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GRAPHS
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Parameter
ERR
1 pH
2 Conductivity
3 Sulphur
4 Carbonates
5 Bicarbonates
6 Chloride
7 Copper
8 Iron
9 Manganese
10 Zinc
11 Sodium
12 Potassium
13 Calcium
14 Magnesium
15 Boron
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ANALYSIS OF CHIKKABANAVARA LAKE – A CASE STUDY
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Chikkabanavara lake is a naturally formed lake which is located at a distance of 1.5 km north
of Chikkabanavara railway station along Bengaluru – Tumakuru railway line, situated
between Chikkabanavara and Kereguddadhahalli village. It lies between 13008’N and
longitude of 77050.7’E, and is accessible by Hesaraghatta Road from 8th mile (T
Dasarahalli) junction on the Bangalore -Tumkur highway(NH4). The total extent of the lake
is 105 acres and 15 guntas (according to Bangalore Development Authority records). This
lake is situated outside BBMP area (approx. 2km) coming under the custody of BDA
(Bengaluru Development Authority), North Division.
This lake falls in the jurisdiction of Chikkabanavara and Somashettyhalli village

panchayath and covered by following villages:
• Chikkabanavara (67 acres and 32 guntas)
• Somshettyhalli (3 acres and 21 guntas)
• Kereguddadahalli (26 acres and 32 guntas)
• Ganigarahalli (7 acres and 4 guntas)
The Chikkabanavara lake gets water from rain fall having catchment in nearby chimney hills
due to the topography of land the natural in flow runoff water reaches the lake from all the
sides of lake. Figure 1and 2 showing the outline and aerial map of the Chikkabanavara lake.
DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 1

GOOGLE MAP VIEW OF CHIKKABANAVARA LAKE
Figure 1: Outline map of the Chikkabanavara Lake
Figure 2: Google Satellite View of Chikkabanavara Lake

The Chikkabanavara lake has been encroached by the several people. It has been encroached
from all the sides and it h as lost so much of the catchment area. In addition to this several
construction industry people have brought the waste materials from elsewhere and thrown in
the upper region of the lake area. Due to this the natural system of water movement has been
so much disturbed (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Map showing the encroachment of the Lake

1.2 HISTORY
• Chikkabanavara lake is a naturally formed sub watershed which was having an area of
170 acres of watershed (which is now reduced to 105 acres and 15 guntas), Several city
folks who had their farms in Chikkabanavara village therefore still remember that this
lake used to be just around 700 metres from the railway line. The encroachment over the
lake can be gauged from the fact that it has been pushed almost 1.5 km away from the
railway line.
• In past years the lake water was used for irrigation, agricultural, fishing purposes by the
surrounding villages.
• The lake water was even used drinking and cooking by people nearby in the past
decades.
• The water was used to washing clothes by the dobhi (dry cleaners) from surrounding
locality in western part of lake nearby waste weir nearly 10 years before.
1.3 SERIES OF EVENTS FROM THE PAST
• Few decades ago the road which was connecting the Chikkabanavara village and
Abbigere village via Dasappanapalya village is now completely submerged by lake and
became unexisted for nearly two decades from now, it is learnt that the reasons for the
unexistence of road is mainly because of the increase in the volume of water in lake,
encroachment of the lake, and lack of planning for upgradation of bunds and waste weir
of the lake ( Figure 4).

Figure: 4 Details of submerged road to the eastern part of lake
• In 2013, the huge number aquatic life (fishes) were killed due the increase in the
pollution of water, which was also reported in the Prajavani, The Hindu, Deccan Herald
newspapers and in TV news channels about the pollution, in those years Influent on the
eastern part of the lake started producing lather/foam due the entry of the sewage.
• In 2014, the team led by Madhusudhan S, Environmental Officer, Regional Office, T.
Dasarahalli, Bangalore had inspected the lake and its surrounding and the inspection
report was submitted in 2015.
• From 2013-16 it was observed that in the season of Ganesh Chaturthi the gradual
decrease of Ganesh idol immersion than before and in 2017 no Ganesh idol was

immersed, because of water pollution which created very bad smell and solid waste
along the bank of lake which made uneasy for the immersion of the idol. (every year the
arrangements were made on the lake bank for visarjane (immersion of Ganesh idols)
with guard of police but previous year there no such arrangements were done).
• Every 5 years the fishing contract tender has to be called for tender but in this term
there was no fishing tender was called because the report submitted by environmental
officer , KSPCB were mentioned that water in the lake is not fit for growth of fish.
• Recently the fencing had been done along the boundary of the lake to avoid the
further encroaching of the lake and illegal dumping of the solid waste into the lake.

CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 PREVIOUS WORK
As a part of the present work literature survey has been carried out to know /
understanding the watershed development and Hydrological Analysis in the current scenario.
The literature survey is furnished as below:-
1. Kurse (2016), has worked on Morphological analysis of Diyung watershed in

Northeast India using GIS Techniques for Flood Management. The North eastern
region is characterized by undulating terrain and high rainfall. Such condition creates
a situation of flooding in the downstrearn plain area of Assam. The study of terrain
can help in diagnosing the hydrological behavior of any watershed. In the present
study
morphometric analysis was done to determine the drainage characteristics of Diyung
watershed in Kopili river basin using topographic maps and GIS tools. The
morphometric analysis indicates high value of streatn density, stream length ratio,
bifurcation ratio, RHO coefficient, stream frequency, (.ralilage density, indicative of
high run off generation capabilities of the watershed. high runoff from the watershed
is the main reason for the downstream areas. Based on the results, structural and non-
structural measures are proposed to mitigate the impacts of flood events.
2. Bharadwaj et.al. (2014), have worked on Morphometric Analysis of Adyar

watershed. Adyar watershed in the Chennai basin was taken up for the study. This
study with the aid of GIS tools, several morphometric parameters were determined to
understand the nature, landscape development and hydrologic responses of Adyar
watershed. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) has become
an efficient tool in delineation of drainage pattern and water resources management
and its planning. The Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data is used for the
morphometric analysis of the watershed to derive linear, relief, and aerial aspects.
Strahler's stream ordering techniques and analysis were followed for further analysis.

This study would be of assistance to utilize the resources for sustainable development
of the watershed.
3. Nageswara Rao et.al. (2010) have worked on Morphometric Analysis of Gostani

River Basin in Andhra Pradesh State, India Using Spatial Information Technology.
GIS and image processing techniques have been adopted for the identification of
morphological features and analysing their properties of the Lower Gostani River
Basin (LGRB) area in Andhra Pradesh state, India. The basin morphometric
parameters such as linear and aerial aspects of the river basin were determined and
computed. The area is occupiedby96% khondalite group (quartz, feldspar, garnet,
gneiss) of rocks. It is 7th order drainage basin and drainage pattern mainly in sub-
dendritic to dendritic type. It is observed that the drainage density value is low which
indicates the basin is highly permeable subsoil land thick vegetative cover. The
circularity ratio value reveals that the basin is strongly elongated and highly
permeable homogenous geologic materials. This study would help the local people to
utilize the resources for sustainable development of the basin area.
4. Prasad, (2011), has studied on the Status of drainages and water bodies in and
around Bangalore has been studied based particularly on the Yele Mallapa Shetty kare
(YMSK) watershed and Arkavathi basin. The studies of toposheets on 125,000 scale
and remote sensing data reveals that Y SMK consists of 195 water bodies (including
tiny water bodies). But over the years several small other streams are missing and
innumerable large water bodies have vanished due to urbanization. Groundwater too,
is overexploited. Making use of major tank in around Bangalore is inevitable. it is felt
that conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater in the region is now essential to
cater to the growing water demand of the city. The necessitates restoration
conservation and maintenance of surface water bodies conjunctively with
augmentation of groundwater through artificial recharge. An action plan has been
suggested for the construction of recharge structure based on the potentiality of the
subsurface formations. Artificial recharge from the water bodies dried up dug wells,
borewells and roof water harvesting has been recommended. A pioneering attempt has

