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Overview

This chapter tackles the

historical development of science
and technology in the Philippines
from the pre – colonial period up to
the Fifth Republic.

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This chapter contains seven (7) topics:
4.1 Pre – Colonial Science and Technology

4.2 Science and Technology during the Spanish Regime

4.3 Science and Technology during American Regime

4.4 science and Technology during the Commonwealth Period

4.5 Science and Technology since Independence

4.6 Science and Technology during the Marcos Era

4.7 Science and Technology during the Fifth Republic COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
Specific Objectives
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to

❖Outline the historical development of STS in the Philippines

❖Analyze the development of science and technology in the

Philippines in terms of its major impact to the Filipino
people.

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Give at least 5
words that
you think best
describe this
place.

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 PRE – COLONIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Slow pacing of the spread of science and technology in the Philippines because of the following obstacle
(Bernard 2016)

Archipelagic Condition Of The Country

The Different Dialects Which Shows Diversity

Not Open To New Ideas For Agriculture

The Strong Belief To Superstitious

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Superstitions in farming
 The Use Of Science And Technology In Pre – Colonial Era

https://www.slideshare.net/angenica/pre-colonial-science-and-technology-in-the-third-world
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-evolution-of-media-in-the-philippines-2a6e8df1-0455- COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
4873-b9ea-1da1a1b0ea56
 The Use Of Science And Technology In Pre – Colonial Era
-INTERPRET THE MOVEMENTS OF HEAVENLY BODIES TO PREDICT SEASONS AND CLIMATE USED FOR PLANTING
AND FISHING, OR USED FOR RITUALS DIFFERENT TRIBES

Used the stars to determine when it was time to farm.

The appearance of Balatik in the night sky in December signaled the
beginning of kaingin — the slash and burn method of preparing land for
farming. Then in April, when they'd see Marara, another constellation which
they describe as resembling a man with only one hand and one foot, it
would mean that the planting season may commence.
the constellation Orion — the hunter with a sword and shield raised — is one of two
prominent star groups in our skies. It was called “Balatik”

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 The Use Of Science And Technology In Pre – Colonial Era

https://www.slideshare.net/angenica/pre-colonial-science-and-technology-in-the-third-world
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-evolution-of-media-in-the-philippines-2a6e8df1-0455-
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4873-b9ea-1da1a1b0ea56
 4.1.1. WRITING SYSTEM

https://narrastudio.com/blogs/journal/baybayin-the-ancient-filipino-script-lives-on

BAYBAYIN The pre-colonial beautiful ancient writing script of the islands of the Philippines

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 4.1.2. CONCEPT OF TIME

Pre-colonial Filipinos has no clocks to show the hours or minute Povedano calendar Modern calendar

https://www.aswangproject.com/bakunawa/ https://www.aswangproject.com/concept-time-according-pre-
colonial-filipino/

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MOON PHASES ACT AS “TIME MARKERS”
moonconnection.com

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GIMATA – WHEN THE MOONS SEEMS
TO OPEN ITS EYES

KATIN – THE THIRD QUARTER

MALASUMBANG – NEW MOON PHASE

MOON PHASES ACT AS “TIME MARKERS”

moonconnection.com

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 EARLY FILIPINO’S TIME
Bukang Liwayway

Katanghalian

Lulunod Na

https://www.tripzilla.ph/sunrise-spots-
philippines/14860

https://saudiarabiaofw.com/midday-work-ban/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay

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 LENTH/DISTANCE MASS/ WEIGHT

PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNIT FOREIGN EQUIVALENT (ESTIMATE) PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNITS FOREIGN EQUIVALENT
(ESTIMATE)

DAKOT 10 GRAMS
PIRANGGOT ½ INCH
GUHIT 100 GRAMS
SANDAMAK 4 INCHES
KAGITNA ½ KILO
DANGKAL 8 INCHES
GATANG 1 KILO
TALAMPAKAN 12 INCHES
CHIMANTA 6 KILOS
BISIG 16 INCHES
DIPA 68 INCHES KABAN 25 KILOS
TIME
VOLUME
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNJTS FOREIGN EQUIVALENT
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNITS FOREIGN EQUIVALENT (ESTIMATE) (ESTIMATE)

KISAPMATA 0.5 SECOND

SALOK 80 ML
SARO 250 ML SAGLIT 1 SECOND
MANGKOK 400 ML SANDALI 60 SECONDS

4.1.3. EARLY FILIPINO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

https://www.scribd.com/doc/18048667/Philippine-Units-of-Measurements

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4.2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SPANISH REGIME (1521 – 1898)

THE GALLEON TRADE

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/diorama-22-galleon-trade-scene-
ca-1750/aAEQAqK8dQJDTA

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 4.2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SPANISH REGIME (1521 – 1898)

-The galleon trade was the sole means of

communication between spain and its philippine
colony and served as an economic lifeline for the
Spaniards in Manila.

