Scalar and Vectors Resultant Vector Resultant Vector

scalars: physical quantities that can be described by a Resultant vector is a vector sum. Example
single number, i.e. in terms of its magnitude. Examples Note: Vector sum is not necessarily the same as ordinary Given: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due south R= ⃗
Calculate: ⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B
are time, length and mass. addition. ⃗ =3.0 [m] , due north
B
vectors: physical quantities that requires direction and Addition of vectors: (Vectors on the same line.) ⃗
C=7.0[m], due north
Physics 71 Lecture Notes magnitude for its complete description. Examples are – Specify a positive direction.
1. Choose your positive direction. I choose due north to be positive.
displacement, force and torque. – Vectors pointing along the positive directions are given a positive algebraic
sign. 2. Rewrite the given vectors by replacing the directions with
Topic 1.02: Vectors Vectors are represented (visually) by an arrow.
– Vectors pointing opposite the positive directions are given a negative algebraic signs. Given:
– The direction of the arrow points to the direction of the vector. algebraic sign. ⃗ ⃗ =+3.0 [m]
B ⃗
C=+7.0[m]
A =−5.0[m]
– The length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of – The vector sum is just the algebraic sum of the given vectors.
the vector. 3. Perform algebraic summation to get the resultant vector.
Example R= ⃗
⃗ A+ B ⃗
⃗ +C
Example: 5.00 [km], 30.0º North of East N Given: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due south R= ⃗
Calculate: ⃗ A+ B ⃗
⃗ +C
=−5.0[m]+3.0[m]+7.0 [m]
Scale 1.00 [km] : 1.00[cm] ⃗ =3.0[m] , due north
B =+5.0[m]
∘
W 30.0 E ⃗
C=7.0[m], due north 4. Replace the algebraic sign of the result with an actual direction.
⃗
R =5.0[m] , due north
S

Resultant Vector Resultant Vector Components of a vector Resultant Vector

Addition of vectors: (Perpendicular vectors.) Addition of vectors: (Vectors ⃗
A Addition of vectors: (Vectors with arbitrary directions)
⃗
R 1. Construct a reference triangle with the
The magnitude of the vector sum is obtained using the Pythagorean theorem.
with arbitrary directions)
–
⃗
B given vector as the hypotenuse. Make sure ● Split each given vectors into two perpendicular components.
– Use any of the trigonometric functions to get the direction. (sine, cosine and tangent) ϕ that the reference triangle encloses the given
θ θ Get the vector sum of each component vector.
Split each given vectors into
●
– The resultant vector is just the hypotenuse vector formed by the two perpendicular ●
angle.
vectors.
⃗
A
two perpendicular components. ● Get the vector sum of the two perpendicular vectors.
2. The corresponding sides of the constructed
Example 1. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant. ⃗
R triangles are the vector components of the Example
Given:
● Get the vector sum of each B⃗y given vector. Their magnitudes are obtained
⃗
A Calculate: ⃗ R= ⃗A+ B ⃗
⃗ +C
R= √ A +B =√ (3.0[m]) +(4.0[m]) =√ 25.0[m ] A⃗y Given: A=3.0 [m]
2 2 2 2 2
⃗
A=3.0 [m] , due east component vector. θ using some trigonometric functions. Specify your positive sense of direction on
R=5.0[m] B=4.0 [m] each axis.
⃗ =4.0 [m] , due north
B 2. Solve for the direction. ⃗ B⃗x θ
● Get the vector sum of the two A
sin θ=
side opposite to θ
cos θ=
side adjacent to θ C=5.0[m] 1. Get the components of each vector.
Calculate: A⃗x
perpendicular vectors.
⃗
R= ⃗A+ B⃗ tan θ= |||
B
A
=
4.0[m]
3.0[ m] | ⃗
R Ay
hypotenuse hypotenuse
y−axis A⃗x =+3.0 [m]
B⃗x =0
A⃗y =0
B⃗y =+4.0 [m]
R⃗y sin θ= A y = A sin θ ⃗
B
A E5. Construct a
⃗
R ⃗
B θ=tan
−1
( )
4.0
3.0
=53
∘
● We already know how to do the
last two steps.
θ
R⃗x cos θ=
Ax reference triangle for the
A x = A cos θ vector drawn on the
A⃗y ⃗
A
E6. What are the component vectors of
vector C (show which one is a sine and
3. Combine the magnitude and direction A which one is a cosine)?
board. 30∘ x−axis
θ C⃗x =−5.0[m]sin 30
∘
C⃗y =−5.0 [m] cos 30
∘

⃗
● How to do the first step?
⃗
A R =5.0[m] ,53∘ north of east 3. You may now forget the given vector. A⃗x ⃗
C =−2.5[m] =−4.33[m]

Resultant Vector Resultant Vector Given the following vectors: Given the following vectors:
⃗
A =5.00 [m], 20 above the negative x-axis
∘ ⃗
A =5.00 [m], 20∘ above the negative x-axis
Addition of vectors: (Vectors with arbitrary directions) Addition of vectors: (Vectors with arbitrary directions)
⃗ =5.00 [m],30 to the right of the positive y-axis
B ∘ ⃗ =5.00 [m],30∘ to the right of the positive y-axis
B
● Split each given vectors into two perpendicular components. ● Split each given vectors into two perpendicular components.
⃗ =4.00[m], towards the negative y-axis
C ⃗ =4.00 [m], towards the negative y-axis
C
● Get the vector sum of each component vector. ● Get the vector sum of each component vector. ⃗ ⃗
Find the resultant of the three vectors. Calculate: ⃗
R = A+ ⃗
B + C Find the resultant of the three vectors. R= ⃗
Calculate: ⃗ A+ B ⃗
⃗ +C
● Get the vector sum of the two perpendicular vectors. ● Get the vector sum of the two perpendicular vectors.
⃗
A ⃗
B E8. Copy the vector diagram ⃗
A ⃗
B
Example Calculate: R ⃗ B
⃗ = A+ ⃗
⃗ +C Example Calculate: R= ⃗
⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B 30∘ and draw the reference right 30∘ E9. Get the components of vector C.
Given: A=3.0 [m] Given: A=3.0 [m] triangle for each vector.
1. Get the components of each vector. 20∘ 20∘
B=4.0 [m] A⃗y =0 B=4.0 [m] R⃗x =+0.5[m] R⃗y =−0.33[m]
A⃗y =+5.00[m]⋅sin 20
∘
A⃗x =+3.0 [m] A⃗x =−5.00[m]⋅cos 20
∘

C=5.0[m] C=5.0[m] R=0.6 [m]

B⃗x =0 B⃗y =+4.0 [m] ⃗
C ⃗
C B⃗x =+5.00[m]⋅sin 30 ∘
B⃗y =+5.00 [m]⋅cos 30∘
y−axis y−axis Get the direction.
C⃗ =−2.5[m]
x
C⃗y =−4.33[m] C⃗x =0 C⃗y =−4.00[m]

R⃗x x−axis
2. Calculate the sum of each component.
R⃗x =+0.5 [m] R⃗y =−0.33[m] R⃗x x−axis
tan θ= | |
R y 0.33[ m]
Rx
=
0.5[m]
θ=tan
−1 0.33
0.5
=33
∘
( ) Add algebraically the sum
of the x and the y R⃗x =−2.20[m] R⃗y =+2.04 [m]
θ θ The resultant vector is therefore: components
R⃗y 3. Calculate the resultant. ⃗ R = R⃗x + R⃗y R⃗y
⃗
R ⃗
R E10. Calculate the magnitude R=3.00[m]
E7. What is the magnitude of the ⃗
R =0.6 [m], 33∘ below the (+) x-axis of the resultant
resultant vector? R=0.6 [m]

Given the following vectors: Vectors Vectors Vectors

⃗ =5.00 [m], 20∘ above the negative x-axis
A ● It is easier to add vectors when the components are ● Multiplication by (– 1): When a vector is
⃗
B =5.00 [m],30∘ to the right of the positive y-axis Two vectors are equal if, and only if, they have the same already known. multiplied by negative one, the magnitude remains
⃗ =4.00 [m], towards the negative y-axis
C components. the same but its direction is reversed.
● Unit vectors: vectors with magnitude equal to one. Their
Find the resultant of the three vectors. only purpose is to give direction. Example 1: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due south Example 3: C=−3.0[m]
⃗ ^i + 4.0[m] ^j
For a vector to be zero, every vector component must
⃗
A ⃗
B ^i -Unit vector that points to the positive x-axis −⃗A=5.0[ m] , due north ⃗
−C=+3.0 [m] ^i−4.0 [m] ^j
Calculate: ⃗R= ⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B individually be zero.
30∘ ⃗ ^j -Unit vector that points to the positive y-axis Example 2: B
⃗ =2.0 [m] , 25∘ south of west
R x =−2.20[m] R⃗y =+2.04 [m]
20∘ Always split a vector equation into its components. k^ -Unit vector that points to the positive z-axis −B⃗ =2.0 [m] , 25∘ north of east
R=3.00[m]
⃗ E11. Get the direction of the resultant.
C
Example: Express in component form
y−axis
● Subtraction of vectors: ⃗ ⃗
D= A− ⃗
B
⃗ ∘
A=5.0 [m] , 20 above the+ x−axis
R y 2.04 [m]
Draw the right triangle tan θ=
formed by Rx and Ry
=
R x 2.20[m] || θ=tan
−1 2.04
2.20
=42.8
∘
( ) =+5.0[m]⋅cos 20 ^i +5.0[m]⋅sin 20 ^j
∘ ∘
∘
1. Reverse the direction of vector B
⃗ ⃗
2. Perform the usual vector addition: D= ⃗
A +(−B)
20.0
Refer to the reference triangle for the A =4.7 [m] ^i +1.7 [m] ^j
⃗ Example: Calculate: ⃗ ⃗
D= A− ⃗
B
x−axis
R⃗y description of resultant's direction. Given: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due east
θ ⃗ =4.0 [m] ,30∘ north of east
B
R⃗x ⃗
R =3.00[m], 42.8∘ above the (–) x-axis
 Vectors Kinematics in 1D Displacement vector
Example: Calculate: ⃗ ⃗ Mechanics - study of the relationships among Description of motion – the
D= A− ⃗
B
location of an object is specified
Given: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due east forces, matter and motion. at all time.
⃗ =4.0 [m] ,30∘ north of east
B ⃗
A ⃗
B
Physics 71 Lecture Notes ● Kinematics – mathematical description of motion ●
Coordinate system
1. Reverse the direction of vector B
−B⃗ =4.0 [m] , 30∘ south of west ⃗
A
● Dynamics – effects that forces have on motion ●
Position vector

E12. Write the component form of vector (– B)

⃗
Topic 1.03: Kinematics in 1D Description of motion – the
●
Time
in terms of cos and sin of the given angle. −B
(Displacement and Velocity) location of an object is specified
The displacement is a vector that points from an object's initial
−B⃗ =−4.0[m] cos 30∘ ^i−4.00[m] sin 30∘ ^j at all time.
position to its final position and has a magnitude that equals the
⃗ ⃗
2. Perform the usual vector addition: D= ⃗
A +(−B) ⃗
A
● Coordinate system shortest distance between the two positions. S.I. unit is meter, [m].
A =+5.00[m] ^i +0.00 ^j
⃗ ● Position vector Δ ⃗x =⃗x − x⃗0
⃗ =−3.46 [m] ^i−2.00[m] ^j ⃗
D ⃗
−B
−B Time
●
The time will tell you which position vector is the initial position
⃗ =+1.53 [m] ^i−2.0 [m] ^j
D and the final position.
E13. What is the magnitude and direction of vector D?
⃗ =2.52[m] , 52.6∘ south of east Note: The magnitude of the displacement is not always equal to
D
the total distance covered by a moving object.