been made with integrated approach to assess and analyses the status of surface water
bodies in the YMSK watershed and delineate the zones of artificial recharge in
Arkavathi basin using the thematic maps generated by remote sensing and
hydrogeological information on GIS platform. A step procedure in the study has been
presented in the paper.
5. Chandan and Prasad, (2014), have studied on urbanization and its effects on Water
resources in Yele Mallappa Shetty Kere watershed, Bengaluru, Nonh taluk Using
Remote sensing and GIS. The study area comprises of Hebbal and Rachenahalli
valley. The present condition of storm water drains, surface water bodies and the
quality of the ground water has been studied in Yele Mallappa Shetty Kere (YMSK)
watershed.1st order streams area encroached in developing of layouts and surface
water bodies vanished due to urbanization. The study of toposheets (l :50,000) reveals
YMSK consists of 86 water bodies (WB) in 286 km2 . The urbanized area covers the
town places like satellite town Yelahanka in north; Hebbal in south east
Krishnarajapuram in the west. The effect of urbanization has created the havoc to the
storm water drains, surface water and quality of ground water. RS and GIS
effectively used in finding for streams encroachment.

2.2 SOIL, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
Red loamy and laterite soils generally occur in the study the pediplan form the major part
underlain by granite and gneisses with the avg. elevation of 900mts MSL most part of the
pediplan constitute low relief are having matured dissected rolling topography with erosional
land slope covered by a layer of red loamy soil of varied thickness. Major part of the
pediplans is dissected by streamlets flowin in north-south direction.
The area is predominately underlined by granites and gneisses with rarely packets of schstose
rocks and migmatates of archean age. The hard rocks have undergone alteration and
decomposition in some places of the study area producing a weathered zone ranging in
thickness from 10-30mgenerally and occasionally up to 60m down below ground level.
2.3 HYDROGEOLOGY
Wtaer is an important component of the entire life on the earth, The city of Bngalore is
underlined by the granitic gneisses and the gneisses and have been intruded by the dolerite
dykes The occurrence of migmatite, which is unique rocks is also reported at certain places
in the studya raea. The gneisses and existing granites are highly fractured and fissured and
forms as place for the storage of groundwater. In addition to this the city of Bngalore is
receiving the good amount of rainfall annually.. Since the city has been built on the
undulatory terrain several tanks have constructed to arrest the flowing water. This arrested
water has been used for the domestic, agriculture and irrigation pur[oses in olden days. But
due to fast urbanisation several tanks have been converted into lavel grounds and concrete
buildings, which inturn reduces the infiltration of the surface water during the rainy
season.Figure 5 showing the urban district of the Bngalore city.

Figure 5: Map showing the Bengaluru urban district.
To understand the status of Chikkabanavara sub-watershed the following methodologies have

been adopted and their details are given below:
• Preparation of Topographic map.

• Reconnaissance and detail field visit to the catchment area of the watershed.
• Morphometric analysis of the catchment area.
• Hydrological analysis of the watershed.

Preparation of Topographic Map
In order to successfully delineate a watershed boundary, we need to visualise the landscape as

represented by topographic map. This is not difficult once the following basic concepts of the
topographic maps are understood .Each contour line on a topographic map represents a ground
elevation or vertical distance above a reference point such as sea level. A contour line is level
with respect to the earth surface just like the top of the building foundation. All the along any
one contour line are at tie same elevation the difference in elevation between two contour
adjacent contour of call the contour interval. This typically given in the map legend it
represents vertical distance you would need to claim or the descend from contour elevation to
next. The horizontal distance between contour on the other hand is determined between the
steepness of the landscape and can vary greatly on a given map on relatively flat ground 220ft
contour can be far be far apart horizontally. on a steep cliff face 220ft contours might be
directly above and below each other. In each case a vertical distance between the encounter
lines would still be 20 ft.one of the easiest landscapes to visualise on a topographic map is an
isolated hill. If tis hill is more or less circular the map will show it as series of more or less
concentric circles. Imagine that a surveyor actually marks this contour lines onto the ground.
if two people starts walking in opposite direction on the same contour line, beginning at point
A, there will eventually meet face to face . if these same two people start out in opposite
direction on different contour, beginning at point A and B respectively, they will pass each
other on somewhere on hill and there vertical distance apart would remain 20 feet .there
horizontal distance apart could be great or small depending on the steepness of the hill side
where they pass.
Keeping the above, mentioned factors in mind geomorphology and drainage maps of the area
12were prepared by using survey of India topographical sheets (1; 50,000 scale) (D43R/12-
57G/12&D43R/8-57G/8)
Various morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial, and relief aspects of the basin were
computed the different morphometric parameters were determined by using the standard
methodologies.
On the basis of values of the various morphometric parameters , the condition of the basin
was concluded and explained in detail in morphometric analysis.

