Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Colloid Chemistry Chapter 2 Update
Colloid Chemistry Chapter 2 Update
• The surface tension is the increase in the Gibbs free energy per
increase in surface area at constant T, P and Ni
• In the liquid state, the cohesive forces between adjacent
molecules are well developed.
For the molecules in the bulk of a liquid
• They are surrounded in all directions by other molecules for
which they have an equal attraction.
For the molecules at the surface (at the liquid/air interface)
Only attractive cohesive forces with other liquid molecules
which are situated below and adjacent to them.
They can develop adhesive forces of attraction with the
molecules of the other phase in the interface
The net effect is that the molecules at the surface of the liquid
experience an inward force towards the bulk of the liquid and
pull the molecules and contract the surface with a force F.
----------------------------------------------------
Cohesive force is the force existing between like molecules.
Adhesive force is the force existing between unlike molecules.
• To keep the equilibrium, an equal force must be applied to oppose the
inward tension in the surface.
• Thus SURFACE TENSION [γ] is the force per unit length that must be
applied parallel to the surface so as to counterbalance the net inward
pull and has the units of dyne/cm.
• INTERFACIAL TENSION is the force per unit length existing at the
interface between two immiscible liquid phases and has the units of
dyne/cm.
• The work W required to create a unit area of surface is known as
SURFACE FREE ENERGY/UNIT AREA (ergs/cm2) (1 erg =
dyne.cm)
W = γ x ∆A
A AV
WAB AV BV AB
A
AV
AB B B
(V = vapor)
f f ( x, y)
f f
df dx dy
x y y x
Due to the symmetry of the second derivatives,
f f
x y y x
dG SdT VdP i dN i dA
G
A T , P , N i
G G S T S
T
A T T A A T A T
1 1
DP
R1 R2
From equation:
4 3
V r dV 4r 2
3
A 4r 2 dA 8r
dN i 0
2
P P
dF 0 r
● When a small cylindrical capillary is dipped in a water reservoir a
meniscus is formed in the capillary reflecting balance between contact
angle and minimum surface energy.
● The smaller the tube the larger the degree of curvature, resulting in larger
pressure differences across the air-water interface.
● The pressure in the water is lower than atmospheric pressure (for wetting
fluids) causing water to rise into the capillary until this upward capillary
force is balanced by the weight of the hanging water column
(equilibrium).
• Force balance can describe magnitude
of capillary rise.
W mg Vg g r 2 h
W Fsurface
2r g r 2 h 2r cos
Capillary rise:
2 cos
h
w g r
Capillary Rise – Example 1
Problem Statement:
Calculate the height of capillary rise in a glass capillary tube having a
radius of 35 µm. The surface tension of water is assumed to be 72.7 mN/m.
Solution:
We use the capillary rise equation with = 0o, g=9.81 m/s2, and w=1000
kg/m3; recall that cos(0)=1:
N
m kg m 1 s 2 m
m
m kg s m kg
2
2 3 m
s m
The capillary rise eq. can be simplified by combining constants to yield:
14.84
h [m]
r [ m]
Capillarity (and Adsorption) in Soils
Adsorption and Capillarity in Soils
The complex geometry of the soil pore space creates numerous
combinations of interfaces, capillaries, wedges, and corners around
which water films are formed resulting in a variety of air water and
solid water contact angles.
Water is held within this complex
geometry due to capillary and
adsorptive surface forces.
Due to practical limitations of present
measurement methods no distinction is
made between adsorptive and capillary
forces. All individual contributions are
lumped into the matric potential.
10 m
Surface tension
Wettability
meniscus
Capillarity
Pressure deviation