C wio Isuit:s/to.

, r)
Faculty :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Built Environment
Depar-trnent :

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Deparlment of Civil Engineering

Title :
AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

1.0 TNTR0DUCTION ( .rt''

The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and

elongation particles. Irlaky and elorrgation particles are considered undesirable as they
cause weakness of the pavement. Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement concrete

pavements as the w'orkability of concrete improves. Regular shapes of particles are

desirable for granular base course clue to increased stability desired from better
interlocking. When the shape of aggregates deviates more from the spherical shape. as

in the case of angular, flaky and elongation aggregate tlie void content increase and

hencethe grain size distribution of the aggregates hasto be suitable altered in orderto
obtain minimum voids in the dry mix on the maximum density.

2.0 OBJECTIVE ffAtt\

To determine the flakiness and elongation indices of the aggregate. A11 procedure are ref-er
ro British Standard Method, Testing Aggregate, Part 105: Methods for determination of
parlicle shape Section 105.1 Flakiness inclex BS 812-105.1 1989 and Parl 105: Methods tbr

determination of particle slrape Section 105.2 E,longation irrdex of coarse aggregate BS 8f2-
10s.2 1990.
 Faculty:
Faculty olCivil Engineering and
Built Environment
Depafiment:
Universiti Turt Hussein Onn tulalaysia Department of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

3.0 FLAKTNESSINDIX '.- I ''

Aggregate parlicles are classified as flaky when they have a thickness (smallest
dimension) of less than 0.6 oftheir mean sieve size. The flakiness index of an aggregate
sample is fbund b-v separating the flaky particles and expressing their mass as a
percentage of the mass of the sample tested. This test is not applicable to aggregate
passing 6.30rnrn sieve and retained as 63.0 mm sieve.

1. Metal thickness gauge (Figure l)

2. Test sieve, balance. trays. etc.
fhese sizes r:rcrked +n gf,uqe

10c 90 BO OU 50 40 0

61.0
lo lo
5{, S 3?.5
?+

1C.0
to
630
ltn to
?00
to to 1!. 0

Simensians ss€. i11 milijffietles-

"Essentie.l dimensirus fse* r*lersne*s g:ren ie Tahl* 3')-

Figure 1: Metal thickness gauge (BS 812-105.1 1989)

 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
-Environrnent
Departmerrt :
Universili Tun Hussein Onn iualay{ia Department of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGGREGATE SIIAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

3.2 procedure f I1i;'1 ,tpr \

1. The sieve sample with sieves mentioned in Tatrle 1.2. Weight each of the
individual size fiaction (w l. w2, w3.....)retained on these sieve, other than
the 63.0 mm sieve and store them in separate trays marked with their size.

2. Gauge each fiaction from tl,e respective slots in the thickness gauge weigh
pieces w-hich pass through the slots (x1 , x2, x3. . ...etc).

Calculations and Results ( $glf pr !

F/m,timess i*dr+r :l .rr + .Y2 "-+.T3 + I ,r t**

IF
II
l.tt-r+tr?*1r?+.,..!

Eq (1)

Where,

x I . x2,. . .etc. are the w-eight of the fi'actions passing from the thickness

gauge.

wl. rv2...etc are the rveight of the original sample retained as the
corresponding sieve.
 Faculty':
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environnrent
Departnrent :
U*lver*iti Tun ltussein *n* Department of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

4.0 ELONGATION INDEX

Aggregate particles are classifled as elongation w'hen they have a length (greatest
dimension) of more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size. The elongation index is fbund b1

separating the elongation particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the
mass of sample tested. The test is not applicable to nTaterial passing 6.30 mm sieve or

retained on 50 mm sieve.

4.1 Apparatus { t/r : t-

'

1. Metal length gaLrge (F-igure 2)

1 S ieve

3. Balance

4. Tra-v
ll-730.? r.6!0-l (1?!0.3 li.? til., 16tF

Itsr iisrr
m gn{e

Al dimrEirl3 ri in ftrL
Na'l'B,'&llffi e #ffi m *nrill d@aruloN u ihl]m.

Figure 2: Metal length gauge (BS 812-105.2 1990)

 Faculty :
Faculty'of Civil Engineering and
Built Environment
Department :
UniverEiti Tun Hussein Onn Nlalavsia Depaftment of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGGREGATE SIIAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

4.2 Procedure t Y: ' ,

1. Sieve the sample u'ith sieve mentioned in Table 1.3 u,eight each of the individual

size fiactions (rv1. u2- u'3.... Retained on these sieves other than the 50.0 mm
sieve.

