D. Y.

PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

A PROJECT REPORT ON
“STUDY OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT, KASABA BAWADA,
KOLHAPUR”
Presented By,
1. Vivek Sharad Koli.
2. Shejal Tanaji Sutar.
3. Swati Shirish Shirguppe.
4. Yash Sunil Walvekar.
5. Prajakta Vasudev Kulkarni.
6. Shruti Ravindra Dhumal.
7. Gaurav Satish Chougule.
8. Atharva Ajay Dhere.
9. Sohel Khalid Nadaf.

Under Guidance
Mrs. Prajakta Alatekar.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
(2021-2022)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, Mr. Vivek Sharad Koli, Miss Shejal Tanaji
Sutar, Miss Prajakta Vasudev Kulkarni, Miss Shruti Ravindra Dhumal,
Miss. Swati Shirish Shirguppe, Mr. Gaurav Satish Chougule, Mr. Yash
Sunil Walvekar, Mr. Atharva Ajay Dhere, Mr. Sohel Khalid Nadaf,
students of S.Y.B.Tech (Chemical Engineering), have satisfactorily
completed a project report on
“STUDY OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT, KASABA BAWADA,
KOLHAPUR”, as per curriculum of D. Y. Patil College Of Engineering And
Technology, KOLHAPUR, in the year 2021-2022.

Mrs. Prajakta Alatekar Dr. K. T. Jadhav Mr. S. D.

Chede
(Project Guide) (HOD Chem Engg.) (Principal DYPCET)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is matter of greater satisfaction and pleasure to

present the project report on, “STUDY OF WATER
TREATMENT PLANT, KASABA BAWADA, KOLHAPUR”
With great pleasure we express our deep sense of
gratitude to our project guide Mrs. Prajakta Alatekar for
their valuable guidance, discussion and constant
encouragement for the successful completion of project
work. She gave us suggestions and constructive criticism
from time to time in friendly manner, which perhaps a
unique characteristics nature of mind.
We wish to extend our thank to collage and all staff
members who directly and indirectly helped us for
completion of our project.
Rol Name Of Student Rol Name Of Student
l l
No No
09 Vivek Sharad Koli 05 Shejal Tanaji Sutar
08 Swati Shirish Shirguppe 14 Prajakta Vasudev Kulkarni
46 Yash Sunil Walvekar 10 Gaurav Satish Choagule
54 Shruti Ravindra Dhumal 11 Atharva Ajay Dhere
55 Sohel Khalid Nadaf

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 DECLARATION

We undersigned declare that project report entitle

“STUDY OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT, KASABA
BAWADA, KOLHAPUR”, is written and submitted by us
under the guidance of Mrs. Prajakta Alatekar. This our
original work. The empirical findings in this project are
based on data collected by us. This matter presented is
not copied from any other source.
We understand that such copying is liable to be
punished as the authority dean fit.

Rol Name Of Student Rol Name Of Student

l l
No No
09 Vivek Sharad Koli 05 Shejal Tanaji Sutar

08 Swati Shirish Shirguppe 14 Prajakta Vasudev Kulkarni

46 Yash Sunil Walvekar 10 Gaurav Satish Choagule

54 Shruti Ravindra Dhumal 11 Atharva Ajay Dhere

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55 Sohel Khalid Nadaf

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 INDEX
SR. CONTENT PAGE
NO. NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 6,7
2 OVERVIEW 8
3 LOCATION 9,10
4 OBJECTIVES 11
5 FLOWCHART 12
6 WATER TREATMENT PLANT 13
7 GENERAL PROCESS 14,15
8 MAJOR STEPS 16-33
9 DAILY UPDATE 34
10 GUIDE 35
11 TEAM 36
12 NECCESITY 37
13 CONCLUSION 38,39
14 REFERENCE 40
15 PERMISSION 41

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 16 THANK YOU 42
INTRODUCTION
Water treatment plant is mostly based on the
reverse osmosis technique which is opposite to pure
osmosis. Osmosis is defined as “the flow of solvent
molecules from a low concentration of the solution
to the high concentration of the solution through a
semipermeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is
widely used method to remove water impurities. A
water treatment plant uses several stages of
purification such as sediment filter, activate carbon
filter, silver coated carbon filter, RO membrane, UV
filter & other. These machines remove all type of
water Impurities like physical, chemical, biological.
The RO membrane used in water treatment plant
has a particular pore size(0.001microns).
Water, a basic necessity of life is found in
abundant in nature in various forms. Though, it is
mostly found in natural form, but due to industrial
revolution henceforth technological advancements,
has affected the quality of water now days.

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However, water is renewable reserve, but there are
instances where it has to undergo treatment so that
it can be used again. Such a scenario often takes
place where industries are situated near the water
reservoirs like natural lakes, ponds, rivers.
Larger water supplies serving many
properties or commercial or industrial premises
usually have shared upstream treatment systems
similar in principle to those used at municipal water
treatment works. This means that water is fully
treated before being supplied to a distribution system
from where it will go on to feed consumers. Smaller
supplies, such as those feeding individual properties,
would normally still be expected to have a suitable
form of treatment situated such that it will provide
water for drinking and other domestic uses at all
points in the property, although there are exceptions
which are discussed later.