Speed and velocity Speed and velocity Speed and velocity Speed and velocity
Example: Example: Example: Exercise 2.4 of University Physics 13 ed. th
Solution: Set east to be the positive x-axis
A honeybee leaves the hive and travels a total distance of 2 [km] An 18-year-old runner can complete a 10.0-km course with an average speed
Starting from a pillar, you run 200 [m] east at an average speed of Δ ⃗x 1 =+200[ m] ^i v 1 =5.0 [m/ s]
before returning to the hive. What is the magnitude of the of 4.39 [m/s]. A 50-year-old runner can cover the same distance with an
average speed of 4.27 [m/s]. How much later (in seconds) should the younger 5.0 [m/s] and then run 280 [m] west at an average speed of 4.0 [m/s] Δ ⃗x 2 =−280[ m] ^i v 2=4.0[ m/ s]
displacement vector of the bee? to a post. Calculate (a) your average speed from pillar to post and (b)
runner start in order to finish the course at the same time as the old runner?
your average velocity from pillar to post. (a) For the average speed, we need to know the total distance
The displacement vector is zero. Δ ⃗x =0 Solution: v 18 yo =4.39[m/ s] |Δ x|=10 [km ]=10 000[ m] traveled and the elapsed time.
The magnitude of the displacement is only equal to the distance v 50 yo =4.27[ m/ s] Solution: Set east to be the positive x-axis total distance=480[ m] total distance
ave . speed =
traveled if the motion is in a straight line and in one direction. Note: both runner will have to cover the same distance Δ ⃗x 1 =+200[ m] ^i v 1 =5.0 [m/ s] time elapsed
Δ ⃗x 2 =−280[ m] ^i v 2=4.0[ m/ s] time elapsed =110[ s]
delay=Δ t 50 yo −Δ t 18 yo 480[ m]
Average speed is the distance covered in a certain time interval: (a) For the average speed, we need to know the total distance = =4.36[ m/ s]
110[ s]
distance |Δ x| |Δ x| traveled and the elapsed time.
ave . speed = = − (b) For the average velocity
elapsed time v 50 yo v 18 yo Δ ⃗x = ⃗x 2 −⃗x 0
total distance=|Δ ⃗x 1|+|Δ ⃗x 2| =200[m]+280[ m]=480[m] v ave =
⃗
Average velocity is the defined as the net displacement over the Initial position vector: ⃗x 0 =0 Δt t 2 −t 0
10 000[ m] 10 000[ m]
time interval. = − x 80[ m] ^
i −80[ m] ^i −0
Δ ⃗x = ⃗x −⃗x 0 4.27[ m/ s] 4.39[ m/ s] time elapsed =Δ t 1 +Δ t 2 E3. Solve for the time elapsed using Final position vector: 2⃗ = −
=
v ave =
⃗ 110[ s]
Δt t−t 0 =64[ s]
v v the given information.
= 1 + 2 =−0.73[m/ s] ^i
The SI unit of average speed and average velocity is [m/s].
| 1| | x⃗2|
Δ x
⃗ Δ
=110[ s] The average velocity is 0.73 [m/s] westward.

Speed and velocity Speed and velocity Fundamental quantities

th
Example: Problem 2.59 of University Physics 13th ed.
Example: Problem 2.59 of University Physics 13 ed.
(in Physics 71)
Earthquakes Analysis: Earthquakes Analysis:
Length – distance between two points in space
Physics 71 Lecture Notes
●
In the earth’s crust, the P-waves v P =6.5[ km/ s] Δ t delay =33[ s]
travel at around 6.5 [km/s], while v S =3.5[ km/ s] Δ x=? – International standard (SI) unit is meter [m]
the S-waves move at about 3.5 ● Time – duration between two events
[km/s]. If the time delay is 33 [s], Note: S-wave is slower, then it will Topic 1.01: Physical Quantities
how far from the seismic station take more time for the S-wave to – International standard (SI) unit is second [s]
did the earthquake occur? arrive at the station. Unit Conversion ● Mass – amount of material in an object
v P =6.5[ km/ s] Δ t delay =33[ s] Δ t delay =Δ t S −Δ t P Scientific Notation – International standard (SI) unit is kilogram [kg]
v S =3.5[ km/ s] Δ x=? We use the definition of average
speed. Δx Δx
Δ t delay = −
vS vP SI units use prefixes to distinguish small scale units
E4. Solve for Δx in terms of the known with the large scale units.
symbols.

Δ x=
( vS vP
v P −v S )
Δ t delay [
=
]
(6.5 [km / s])(3.5[km / s ])
6.5 [km / s ]−3.5 [km / s ]
(33[s ]); Δ x=250[ km]

Some derived quantities Conversion of units Conversion of units

(in Physics 71) (other units to SI) (within SI, using the prefixes)
● Speed/ velocity – amount of space covered in a Power of ten Prefix Abbreviation Convert 3.00 [in.] to [cm] Convert 2200 [m] to [km]
time interval. 1. Know the conversion. 1[i n .]=2.54 [cm] 1[km]=103 [m]
– International standard (SI) unit is meter per second
[m/s]
2. Start with the given quantity that you want to convert.
3. Multiply the given with the
2200[m]
( 1[km]
)
103 [m]
=
2200 [km]
10
3
=2200×10−3 [km] =2.200×10+3 10−3 [km]
=2.200×10+3+(−3) [km]
● Force – strength of a pull or a push 3.00[i n .] (
2.54 [cm]
1[i n .] )
conversion factor such that it will
cancel the given unit.
=2.200×100 [ km]
– International standard (SI) unit is kilogram times =2.200[km]
meter per second squared [kg·m/s2] Note: The conversion factor is just equal to one.

3.00[i n .] ( )
2.54 [cm]
1[i n .]
=7.62[cm]
● Units (of the same quantity) differs only in terms of
power of 10.
● Conversion in SI requires knowledge of scientific
notation.
 Conversion of units E1. Which of the following is equivalent to 24.8 [m]? E3. The surface of a lake has an area of 15.5 [km2]. What is
the area of the lake in [m2]? (Show your solution) Note: Only quantities with the
(a) 2.48 x 101 [m] (c) 2.48 x 10– 1 [m]
(Scientific notation) (a) 1.55 x 104 [m2] (c) 1.55 x 106 [m2]
same dimension can be added or
(b) 2.48 x 102 [m] (d) 2.48 x 10– 2 [m] subtracted.
● Way of writing a very large (or very small) number in (b) 1.55 x 10 [m ] 5 2 (d) 1.55 x 107 [m2]
terms of the power of 10. Conversion of units (Derived quantities) The distance s that a certain particle moves may be calculated from the
expression s = at + bt 2 where a and b are constants; and t is the elapsed
Dimensional analysis
300 000 000[m/ s]→3×108 [m/ s]
149,500,000[km]→1.495×108 [ km]
Convert: 1.78 kg → [ ][ ]
m⋅s
g
cm⋅s
Dimension → physical nature of a quantity and the type of unit
time. What are the dimensions of a and b?

Know the conversions.

−2
1[kg]=1000[ g], 10 [m]=[cm] used to specify it. [ s]=[length]
● Large quantities result into a positive power of 10. Note: An equation must always be Since s = at + bt 2, then [at ] = [length] and [bt 2] = [length]
[ ] ( )( )
−2 3
Start with the given: 1.78 kg 10 m
×
10 g
0.000 000 163[ s]→1.63×10−7 [ s] m⋅s 1 cm 1 kg dimensionally consistent.
Small quantities result into a negative power of 10. E4. What is the dimension
g
[ ] [at ]=[length]
●
=17.8 Example:: Verify that the equation x = ½vt 2 is dimensionally
cm⋅s consistent. The dimension of x is [length], t is [time] and v is [a][t ]=[length] of b? Show your solution.
Note: Rules on exponents apply when dealing with Convert 8,100 [μm2] to [mm2] [length / time]. [a][time ]=[length] [length]
[b]=
power of 10. m Know the conversions. 1[mm]=10−3 [m] , 2
[time ]
a m−n [length]
(a m)(a n )=am+n =a [a]=
a
n 1[μ m]=10−6 [m] [time ]

Scalar and Vectors Resultant Vector Resultant Vector

scalars: physical quantities that can be described by a Resultant vector is a vector sum. Example
single number, i.e. in terms of its magnitude. Examples Note: Vector sum is not necessarily the same as ordinary Given: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due south R= ⃗
Calculate: ⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B
are time, length and mass. addition. ⃗ =3.0 [m] , due north
B
vectors: physical quantities that requires direction and Addition of vectors: (Vectors on the same line.) ⃗
C=7.0[m], due north
Physics 71 Lecture Notes magnitude for its complete description. Examples are – Specify a positive direction.
1. Choose your positive direction. I choose due north to be positive.
displacement, force and torque. – Vectors pointing along the positive directions are given a positive algebraic
sign. 2. Rewrite the given vectors by replacing the directions with
Topic 1.02: Vectors Vectors are represented (visually) by an arrow.
– Vectors pointing opposite the positive directions are given a negative algebraic signs. Given:
– The direction of the arrow points to the direction of the vector. algebraic sign. ⃗ ⃗ =+3.0 [m]
B ⃗
C=+7.0[m]
A =−5.0[m]
– The length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of – The vector sum is just the algebraic sum of the given vectors.
the vector. 3. Perform algebraic summation to get the resultant vector.
Example R= ⃗
⃗ A+ B ⃗
⃗ +C
Example: 5.00 [km], 30.0º North of East N Given: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due south R= ⃗
Calculate: ⃗ A+ B ⃗
⃗ +C
=−5.0[m]+3.0[m]+7.0 [m]
Scale 1.00 [km] : 1.00[cm] ⃗ =3.0[m] , due north
B =+5.0[m]
∘
W 30.0 E ⃗
C=7.0[m], due north 4. Replace the algebraic sign of the result with an actual direction.
⃗
R =5.0[m] , due north
S

