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Ashlyn Black C Reference
Ashlyn Black C Reference
Ashlyn Black C Reference
Integers *applicable but not limited to most ARM, AVR, x86 & x64 installations
42 / +42 positive -42 negative signed int 2/4 -215 to 215 -1 OR -231 to 232 -1
Naming Floats
johnny5IsAlive; Alphanumeric, not a keyword, begins with a Type Bytes Value Range (Normalized)
letter.
iamaverylongvariablenameohmygoshyesiam;
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
by Ashlyn Black (Ashlyn Black) via cheatography.com/20410/cs/3196/
double 8/ ±2.3×10-308 to ±1.7×10308 OR alias to float Some types (denoted with OR) are architecture dependant.
4 for AVR.
long double ARM: 8, AVR: 4, x86: 10, x64: 16 There is no primitive boolean type, only zero (false, 0) and non-zero
(true, usually 1.)
Qualifiers
static Retained when out of scope. static global variables int8_t 1 -27 to 27-1
are confined to the scope of the compiled object file uint8_t 1 0 to 28-1
they were declared in.
int16_t 2 -215 to 215 -1
extern Variable is declared by another file.
uint16_t 2 0 to 216 -1
Typecasting
int32_t 4 -231 to 231 -1
(type)a Returns a as data type.
uint32_t 4 0 to 232 -1
uint64_t 8 0 to 264 -1
Structures
Defining
Declaring
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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x; both four bits in size (0 to 15.) enum bool { A custom data type bool with two possible
Array members can't be assigned bit fields. false, true }; states: false or true.
Declaring
Type Definitions
enum bool A variable varName of data type bool.
Defining varName;
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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void *v; They can also have an incomplete type. Operators other *(name + int) Same as name[int].
than assignment cannot be applied as the length of the type
Elements are contiguously numbered ascending from 0.
is unknown.
&name[int] Memory address of element int in
struct A data structure pointer.
array name.
type *y;
name + int Same as &name[int].
type An array/string name can be used as a pointer to the first
z[]; array element. Elements are stored in contiguous memory.
Accessing Measuring
A pointer is a variable that holds a memory location. "AB" string Double quotes.
\0 Null terminator.
Arrays
Strings are char arrays.
Declaring
char name[4] = "Ash";
type name[int]; You set array length.
is equivalent to
type name[int] = {x, You set array length and initialise
y, z}; elements. char name[4] = {'A', 's', 'h', '\0'};
\? question mark
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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void f(type Passing variable y to function f argument x (by int argc # of command line arguments.
*x); f( &y); pointer.)
char *argv[] Command line arguments in an array of strings. #1 is
type f(){ Returning by value. always the program filename.
return x; } return int; Exit status (integer) returned to the OS upon
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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if(a){ b; }else{ c; } Evaluates b if a is true, c while(); Loop keyword and condition parenthesis. Note
otherwise. semicolon.
otherwise f. '\0';
x += 2; Loop contents. getchar() Returns a single character's ANSI code from the input
stream buffer as an integer. (safe)
do while
putchar(int) Prints a single character from an ANSI codeinteger to
char c = 'A'; do { c++; } while(c != 'Z');
the output stream buffer.
Always runs through loop at least once.
Strings
char c = 'A'; Declare and initialise characterc.
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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gets(strName) Reads a line from the input stream into a string #include <stdio.h>
variable. (Unsafe, removed in C11.)
Opening
Alternative
FILE *fptr = fopen(filename, mode);
fgets(strName, Reads a line from the input stream into a string
FILE *fptr Declares fptr as a FILE type pointer (stores stream
length, stdin); variable. (Safe)
location instead of memory location.)
puts("string") Prints a string to the output stream.
fopen() Returns a stream location pointer if successful,0
Formatted Data otherwise.
scanf("%d", &x) Read value/s (type defined by format string) into filename String containing file's directory path & name.
variable/s (type must match) from the input stream.
mode String specifying the file access mode.
Stops reading at the first whitespace. & prefix not
required for arrays (including strings.) (unsafe) Modes
printf("I love Prints data (formats defined by the format string) as "r" / "rb" Read existing text/binary file.
%c %d!", 'C', a string to the output stream.
"w" / "wb" Write new/over existing text/binary file.
99)
"a" / "ab" Write new/append to existing text/binary file.
Alternative
"r+" / "r+b" / Read and write existing text/binary file.
fgets(strName, Uses fgets to limit the input length, then uses
"rb+"
length, stdin); sscanf to read the resulting string in place of
"w+" / "w+b" / Read and write new/over existing text/binary file.
sscanf(strName, scanf. (safe)
"wb+"
"%d", &x);
"a+" / "a+b" / Read and write new/append to existing text/binary
The stream buffers must be flushed to reflect changes. String terminator
"ab+" file.
characters can flush the output while newline characters can flush the
input. Closing
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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fseek(fptr, Sets current file position. Returns false is fgets(strName, Uses fgets to limit the input length, then
offset, origin); successful, true otherwise. The offset is a length, fptr); uses sscanf to read the resulting string
long integer type. sscanf(strName, "%d", in place of scanf. (safe)
Origins &x);
SEEK_CUR Current position in file. fread(void *ptr, Reads a number of elements from
fgetc(fptr) Returns character read or EOF if Placeholder Types (f/printf And f/scanf)
fputs(char *s, Writes string s to file fptr. Returns non- %x or %X 2a or 2A Unsigned hexadecimal
integer.
fptr) negative on success, EOF otherwise.
