Chemistry

Topic 2
Atomic Structure
Paper 2 (A)

Student name: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………..

Alfaris International School2019\2020

1. (a) Explain why the relative atomic mass of cobalt is greater than the relative atomic mass of nickel,

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 even though the atomic number of nickel is greater than the atomic number of cobalt.

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(1)

(b) Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the ion Co2+.

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(1)

(c) Deduce the electron configuration for the ion Co2+.

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(1)

(Total 3 marks)

28 29 30 30
2. Silicon has three stable isotopes, Si, Si and Si. The heaviest isotope, Si, has a percentage
abundance of 3.1 %. Calculate the percentage abundance of the lightest isotope to one decimal
place.

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(Total 2 marks)

85 87
3. Rubidium contains two stable isotopes, Rb and Rb. The relative atomic mass of rubidium is given
in Table 5 of the Data Booklet.

(a) Calculate the percentage of each isotope in pure rubidium. State your answers to three
significant figures.

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(2)

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(b) State the number of electrons and the number of neutrons present in an atom of Rb.

Number of electrons:

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Number of neutrons:

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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

4. (a) Define the term relative atomic mass (Ar).

(1)

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5. The relative atomic mass of naturally occurring copper is 63.55. Calculate the abundances of
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Cu and Cu in naturally occurring copper.

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(Total 2 marks)

6. Draw and label an energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. In your diagram show how the
series of lines in the ultraviolet and visible regions of its emission spectrum are produced,
clearly labelling each series.

(Total 4 marks)

3
 7. Strontium exists as four naturally-occurring isotopes. Calculate the relative atomic mass
of strontium to two decimal places from the following data.

Isotope Percentage abundance

Sr-84 0.56
Sr-86 9.90
Sr-87 7.00
Sr-88 82.54
(2)

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8. (a) List the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength
(shortest first).

I. Yellow light

II. Red light

III. Infrared radiation

IV. Ultraviolet radiation

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(1)

(b) Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.

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(1)

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 (c) The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV-B radiation that reaches the
Earth’s surface.

Type of Radiation Wavelength / nm

UV-A 320–380
UV-B 290–320

Based on the information in the table above explain why UV-B rays are more dangerous
than UV-A.

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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

x y
9. The electron configuration of chromium can be expressed as [Ar]4s 3d .

(i) Explain what the square brackets around argon, [Ar], represent.

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(1)

(ii) State the values of x and y.

x: ..................................................................................................................................

y: ..................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Annotate the diagram below showing the 4s and 3d orbitals for a chromium atom using
an arrow, and , to represent a spinning electron.

4s 3d
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

5
10. The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of sodium. The vertical axis plots
log (ionization energy) instead of ionization energy to allow the data to be represented without
using an unreasonably long vertical axis.

State the full electron configuration of sodium and explain how the successive ionization energy
data for sodium are related to its electron configuration.

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(Total 4 marks)

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11. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. The successive ionization
energies of the element are shown below.

(i) Define the term first ionization energy and state the equation for the first ionization of
magnesium.

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(3)

(ii) Explain the general increase in successive ionization energies of the element.

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(2)

(iii) Explain the large increase between the tenth and eleventh ionization energies.

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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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12. The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first twenty
elements shows periodicity.

(i) Define the term first ionization energy and state what is meant by the term periodicity.

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(ii) Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main
energy levels and sub-levels within atoms.

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(4)

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(iii) State what is meant by the term second ionization energy.

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(1)

(iv) Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies
of potassium using a logarithmic scale for ionization energy on the y-axis against number
of electrons removed on the x-axis.

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(Total 11 marks)

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