THE GALLEON TRADE

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/diorama-22-galleon-trade-scene-
ca-1750/aAEQAqK8dQJDTA

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 officialgazette.gov.ph

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/04/28/ph-
mexico-push-to-nominate-manila-acapulco-galleon-trade-
route-to-world-heritage-list/ COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
 Karakoa were large warships from the Philippines.

They were used by native Filipinos, notably the

Kapampangans and the Visayans, during seasonal sea raids.
...

Large karakoa, which could carry hundreds of rowers, warriors and Lantaka

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 GOVERNADOR JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS LEON MA. GUERRERO

FOUNDER OF REAL SOCIEDAD ECONOMICA DE LOS AMIGOS FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY

DEL PAIS DE FILIPINA https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/893/to
https://alchetron.com/Jos%C3%A9-Basco-y-Vargas day-in-philippine-history-january-21-1853-leon-ma-
guerrero-was-born-ermita-manila

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 SIGNIFICANT TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS THAT WERE FOUNDED DURING THE SPANISH
COLONIZATION

COLEGIO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

https://www.facebook.com/1111319
82293260/photos/colegio- http://arquitecturamanila.blogspot.com/2014
m%C3%A1ximo-de-san-ignacio- /07/university-of-santo-tomas-main-
colegio-de-manilaat-pamantasan-ng- building.html
COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO
lungsod-ng-
mayni/1227733080633139/ https://y101fm.com/features/lifestyle/cebu-s-
best/5635-what-is-cebu-s-oldest-school-hint-it-is-
also-the-oldest-school-in-asia

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 4.3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898 – 1935)
reneekarunungan.com

taal.ph

officialgazette.gov.ph

https://courses.lumenlearn
https://www.slideshare.net/kasaysaysan ing.com/boundless-
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third- 4kids/the-american-occupation-and-the- ushistory/chapter/america
republic/ philippine-commonwealth n-imperialism/
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 4.3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898 – 1935)
reneekarunungan.com
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT FORMED THE PHILIPPINE S&T.

MAINLY FOCUSED ON AGRICULTURE, HEALTH AND FOOD PROCESSING.

BECAUSE OF THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC POLICY, THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY WAS LARGELY
NEGLECTED.
GOVERNMENT LABORATORY PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL

PGH IN 1947

https://www.facebook.com/SkylinesPhilippines/posts/the-philippine-general-hospital-is-one-philippines-
oldest-hospitals-in-1907-the-/1166523753457607/

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GOVERNMENT LABORATORY

1901 – PHILIPPINE COMMISSION ESTABLISHED THE BUREAU OF

GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES

1905 – IT WAS AGAIN REPLACED BY THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE.

1933 – THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES

WAS ESTABLISHED
-IT BACAME THE PRIMARY RESEARCH CENTER OF THE
PHILIPPINES UNTIL WORLD WAR II

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UP- PHILIPPINE GENERAL
HOSPITAL
1908 – THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (UP)
WAS FOUNDED THROUGH ACT NO. 1870 OF THE
PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY.

1909 – IT WAS OPENED AT CALLE ISAAC PERAL

(NOW UNITED NATIONS AVENUE) AND PADRE
FAURA IN DOWNTOWN MANILA

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4.4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935 – 1946)

MANUEL QUEZON
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/5694772771
uel_L._Quezon

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 4.4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935 – 1946)

During commonwealth period – new agencies were created such as

the bureau of mines which offer valuable help and assistance to
Filipino businessmen who ventured into mining exploration .

- It Also Increased Appropriations For The Bureaus Of Science, Plant And

MANUEL QUEZON
Animal Industry, And Thereby Encouraged More Scientific Research For
Industrial Purposes

Commonwealth Of The Philippines - Under The Japanese Occupations From

1942 – 1945.

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 4.5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1946 TO 1965)

INDEPENDENCE IN 1946 There is no significant innovation in the education and

training of scientist and engineers.