2. Gauge each liaction as fbllows, select the length gauge appropriate to the single

fiaction under test and gauge each particle separately by hand. Elongated particles
are those u,hose greatest dimension prevent them fiom passing through the gauge.
Weigh each fraction rvhich doesn't pass through the gauge (xl, x2. ...etc)

{.3 C'alculation and Results

EJorrgrwtiri? iPldsff : .{t -j-ffr *-"q: + .. rf l{_}{l

'tr:+11?*lr"a*..

Eq.(2)

Wlrere.

x I, x2, x3. .. ..lveight of the fractions not passing through the Iength gauge

lvl, rv2. rv3.....are the u,eight of the original sample on the correstrronding
s1eve.
 * tat Pa$oh ralin
Facult.v :

Faculty of Civil Engineering and

Built Environment
Depafiment :
Ur'Iiversili Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Depaftment of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGGREGATE SIIAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

Table 1.1: Aggregate shape test (BS 812-105.1 1989) and BS 812-105.21990

Size i:f irg,rl'e giite lVidth *f the Weight *n 1V*ight *n

fiicti*n ag-negrrte in each agpqegafe in
Piriiiug tlrrot:sll Reurineil rrtr conte:tinE *i'at tiaeti*n pa-rsixg *actrrfi. cfi*:l
I5 iiele. inLn I5 si:r,e . uln last 2*tl pi***" g thicku*irs Fia$ge. retained *n length
g,*trge" g
i : 4 5
(]}-1 50 llf 11nu1.... Srrrul. Yruml..-.
5fi 3?"5 W:uur".". S:turn. Y:rnm.",
3?.5 NQ 14r:rmn.... X;trntr, Yrtrm."..
na 1n \Yer:m.... }imm..".
-\41ltiIl.
3il t4 Wsrr:m.... -\iltIIll. Ysruu....
14 1r] ltr'asxn.... ,\rl1lLIll. l'rruur."""
1G fi..} Wnnm.... Irnuu, }"ruuu...,-
Trrtal

Table 1.2:Data for Determination of Flakiness Index

-,Lggl.r_uirle 5 iz* Fractiou E'idtii *t= slor in \liliuurni nulrr lur

ES test iiele nondnal ap*rture size thickuess Gauge *r r*biiir"iiiciu
I il{it.+ pirs;iuu 1**ti ret;rfuecl :;peciai siexe
t1111] IIE]} llLl}l kg
s_].* 50"{-} ltq-ft+ 5il
5t].fl 37.5 ?s"3 i s.5 ,l -i
3T.5 3S.ft t0f-{1 1 1-1
:8.{] 2$.fi 14"4 + *.15 5
?*.0 i.+.* I*.: + ii.i5 :
14.0 10.fi r.? + ff.1 I
1r.).0 I,.,1 4.S + 0.1 {i,5

Notes. This dintension is etlual to 0.6 times the mean test sieve si.-e
 Faculty :

Faculty of Civil Engineering and

Built Envirorunent
Department :
Uni!ersiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia I)epartment of Civi I Engineering
Title:
AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

*'iak h t alitunt" 1.3: Data for Determination of Elongation Index

f)lUff

-{uci'esrile Size Frnttrr,rn 1\:Lrlth *f itrot iu h,{irirnmri rnas*q l"*r

BS te:t tie.,'* rrunrinnl ai-rertuit :ize tldckte"i-.. Liatge ol sr:bdirrisirlr
'I
I ii{-}'l o Iraiiiug 1*0t{: ietailrd rl-)ElIitl :lt\ C
Imn 1llm 111111 t"g
50"0 37.5 78"? * {.1.1 :5
_1 j ,.1 38.{j \U{l*[l { 15
18"* 20.* 43 I + 0.15 5
:*.* 14.0 3*.fr + S_15 3
14.* 1fi,CI :tr,6 + *"3 1

1ft.fi 6.3 ldT-it") 0,5

Noles; 'l'his dinrcnsion is etlual to l.,S tinrcs the mectn te.st si:e.

REFERENCES ( Hanirat )

l. British Standard Method. Testing Aggregate. Part 105: Methods for determination olparticle
shape Section 105.1 Flakiness inde.r BS 812-105.1 1989

2. British Standard Method. Testing Aggregate.Parl 105: Methods for detennination of pafiicle
shape Section i05.2 Elongation index of coarse aggregate BS 812-105 .2 l99A
3. Kenneth N. derucher and George P .Korfiatis. Material for civil and hi-ehwa1' engineers.