Resultant Vector Resultant Vector Components of a vector Resultant Vector

Addition of vectors: (Perpendicular vectors.) Addition of vectors: (Vectors ⃗
A Addition of vectors: (Vectors with arbitrary directions)
⃗
R 1. Construct a reference triangle with the
The magnitude of the vector sum is obtained using the Pythagorean theorem.
with arbitrary directions)
–
⃗
B given vector as the hypotenuse. Make sure ● Split each given vectors into two perpendicular components.
– Use any of the trigonometric functions to get the direction. (sine, cosine and tangent) ϕ that the reference triangle encloses the given
θ θ Get the vector sum of each component vector.
Split each given vectors into
●
– The resultant vector is just the hypotenuse vector formed by the two perpendicular ●
angle.
vectors.
⃗
A
two perpendicular components. ● Get the vector sum of the two perpendicular vectors.
2. The corresponding sides of the constructed
Example 1. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant. ⃗
R triangles are the vector components of the Example
Given:
● Get the vector sum of each B⃗y given vector. Their magnitudes are obtained
⃗
A Calculate: ⃗ R= ⃗A+ B ⃗
⃗ +C
R= √ A +B =√ (3.0[m]) +(4.0[m]) =√ 25.0[m ] A⃗y Given: A=3.0 [m]
2 2 2 2 2
⃗
A=3.0 [m] , due east component vector. θ using some trigonometric functions. Specify your positive sense of direction on
R=5.0[m] B=4.0 [m] each axis.
⃗ =4.0 [m] , due north
B 2. Solve for the direction. ⃗ B⃗x θ
● Get the vector sum of the two A
sin θ=
side opposite to θ
cos θ=
side adjacent to θ C=5.0[m] 1. Get the components of each vector.
Calculate: A⃗x
perpendicular vectors.
⃗
R= ⃗A+ B⃗ |||
tan θ=
B
A
=
4.0[m]
3.0[ m] | ⃗
R Ay
hypotenuse hypotenuse
y−axis A⃗x =+3.0 [m]
⃗
A⃗y =0
B⃗y =+4.0 [m]
R⃗y sin θ= A y = A sin θ ⃗
B B x =0
A E5. Construct a
⃗
R ⃗
B θ=tan
−1
( ) 4.0
3.0
=53
∘
● We already know how to do the
last two steps.
θ
R⃗x cos θ=
Ax reference triangle for the
A x = A cos θ vector drawn on the
A⃗y ⃗
A
E6. What are the component vectors of
vector C (show which one is a sine and
3. Combine the magnitude and direction A which one is a cosine)?
board. 30∘ x−axis
θ C⃗x =−5.0[m]sin 30
∘
C⃗y =−5.0 [m] cos 30
∘
⃗ ∘
● How to do the first step?
⃗
A R =5.0[m] ,53 north of east 3. You may now forget the given vector. A⃗x ⃗
C =−2.5[m] =−4.33[m]

Resultant Vector Resultant Vector Given the following vectors: Given the following vectors:
⃗ =5.00 [m], 20∘ above the negative x-axis
A ⃗
A =5.00 [m], 20∘ above the negative x-axis
Addition of vectors: (Vectors with arbitrary directions) Addition of vectors: (Vectors with arbitrary directions)
⃗
B =5.00 [m],30 to the right of the positive y-axis
∘ ⃗
B =5.00 [m],30∘ to the right of the positive y-axis
● Split each given vectors into two perpendicular components. ● Split each given vectors into two perpendicular components.
⃗ =4.00[m], towards the negative y-axis
C ⃗ =4.00 [m], towards the negative y-axis
C
● Get the vector sum of each component vector. ● Get the vector sum of each component vector.
Find the resultant of the three vectors. R= ⃗
Calculate: ⃗ ⃗ Find the resultant of the three vectors.
⃗ +C
A+ B R= ⃗
Calculate: ⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B
● Get the vector sum of the two perpendicular vectors. ● Get the vector sum of the two perpendicular vectors.
⃗
A ⃗
B E8. Copy the vector diagram ⃗
A ⃗
B
Example Calculate: ⃗ R= ⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B Example Calculate: R= ⃗
⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B 30 and draw the reference right E9. Get the components of vector C.
∘
30 ∘
Given: A=3.0 [m] Given: A=3.0 [m] triangle for each vector.
1. Get the components of each vector. 20∘ 20∘
B=4.0 [m] A⃗y =0 B=4.0 [m] R⃗x =+0.5[m] R⃗y =−0.33[m]
A⃗y =+5.00[m]⋅sin 20
∘
A⃗x =+3.0 [m] A⃗x =−5.00[m]⋅cos 20
∘

C=5.0[m] ⃗y =+4.0 [m] C=5.0[m] R=0.6 [m]

B⃗ =0
x
B ⃗
C ⃗
C B⃗x =+5.00[m]⋅sin 30∘ B⃗y =+5.00 [m]⋅cos 30∘
y−axis y−axis Get the direction.
C⃗x =−2.5[m] C⃗y =−4.33[m] C⃗x =0 C⃗y =−4.00[m]

R⃗x x−axis
2. Calculate the sum of each component.
R⃗x =+0.5 [m] R⃗y =−0.33[m] R⃗x x−axis
tan θ=
Rx | |
R y 0.33[ m]
=
0.5[m]
θ=tan
−1 0.33
0.5
=33
∘
( ) Add algebraically the sum
of the x and the y R⃗x =−2.20[m] R⃗y =+2.04 [m]
θ θ The resultant vector is therefore: components
R⃗y 3. Calculate the resultant. ⃗ R = R⃗x + R⃗y R⃗y
⃗
R ⃗
R E10. Calculate the magnitude R=3.00[m]
E7. What is the magnitude of the ⃗
R =0.6 [m], 33∘ below the (+) x-axis of the resultant
resultant vector? R=0.6 [m]
Given the following vectors: Vectors Vectors Vectors
⃗ =5.00 [m], 20∘ above the negative x-axis
A ● It is easier to add vectors when the components are ● Multiplication by (– 1): When a vector is
⃗
B =5.00 [m],30∘ to the right of the positive y-axis Two vectors are equal if, and only if, they have the same already known. multiplied by negative one, the magnitude remains
⃗ =4.00 [m], towards the negative y-axis
C components. the same but its direction is reversed.
● Unit vectors: vectors with magnitude equal to one. Their
Find the resultant of the three vectors. only purpose is to give direction. Example 1: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due south Example 3: C=−3.0[m]
⃗ ^i + 4.0[m] ^j
For a vector to be zero, every vector component must
⃗
A ⃗
B ^i -Unit vector that points to the positive x-axis −⃗A=5.0[ m] , due north ⃗
−C=+3.0 [m] ^i−4.0 [m] ^j
Calculate: ⃗R= ⃗ ⃗
⃗ +C
A+ B individually be zero.
30∘ ⃗ ^j -Unit vector that points to the positive y-axis Example 2: B
⃗ =2.0 [m] , 25∘ south of west
R x =−2.20[m] R⃗y =+2.04 [m]
20∘ Always split a vector equation into its components. k^ -Unit vector that points to the positive z-axis −B⃗ =2.0 [m] , 25∘ north of east
R=3.00[m]
⃗ E11. Get the direction of the resultant.
C
Example: Express in component form
y−axis
● Subtraction of vectors: ⃗ ⃗
D= A− ⃗
B
⃗ ∘
A=5.0 [m] , 20 above the+ x−axis
R y 2.04 [m]
Draw the right triangle tan θ=
formed by Rx and Ry
= ||
R x 2.20[m]
θ=tan
−1 2.04
2.20
=42.8( )
∘

=+5.0[m]⋅cos 20 ^i +5.0[m]⋅sin 20 ^j
∘ ∘
∘
1. Reverse the direction of vector B
⃗ ⃗
2. Perform the usual vector addition: D= ⃗
A +(−B)
20.0
Refer to the reference triangle for the A =4.7 [m] ^i +1.7 [m] ^j
⃗ Example: Calculate: ⃗ ⃗
D= A− ⃗
B
x−axis
R⃗y description of resultant's direction. Given: ⃗
A=5.0 [m] , due east
θ ⃗ =4.0 [m] ,30∘ north of east
B
R⃗x ⃗
R =3.00[m], 42.8∘ above the (–) x-axis

Vectors Kinematics in 1D Displacement vector

Example: Calculate: ⃗ ⃗ Mechanics - study of the relationships among Description of motion – the
D= A− ⃗
B
location of an object is specified
⃗
Given: A=5.0 [m] , due east forces, matter and motion. at all time.
⃗ =4.0 [m] ,30∘ north of east
B ⃗
A ⃗
B
Physics 71 Lecture Notes ● Kinematics – mathematical description of motion ●
Coordinate system
1. Reverse the direction of vector B
−B⃗ =4.0 [m] , 30∘ south of west ⃗
A
● Dynamics – effects that forces have on motion ●
Position vector

E12. Write the component form of vector (– B)

⃗
Topic 1.03: Kinematics in 1D Description of motion – the
●
Time
in terms of cos and sin of the given angle. −B
(Displacement and Velocity) location of an object is specified
The displacement is a vector that points from an object's initial
−B⃗ =−4.0[m] cos 30∘ ^i−4.00[m] sin 30∘ ^j at all time.
position to its final position and has a magnitude that equals the
⃗ ⃗
2. Perform the usual vector addition: D= ⃗
A +(−B) ⃗
A
● Coordinate system shortest distance between the two positions. S.I. unit is meter, [m].
A =+5.00[m] ^i +0.00 ^j
⃗ ● Position vector Δ ⃗x =⃗x − x⃗0
⃗ =−3.46 [m] ^i−2.00[m] ^j ⃗
D ⃗
−B
−B Time
●
The time will tell you which position vector is the initial position
⃗ =+1.53 [m] ^i−2.0 [m] ^j
D and the final position.
E13. What is the magnitude and direction of vector D?
⃗ =2.52[m] , 52.6∘ south of east Note: The magnitude of the displacement is not always equal to
D
the total distance covered by a moving object.

Speed and velocity Speed and velocity Speed and velocity Speed and velocity
Example: Example: Example: Exercise 2.4 of University Physics 13 ed. th
Solution: Set east to be the positive x-axis
A honeybee leaves the hive and travels a total distance of 2 [km] An 18-year-old runner can complete a 10.0-km course with an average speed
Starting from a pillar, you run 200 [m] east at an average speed of Δ ⃗x 1 =+200[ m] ^i v 1 =5.0 [m/ s]
before returning to the hive. What is the magnitude of the of 4.39 [m/s]. A 50-year-old runner can cover the same distance with an
average speed of 4.27 [m/s]. How much later (in seconds) should the younger 5.0 [m/s] and then run 280 [m] west at an average speed of 4.0 [m/s] Δ ⃗x 2 =−280[ m] ^i v 2=4.0[ m/ s]
displacement vector of the bee? to a post. Calculate (a) your average speed from pillar to post and (b)
runner start in order to finish the course at the same time as the old runner?
your average velocity from pillar to post. (a) For the average speed, we need to know the total distance
The displacement vector is zero. Δ ⃗x =0 Solution: v 18 yo =4.39[m/ s] |Δ x|=10 [km ]=10 000[ m] traveled and the elapsed time.
The magnitude of the displacement is only equal to the distance v 50 yo =4.27[ m/ s] Solution: Set east to be the positive x-axis total distance=480[ m] total distance
ave . speed =
traveled if the motion is in a straight line and in one direction. Note: both runner will have to cover the same distance Δ ⃗x 1 =+200[ m] ^i v 1 =5.0 [m/ s] time elapsed
Δ ⃗x 2 =−280[ m] ^i v 2=4.0[ m/ s] time elapsed =110[ s]
delay=Δ t 50 yo −Δ t 18 yo 480[ m]
Average speed is the distance covered in a certain time interval: (a) For the average speed, we need to know the total distance = =4.36[ m/ s]
110[ s]
distance |Δ x| |Δ x| traveled and the elapsed time.
ave . speed = = − (b) For the average velocity
elapsed time v 50 yo v 18 yo Δ ⃗x = ⃗x 2 −⃗x 0
total distance=|Δ ⃗x 1|+|Δ ⃗x 2| =200[m]+280[ m]=480[m] v ave =
⃗
Average velocity is the defined as the net displacement over the Initial position vector: ⃗x 0 =0 Δt t 2 −t 0
10 000[ m] 10 000[ m]
= − −80[ m] ^i −0
time interval. Δ ⃗x = ⃗x −⃗x 0 4.27[ m/ s] 4.39[ m/ s] time elapsed =Δ t 1 +Δ t 2 E3. Solve for the time elapsed using Final position vector: ⃗x 2 = − 80[ m] ^i =
v ave =
⃗ 110[ s]
Δt t−t 0 =64[ s]
v v the given information.
= 1 + 2 =−0.73[m/ s] ^i
The SI unit of average speed and average velocity is [m/s].
|Δ x⃗1| |Δ x⃗2|
=110[ s] The average velocity is 0.73 [m/s] westward.