HIGHLIGHTED EVENTS SINCE INDEPENDENCE ARE THE FOLLOWING:

There has been an increased in the creation of government science In 1952, the commission on volcanology was also created and placed
agencies since 1946 under the national research council of the Philippines (NRCP)

In 1947, The Bureau Of Science was organized into

an institute of science In the same year, The Institute Of Nutrition was created and in the year
1952, the Science Foundation Of The Philippines (SFP) was also
Scientific work in government suffered from a lack of support, established and put along with the institute of science.
planning and coordination during the early postwar years
Consequently, congress enacted the science act
of 1958
The institute of Science was reorganize in 1951. Renamed institute of
science and technology

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HIGHLIGHTED EVENTS SINCE INDEPENDENCE ARE THE FOLLOWING:

The act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)

In the year 1960s several science research oriented agencies were established by
Philippine laws
A. Philippines Inventors Commission (1964)
B. Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
C. Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
D. Forest Products Research and
e. Industries Development Commission (1969)

The science act created the National Science

Philippine Atomic Energy Commission Development Board (NSDB)
https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2017/01/24/commonwealth-
avenue-quezon-city-monuments-in-the-philippine-nuclear-
research-institute/

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 4.6. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE MARCOS ERA (1965 – 1985)

January 23, 1967 SONA , emphasized science was essential for research and
development programs

Third SONA, acknowledged that technology was the foremost factor in

January 22, 1968 economic development and channeled additional funds in order to
support projects in applied science and science education.

Fourth SONA, funds were allocated to private universities and

January 27, 1969 urged them to create courses in science, technology and research.

April 6, 1968 He proclaim 35 hectares in Bicutan,Taguig,Rizal as the site of the

Philippine science community
SONA that focused on the development
January 26, 1970 Fifth SONA, emphasis on the enhancement and improvement of and advancement S&T
science curricula
http://malacanang.gov.ph/ferdinand-
marcos/

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 1. Philippine Coconut Research Institute was integrated with NSDB to upgrade the coconut industry

2. The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute.

3. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic
energy for economic development.

4. Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry.

JANUARY 24, 1972 Seventh SONA he spoke about his major development projects in reforming sectors of education .

1976 He enacted a law under Presidential Degree no. 1003-a, s. 1976 to establish the National Academy of Science and
Technology

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 4.7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986 TO PRESENT)
Known as the “Reorganization Of The National Science And
Proclamation of executive
Technology Authority”, Thus creating the technology application
order no. 128
and promotion institute (TAPI)

Science for the masses program aimed at encouraging children who

Republic act 6655 had passion in science and technology to study for free

Who created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master
Plan or STMP? For science and technology alleviating and envisioning the
Presidential task force
status of the Philippines to be the next industrialized
country

The major contribution of president Corazon Aquino for
the development of science and technology are the
following
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/general-
April 28, 1992
blogs/1638/scandals-during-the-cory-philippines-corazon-
aquino-administration
On August 8, 1988, She created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master
Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve a newly
industrialized country status by the year 2000.
President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act no. 7459, titled “an act
providing incentives to Filipino inventors and expanding the functions of the
technology application and promotion institute, appropriate funds therefor,
and for other purposes”
Cont.

During His Term, He Was Able To Establish Programs That Were Significant To The Field Of Science And
Technology

In 1993,science And Technology Agenda For National Development (Stand) Was Established
Which Prioritized The Following Areas:
1. Exporting winners identified by the dti;
2. Domestic needs identified by the president’s council for countryside development;
3. Support industries and
4. Coconut industry development

Congress, During His Term, Was Able To Enact The Following Laws That Were Significant For The Field

1. Magna carta for science and technology personnel (Republic Act No. 8439)
2. Science And Technology Scholarship Law Of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687)
3. Inventors and inventions incentives act (Republic Act No. 7459)
FIDEL V. RAMOS 4. The intellectual property code of the philippines (Republic Act No.8293)
https://r2pasiapacific.org/profile/293/fidel
-ramos It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists,
inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual
property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the
people, for such periods as provided in this Act.
Cont.

Signed Two Major Legislations, Namely;

1. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) which was designed to
protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its
natural resources

2. Electronic Commence Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which ban computer
hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the internet-
driven new economy

JOSEPH ESTRADA
https://www.exlinkeventsblog.com/2015/06/E
rap-leads-day-of-seafarers-expo.html

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 Cont.
Bestowed as the “golden age” era for science and technology by then secretary Estrella Alabastro.