Morphometric Analysis of Catchment area
Basin or drainage basin area of the earth’s surface which drains a single river system the
boundaries of the basin are formed by watersheds that separate it from adjacent area drainage
into other rivwrs . the size and shape of a basin are usually determined by the underlyinmg
gwology . the pattern and density of streams and rivers drainage the basin depends not only
on geological structure , but also on land surface relief , climate, soil types , vegetation , and
increasingly human impacts on the basin environment.
Basin are the major the feature are the landscapes and over most of the world’s continents,
landscape- forming process are dominated by full erosion , transport , and deposition.
Flood hazards and water resources are also best assessed and ,anaged using a basin wide
approach ,because the input , storage , and out put of water within a basin can be measured ,
budgeted and modelled analytically in addition pieceme approachs have been found to solve
one problem in advertenly generating others elsewhere in the drainage . consequently,
integrated basin management is recognised as the best practice in the water resource develop
and river regulation .
Hydrological Analysis
Hydrology place an important role in developing watershed (Subramaian and Raghupathi

2013) such as structural and hydrolic design, municipal and industrial water supply,
irrigation, power, flood control, navigation , erosion and pollution control. Keeping the above
said parameters in mind the Chikkabanavara sub-watershed subjected for hydrological
analysis by collecting rainfall and water level fluctuation data of the catchment.

CHAPTER - 3
RECONAISSANCE SURVEY
3.1 PRESENT CONDITION
Reconnaissance and detail field visit to the catchment area of the watershed were made in and
around Chikkabanvara sub-watershed. This is required to gather information about the
present condition of the watershed. photographs taken during the field visit (Figure
6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14) and geophysical investigation, few photographs are taken on field
visit are given at last.
• The once serene village has speedily got into the urban enfoldment of Bengaluru over
last two decades the entire are has been a construction boom and every patch of land
has been taken by the builders.
• Lot of residential and commercial developments has taken place around the lake
according to the lake development authority records of the 170 acres of water spread
of Chikkabanavara lake 4.6 acres has already been encroached .
• The Chikkabanavara lake having two influents points
a. Influents entering at the southern side of the lake from the stream passing through
nearby area of Somsashetty halli and Kereguddahalli.
b. Influents enterning at the eastern side of the lake from stream passing through nearby
areas of Shettihalli, Medarahalli, Chikkasandra, Chikkabanavara and western part of
abbigere.
• The entire area of Somshettihali, Kereguddadahalli, Shettihalli, Medarahalli
Chikkasandra, Chikkabanavara and western part of Abbigere are not provided with
underground drainages and the sewage is discharged outside to the streams.
• A sewage pumping station at Medarahalli was installed but not in operation. The
sewage pumping station is located at 650m from the lake. upon getting from the
BWSSB officials it is clear that they had planned to pump the sewage from all the
above areas to BWSSB STP at Nagasandra through three pumping stations at
Medarhalii and Bagalagunte but since these areas are not provided with underground

drainage facility the pumping stations are not receiving any sewage hence the stations
are not in operation and defunct.
• To make matter worse the Chikkabanavara and Somashettyhalli Gramapanchayathi