Speed and velocity Speed and velocity Graphical Representation

Example: Problem 2.59 of University Physics 13th ed. Example: Problem 2.59 of University Physics 13th ed. The position vs time graph (x-t graph) is a pictorial
representation of how an object's position changes with time.
Earthquakes Analysis: Earthquakes Analysis:
Note: The curve in an
In the earth’s crust, the P-waves v P =6.5[ km/ s] Δ t delay =33[ s]
Physics 71 Lecture Notes x-t graph does not
travel at around 6.5 [km/s], while v S =3.5[ km/ s] Δ x=?
the S-waves move at about 3.5 represent the object's
path in space.
[km/s]. If the time delay is 33 [s], Note: S-wave is slower, then it will Topic 1.04: Kinematics in 1D
how far from the seismic station take more time for the S-wave to The slope of the line
did the earthquake occur? arrive at the station. (Graphical Representation connecting two points
v P =6.5[ km/ s] Δ t delay =33[ s] Δ t delay =Δ t S −Δ t P and Acceleration) on the x-t graph gives
v S =3.5[ km/ s] Δ x=? We use the definition of average the average velocity.
speed. Δx Δx
Δ t delay = −
vS vP Instantaneous
E4. Solve for Δx in terms of the known velocity – the
symbols. velocity of an object
at an instant of time.
Δ x=
( vS vP
v P −v S )
Δ t delay [
=
]
(6.5 [km / s])(3.5[km / s ])
6.5 [km / s ]−3.5 [km / s ]
(33[s ]); Δ x=250[ km]
 Graphical Representation Graphical Representation E6.
1. During which interval(s) is the
Acceleration and the velocity-time graph
On an x-t graph, the instantaneous velocity at any point is object moving towards the negative x ⃗v − v⃗0 Δ ⃗v
equal to the slope of the tangent line to the curve at that point. direction? The average acceleration is defined as: ⃗a ave = =
t −t 0 Δ t
(a) during interval B only The SI unit of acceleration is [m/s2].
(b) during intervals B and C
(c) during intervals C and D ● The slope of the line connecting two points on the v-t graph
(d) during intervals B and D
(e) during intervals B, C and D
gives the average acceleration.
● If the v-t graph is a straight line, then the object has a
2. What is the velocity of the object at t = 7.0 [s]? uniform acceleration.
(a) + 3.0 [m/s] (c) – 2.0 [m/s] (e) zero [m/s]
(b) – 1.0 [m/s] (d) – 3.0 [m/s]
The object moves with constant velocity in the time interval
Uniform acceleration
5.0[s]<t<10[s], therefore the instantaneous velocity at any time between If the acceleration is uniform, the instantaneous
this interval is just equal to the average velocity. acceleration is equal to the average acceleration.
● A straight line x-t graph implies that the motion is v−v 0
E5. Using the slope of the x-t graph, construct the a (t−t 0 )=v−v 0 v=a (t −t 0 )+v 0
uniform 3. What is the object's average velocity from t = 5.0 [s] to t = 20.0 [s]? a=
corresponding velocity-time (vx-t) graph. (a) + 2.0 [m/s] (c) zero [m/s] (e) – 2.0 [m/s]
t−t 0
Set t0=0
– The instantaneous velocity at any instant is equal to the (b) + 1.0 [m/s] (d) – 1.0 [m/s]
average velocity.
The area bounded by the v-t graph and the time axis gives This is similar to y=mx+b with a as the slope v=a t +v 0
the particle's displacement in the specified time interval. Just use the average velocity formula. and v0 as the y-intercept.

Uniform acceleration Uniform acceleration Uniform acceleration Uniform acceleration

Recall that the area Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion: 1 This equation tells us that if the acceleration a Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion:
v=a t +v 0
x− x 0 1 x= at 2 +v 0 t + x 0 is constant, then the position x is a quadratic v=a t +v 0
x− x 0 1
bounded by the v-t (1) = ( v+v 0 ) (2) 2 (1) = ( v+v 0 ) (2)
t 2 function of time t. t 2
graph and the time axis
gives the displacement. Example: The x-t graph of an object with uniform acceleration is a parabola. Example:
A speedboat has a constant acceleration of +2.0 [m/s2]. If the A jet is taking off from the deck of an aircraft carrier. Starting from
rest, the jet is catapulted with a constant acceleration of +31
( )( )
2 2
Goal: Calculate the area from initial velocity of the boat is +6.0 [m/s], find the boat's 1 1 v0 v0
displacement after 8.0 [s] x= at 2 +v 0 t + x 0 x= a t + + x0− [m/s2] along a straight line and reaches a velocity of +62 [m/s].
time t=0 to some time t. E7. Derive a general 2 2 a 2a Find the displacement of the jet.
2 expression for (x – x0).
The figure is just a trapezoid. Solution: a=+2.0[ m/ s ] t =8.0[ s] Solution: v 0=0 v=+62[ m/ s]
Hint: Eliminate v in (1) a >0 Positive acceleration → parabola is concave upward 2
x− x 0 =?
Recall: 1 v 0 =+6.0 [ m/ s] x− x 0=? a=+31[m/ s ]
Atrapezoid = ( h 2 +h1 )⋅b and (2).
2 a <0 Negative acceleration → parabola is concave downward Derivation of the last kinematic equation:
1 1 1 2
(+62[ m/ s]) −(0)
2
1 Δx 1 x− x 0= at 2 +v 0 t x−x 0= (+2.0[ m / s2 ])(8.0[ s ])2 +(+6.0 [m/ s])(8.0 [s ]) v0 ( x− x 0 )= 2 ( v+v 0 )⋅t
Δ x= ( v +v 0 ) Δ t = ( v+v 0 ) 2 2 <0 The initial velocity is opposite to the acceleration→ the ( x− x 0 )= 2
2 Δt 2 a vertex is located to the right of t=0. 2 (+31[ m/ s ])
The average velocity is equal to the
arithmetic mean of the two velocities if and
Set t0=0
x− x 0 1 1
x− x 0=112[ m]
This equation tells us that if the acceleration a v0
>0
The initial velocity is parallel to the acceleration→ the
= ( )( )
v+v 0 v−v 0
2 a
( x− x 0 )=+62[ m]

only if the acceleration is constant. = ( v+v 0 ) x= at 2 +v 0 t + x 0 is constant, then the position x is a quadratic a vertex is located to the left of t=0. 2
v −v
2

t 2 2 ( x− x 0 )= 2 a 0
function of time t.

Uniform acceleration E8. The catapult of an aircraft carrier accelerates a jet fighter from rest to Graphing from a-t to v-t to x-t graph
a takeoff speed of 173 [mi/h] in a distance of 307 [ft]. Assume constant
acceleration. What is the acceleration of the jet fighter?
● The a-t graph of an object in uniformly accelerated motion is
Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion: a horizontal line.
1
v=a t +v 0 (1) x− x 0 = at 2 +v 0 t
2
(3) v 0 =0 ( x− x 0)=307[ ft ]
Physics 71 Lecture Notes To construct the correct v-t graph:
v=173[ mi / h] a=? ●

x− x 0 1 2 2
v =v +2 a ( x− x 0 ) (4)
= ( v+v 0 ) (2) 0 – You should know the initial velocity.
t 2
Topic 1.05: Kinematics in 1D
2 2
v =v 0 +2 a ( x− x 0 ) – Obtain the change in velocity by calculating the area
For Exercise 6 and 7, identify which kinematic equation will give the E9. A cheetah is walking at a speed of 1.10 [m/s] when it observes a -Graphical Construction bounded by the a-t graph and the time axis.
answer in the smallest number of possible steps. gazelle 41.0 [m] directly ahead. If the cheetah accelerates at 9.55 [m/s2],
how long does it take the cheetah to reach the gazelle if the gazelle
-Kinematic Problems – Add the initial velocity with the change in velocity to obtain
the final velocity.
E8.
The catapult of an aircraft carrier accelerates a jet fighter from rest to a
doesn't move? -Free Fall ● To construct the x-t graph:
2
takeoff speed of 173 [mi/h] in a distance of 307 [ft]. Assume constant v 0 =1.10 [m/ s] a=9.55[m/ s ]
acceleration. What is the acceleration of the jet fighter? – You should know the initial position.
( x− x 0 )=41.0 [m] t =?
– Obtain the net displacement from the v-t graph.
1 Solve for the final position.
E9. x− x 0 = a t 2 +v 0 t –
A cheetah is walking at a speed of 1.10 [m/s] when it observes a gazelle 2
– Sometimes it is helpful to locate the position of the vertex
41.0 [m] directly ahead. If the cheetah accelerates at 9.55 [m/s 2], how long
does it take the cheetah to reach the gazelle if the gazelle doesn't move?
in sketching the x-t graph. Just use ( t = – v0/a ).

