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HOT and DRY CLIMATE

Presentation · January 2010

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14286.69442

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Hossein Medi
Imam Khomeini International University
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Master : Dr. Hossein Medi
School of Architecture and Energy
medi@arc.ikiu.ac.ir

Student
Amir Hossein Hosseini
Yasser Mottaqi

Spring 2010
Introduction

Climate

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

BUILDING FORM

Example

constarction

Conclusion

Reference
 The architecture that has developed in arid zones of the
middle east have had consistent and deep-rooted building techniques
which promote passive climatic conditioning of their environments to
provide shelter and comfort from their natural environment of hot arid
deserts.

Contemporary design of homes in hot arid desert conditions

have much to learn from the great history and development of city
planning, building form and construction methods of the past
The general characteristics of climate plateau plains are as follows:

• hot dry weather in summer and cold in winter and dry

• very little rainfall
• very low humidity in the
• very low vegetation cover
• high temperature difference between night and day
• the desert and desert areas , combined with wind and dust
 Ductility and implementation of urban and rural living
conditions with natural factors and the use of these agents in very
adverse weather conditions in these areas, is considerable. Dare
to be expressed in one very important achievement in the
implementation of our traditional architecture and provide a
suitable living environment in arid regions and is without water and
grass.

General urban and rural areas is as follows:

• very dense urban and rural
• urban area completely surrounded bynarrow alleys and
irregular and sometimes covered with a vault
• buildings joined together
• the establishment of biological collections according to sun
and wind
• Kashan is a city in Iran that located in hot anr dry
area.
• very dense urban and rural
• urban area completely surrounded by narrow alleys and irregular
and sometimes covered with a vault
• buildings joined together
 The traditional courtyard house, which has become the
indigenous urban and rural standard
in the Kashan, has developed from many civilizations. The
courtyard house typology with surrounding
rooms is the most basic response to the hot arid climatic regions.
Surrounding rooms
enclose the outdoor space with often only the depth of one room.
In urban settings, the courtyard
house is completely bounded by the wings of the house, and in
more rural and farm situations on
only one or two sides. The form of the courtyard is deliberately
regular and contained. The
 surrounding principle rooms also display regularity and
respect to the courtyard geometry. Very
little architectural distinction is made between social and sleeping
quarters. Internal circulation is
often through the courtyard or colonnades which border the
courtyard. Service spaces such as
kitchen, toilets, storage, and workspaces are tucked into corners.
These spaces are sometimes
awkward in geometry and are not intended to be representational
of the overall architectural
spaces within the home. The hotter the climate, the taller the
proportions are for the courtyard.
In very hot arid areas, multi-story courtyards are not uncommon.
This increases the shaded area
of the courtyard and makes for a cooler microclimate
 The nature of the courtyard is of a domestic garden where
children can play, adults can gather,and friends can lounge and
visit. Courtyards commonly display vegetation and or a water
feature.
Openings of adjacent rooms are often biased towards the
interior courtyard with little or no openings to the exterior surface of
the building. This attitude suggests an introverted typology of
building design that protects its inhabitants from wind, sand, sun,
and strangers outside.
I n hot arid zones, the function of light, ventilation, and view
are difficult to achieve in one window opening. For this reason,
these functions are separated. In order for an opening to provide
for air movement, it must be small which however, reduces natural
lighting for the room. This is why
wind towers, called Badgirs, are made which serve the sole
purpose of air movement.
 Wind captured at the top of the tower has less solid
material such as sand and is cooler and stronger than at ground
level. Houses are commonly constructed with one or two wind
towers often rising 15m above grade. Towers allow cool air
passing across the sky to be caught and brought down through
enclosed rooms at and below grade. Wind velocity at this height is
generally 1.5 times the velocity of that at 1m above ground level.
Wind towers are either open on all four sides or just two depending
on whether the cold winds from the north are isolated.
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan .
This part had been used in
summer

Boroujerdiha House In
Kashan . This part had been
used in winter
ABASSIAN house
Using light color fao external and internal
surface
ABASSIAN house
lighting in interior space
Boroujerdiha house
Using light color for external surface
And using vegitation for reduce the heat
Boroujerdiha house
Using water for make evaporation
And court yard
Plan and section
through a Persian house
showing a unidirectional
badgir which is open to
cool breezes from the
north but rejects the hot
winds from the south. A
vacuum at the mouth of
the badgir pulls cool air
into the rooms from the
patio
 Wind Mud or mud brick is the most common building
material used to make the thick walls of the hot arid zone
buildings. These walls were often 400 to 800mm in thickness. The
mud mixtures often included earth, soil, dry vegetation, and stone
aggregate. Specific climatic conditions of humidity, soil, and sun
produced the need for varying techniques of mud structure
construction. In the ‘puddled’ form technique, earth material is
placed in a form with water and layered upon itself to form a
laminated wall. The addition of rocks and boulders provides
strength and reenforcement,
to the construction of the wall.
The ‘wattle and daub’ technique used a crude armature of light framework
built of sticks and wood to serve as both formwork and reinforcing, for mud
to be placed within and around the structure. The rammed earth technique
is often employed to make mud bricks in areas where water is not readily
available to form ‘puddled mud’.
Short walls or brick forms are filled with damp, and not wet, mud with earth
placed between them .The moist mixture is then compacted with a mallet or
tamp until the maximum density is achieved. In order for this technique to
work, long periods of hot, dry weather are required to allow for the rammed
earth to dry and strengthen.
The building techniques of the hot arid climatic zones, developed over a long
history of
construction, have progressed to promote passive climatic conditioning to
protect inhabitants from
their harsh environments. Those ideas and techniques of city planning, building
form, and
constructions methods offer great insight to the contemporary designer of
Middle Eastern desert.
[1] Arch 384: Desert Ecohouse for Yazd 1/11 Justin Huang 97285431 DESERT
ECOHOUSE University of Waterloo Terri Meyer BoakeArch 384: A Desert Ecohouse
for Yazd

[2] Gobadian,Vahid,climaticanalysis of the traditional iranian buildings , 28-30 , 1384

[3] Watson , danald , labs,kenneth , climatic design , 123-125 , 1382

[4] Www.elsevier.com
[5] Www.trendir.com
[6] Www.cprenorfolk.org.uk
[7] Www.ecohome.org

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