Prerrtice Hall, NJ 2nd edition" 1988.

4. Harold N. Attkins. Highway materials, soils arrd concretes, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, I990.
 Facr"rltl' :

Facultl,of Civil Engirreering and Built

Environment
Department:
Uni!'ersiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Department of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)

sx STMULATTON

Please watch this video on horv to conduct and analysis F-lakiness and Elongation index.

httn s : li.v-.o utu. be/2 T ZQ E l:KT I

,X CALCULATION

Table 1.4: Flakiness & Elongation Index Test

Passing Retained Sample Passing Retained Flakiness Elongation

Sieve Sieve (em) (gn) (gm) lndex Inder
(mm) (mrn)

28

20

14

l0
 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environment
Depafiment:
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Depafiment of Civil Engineerin-e
'Iitle
OF BITUMINOUS
A&& c eb\{b
sHfipr
Iv
5.0
( li irlr'i I "
N ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS r

A group of student conducted the Aggre-eate Shape Test in a transportation laboratory in

order to deterrnine the t'lakiness and elongation index fbr base course. Table 1.4 shorvs
the aggregate shape test resuits.

Table I.4: Summary of Flakiness & Elongation Index Test

tHanirah)
Passing Retained Sample Passi ng Retained Flakiness Elongation
Sieve Sieve (gm) (gm) (gm) Index lndex
(rnm) (mm)

2B 5000 1685 I 033

20 2000 428 )))

14 r 000 166 208

10 500 184 75

0'0
From the Table 1.4. deterrnine the size fbr every retained sieve (mm) (11r\rlusi
Mnisnh 1
Detennine the flal<irress and elongation index fbr every passir,g sieve.
3. Determirre the averagd llakiness,and{elongation indert
krlnfif}
I 4. tsased on the (Ruki,r.rr'pncl /elongatiorl index test, determine rvheather the aggregate tested

m eets M al ays ian Stand ard req ui rernent. G iv e,"-our j u st i f-rcat ion.
 @ w,, pofusfto.'i)
Faculty :

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built

Environment
Department :
Department of Civil Engineering
Universiti Tun Husstin Onfi tutalaysia
Title :
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

1.0 INTRODUCTION l'lrtr''j,t,',

hnpact value of an aggregate is the percentage loss pf w'eight of particles passing
2.36rnrn sieve by the application on load by mean of 15 blorvs of standard hammer and
drop under specified test condition. The aggregate irnpact value gives a relation lrleasure
of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact. rvhich in some aggregates
differs from their resistance to a slor.vly applied compressive load.

General: Normally'the aggregate impact value of base course is 30. biturninous bound
macadam is about 35 and the cement concrete base course is 30.Sigirili('ilttce'. The test

gives an idea of toughness of the aggregate to resist facture under the irnpact of moving
loads.

2.0 OBJECTIVE (tlanunh I

To determine the aggregate irnpact value. All procedure are reler to British Standard
Method, 'festing Aggregate. Pafi l12: Methods for determination of aggregate impact
value (AIV). BS 812-1121990.
 Facult,,-' :

Facult-v of Civil Engineering and Built

Environment
Department :
Ufirversi(i Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Department of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGGREGAI'E IMPACT VALUE

3.0 APPARATUS I;"1';,

1. Impact Testin-q Machine:
Its consists of a c1'lindrical hanrmer of 13.5 kg. (30lbs) sliding fiee11, between twcr

verticai supports (called guides). Its fall is automaticaill,adjusted to a height of

38cm. There is a brass plate over u.hicl-r an open cilindrical steel cup olinternal
diarneter l0.2cm and 5cm depth is placed and fired to the brass plate.
2. Measure: A cylinder of internal diameter 7.-5cm and 5cm deep for measLlre

aggregate.