not have an underground sewage and only one third of the house have a sanitary it(
soaking pit).
• From the officials of Chikkabanavara village panchayathi its learnt that there is illegal
dumping of solid waste from surrounding BBMP areas and there is inflow of sewage
to the lake from the nearby area coming under BBMP jurisdiction ward no.12 BBMP
areas.
• The domestic waste is let into the lake directly and untreated this is being a sure
recipe for the death of a lake that is source of drinking water, irrigation, fishing spot
picnic spot for surrounding villages and farm and a source for keeping the ground
aquifers charged besides hosting a great variety of aquatic and avian life.
• Most of the apartments like DSMAX, lake view apartment, Indradhanush Apartments,
Janapriya Aprtments, Mahavver desire apartments, have been contributor of sewage
discharge directly into the Chikkabanavara lake without proper treatment. Even
though some of these apartments having the consent of KSPCB own in house STP , it
was found non-operative during inspection.
• During inspection, it was found that there were solid waste (plastic debris, thermocole
waste, domestic organic waste etc.) dumped along the tank bed area.
• the local gram panchayath have not taken any measures to prevent the entry of sewage
into the lake and also to prevent the dumping of solid waste surround the lake the
officials expressed their expressed their helplessness to sort out this matter.
• The major portion of the lake is filled with weeds and other plants thereby reducing
the depth and catchment area of the tank.

Figure 6: West side view of the Chikkabanavara lake.
Figure 7: West side view of lake’s bund showing growth of weed.

Figure 8: Waste weir of lake showing the improper maintainence.
Figure 9: Completely submerged with weeds in the lake.

Figure 10: South side view of the lake.
Figure 11: East side view of the lake.

Figure 12: Photo showing the inflow of sewage in to lake.
Figure 13: Photo showing the garbage on the bank of the lake.

CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY
As on the overlook and detailed field visit of the in and around the lake it
confirmed the lake subjected so many problems as the initial step for finding out
the detail property of the quality of the lake water , samples were taken at
shown below points.
Figure 14: Sites of water samples taken (Red points the above map indicates the lake water
sampling point, Blue point on the map indicates the ground water adjacent to lake, Green
point on the map indicate the drinking water supplied to the residents around the village.The
type of sampling was grab sampling on 14-03-2018(Wednesday) started at 10:00 AM

4.1 Test Reports of Samples
The samples were tested in laboratory of NBSS & LUP, Hebbal, Bngalore and the omponents
analysed are pH , conductivity were find out by digital pH meter Carbonates and bi-
carbonates , chloride parameters were calculated by titration method.Macro and micro
nutrients were calculated by spectrophoto meter. The results of the samples analysed have
been shown in the Table 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7..
Table 1: Showing in the Results of the Water sample 1 of the lake.
QUALITY
SLNO PARAMETERS UNITS RESULTS
STANDARDS
1 pH pH 7.01 6.5-8.5
2 Conductivity ms/cm 1.56 0.05

3 Sulphur ppm 9.722 150
4 Carbonates ppm 0 500
5 Bicarbonates ppm 560.224 91.5
6 Chloride ppm 392 250
7 Copper ppm 0.21 0.05
8 Iron ppm 1.05 0.3
9 Manganese ppm 0.84 0.1
10 Zinc ppm 0.84 5.0
11 Sodium ppm 88.032 250
12 Potassium ppm 6.174 20
13 Calcium ppm 151.41 75
14 Magnesium ppm 55.65 30
15 Boron ppm 1.68 0.5-1.5

Table 2: Showing in the Results of the Water sample 2 of the lake

QUALITY
STANDARDS
1 pH pH 7.72 6.5-8.5
4 Carbonates ppm 26.88 500
8 Iron ppm 1.05 0.3
10 Zinc ppm 0.84 5.0
11 Sodium ppm 298.389 250
15 Boron ppm 11.76 0.5-1.5

QUALITY
STANDARDS
1 pH pH 8.00 6.5-8.5

8 Iron ppm 0.84 0.3
10 Zinc ppm 0.21 5.0
11 Sodium ppm 312.69 250
15 Boron ppm 10.5 0.5-1.5

QUALITY
STANDARDS
1 pH pH 8.16 6.5-8.5
8 Iron ppm 1.05 0.3
10 Zinc ppm 0.21 5.0
11 Sodium ppm 288.939 250
15 Boron ppm 10.92 0.5-1.5