Graphing from a-t to v-t to x-t graph Graphing from a-t to v-t to x-t graph Kinematic problems Kinematic problems
Example: Example: v Types of problems that you will encounter: A car is traveling at 20.0 [m/s], and the driver sees a traffic
Construct the v-t graph and the x-t Construct the v-t graph and the x-t +1.5 [m / s ] light turn red. After 0.530 [s] (the reaction time), the driver
graph for the time interval 1.0 [s] to graph for the time interval 1.0 [s] to
● Divide and conquer type
applies the brakes, and the car decelerates at 7.00 [m/s2].
2.0 [s]. The position and velocity of 2.0 [s]. The position and velocity of – the motion of an object maybe subdivided into What is the stopping distance of the car, as measured from
the particle at time t0=1.0 [s] are: the particle at time t0=1.0 [s] are: segments, each with a different acceleration. the point where the driver sees the red light and how long
t
v0 = – 1.5 [m/s] v0 = – 1.5 [m/s] did it take to stop the car?
−1.5 [m / s]
● Interrelated motion
x0 = + 1.0 [m] x0 = + 1.0 [m]
– the motion of two objects maybe interrelated, so that they
(1) (1) share a common kinematic variable.
v 0 =−1.5[ m/ s] v x 0 =+1.0[m] x
(2) and (3) +1.5 [m / s ] (2) and (3)
v=v 0 +a Δ t 1 +1.0 [m ]
x= x 0 + (v+v 0 ) Δ t
2
=(−1.5[ m/ s ])+(+3.0[ m/ s ])⋅(2.0 [ s]−1.0[ s ]) 2
1
v=+1.5[ m/ s] t =( +1.0 [m])+ (0)(2.0 [ s]−1.0 [ s ])
2
x=+1.0 [ m] t
−1.5 [m / s]
Since the acceleration is constant, then Since the acceleration is constant, then
the v-t graph is just a straight line. the x-t graph is just a parabola.
 Kinematic problems Kinematic problems Kinematic problems Kinematic problems
A car is traveling at 20.0 [m/s], and the driver sees a traffic 1. Draw the situation in your most artistic way. Try to introduce 1. Draw the situation in your most artistic way. Try to introduce 1. Draw the situation in your most artistic way. Try to introduce
light turn red. After 0.530 [s] (the reaction time), the driver some unknowns in your illustration. some unknowns in your illustration. some unknowns in your illustration.
applies the brakes, and the car decelerates at 7.00 [m/s2].
What is the stopping distance of the car, as measured from
the point where the driver sees the red light and how long
did it take to stop the car?

1. Draw the situation in your most artistic way. Try to introduce

some unknowns in your illustration.
Δ x 1 =+10.6[m] 2
v 2 −v 1
2
Δ x1 Δ x1 Δ x 2=
Δ x2 Δ x2 Δ x2 2a
2. Analyze each part of the motion. (First part) 2. Analyze each part of the motion. (Second part) (0)2 −(20.0)2
=
Δ x 1 displacement of the car as it moves with constant velocity 2 2(−7.0)
Note: Since the velocity is constant for the first part of the motion, v 1 =+20.0[ m/ s] a=−7.00[ m/ s ]
−400
Δ x 2 displacement of the car as it decelerates then we can simply use the average velocity to solve for the first v 2 =0 [m/ s] Δ x 2 =? =
−14
displacement. Δ x 1 =v 1 Δ t 1 Δ x 2 =+28.57[ m]
The stopping distance that we want to solve is just the sum of the 2 2 E11. Derive the
=(20.0 m/ s)(0.530 s−0) v 2=v 1 +2 a⋅Δ x 2 formula for Δx2.
two displacements. E10. Solve for Δx1.
Δ x 1 =+10.6[ m]

Kinematic problems Position Vector and Displacement (Motion in 2 and 3D ) Position Vector and Displacement (Motion in 2 and 3D )
3. Get the total distance. y−axis ● Particle position at point P is Example
P 2 ( x 2, y 2 ) described by the position
vector The particle's position is described by:
⃗r (t )=5[ m/ s ] t ^i +(3 [m]−2 [m/ s]t ) ^j .
2 2
⃗r (t )= x(t ) ^i + y (t ) ^j .
Physics 71 Lecture Notes (a) What is the particle's position at t =3 [s]?
Topic 1.06: Kinematics in 2D or 3D Δ ⃗r ● The particle's displacement
⃗r (t ) ⃗r (3[ s])=5[ m/ s ](3[ s]) ^i +(3[ m]−2[ m/ s](3[ s])) ^j
2 2
after some time interval Δt is
-Position, Velocity and =45[m] ^i−3[ m] ^j
Δ x 1 =+10.6[m]
Δ x 2 =+28.57[m ] Acceleration Vectors Δ ⃗r =⃗r (t 2 )−⃗r (t 1 )
E10. (b) What is the particle's position at t = 5 [s]?
P 1 ( x 1, y 1 )
-Parallel and Perpendicular ● displacement is a vector difference
total distance=Δ x 1 +Δ x 2 =10.6[m]+28.57[ m] =39.2[ m] between two position vectors. (c) What is the particle's displacement from t = 3[s] to t = 5[s]?
4. To solve for the “total time t2” to stop E12. Resolve Δt2 using Components of Acceleration O (0, 0) x−axis
● displacement points from the initial
2
we use: v 1=+20.0[ m/ s] a=−7.00[ m/ s ] Δx and without using a. position to the final position Δ ⃗r =⃗r (t 2 )−⃗r (t 1 ) =⃗r (5[ s])−⃗r (3[ s])
v 2 =0 [m/ s] Δ t 2 =? 2
=(125[m] ^i−7[ m] ^j )−(45[m] ^i−3[ m] ^j)
t 2−t 1=2.86[ s] Use: Δ x 2 = 1 ( v +v )
0−20.0 t 2=2.86 [ s]+t 1 Δ t2 2 2 1 =80[ m] ^i−4 [ m] ^j
v =v +a⋅Δ t
2 1 2
Δ t 2=
(−7.00) t 2=2.86 [ s]+0.530[ s ]
v −v
Δ t 2= 2 1 Δ t 2 =2.86 [ s] =3.39[ s]
a
Position Vector and Displacement (Motion in 2 and 3D ) Position Vector and Displacement (Motion in 2 and 3D ) Acceleration Vector (Kinematics in 2 and 3D)
E11. The position of a particle at any time t is given by y−axis ● The particle's displacement Example
⃗r (t)=(5.0[m]−2.0[m/ s ]⋅t ) ^i +2.0[m/ s ]⋅t k^ . P 2 ( x 2, y 2 )
2 2 2 2
after some time interval Δt is The particle's position is described by:
E11.1. Which of the following gives the correct description of the Δ ⃗r =⃗r (t 2 )−⃗r (t 1 ) ⃗r (t )=5[ m/ s ] t ^i +(3 [m]−2 [m/ s]t ) ^j .
2 2

particle's motion? ● The average velocity of the (a) What is the particle's position at t =3 [s]?
a. Only the x-component is accelerating particle after the time interval ⃗r (3[ s])=45[m] ^i−3 [m] ^j
Δ ⃗r ⃗v ave
b. Only the z-component is accelerating is Δ ⃗r (b) What is the particle's position at t = 5 [s]?
c. Both the x and z components are accelerating. ⃗v ave =
Δt ⃗r (5[ s])=125[ m] ^i−7[ m] ^j
d. The net acceleration is zero. The average velocity is
●
(c) What is the particle's average velocity from t = 3[s] to t = 5[s]?
P 1 ( x 1, y 1 ) parallel to the direction of
E11.2. What is the magnitude of the particle's acceleration? Δ ⃗r ⃗r (5[ s])−⃗r (3[ s]) 80[ m] ^i−4[ m] ^j
a. zero b. 1.41 [m/s2] c. 2.83 [m/s2] d. 5.66 [m/s2] displacement. ⃗v ave = = = A car moves along a curved path (blue dashed-line). It reduced
O (0, 0) x−axis Δt 5[ s]−3[ s] 2[ s] its initial velocity's magnitude v1 to v2 .
The instantaneous velocity vector at a 80[ m] ^ 4 [ m] ^ ● The change in the car's velocity is Δ ⃗v = v⃗2− v⃗1 .
●
= i− j
given point is tangent to the path of the 2[ s] 2 [ s]
● Note: The direction of the average acceleration is parallel to
particle at that point. =40[ m/ s] ^i−2 [m/ s] ^j the change in velocity.

Acceleration Vector (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Acceleration Vector (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Acceleration Vector (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) E13. A car travels due east at 22 [m/s]. It makes a turn due south and
continue to travel at 22 [m/s]. What is the change in velocity of the
● The average acceleration vector is defined as
car?
Δ ⃗v ⃗v 2−⃗v 1 a. 22 [m/s], due east b. 22 [m/s], due south
⃗a av = =
Δt t 2−t 1 c. 31 [m/s], 45° south of east d. 31 [m/s], 45° south of west
Δ ⃗v ∝⃗a av ● When a particle is moving in a curved path, it always has a
nonzero acceleration. E14. A particle moving with an initial velocity in [m/s] (blue vector)
● The x-component of a motion is independent to the y and z has an acceleration in [m/s2] (red vector). What is the particle's
velocity vector (green vector) after one second?
components. Similarly, the y-component is independent of the
x and z components.
● The component of the acceleration that is parallel (anti-
● The component of Δ ⃗ v that is along ⃗v 1 axis changes the parallel) to the particle's path changes the velocity's
magnitude of the initial velocity. magnitude
● The component of Δ ⃗ v that is perpendicular to ⃗v 1changes ● The component of the acceleration that is perpendicular to
the direction of the initial velocity. the initial velocity changes the direction of the initial
velocity.
 Acceleration Vector (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D)
Example: ● The package is also moving
A particle initially located at the origin has a constant
● Projectile – object moving under the influence of gravity. with constant horizontal
velocity.
acceleration of 2 ^
● Trajectory – the path traced by a projectile.
⃗a =+3.00 [m / s ] j ● In addition, the package has
and an initial velocity of a constant downward
Physics 71 Lecture Notes Ideal case: acceleration
⃗v 0=+5.00 [m/ s] ^i . Topic 1.07: Kinematics in 2D or 3D – No air resistance
Find the position vector and the velocity of the particle at
any time t.
-Projectile Motion – Neglect Earth's curvature and rotation
An airplane moving
horizontally with constant Vertical:
– Variation of the acceleration due to gravity with altitude. velocity. The plane releases (Upward is positive)
a package that falls to the
ground. Horizontal: a y =−g
a x =0 v y =v 0 y +a y⋅t
v x =v 0 x 1 2
x= x 0 +v 0 x⋅t y= y 0 +v 0 y⋅t + a y⋅t
2

Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D)
Horizontal: a x =0 Example Set the package's initial position as the origin.
v x=v 0 x Choose upward to be positive.
x= x 0 +v 0 x⋅t Suppose the plane is moving with constant horizontal velocity of x 0 =0 y 0 =0, y=−1050 [m]
Vertical: 115 [m/s] at an altitude of 1050 [m]. How long will it take the v
v 0 x =+115[ m/ s] 0 y =0
(Upward is positive) a y =−g package to hit the ground? What is the package's final velocity? 2
a x =0 a y =−9.81[ m/ s ]
v y =v 0 y +a y⋅t Set the package's initial position as the origin.
v x =? t =?
1 2 Choose upward to be positive. To solve for the package
y= y 0 +v 0 y⋅t + a y⋅t v y =?
2 x 0 =0 y 0 =0, y=−1050 [m] velocity upon striking the
The time is dictated only by the ground:
Example v 0 x =+115[ m/ s] v 0 y =0
2 vertical part of the motion:
a =0 a y =−9.81[ m/ s ] v x =? v y =?
x
Suppose the plane is moving with constant horizontal velocity E11. Calculate the time v x =v 0 x + a x⋅t v y =v 0 y +a y⋅t
v x =? t =?
of 115 [m/s] at an altitude of 1050 [m]. How long will it take the when the package hits v x =+115[ m/ s] v y =−143.5[m/ s]
v y =? Express the following in terms of the initial values: maximum
package to hit the ground? What is the package's final velocity? the ground. height (H), time to reach the maximum height (tH), total time
⃗v =+115[m/ s] ^i−143.5[ m/ s] ^j
t =14.6[ s] of flight (tT)and the horizontal range (R).
∘
⃗v =184[m/ s] ,51.3 below the+ x−axis

Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D)
Horizontal: Vertical: Given:
(Forward direction is positive) (Upward is positive) v 0 y =+v 0 sin α0 y= H =?
a x =0 a y =−g v y =0
y 0 =0
v y =v 0 y +a y⋅t
● The only given information
v x =v 0 x that we have are the initial a y =−g
1
x= x 0 +v 0 x⋅t y= y 0 +v 0 y⋅t + a y⋅t 2 speed ( v0 ) and the initial
2 2 2
angle with respect to the v y =v 0 y +2 a y⋅( y− y 0 )
General case: The projectile has an initial speed v0 at an angle θ0 horizontal ( α0 ) 2 2
(0) =(v 0 sin α0 ) +2(−g )⋅( H −0)
with respect to the horizontal. Task: Derive the formula for the ● The maximum height Task: Derive the formula for the
⃗v 0 maximum height reached by the (maximum vertical maximum height reached by the
2 2
0=v 0 sin α 0−2 g H
projectile in terms of the initial velocity. displacement) can be projectile in terms of the initial velocity. 2 2
2 g H =v 0 sin α 0
⃗v 0 y =+v 0 sin θ 0 ^j solved using the vertical
θ0 quantities. E12. Derive the formula for the total 2 2
v 0 sin α 0
time of flight ( tT ) in terms of the initial H=
2g
⃗v 0 x =+v 0 cos θ 0 ^i velocity.

Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D) Projectile Motion (Kinematics in 2 and 3D)
Given: v 0 x =+v 0 cos α 0 Example: [Problem 3.63 of the University Physics 13th ed.] A grasshopper Example: [Problem 3.63 of the University Physics 13th ed.] A grasshopper
leaps into the air from the edge of a vertical cliff. Use the information from the leaps into the air from the edge of a vertical cliff. Use the information from the
v x =v 0 x figure to find: figure to find:
=+v 0 cos α0 (a) the initial speed of the grasshopper and (a) the initial speed of the grasshopper and
(b) the height of the cliff (b) the height of the cliff (a) The initial speed: v 0 =1.50 [m/ s]
x 0 =0
To calculate for the initial speed: 2 (b) The height of the cliff: x 0 =0, y 0 =0 Physics 71 Lecture Notes
x=R=? v sin(2 α 0 )
Topic 1.08: Kinematics in 2D or 3D
2 2
R v sin α0
0 R= 0 Set upward to be positive.
H= g
x=v 0 x t + x 0 R=(v 0 cos α 0 )t T +(0) 2g
Task: Using the calculated time Not applicable since:
Note: The vertical motion is related to the horizontal
motion because of time.
-Uniform Circular Motion
2 gH
of flight, derive the formula for
the maximum horizontal
displacement of the projectile in
R=(v 0 cos α0 ) ( 2 v 0 sin α 0
g ) 2
v0 = 2
sin α 0
y≠ y 0 ( x 0, y 0 ) 1
y= y 0 +v 0 y⋅t + a y⋅t 2
2
x=v 0 x t + x 0 -Relative Velocity
2
v (2 sin α0 cos α 0 ) 2(9.81)(0.0674) 1 ∘
terms of the initial velocity. R= 0 2
v0 = y=(v 0 sin 50.0 )⋅t + (−g )⋅t 2
∘
x=(v 0 cos 50.0 )t
g
2
sin 50.0
∘
2
2 2 2 E13. Using the equation for x, solve for y.
2
v 0 sin(2 α 0 ) v 0 =2.2535[m / s ]
R= ( x , y) t =1.10[ s]
g v 0 =1.50 [m/ s] y=−4.66[ m]
 Uniform Circular Motion Uniform Circular Motion Uniform Circular Motion Uniform Circular Motion (Derivation)
A particle moves in a circle with constant linear speed. Example: The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.29 [m] and is The particle moves in a circle with constant linear speed.
– The distance covered is proportional to the time interval. being rotated at 830 revolutions per minute (rpm) on a tire- – Circle is a curved path, which implies that the particle is Δ ⃗v
balancing machine. Determine the speed in [m/s] at which the accelerating.
⃗v 2
– The whole circle is covered in a time interval equal to one
outer edge of the wheel is moving. The speed is constant means that the acceleration is
|⃗v 1|=|⃗v 2| P2
period. –
⃗v 1
The constant linear speed 2π R Given: v=? perpendicular to the velocity vector.
v= ϕ ⃗v 2
is calculated using: T
● v is the constant linear speed
f =830 [ rev .
] [
1 min .
=830
circles
1 min .], R=0.29[ m] The particle's acceleration in a uniform circular motion is called
centripetal acceleration or radial acceleration.
⃗v 1 Δs
R
of the particle
Calculate for the period first: Magnitude of the centripetal acceleration: P1
● R is the radius of the circular 2
Δs ϕ
path
T is the period
1
T= =
f
1 min .
830
× (
60 [ s]
1 min . )
=0.0723[ s] a rad =
v
R
P1
R
●
R P2
2 π(0.29[m]) 2 π(0.29[m]) The direction of the centripetal
2π R
v= = = =25[ m/ s] acceleration is always directed towards
T 0.0723[ s] 0.0723[ s] ϕ
the center of the circular path. R

Uniform Circular Motion (Derivation) Uniform Circular Motion Uniform Circular Motion Nonuniform circular motion
Example Example: ● In addition to the centripetal acceleration there is now a
|Δ ⃗v| Δ s The bobsled track at the 1994 Olympics in tangential acceleration.
Δ ⃗v The two triangles are similar: = In a test of a “g-suit”, a volunteer is rotated in a horizontal circle of Lillehammer, Norway, contained turns with
v1 R radius 7.0 [m]. What must the period of rotation be so that the radii of 33 [m] and 24 [m]. Find the ● The tangential acceleration is equal to the rate at which the
v1 centripetal acceleration has a magnitude of centripetal acceleration at each turn for a linear speed of the particle is changing.
|Δ ⃗v|= Δ s
⃗v 1 R (a) 3.0 g? (b) 10 g?
speed of 34 [m/s], a speed that was
ϕ achieved in the two-man event. Express the ⃗a rad 1
⃗v 2 answers as multiples of g.
(a) Given: a rad =3.0 g
Divide both sides by the time |Δ ⃗v| v 1 Δ s Given: v=34[m / s]
= ⋅ R=7.0[ m]
interval: Δt R Δt R1 =33[ m] a rad 1=?
P1 T =?
a rad 2=?
Δs Let P2 approach P1: as Δ t →0,
|Δ v|
→ , a rad
Δs E1. Using the two R 2=24[ m]
2π R
√
→v 1 R
Δt Δt v= , equations, derive a T =2 π 2 2

R P2
v1
a rad = ⋅v 1 =
R
v1
R
2 T formula for T.
2
a rad a rad 1=
v
R1
=
(34 [m/ s])
33 [m]
×
( 1g
2
9.81[ m/ s ] ) =3.6 g
⃗a rad 2
ϕ
R a rad =
v
2

a rad =
v
2
a rad =
( )
2π R
T
a rad =
2
4π R
(a) 3.1 [s]
(b) 1.7 [s]
E2. Calculate for arad 2. a rad 2=4.9 g
R R R T
2

Relative velocity Relative velocity Relative velocity Relative velocity

[Example 3.13 of University Physics 13
ed.]: You (Y) drive north on a straight two-
lane road at a constant 88 [km/h]. A truck
(T) in the other lane approaches you at a
constant 104 [km/h]. What is the truck's
velocity relative to you?
⃗v PG =⃗v PT +⃗v TG ⃗v PG =⃗v PT +⃗v TG Given: Set north as the positive direction.
⃗v Y / E =+88[ km/ h] ^j
We want to know the velocity of the passenger (P) relative to We want to know the velocity of the passenger (P) relative to ⃗v T / E =−104[ km/ h] ^j
the ground (G). The passenger is inside a train (T) with the ground (G). The passenger is inside a train (T) with
known velocity relative to (G). known velocity relative to (G). ⃗v T /Y =?
The velocity of object R relative to object S is always the ● Start with the unknown vector.
negative of the velocity of object S relative to object R: ● Split the unknown vector using the subscripts.
● Perform the vector addition.
⃗v RS =−⃗v SR ⃗v T /Y =−192[ km/ h] ^j
th Example
The figure shows two cars approaching
an intersection along perpendicular
roads. Find the magnitude and
direction of car A's velocity relative to
car B.
Given: Set north as the positive north-
south direction and east as the
positive east-west direction.
⃗v A/ E =+25.0[ m/ s] ^i
⃗v B/ E =+15.8[ m/ s] ^j
⃗v A/ B=?

Relative velocity Relative velocity Relative velocity

Given: Set north as the positive north- Example Given:
south direction and east as the Set upward as the
positive east-west direction. A person looking out the window of a stationary train notices
positive vertical direction.
that raindrops are falling vertically down at a speed of 5.0 [m/s]
⃗v A/ E =+25.0[ m/ s] ^i
Physics 71 Lecture Notes relative to the ground. When the train moves at a constant Set right as the positive
horizontal direction.
⃗v B/ E =+15.8[ m/ s] ^j velocity, the raindrops make an angle 25° when they move past
Topic 1.09: the window. How fast is the train moving? ⃗v R/ E =−5.0[ m/ s] ^j
⃗v A/ B=? E2. What is the magnitude
and direction of the relative Kinematics in 2D or 3D Given: ⃗v R/T =−v R/T sin 25.0 ^i +(−v R/T cos 25.0 ^j )
∘ ∘

Set upward as the

velocity ⃗
⃗v A/ B=⃗v A/[ ] +⃗v [
]/ B
⃗v A/ B=⃗v A/ E +⃗v E / B
⃗v A/ B=⃗v A/ E−⃗v B/ E
v A/ B
-Relative Velocity positive vertical direction. ⃗v T / E =v T / E− x ^i +v T / E− y ^j
v A/ B = √ v A/ B−x +v A/ B− y
2 2
Forces and Newton's Laws E4. Derive the needed vector equation to start with.
Set right as the positive
v A/ B = √(25) +(−15.8)
2 2
horizontal direction. ⃗v T / E =⃗v T /[ ] +⃗v [ ]/ E
v A/ B = √ 874.64 =29.6
-Force as vectors ⃗v R/ E =−5.0[ m/ s] ^j ⃗v T / E =⃗v T / R +⃗v R/ E
⃗v T / E =−⃗v R/T +⃗v R/ E
⃗v R/T =−v R/T sin 25.0 ^i +(−v R/T cos 25.0 ^j )
∘ ∘
v