3. Tamping rod of i cm diameter and 23crn long rounded at one end and pointed at
thc othcr end.
4. Sieves: l2.5mrn, lOmm and 2.36mm opening.
5. Balance: 50009 capacity.
6. Laboratorl, oven capable of maintaining a constant temperature up to I 10"C.
 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environment
Depadment :
Uilivorsiti Tun Hussein Orrn Mal*ysia Department of Civil Engineering
Title:
AGCREGATE IMPACT VALUE
{"*rkrmp rl: 'trr
rFl.e'*:I1E mgl rt*nr giirr

Adlusi*&l,s rtuF
Lrftirq f*:+ re{ru$#

I
I
F*l**te ri,:w
Herirh,*r e*ufif#[:
l
{ta qeun? ,r$jiihh*r
xf kl*ryx l
Hurtm*r
r" lin{rrus. .3 {s fu:{ }e 1& "rSkg

{
i
I
\II .n ,a
I Cas* $!f,e***rd
*ufrue

i5
JH,.l * I Hrrm,mr*r *Er:d* heti

t 1

$rl
{

'-T
x
Irrq*]$r et* ty lir'rdrlc n | *ter*t c*p.
"----
, I It tHr E Ll; .
-""-i-- I ..I 5 {. tJ}t*
hurdgnE.d

i I !rr rt tiittrt.,it:';.-".'r I'i l',llil'l'rl,l'1li'ai

Figure 1: Apparatr"rs forthe Aggregate lmpact Value Test (BS 812-l l2 1990)
 Faculty :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environment
Department :
Universiti Tun Hu$sein Onn Matavsia Department of Civil Engineering
'l'itle :
AGCREGATE IMPACT' VALUE

4.A PROCEDURE ($alman)

I . Sieve the aggregate and obtain the portion passing l2.5mm and retained on I 0rnm

sieve.

2. Wash and dry' this aggregate at a constanl temperature of I 050C to I 100C- and then

cool the sample.

3. Fill this aggregate in the cylindrical measure in 3 layers, tapping each la1'ers 25

times with the tamping rod. Level the surface tarnping road as a using the straight
edge.

4. Weight the aggregate in the rneasure. This weight of the aggregate is Lrsed for the
duplicate test o11 the sanre material.
5. Transfer the aggregate fl'orn the cylindrical measure to the cup in 3 layers and
compact each layer by tamping in 25 strokes with the tarnping rod.
6. Release the hammer fbr fall freely on the aggregate. The test sarnple is subjected
to a total of l5 blor.vs.
7. Remove the aggregate sample frorn the cup and sieve through 2.36 rnm sieve.
8. Weight the fiaction passing the sieve.
,iL
REFERENCES i :t .

British Standard Method. Testing Aggregate. Part 112: Methods fbr determination ol
aggregate impact value (AIV), BS 812-112 1990

ix SIMULATION
Please u,atch this video on horv to conduct and analysis Aggregate Impact Value
htt ps ://wu,rv.-vo utube. co m/watch ?v:rM gzwl 0J.{BBA
 Faculty :

Facult,v of Civil Engineering and Built

Environment
Depafirnent:
Department of Civil Engineering
Llni\,ersiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Title:
AGCREGATE IMPACT VALUE

W CALCULATION

Table 1,1: Aggregate Impact Value Test

Sample Weight of cup Weight Weight Weight
(gram) trefore crush retained passing
(gram) 2.36mm sieve 2.36mm sieve
(gram) (gram)
A
B
Average

Fsr,r:.enf Bh*r jfr lT?rslrrl,nss i "

Ei{l,e,rmgqi = 1-':--------:-=-- lv l$l
-{ni#*i }l'dis#l
| J

Eq (1)

Percent Wear (Average) : ...

 Faculty' :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environment
l)epaftment :
Deparlment of Civil Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Ntalal'sia
Title :
AGGRE,GA'f E, I MPACT VALUE
,,
1rt ALTERNATTVE QUESTTONS (',!,t.
A group of student conducted the Aggregate lmpact Value test in a transportation
laboratory in order to determine the aggregate impact value fbr base course. Tatrle 1.2
shorvs the aggregate impact value test results.

Tatrle 1.2: Aggregate Impact Value Test { l} r i: :

Sample Weight of cup Weight Weight Weight

(gram) before crush retained passing
(gram) 2.36mm sieve 2.36mm sieve
(gram) (gram)
A 782 I 071 224

B 782 1 089 226

Average

..+. Irrom Tatrle 1.2. determine the percent u'ear fbr every sample.
Pait
-2. Deterrnine the average percent wear tbr this sanrple. 1
Yuon 3. Based on the aggregate impacl value test results. determine wheather the aggregate tested
t t meets Malaysiar-r Standard recl ir irement. G i r,e 1 our.i usti fication.
6.0 rmclultoo