BİOLOGY

By: Melis Doğu BAYAZIT

 Characteristic
of Living
Things: Movement,
Respiration,
Nutrition,
CLASSİFİCATİON:
Growth,
Reproduction,
Excretion.
CLASSİFİCATİON
Movement: an action by an organism or part of an
organism causing a change of position or place.

Respiration: the chemical reactions in cells that break

down nutrient molecules and release energy (breathing)

Sensivity: the ability to detect and respond to changes

in the internal or external environment.

Growth: a permanent increase in size and dry mass

CLASSİFİCATİON:

Reproduction: the process that make more of the

same kind of organism.

Excretion: the removal of the waste products of

metabolism and substances in excess of
requirements.

Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy,

growth and development ( feeding ).
Linnean System:
Linnean System: Kate ( Kingdom )
Please ( Phylum )
Come ( Class )
Over ( Order )
For ( Family )
Great ( Genus )
Spaghetti ( Species )
Binomial Naming System:
The binomial system of naming species uses Latin words.
Each name has two parts, the genus and the species

For example; the European robin is Erithacus ( genus )

rubecula ( species )
The Kingdoms of
Living Organisms:
1. Animals ( earthworm …)
2. Plants ( fern … )
3. Fungi ( mushroom... )
4. Protactista ( paramecium … )
5. Prokaryotes ( bacteria … )
Viruses

01 02
Viruses are not part of Viruses stuctures:
any classification system • DNA or RNA
as they are not • Envelope
considered living things. • Protein Coat
Dichotomus Key:
Cells: Cells are the smallest building
blocks that make up all living
organisms.
Cell Structures:

A prokaryotic cell is a
A eukaryotic cell is a cell
simple, single – celled
that has a membrane
(unicellular) organism
bound nucleus and
that lacks a nucleus or
which have specialized
any other membrane
functions.
bound organelle.
Cell Membrane and Cell Wall

1 2
İt is structure is permeable Made from cellulose fibres
to some substances but not and strengthens the cell and
to others: Cell Membrane support to the plant: Cell
Wall
Cytoplasm:

A jelly – like material that consist

dissolved nutrients, salts and structures
called organelles.
Vacuoles:
Vacuoles, in biology, a space withn a
cell that is empty of cytoplasm, lined
with membrane and filled with fluid
Chloroplast:

Organelles that contains the green

pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs
light energy for photosynthesis.
Nucleus:
Contains genetic material, including
DNA, which control the cells activities.
Mitochondria:

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of

the cell.

İnside them, oxygen is used tp release

energy from glucose, in respiration.

ATP producers
Ribosomes:

Ribosomes are found in all types of

cells.
Tiny structures where protein synthesis
occurs.
FEATURE: PLANT CELL: ANİMAL CELL:
Cellulose cell wall present absent
Cell membrane present present
Shape Edgy, definite Indefinite,vary
Chloroplast present absent
Vacuole Permament,big Temporary,small
Nucleus present present
Cytoplasm present present
Microscope:

Microscopes magnify the image of a biological specimen so

that it appears larger.
The type of microscope used in a school laboraty is a
compound microscope

magnification= image size / actual size

Level
Of Organization:
1. Cell
2. Tissue
3. Organ
4. System
5. Organism
Level Of Organization

An organ is made up of
a group with different
A group of similar cells
tissues that work
is called a tissue
together to perform
(muscle tissue… ).
specific functions.
(heart...)
Phylum Vertebrates:
• Fish,
• Amphibian,
• Reptiles,
• Bird,
• Mammals,
• Arthropods,
• Insects,
• Cructaeceans,
• Arachnids,
• Myriapods.
Fish • Vertebrates with scaly skin,
• Have gills
• Have fins
Amphibian:

• Vertebrates with moist, scaleless skin

• Eggs laid in water, larva ( tadpole ) lives in
water
• Adults often lives on land
• Larva has gills, adult has lungs
Reptiles:
• Vertebrates with scally skin
• Lay eggs with rubbery shells.
 Vertebrates with feather
Birds: •
• Forelimbs have become wings
• Lay eggs with hard layers
• Endothermic
• Have a beak
• Heart has 4 chamber.
Mammals: • Vertebrates with hair
• Have placenta
• Young feed on milk
with mammary
glands
• Have diaphragm
• Have different types
of teeths.
Arthropods:

• Several pairs of jointed legs.

• Exoskeleton
İnsects:

• Arthropods with three pairs of jointed legs

• Two pairs wings
• Breath through trachae
• Body divided into head, thoraks, abdomen.
Crustaceans:
• Arthropods with more than 4 pairs
of jointed legs.
• Not milipedes or centipedes.
• Breathe through gills
Arachnids

• Arthropods with 4 pairs of

jointed legs.
• Breathe through gills called
book lungs
Myriapods:
Body consist of many segments.
Each segment has jointed legs
Plant Classification:

Non -
Flowering Flowering
plants: plants:

Dicots, Monocots Ferns

Ferns:
Plants with roots,
stems and leaves.

Have leaves called

fronds

Do not produce
flowers.

Reproduce by
spores
Flowering Plants:
• Plants with roots, stems and leaves.
• Reproduce sexually by means of
flowers and seeds.
• Seeds are produced inside the
avary, in the flower.
Monocots: • Single cotyledon
• Parallel veins in leaves
• Vascular bundles scattered.
• Floweral parts multiples of 3
• Fibrous root system.
Dicots: • Two cotyledon.
• Networ of veins in leaves.
• Vascular bundles in a ring.
• Floweral parts multiple of 4 or
5.
• Taproot usually present.