%f or %F 1.21 Signed decimal float.
Formatted Data
%e or %E 1.21e+9 or 1.21E+9 Signed decimal w/ scientific
fscanf(fptr, Same as scanf with additional file pointer
notation.
format, [...]) parameter. (unsafe)
%g or %G 1.21e+9 or 1.21E+9 Shortest representation of
fprintf(fptr, Same as printf with additional file pointer
%f/%F or %e/%E.
format, [...]) parameter.
%a or %A 0x1.207c8ap+30 or Signed hexadecimal float.
Alternative
0X1.207C8AP+30
%c a A character.
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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Placeholder Types (f/printf And f/scanf) (cont) Placeholder Formatting (f/printf And f/scanf) (cont)
%n No output, saves # of characters printed so far. Respective printf hh Display a char as int.
argument must be an integer pointer.
h Display a short as int.
The pointer format is architecture and implementation dependant.
l Display a long integer.
Width
#include Replaces line with contents of a custom header file.
integer Minimum number of characters to print: invokes padding if "./custom.h" Note dir path prefix & quotations.
necessary. Will not truncate.
#define NAME Replaces all occurrences of NAME with value.
* Width specified by a preceding argument inprintf.
value
Precision
.integer Minimum # of digits to print for %d, %i, %o, %u, %x, %X. Left Comments
pads with zeroes. Will not truncate. Skips values of 0. // We're single-line comments!
Minimum # of digits to print after decimal point for%a, %A, // Nothing compiled after // on these lines.
%e, %E, %f, %F (default of 6.) /* I'm a multi-line comment!
Minimum # of significant digits to print for %g & %G. Nothing compiled between
these delimiters. */
Maximum # of characters to print from %s (a string.)
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
by Ashlyn Black (Ashlyn Black) via cheatography.com/20410/cs/3196/
Deallocating
Header Reserved Keywords
free(ptrName); Removes the memory allocated
Name Reserved By Library to ptrName.
d_... dirent.h Reallocating
O_... fcntl.h The memory addresses you see are from virtual memory the operating
system assigns to the program; they are not physical addresses.
S_... fcntl.h
gr_... grp.h Referencing memory that isn't assigned to the program will produce an
OS segmentation fault.
..._MAX limits.h
TC... termios.h
B[0-9]... termios.h
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
by Ashlyn Black (Ashlyn Black) via cheatography.com/20410/cs/3196/
Sorting isblank True if char is a whitespace character (' ', '\t', '\n' )
int compFunc( const void *a, const void b* ){ return( strcat(a, b) Concatenates strings. Copies string b over string
*(int *)a - *(int *)b); } a up to and including \0, starting at the position
int compFunc() Function name unimportant but must return an of \0 in string a. (unsafe)
integer. strcmp(a, b) Compares strings. Returns false if string a
const void *a, Argument names unimportant but must identical equals string b, true otherwise. Ignores
const void *b otherwise. characters after \0. (unsafe)
return( *(int *)a Negative result swaps b for a, positive result strstr(a, b) Searches for string b inside string a. Returns a
- *(int *)b); swaps a for b, a result of 0 doesn't swap. pointer if successful, NULL otherwise. (unsafe)
islower(char) True if char is a lowercase letter of the alphabet, Safe functions are those that let you specify the length of the input.
false otherwise. Unsafe functions do not, and carry the risk of memory overflow.
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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struct tm *x; Stores a time & date breakdown. sizeof(a) Memory size of a (or type) in bytes.
tm structure members:
Binary Operators
int tm_sec Seconds, 0 to 59.
by descending evaluation precedence
int tm_min Minutes, 0 to 59.
a * b; Product of a and b. (a × b)
int tm_hour Hours, 0 to 23.
a / b; Quotient of dividend a and divisor b. Ensure divisor is non-
int tm_mday Day of the month, 1 to 31.
zero. (a ÷ b)
int tm_mon Month, 0 to 11.
a % b; Remainder of integers dividend a and divisor b.
int tm_year Years since 1900.
a + b; Sum of a and b.
int tm_wday Day of the week, 0 to 6.
a - b; Difference of a and b.
int tm_yday Day of the year, 0 to 365.
a << b; Left bitwise shift of a by b places. (a × 2b)
int tm_isdst Daylight saving time.
a >> b; Right bitwise shift of a by b places. (a × 2-b)
Functions
a < b; Less than. True if a is less than b and false otherwise.
time(NULL) Returns unix epoch time (seconds since
a <= b; Less than or equal to. True if a is less than or equal to b and
1/Jan/1970.)
false otherwise. (a ≤ b)
time(&time_t); Stores the current time in atime_t
a > b; Greater than. True if a is greater than than b and false
variable.
otherwise.
ctime(&time_t) Returns a time_t variable as a string.
a >= b; Greater than or equal to. True if a is greater than or equal to
x = localtime( Breaks time_t down into struct tm
b and false otherwise. (a ≥ b)
&time_t); members.
a == b; Equality. True if a is equal to b and false otherwise. (a ⇔ b)
++a Increment of a by 1. (a = a + 1)
--a Decrement of a by 1. (a = a - 1)
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C Reference Cheat Sheet
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x = a; Assigns value of a to x.
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