
& Management Unit, and Social Science Unit. COE consist of two main building for lecture
halls and offices which are BM and BN with another building, BL that accommodate 44
laboratories [6].
The project focuses on energy efficiency in lighting system of COE building in conjunction
with achieving the goals for Smart University programme. Thus, a smart lighting system is
proposed to analyze the best automatic control method for best energy conservation measures.
3.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Building environments are an essential part of our daily lives since people spend an average of
20 hours per day inside buildings. However, the amount of energy and resources required by
buildings is extremely high. Buildings are responsible for more than one-third of all energy,
one-half of global electricity, and one-third of carbon emissions [7]. In buildings, lighting
systems account for a large proportion of energy consumption. The conventional lighting
system in COE is not energy efficient for the building. Therefore, a smart lighting system is
proposed. However, automatic control lighting system requires detail observations and
analysis to achieve the best energy saving solution without compromising the comfort of
occupants. From the control methods discussed on the previous section, each method has their
own downfall. Occupancy-based control are susceptible to ‘False-ons’ errors where the sensors
are triggered by a false movement coming from an object other than an actual occupant.
Reverse effect may also occur where lights tend to turn off even in the presence of an occupant.
On the other hand, daylight-based control can only be implemented on classes with large
window areas but that is not the case for COE building where not all the lecture halls and
classes have windows for daylight access. Therefore, schedule-based control would be the
most suitable controlling methods since the project location is an educational building with
fixed routine to hold classes [4].
3.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The main goal of a smart lighting system is to achieve energy efficiency by maintaining
optimum lighting conditions using as less energy as possible without sacrificing the visual
comfort of the occupant in order to meet these objectives [4];
• To implement a new smart service system for COE.
• To reduce the operational time of lights due to human behavior.
• To investigate the best automatic lighting control strategies for COE building
• To compare the energy consumption of conventional lighting system with the selected
automatic control lighting system.
4 METHODOLOGY
4.1 WORKSCOPE
i. This research focuses on developing an energy efficient lighting system for educational
building.
ii. This research covers on the analysis of schedule-based control smart lighting system in
comparison with the conventional lighting system
iii. Determines the smart lighting system operational behavior on power consumption.
iv. Determines the impact of smart lighting system on the occupant’s comfort.
4.2 PROJECT TIMELINE

Figure 1 Project timeline

5 EXPECTED OUTCOME
COE is an educational building with fixed class routine thus the schedule-based control system
should be the best selection over the two other control methods of smart automatic lighting
system. Power consumption due to lighting in the COE building should reduce when the
conventional lighting system is replaced with the automatic schedule-based control lighting
system. Human behavior of leaving the lights open before leaving the room would not be a
major obstacle after implementing the proposed system.
Improvements on the system is made possible if there would be no cost constraints. For
example, a mix method can be applied in the lighting system. Combining different technologies
of smart lighting controls gives substantial improvements in performance in terms of accuracy
and energy saving.
6 REFERENCES
[1] N. Verma and A. Jain, “Optimized Automatic Lighting Control in a Hotel Building for
Energy Efficiency,” 2018 Int. Conf. Power Energy, Environ. Intell. Control. PEEIC 2018,
pp. 168–172, 2019.
[2] A. Kumar, P. Kar, R. Warrier, A. Kajale, and S. K. Panda, “Implementation of Smart LED
Lighting and Efficient Data Management System for Buildings,” Energy Procedia, vol. 143,
pp. 173–178, 2017.
[3] Suruhanjaya Tenaga, Electrical Energy Audit Guidelines for Building Reference for
Registered Electrical Energy Manager. 2016.
[4] M. A. U. Haq et al., “A review on lighting control technologies in commercial buildings,
their performance and affecting factors,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 33, pp. 268–
279, 2014.
[5] Universiti Tenaga Nasional, “About Us - Universiti Tenaga Nasional,” 2019. [Online].
Available: https://www.uniten.edu.my/about-uniten/our-university/welcome/.
[6] Universiti Tenaga Nasional, “College of Engineering - UNITEN,” 2019. [Online].
Available: https://www.uniten.edu.my/colleges/college-of-engineering-coe/about-us/.
[7] H. Zou, Y. Zhou, H. Jiang, S. C. Chien, L. Xie, and C. J. Spanos, “WinLight: A WiFi-based
occupancy-driven lighting control system for smart building,” Energy Build., vol. 158, pp.
924–938, 2018.