⃗v A/ B=25.0[ m/ s] ^i−15.8[ m/ s] ^j
^
| || |
⃗v A/ B=+25.0[ m/ s] i−(+15.8[ m/ s] j) tan θ= A/ B− y = −15.8 =0.632
^
v A/ B− x 25.0 ^ ^
⃗v T / E =v T / E− x i +v T / E− y j
⃗v T / E =⃗v R/ E−⃗v R/T
v T / E− x ^i +v T / E− y ^j=(0 ^i−5.0 ^j )−[−v R/T sin 25.0∘ ^i +(−v R/T cos 25.0∘ ^j)]
θ=32.3
∘ We split the x and y components:
⃗v A/ B=29.6[ m/ s] , 32.3 south of east ∘ ∘
v T / E− x =v R/T sin 25.0 v T / E− y =−5+v R/T cos 25.0
 Relative velocity Force and Interaction Superposition of forces and components of a force Superposition of forces and components of a force
Given:
Set upward as the
positive vertical direction.
A force is a pull or a push. The SI unit is [N] : 1[ N ]=
A force is a vector quantity. Direction is needed for a
[ ]kg⋅m
s
2
Example: A man is dragging a trunk up the
loading ramp of mover's truck. The ramp has a
slope angle of 20.0°, and the man pulls upward
Example: A baby elephant is stuck in a mud hole. To help pull it
out, game keepers use a rope to apply a force FA. By itself,
however, force FA is insufficient. Therefore, two additional forces FB
complete description. with a force F whose direction makes an angle
Set right as the positive of 30.0° with the ramp. How large a force F is and FC are applied. Each of these additional forces has the same
horizontal direction. necessary for the component parallel to the magnitude F. The magnitude of the resultant force acting on the
● Any number of forces applied at a point on an object have the same
⃗v R/ E =−5.0[ m/ s] ^j effect as a single force equal to the vector sum of the forces. ramp to be 60.0 [N]? elephant in the second part is k times larger than that in the first
⃗v R/T =−v R/T sin 25.0 ^i +(−v R/T cos 25.0 ^j )
∘ ∘
F⃗R = F⃗1 + F⃗2 + F⃗3 +... part. Find the ratio F/FA when k=2.00.
⃗v T / E =v T / E− x ^i +v T / E− y ^j ● Any force can be replaced with its components. Note: the x and y-axes are not always horizontal and vertical.
∘
⃗v T / E =⃗v R/ E−⃗v R/T ⃗
F F⃗ F x =F cos 30.0
y−axis ⃗y
We split the x and y components: F⃗ F 60.0[ N ]= F cos 30.0
∘

v T / E− x =v R/T sin 25.0

∘
v T / E− y =−5+v R/T cos 25.0
∘ ⃗y
F ⃗y
F
θ θ x−axis 60.0 [ N ]
The train will not move vertically: v T / E− y =0 F= ∘ =69.3[ N ]
∘
30.0
∘ ⃗
Fx ⃗x
F cos 30.0
0=−5+v R/T cos 25.0 ⃗
Fx E5. What is the component of F that is
∘
5=v R/T cos 25.0 perpendicular to the incline?
∘
Solve for vR/T and substitute this to the x-component F y = F sin 30.0
∘
F y =(69.3[ N ])sin 30.0
v T / E− x = ( 5
cos 25.0 ) ∘
∘ sin 25.0 =5 tan 25.0 =2.3[m/ s]
∘
F y =34.6[ N ]

Superposition of forces and components of a force Superposition of forces and components of a force Superposition of forces and components of a force Superposition of forces and components of a force
Example: A baby elephant is stuck in a mud hole. To help pull Example: Given that ⃗ 1 =10.0[ N ] , 30.0∘ west of north
F B= F , F ∘ ∘
−F 2 cos 15 + F 3 cos 30 =10 sin 30
∘
(1)
it out, game keepers use a rope to apply a force FA. By itself,
⃗ 2 =F 2 , 15.0∘ south of west
F ∘ ∘
F 2 sin 15 + F 3 sin 30 =10 cos 30
∘
(2)
however, force FA is insufficient. Therefore, two additional F C=F ,
⃗ 3= F 3 , 30.0∘ south of east
F
forces FB and FC are applied. Each of these additional forces F R =k F A , Eliminate one variable. Let us choose to eliminate F2
What are the magnitudes of F2 and F3 so that: ⃗ 1+ F
F ⃗ 2+ F
⃗ 3 =0
has the same magnitude F. The magnitude of the resultant F (1) x sin 15°
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
−F 2 sin 15 cos 15 + F 3 sin 15 cos 30 =10 sin 15 sin 30 (1')
∘
=? ⃗ R= F
⃗ A+ F
⃗ B+ F
⃗C
force acting on the elephant in the second part is k times larger FA F ⃗ 1+ F
F ⃗ 2+ F
⃗ 3 =0 (2) x cos 15°
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
F 2 cos 15 sin 15 + F 3 cos 15 sin 30 =10 cos 15 cos 30 (2')
than that in the first part. Find the ratio F/FA when k=2.00. Split into (standard) x and y components*: *By symmetry argument, the y-
component can be neglected.
Split into x and y components Add
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
F 3 (sin 15 cos 30 +cos 15 sin 30 )=10(sin 15 sin 30 +cos 15 cos 30 )
∘ ∘
⃗ Rx= F
F ⃗ Ax + F
⃗ Bx + F
⃗ Cx ⃗ 1 x+F
⃗ 2 x+ F
⃗ 3 x =0
⃗ Ry= F
F ⃗ Ay + F
⃗ By + F
⃗ Cy F ⃗ 1 y+ F
F ⃗ 2y+F
⃗ 3 y =0 E7. What should you multiply ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
F 3 sin (15 +30 )=10 cos (30 −15 )
∘ ∘
F R =F A + F B cos 20.0 + F C cos 20.0 to (1) and (2) to eliminate F3.
∘ ∘ ⃗ Ry =0+ F B sin 20.0∘ + (−F C sin 20.0∘ )
F −10 sin 30 +(−F 2 cos 15 )+ F 3 cos 30 =0 10 cos 30 +(−F 2 sin 15∘)+(−F 3 sin 30∘)=0
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
∘
∘
F 3 sin 45 =10 cos 15
∘
k⋅F A=F A + F cos 20.0 + F cos 20.0 (1)×(±sin 30 ) ∘
⃗ Ry=0+ F sin 20.0∘ + (−F sin 20.0∘ ) ∘ ∘
−F 2 cos 15 + F 3 cos 30 =10 sin 30
∘ ∘ ∘
F 2 sin 15 + F 3 sin 30 =10 cos 30
∘ cos 15
∘ F (1) (2) (2)×(∓cos 30 )
∘ F 3=10 =13.66 [ N ]
k⋅F =F +2 F cos 20.0
A A sin 45∘

⃗ Ry=0
F
F B= F , F C = F , F R =k F A ,
F E6. Derive the expression for F/FA. You have two equations with two unknowns. We solve this using elimination
=? You can now solve for F2 by choosing either (1) or (2).
FA F k−1 =0.532
=
F A 2⋅cos 20.0
∘
E8. Solve for F2. F 2=7.071 [ N ]

Newton's First Law of Motion Newton's First Law of Motion Inertial Frame of reference
An object continues in state of rest or in a state of motion at a constant Example: [Zero net force means constant velocity] ● Frame of reference where Newton's laws are valid.
velocity, unless compelled to change the state by a net force.
In the classic 1950 science fiction film Rocketship X-M, a spaceship is
– When an object is either at rest or moving with constant velocity, moving in the vacuum of outer space, far from any planet, when its engine
– Only the presence of non zero net force accelerates an
we say that the object is in equilibrium. dies. As a result, the spaceship slows down and stops. What does object.
Physics 71 Lecture Notes N
∑i=1 F⃗ i =0 ;
Newton's first law say about this event? ● A frame of reference that is moving with constant
Topic 1.10: Newton's Laws of Motion N N Ans. (No forces acting on the spaceship, so according to Newton's 1 st law, it will velocity with respect to an inertial frame of
∑i=1 F⃗ix =0 ∑i=1 F⃗iy =0 not stop. It will just continue to move with constant velocity.) reference is also a valid inertial frame.
-Newton's First Law Inertia:

-Newton's Second Law – It is the tendency of an object to keep moving once it is set in motion.
– The inertia of an object is measured by its mass.
Example: [Zero net force means constant velocity]
In the classic 1950 science fiction film Rocketship X-M, a spaceship is
moving in the vacuum of outer space, far from any planet, when its engine
dies. As a result, the spaceship slows down and stops. What does
Newton's first law say about this event?