1. R.A. 9367 or the “biofuels” act. This act promotes the 3.R.A. 10055 otherwise known as the technology
development and usage of biofuels throughout the country transfer act of 2009

2. R.A. 10601 WHICH IMPROVES THE AGRICULTURE AND SONA in 2001, president Arroyo emphasized the role
FISHERIES SECTOR THROUGH MECHANIZATION (AFmech). R.A. of technology in future economic development
10601 covers research, development, and extension (RDE)

President’s efforts resulted in the accomplishment of five broad tier of S&T programs (“PGMA’s support
to science community”, 2010). These programs include:

1. Research and development programs, 4.S&t Promotion And Information Services, And
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
https://bloomspresidents.wordpress.co 2. S&T Human Resource Development Programs
m/gloria-macapagal-arroyo-2001-
present/ 3. Scientific And Technological Services 5. Scientific Linkages And International Cooperation.

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 Cont.
In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III conferred four new national scientist for their contribution
in the scientific field, namely

ACADEMICIANS GAVINO C. TRONO

Helped a lot of families in the coastal populations through the extensives
studies he made on seaweed species
http://www.msi.upd.edu.ph/faculty/gavino-c-trono-jr-ph-d

ANGEL C. ALCALA
Advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics,
secology and herpetology
https://www.flipscience.ph/news/features-news/features/national-
scientist-angel-alcala/
enacted Republic Act 10611, a law for the formulation of common food and safetyRAMON
standards
C. BARBA
Changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year round
availability of mangoes through his studies on the induction of flowering
of mango and micropropagation of important crop species.

BENIGNO AQUINO III https://www.coursehero.com/file/46658647/Quintuspptx/

https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/benigno- EDGARDO D. GOMEZ
6896.php
Steered the national- scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led
a national conservation.
http://www.msi.upd.edu.ph/faculty/edgardo-d-gomez-ph-d

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Cont.

Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act 10611, a law for the
formulation of common food and safety standards

Four agencies play major roles in carrying out food safety

regulatory activities: the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), which is part of the Department of Health and
BENIGNO AQUINO III Human Services (DHHS); the Food Safety and
https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/benigno-
6896.php
Inspection Service (FSIS) of the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA)

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Cont.
INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Internal influences
• Survival
• Culture
• Economic Activities

Development of S&T in
the Philippines External influences
• Foreign colonizer
• Traders with foreign
countries
https://www.slideshare.net/annaestardo/bspst • International economic
s-pt3-108692843 demands

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 Cont.
Emphasizing Teaching In The Mother
Tongue (RA 10533)
Developing School
Allocating 2% Of The Gdp To Research (RA 8424)
Infrastructure (RA 10931)
Legislating A Law Supporting Human
Providing For ICT
Broadband (RA 10844)
THE POLICIES ON S&T Genome Projects (RA 10747)

Integrate, Coordinate And Intensify Scientific And
Technological Research To Foster Invention (RA
2067)
Ensuring Compliance Of Drug –Manufacturing Firms
With Asean – Harmonized Standards By Full
Implementation Of The Fda (RA 9711)
UNDER THE AQUINO Protecting And Conserving Biodiversity By Full
Implementation Of Existing Laws (RA 9147)
ADMINISTRATION ARE AS Use Of Biosafety And Standard Model
By Asean Countries
FOLLOWS: Promoting Indigenous Knowledge Systems And
Indigenous People People’s Conservation (RA 8371)

Creating An Education Council Dedicated To

Standardization Of Pharmaceutical Services/ Care (RA Formulation Of Common Food
5921) And Safety Standards (RA
10611)
Empowering Food And Drug Agencies To
Conduct Evidence – Based Research As Pool Of
Information (RA 3720)

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Cont.

In 2018, Signed the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11035 or the Balik Scientist act.

This law provides incentives and

assistance to returning Filipino experts,
scientist, inventors, and engineers.

189 scientists per Million, Balik Scientist

program. But it was only implemented
until 1986

RODRIGO DUTERTE
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/12/r
odrigo-duterte-president-philippines-anti-drugs-
campaign-thousands-killed

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 “History is a guide to navigation in perilous
times. History is who we are and why we are
the way we are.” – David McCullough

Thank You!!!