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OVERVIEW

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 LOCATION
• Warna colony, kasaba bawada road,
beside Holy Cross Convent High School,
Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
• City: Kolhapur
• Tahasil: Karveer
• District: Kolhapur
• Pin Code: 416003

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 OBJECTIVES
The objective of the visit is
❖ to provide practical knowledge about
purification of water by Rapid Sand
Technique.
❖ to extract pollutants, remove
toxicants, neutralise coarse particles,
kill pathogens so that quality of
discharged water is improved to
reach the permissible level of water
to be discharged into water bodies or
for agricultural land.
❖to study about treatment of water thus
aims at reduction of BOD, COD,
eutrophication etc. of receiving water
bodies and prevention of bio-
magnification of toxic substances in
food chain.

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FLOWCHART

↓
Flash mixer
↓
Clarifier
↓
Filter pack
↓
Clarified water tank
↓
Softening plant
↓
Soft water to various units

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 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
The water available from different water
sources cannot be used directly in boilers as
such. The objective of water treatment plant is
to produce the boiler feed water so that there
shall be:

1. No scale formation
2. No corrosion
3. No fouling

The treated water is called ‘De-mineralized

Water’ and the plant where it is treated is
called
“Water Treatment Plant.”

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 Process Sequence of Water
Treatment Plant
Water from river:
Water comes from various rivers in water
treatment plant.
Flash mixer:
In this segment Al2 (SO4)3, polymer etc are
mixed in water. Aeration of liquids:
Aeration of liquids (usually water) is
achieved by: Passing the liquid through air by
means of fountains, cascades,
paddlewheels or cones. Natural aeration is a
type of both sub-surface and surface aeration.

• This is being a cycle carried out every day to

get purified version of water by removing
visible and invisible Impurities.

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Chemicals used in WTP:
1.Aluminum Sulphate
2.Polyelectrolyte
3.Sodium Chloride

Amount of Chemical Used:

1.Polymer- .1% solution
2.Al2 (SO4)3- 10% solution
3.Lime- 10% solution

Experiments Performed in WTP:

1.Total hardness test
2.Jar test
3.pH meter test
4.Titration for chlorine content test

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STEPS FOR PURIFICATION ON LARGE
SCALE
COLLECTION:
The raw water which is supplied to the
water treatment plant comes from various
small and big streams of river from
Panchganga. Pass the liquid through air by
means of fountains, cascades, paddlewheels or
cones. A fountain consists of a motor that
powers a rotating impeller. The impeller pumps
water from the first few feet of the water and
expels it into the air. This process utilizes air-
water contact to transfer oxygen. As the water
is propelled into the air, it breaks into small
droplets. Collectively, these small droplets have
a large surface area through which oxygen can
be transferred.

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COAGULATION:
The raw water is first treated with chemical
coagulant alum was in the range of 5-40mg/L of
water .The dose of alum varies depending upon
the turbidity, colour, temperature and pH of
the water. Turbidity is the cloudiness or
haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of
individual particles that are generally invisible
to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The
measurement of turbidity is a key test of water
quality.

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FLASH MIXING:
Treated water is then subjected to violent
agitation in a “mixing chamber” for a few
minutes .This allows quick and rapid
dissemination of alum throughout the bulk of
the water.

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FLOCCULATION:
• This phase involves a slow and gentle stirring
of the treated water in a flocculation
chamber.
• The mechanized type of rotor is most
commonly used. It consists of a number of
paddles which rotates at 2-4 rpm.
• This slow and gentle stirring causes the
formation of thick copious white flocculent
precipitate of Aluminium Hydroxide.
• The thicker the precipitate is, the higher is the
settling velocity.
• The superficial layer of water is now removed
along with the flocculent material.
Observation: Here we are explained about
flocculation- a slow and gentle stirring of
treated water in a flocculation chamber for
about 30 mins.

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SEDIMENTATIONS:
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment
process using gravity to remove suspended
solids from water. Solid particles entrained by
the turbulence of moving water may be
removed naturally by sedimentation in the still
water of lakes and oceans. Removal of
suspended particles by sedimentation depends
upon the size and specific gravity of those
particles. Suspended solids retained on a filter
may remain in suspension if their specific
gravity is similar to water while very dense
particles passing through the filter may settle.
Settleable solids are measured as the visible
volume accumulated at the bottom of an
Imhoff cone after water has settled for one
hour.

• The coagulated water is now lead into

sedimentation tank where it is detained for 2-

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 6 hrs when the flocculent precipitate together
with impurities and bacteria settle down in
the tank.
• At least 95% of the flocculent precipitate
needs to be removed from the water before it
is admitted to the rapid filters.
• The sludge or precipitate is removed from the
bottom of the tank without disturbing the
operation of the tank.

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 Observation:
• We were explained that the plant consists of
two sedimentation tank, depth 3.5m.
• The coagulated water is now lead into
sedimentation tank where it is detained for
150 mins.
• Removal of suspended particles by
sedimentation depends upon the size and
specific gravity of those particles.
• Suspended solids retained on a filter may
remain in suspension if their specific gravity is
similar to water while very dense particles
passing through the filter may settle.
• Settleable solids are measured as the visible
volume accumulated at the bottom of an
Imhoff cone after water has settled for one
hour.