Newton's Second Law of Motion Newton's Second Law of Motion Newton's Second Law of Motion Newton's Second Law of Motion
Recall: Newton's First Law tells us what happen when there is ● For the same net force, the ratio of the masses of two objects is Example: A dockworker applies a constant horizontal force of 80.0 [N] to a Example: A dockworker applies a constant horizontal force of 80.0 [N]
zero net force acting on an object. the inverse of the ratio of their accelerations. block of ice on a smooth horizontal floor. The frictional force is negligible. to a block of ice on a smooth horizontal floor. The frictional force is
m2 a1 1 The block starts from rest and moves 11.0 [m] in 5.00 [s]. negligible. The block starts from rest and moves 11.0 [m] in 5.00 [s].
Newton's Second Law tells us what happen when there is a = a∝
m1 a 2 m (a) What is the mass of the block of ice? (a) What is the mass of the block of ice?
nonzero net force acting on an object.
(b) If the worker stops pushing at the end of 5.00 [s], how far does the (b) If the worker stops pushing at the end of 5.00 [s], how far does the
● A (non zero) net force acting on an object causes the object to If a net force acts on an object, the object accelerates. The
block move in the next 5.00 [s]? block move in the next 5.00 [s]?
accelerate in the same direction as the net force. direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of the net
force. The mass of the object times the acceleration of the body ⃗ x=+80.0[ N ]
F Δ ⃗x 1= x⃗1− x⃗0=+11.0 [m]⃗v 0 x =0
– A net force of 35[N], 20° south of west will result into an equals the net force vector.
acceleration that is directed 20° south of west. m=? Δ t 1=t 1−t 0=5.00 [ s ] a⃗x=?
N
● For any given object, the magnitude of the acceleration is directly ∑i=1 F⃗ i=m ⃗a ● Since there is a net force, the block must be accelerating.
proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on the body. Note: Newton's second law is a vector equation. It would be
● We solve for the acceleration then use the second law to solve for the mass.
easier to analyze it in terms of components. 1
– Increasing the force four times will increase the acceleration Δ ⃗x 1= a⃗x Δ t 21 +⃗v 0 x Δ t 1
N N N 2
four times as well. a∝ F R ∑i=1 F⃗ ix =m a⃗x ∑i=1 F⃗ iy =m a⃗y ∑i=1 F⃗ iz =m a⃗z 1
Δ ⃗x 1= a⃗x Δ t 21
Δ ⃗x
a⃗x =2⋅ 21 =+0.880[ m/ s 2 ]
F x=m a x
2 F =90.9[ kg ]
Δt 1 m=
ax
 E9.1. A net force F is required to give an object with mass m an acceleration a. If a net
Newton's Second Law of Motion force 6 F is applied to an object with mass 2m, what is the acceleration on this object? Newton's Second Law of Motion Newton's Second Law of Motion
Example: (a) a (b) 2a (c) 3a (d) 4a (e) 6a Example: Example
(b) If the worker stops pushing at the end of 5.00 [s], how far does Two horizontal forces F1 and F2, are acting on a box, but only F1
Two forces FA and FB are applied to an object whose mass is
the block move in the next 5.00 [s]? points to the right, F2 can point either to the right or to the left. The box
8.0 [kg]. The larger force is FA. When both forces point due
⃗ x=+80.0[ N ]
F Δ ⃗x 1= x⃗1− x⃗0=+11.0 [m] ⃗v 0 x =0 moves only along the horizontal axis. There is no friction between the
box and the surface. Suppose that F1 = +9.0 [N] and the mass of the east, the object's acceleration has a magnitude of 0.50 [m/s2]
m=90.9 [ kg ] Δ t 1=t 1−t 0=5.00 [ s ] a⃗x=+0.880[m/ s 2 ] However, when FA points due east and FB points due west,
box is 3.0 [kg]. Find the magnitude and direction of F2 when the
Δ ⃗x 2 = x⃗2− x⃗1=? Note: No more nonzero net force acting on acceleration of the box is (a) +5.0 [m/s 2], (b) –5.0 [m/s2] and (c) 0 the acceleration is 0.40 [m/s2], due east. Find the
Δ t 2=t 2 −t 1=5.00 [ s ] the block. It is no longer accelerating. magnitudes of FA and of FB.
(a) ⃗a x =+5.0[ m/ s 2 ] , F⃗ 2 x=? E10. Answer (b).
Whatever is the velocity of the block after the first 5.00 [s], it ⃗ 1 x =+9.0[ N ]
F ∑ F⃗ x=m ⃗a x ∑ F⃗ x=m ⃗a x
will remain the same for the next 5.00 [s]. E9.2. Which section(s) of the graph correspond to a condition of zero net force? m=3.0 [kg ] ∑ F⃗ x=m ⃗a x 2 ⃗ 2 x=?
⃗a x =−5.0[ m/ s ] , F F A + F⃗B=m ⃗a x
⃗ F A + F⃗B=m ⃗a x
⃗
⃗v 1 x=? E8. What is the final velocity of the block after the first 5.00 [s]? ⃗ 1 x+F
F ⃗ 2 x =m⃗a x 2
2
(a) V only (c) II and IV (e) I, III and V ∑ F⃗ x=m ⃗a x (+ F A)+(+ F B )=(8.0 [ kg ])⋅(+0.50 [m / s ]) (+ F A)+(−F B )=(8.0[ kg ])⋅(+0.40 [m / s ])
Ans. You can use any of the uniform acceleration formula that ⃗ 2 x =m ⃗a x − F
F ⃗ 1x
contains the final velocity. (b) III only (d) II, III and IV ⃗ ⃗ 2 x =m⃗a x
F 1 x+F F A + F B=+ 4.0[ N ] (1) F A−F B=+3.2[ N ] (2)
F 2 x=(3.0[ kg ])(+5.0[m/ s 2 ])−(+9.0[ N ])
⃗
E11. Solve for FA and FB.
⃗v 1 x=+4.40 [m/ s] Δ ⃗x 2 =v 1 x Δ t 2 =(+4.40 [m/ s])(5.00 [ s ]) ⃗ 2 x =(3.0)(−5.0)
(+9.0)+ F
E9.3. Which section of the graph corresponds to the application of the largest constant ⃗ 2 x =+6.0[ N ]
F F A + F B=+ 4.0[ N ]
=+ 22.0[ m] net force? ⃗ 2 x =−24 [ N ]
F F A−F B=+3.2[ N ]
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV (e) V
2 F A=+7.2[ N ] F A=3.6[ N ] , F B=0.4[ N ]

Mass and weight Mass and weight Newton's Third Law

● The weight of an object is the gravitational force the earth exerts ● The weight of an object is the gravitational force the earth exerts Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the
on an object. on an object. second object exerts an oppositely directed force of equal
● The mass characterizes the inertial properties of a body.
Physics 71 Lecture Notes ● The mass characterizes the inertial properties of a body.
magnitude on the first object.
Topic 1.11: Newton's Laws of Motion ⃗ A on B
– The bigger the mass, the harder it is to accelerate. – The bigger the mass, the harder it is to accelerate. Object A exerts a force on B: F
-Mass and weight
If the gravitational force of the earth is the only force If the gravitational force of the earth is the only force ⃗ B on A
F
acting on an object, then the object must accelerate: -Newton's Third Law acting on an object, then the object must accelerate:
Object B exerts a force on A:

m The object's acceleration is equal to the acceleration -Free Body Diagram m The object's acceleration is equal to the acceleration Newton's Third Law states:
due to gravity.
Set upward as positive. Applications of Newton's due to gravity.
Set upward as positive.
⃗ A on B =− F
F ⃗ B on A
∑ F⃗ y=m ⃗a y ∑ F⃗ y=m ⃗a y
w
⃗
w
⃗ =m ⃗a y
Laws w
⃗
w
⃗ =m ⃗a y
● The equal sign tells us that the magnitudes of these forces are equal.
The mass of an object The mass of an object
−w ^j=m(−g ^j ) is not changing. The -Particle in Equilibrium −w ^j=m(−g ^j ) is not changing. The
● The negative sign tells us that they are directed oppositely.
w=mg weight varies if g w=mg weight varies if g These forces (F A on B and F B on A) are called action-reaction pair.
changes. changes.

Newton's Third Law Newton's Third Law E1: A physics student in a hot air balloon ascends vertically at constant speed. Contact forces
Consider the following four forces that arise in this situation:
Identify the reaction pair of the following action forces: Identify the reaction pair of the following action forces: F1=the weight of the hot air balloon
Contact forces: forces (or interactions) that occur upon contact.
⃗n surface on block Normal force (n):
F2=the weight of the student
1. The normal force exerted 3. The force exerted by ● A pushing force exerted by the surface on an object.
Pacquiao's fist on Hatton's face. F3=the force of the student pulling on the earth
by the surface on the block: ● It is always perpendicular to the plane of the surface.
F4=the force of the hot air balloon pulling on the student
Ans. The force exerted by the Ans. The force exerted by Normal force acting on the blue box:
block on the surface Hatton's face on Pacquiao's E1.1. Which two forces form an “action-reaction” pair that obeys third law?
⃗n block on surface fist
(a) F1 and F2 (c) F1 and F3 (e) F3 and F4
(b) F2 and F3 (d) F2 and F4 ⃗n 1
2. The weight of block m ⃗n ⃗n
E1.2. Which one of the following relationships concerning the forces or their ⃗n
Ans. By definition: weight is the magnitudes is true
gravitational force of earth on the w
⃗
(a) F4 > F2 (c) F4 >F1 (e) F3 = – F4
object. Thus, the reaction force is ⃗n 2
the gravitational pull of the object ⃗ object on earth (b) F1 < F2 (d) F2 = – F4
F
on earth.

Contact forces Contact forces Contact forces Non contact forces

Contact forces: forces (or interactions) that occur upon contact.
Normal force (n):
● A pushing force exerted by the surface on an object.
Contact forces: forces (or interactions) that occur upon contact. Contact forces: forces (or interactions) that occur upon contact. Non contact forces: these are long-range forces that act even
when the bodies are separated by empty space.
Frictional force (f): Tension force (T):
weight (w):
● Exerted on an object by a surface and acts parallel to the surface. A pulling force exerted by a stretched string/ rope or cable.
●

● The gravitational force of earth on an object.

● It is always perpendicular to the plane of the surface. ● It opposes the relative motion between the surfaces*. Tension force acting on the blue box:
Normal force acting on the blue box:
*there are cases
⃗n The tension acts ● It is always directed downward.
Frictional force acting on the moving blue box: when this is not true.
parallel to the string/
⃗
T ⃗n
⃗f ⃗n rope or cable. ⃗f ⃗n
⃗n 1 ⃗n ⃗n T⃗
⃗n ⃗n w
⃗
⃗n ⃗f ⃗f
⃗f
The block is moving to the w
⃗
The block swings The block is moving w
⃗
The block is moving The block is sliding The block is sliding left (no friction) The block is sliding The block is sliding
⃗n 2 back and forth upward.
to the right down the incline up the incline down the incline up along the incline
 Guidelines in Applying Newton's Laws Free Body Diagram Free Body Diagram Free Body Diagram
● Newton's first and second laws apply to a specific object. Draw the FBD of the hanging block. Take the Draw the FBD of block B and block A.
Draw the FBD of the trunk as it
m1 pulley attached to block as part of the block. No friction on the table but there is
– One Newton's equation per object. accelerates up along a frictionless
ramp. y− axis ● One tension force per string. friction between block A and B. The
Suppose the blocks are in equilibrium, pulley's mass is negligible and
then we should have one vector equation ● Treat the object as a point particle. ⃗n x− axis ● If the pulley has negligible mass (or the pulley is not frictionless.
for m1 and one vector equation for m2. ● Choose a convenient set of axis. rotating), then the tensions are just equal. ● Easy to identify forces on B:
∑ F⃗ on m =0
1
(1) ∑ F⃗ on m =0 2
m2 ● Identify all the forces acting on the y−axis – Applied force FBD on block B
Suppose the blocks are both accelerating, then target object. – Tension
T⃗1 T⃗2 T⃗2
∑ F⃗ on m =m1 ⃗a 1 (2)
1
∑ F⃗ on m =m2 ⃗a 2
2 – Applied force 20.0∘
⃗a
y−axis – Normal force due to the table ⃗n table on B
● Only forces acting on an object matters. – Weight of B
– Normal force w
⃗ ⃗f A on B
The vectors in (1) and (2) are just those forces acting on m1. ⃗
F T⃗
–
– Weight of the trunk
● Forces due to B's interaction with A.
Use the Free Body Diagram (FBD) to analyze the forces acting on T⃗1
●
● Label the forces and indicate explicitly Note: The acceleration – Normal force due to A w
⃗B
each object. vector should not be drawn
their angles about the chosen axis. – Frictional force due to contact with A.
– Do not include the reaction force of concern object with the other concurrently with the forces.
● Note B has a tendency to move to the left
objects. (action-reaction pair must never appear in the FBD) w
⃗ w
⃗ relative to A.
⃗n A on B

Free Body Diagram

● Easy to identify forces on A.
– Normal force due to B
– Tension
– Weight of A
● Friction on A due B: A has a tendency to
move to the right relative to B.
– Or just use Newton's third law.
FBD on block B
FBD on block A;
⃗n B on A E2. Draw the FBD of
block A ⃗n table on B
⃗f B on A T⃗ ⃗f A on B
⃗
F T⃗

w
⃗B
w
⃗A

⃗n A on B