Autumn Leaves
hypnogoria.blogspot.com

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 Assessment
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following was NOT a reason for Spain’s rule in the Philippines?
A. cultural development B. acquisition of resources
C. spread of Christianity D. territorial expansion
2. Who established Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?
A. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi B. Carlos Maria dela Torre
C. Andres de Urdaneta D. Ferdinand Magellan
3. The early writing system of the Tagalog is called
A. Kulitan B. Tagbanwa
C. Surat Mangyan D. Baybayin

4.The “Science Act” created the following agencies except

A. National Science Development Board
B. Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
D. National Institute of Science and Technology
5. A larger outrigger warship used by a native Filipinos during Spanish era is called
A. Karakoa B. curacao
C. Cacao D. none of these COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
6. Who created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP?
A. Ferdinand Marcos B. Fidel Ramos
C. Joseph Estrada D. Corazon Aquino
7. The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines ( Republic Act No. 8293) was enacted during the
term of
A. Corazon Aquino B. Joseph Estrada
C. Fidel Ramos D. Benigno Aquino III
8. Who was the president who enacted Republic Act 10611, a law for the formulation of common
food and safety standards?
A. Benigno Aquino III B. Gloria Arroyo
C. Ferdinand Marcos D. Fidel Ramos
9. On April 6, 1968, Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed 35 hectares in ___________ as the site of the
Philippine Science Community.
A. Bulacan B. Tanay Rizal
C. Bicutan, Taguig D. Quezon City
10. One of the more known laws to be passed by Arroyo’s administration was RA 9367
which is also known as the
A. Biofuels Act B. Clean Air Act
C. Science Act D. Electronic Commerce. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
B. Cite a Philippine Republic Act and explain how it shaped the Philippine society

Assignment

1. Make a digital poster of your dream about the Philippine society in terms of :

a. Science and Technology

b. Culture of the Filipinos that you treasures the most .

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REFERENCES:
Aquino, Albert P., Correa, Aleta Belissa D., and Ani, Princess Alma B. (2014 Nov. 5). The Philippine Inventors and Invention Incentives Act. Retrieved July
8, 2019, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.phpid=321&print=1

Bernard, M. (2016). Pre – Colonial Filipino’s Concept ofTime. De La Salle University. Retreived July 2, 2019, from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/27030230/The-Concept-of-Time-According-to-Pre-Colonial-Filipinospdf/

Caoli, Olivia. (1986). A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines. University of the Philippines, Science Research Foundation. Retrieved July 8,
2019, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/36969608/4-7-History-of-Science-and-Technology-in-the-Philippines

Cororaton, C. (2003). Research and Technology and development in the Philippines.Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Retrieved June 15,
2019, from https;//dirp3.paids.gov.ph/ris/books/pidsbk03-ppstechnology.pdf

Elemia, Camille. (2018, June 21). Duterte Signs balik scientist law. Rappler. Retrieved July 8, 2019, fromhttps://www.rappler.com/nation/205434-
duterte-signs-balik-scientist-law-philippines

Eokaba. (2004), May 2). State of the Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retreived July 8, 2019, from
http;//www.sciforums.com/threads/science-and-technology-in-the-philippines.35648/

Manila Galleon. (2018, May 29).Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/Manila-galleon

Palafox, Quennie Ann J. (2012, September 4). Asia’s oldest University, The Royaland the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas. National Historical
Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from http;//nhcp.gov.ph/asias-oldest-university-the-royal-and-pontifical-university-of-santo-
tomas/

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REFERENCES: cont
Pazon, ANR (2018). Science and Technology in the Philippine Context: Historical and Philiosophical Implications. PASER Digital Commons, 1(24)

PGMA’s support to science community recognized. (2010.June 25). Balita. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from http://balita.ph/2010/06/25/pgmas-support-to-
science-community-recognized/

Responses of the national innovation sytem. (n.d) Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https;//www.apec.org/-/media/APEC/Publications/2004/9/National-
Innovation-Competencies-and-interests-in-a-Globalized-World-September-2004/TOCSession-B-Responses-ofNational-Innovation-Systems.pdf

Romero, M (2012). History of Science and Technology. Prezi Online Commons. Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://prezi.com/e8upa1kqub7b/ a-history-
of-science-and-technology-in-the-philippines/dated

Sabillo, Kristin Angeli. (2014, August 12). Who are the 4 new National Scientists of PH? Inquirer.net. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/628386/aquino-confers-awards-on-four-new-national-scientist

Santos, Tomas U. (2011, January 26). UST is oldest, period. The Varsitarian. Retrieved July, 2019, from
https://varsitarian.net/news/20110126/ust_is_oldest_period

The first hundred years of the Ateneo de Manila. (n.d). Ateneo de Manila University. Retrieved July 8, 2019, fromhttp://www.ateneo.edu/first-
hundered-years-ateneo-de-manila

University History. (n.d) University of the Philippines. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https;//www.up.edu.ph/index.php/about-up/university-history/

University of San Carlos. (n.d). Retrieved July 8, 2019, from http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/university-of-san-carlos

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