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 FILTERATIONS:
Backwashing of granular media filters
involves several steps First, the filter is taken off
line and the water is drained to a level that is
above the surface of the filter bed.
Backwashing continues for a fixed time, or until
the turbidity of the backwash water is below an
established value. At the end of the backwash
cycle, the upward flow of water is terminated
and the filter bed settles by gravity into its
initial configuration. Water to be filtered is then
applied to the filter surface until the filter clogs
and the backwash cycle needs to be repeated.
In water treatment plants, backwashing can
be an automated process that is run by local
programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The
backwash cycle is triggered after a set time
interval, when the filter effluent turbidity is
greater than a treatment guideline or when the

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differential pressure (head loss) across the filter
exceeds a set value.

Observation:
• Each filter unit has 4 sand beds – filter sand,
coarse sand, fine gravel, coarse gravel. The
thickness of sand bed is 1m.
– The effective size of sand particle is 0.4-
0.7mm.
– Below the sand bed, a layer of graded
gravel of 3040 cm.

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• The depth of the water on the top of the
sand bed is 5-6 feet.
• The under drains at the bottom of the filter
bed collects the filter water. The rate of
filtration is 5-15 cu m/sq m/hr.
• The alum floc forms a slimy layer which
absorbs bacteria from the water and effects
purification of water. This alum floc is not
removed by sedimentation and is held back on
the sand bed.
• Oxidation of ammonia also takes place
during the passage of water through filters.

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LOSS OF HEAD:
In fluid dynamics, head is a concept that
relates the energy in an incompressible fluid to
the height of an equivalent static column of
that fluid. From Bernoulli's Principle, the total
energy at a given point in a fluid is the energy
associated with the movement of the fluid, plus
energy from static pressure in the fluid, plus
energy from the height of the fluid relative to
an arbitrary datum. Head is expressed in units
of height such as meters or feet.

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Observation:
– The plant consists of 7(twin section) rapid
sand filter beds. Each unit of filter bed has a
surface of 900 sq feet and each section is 5.85
4.35m.
– Capacity is 244cu/hr. – The filter is gravity
type (Paterson's type).
– The layers of sand filter are:
1. Supernatant water: - 5-6 feet thick.
2. Sand bed: - 1.2 m thick (fine and
coarse sand).
3. Gravel support: - 0.30m (fine and
coarse gravel).
4. Filter bottom: - 0.16m.

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DISINFECTION:
Water chlorination is the process of adding
chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium
hypochlorite to water. This method is used to
kill certain bacteria and other microbes in tap
water as chlorine is highly toxic. In particular,
chlorination is used to prevent the spread of
waterborne diseases such as cholera,
dysentery, and typhoid.
When dissolved in water, chlorine
converts to an equilibrium mixture of chlorine,
hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hydrochloric acid
(HCl):
Cl2 + H2O ⇌ HOCl + HCl

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Observation:
• This is the last step before the storage and
distribution of this water.
• The process used is CHLORINATION.
• The chlorine gas is used for effective
disinfection.
• Principles of chlorination:
1. Water should be free from turbidity.
2. Chlorine demand should be estimated.
3. Contact period.
4. Minimum recommended concentration
of free chlorine is 0.5mg/L for 1 hour.
5. The chlorine demand of water is the
difference between the amount of
chlorine added to the water and the
amount of residual chlorine remaining at
the end of treatment (after 1hr). The

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residual chlorine concentration is
0.5mg/L for 1hr.

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Action of chlorine:
when Chlorine is added to the water there
is a formation of hydrochloric acid and
hypochlorous acid. The disinfecting action of
chlorine is due to hypochlorous acid.

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 DAILY UPDATE
(UPDATE OF THE SURVEY DAY)

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GUIDE

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TEAM

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NECESSITY FOR WATER TREATMENT

❖ Free from pathogenic agents and

harmful chemical substances and
excessive amount of minerals which
could produce undesirable physiological
effects.

❖ Pleasant to taste i.e., free from color

and odour.

❖ Usable for domestic purpose.

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 CONCLUSION
• This visit gave us the knowledge about the
purification of water on larger scale.
• We came to know about the importance of
water purification which was carried out under
various processes.
• Well explained by the manager of the plant,
the steps of rapid sand filter includes:
1. Coagulation.
2. Rapid mixing.
3. Flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration
6. Backwashing
7. Disinfection
8. Reservoir

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 We appreciate the effort of the
management of WTP Kasaba Bawada &
Muncipal corporation Kolhapur for executing
this successful water plant visit.

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 REFERENCES
• Environmental Studies : Huisman, L. ;
Wood, W.E.(1974).
• Paper Cutting : Daily newspapers,
Pudhari.
• Internet : Google, Google maps, Yahoo,
Wikipedia.
• Previous survey records, Team ENTC
2018-19.
• Physically visiting the WTP.

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PERMISSION LETTER

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Construction

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