QUALITY
STANDARDS
1 pH pH 8.07 6.5-8.5
8 Iron ppm 1.68 0.3
10 Zinc ppm 0.42 5.0
11 Sodium ppm 471.534 250
15 Boron ppm 12.6 0.5-1.5

QUALITY
STANDARDS
1 pH pH 8.07 6.5-8.5
8 Iron ppm 2.94 0.3
10 Zinc ppm 0.21 5.0
11 Sodium ppm 257.544 250
15 Boron ppm 7.56 0.5-1.5

SLNO PARAMETERS UNITS RESULTS QUALITY

STANDARD
1 pH pH 7.41 6.5-8.5
6 Chloride ppm 383.40 250
8 Iron ppm 4.83 0.3
10 Zinc ppm 0 5.0
11 Sodium ppm 121.947 250
15 Boron ppm 1.26 0.5-1.5

4.2 Determination of Water Class
In 2014 the sample test conducted by environmental officer from KSPCB , the sample’s
water quality interference for “E” , in sapn of 4 years the pollution had been increased to
1.5times and lot of changes took place with respect to geographical, population, inflow of
sewage. As a result the above sample test resultsthe water quality interference conforms to
“below E”.
Class of Designated Best Use

water
A Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after

disinfection
B Outdoor bathing (organised)
C Drinking water source after conventional water treatment and disinfection
D Propagation wildlife and fisheries
E Irrigation, industrial coolant, controlled waste disposal
Below E Not meeting A , B , C , D & E Criteria

4.3 Significance and Comparison of each Parameter
Results declared were very likely to confirm that water in the lake is polluted, when
compared it to previous report of the test by S Madhusudhan in 2018 the level of the
pollution and concentration the pollution is very high.
As per the result of all samples taken at various clearly indicates that the lake is polluted but
knowing the sources and traces of the pollution is very important hence the graphs is plotted
with respect to the samples in X direction and values of the parameter in Y direction.
Therefore, the parameters are compared along with others samples this done to know the
concentration level of the pollutants in water.

pH
pH is a measure of the acidic or basic (alkaline) nature of a solution (concentration of the

hydrogen ion [H+] activity in a solution determines the pH). The pH scale ranges from 0 to
14, which is the most acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and 14 is the most alkaline. Alkalinity
and pH are two important factors in determining the suitability of water for irrigating
plants. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in water or other liquids.
Alkalinity is a measure of the water's ability to neutralize acidity.
Ph-scale
8.4
8.2
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
6.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 14: Graph showing the variation of pH for the water samples analysed.

Electrical Conductivity
It is measure the water's ability to conduct electricity. Common ions in water that
conduct electrical current include sodium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium elements.
Because dissolved salts and other inorganic chemicals conduct
electrical current, conductivity increases as salinity increases.
EC-ms/cm
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 15: Graph showing the variation of Electrical conductivity for the water samples
analysed.
Permissible limits
Drinking water 0.005 – 0.05 S/m.

Sea water 5 S/m

Sulphur (S)
Sulphur (S), the tenth most abundant element in the universe, is a brittle, yellow, tasteless,
odorless non-metallic element in the Chalcogen group on the periodic table. Sulfur has the
atomic number 16, and an atomic weight of 32.065 and is a component in proteins and
vitamins and as such it is a vital component of living systems. It plays a critical role in
climate and the health of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Sulfur is also found in coal,
oil, and natural gas.
Sulphur-ppm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 16: Graph showing the variation of Sulphur for the water samples analysed.
Permissible limits
Sulfate is classified under the secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) standards. The
SMCL for sulfate in drinking water is 250 milligrams per liter (mg/l), sometimes expressed
as 250 parts per million (ppm)

Parameter-Carbonates
Carbonates-ppm
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 17: Graph showing the variation of Carbonates for the water samples analysed.
In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO2(aq), is the main form, which, with
water, H2O, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid – the equilibrium lies strongly
towards carbon dioxide. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly basic,
while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid.

bicarbonates
Bicarbonates-ppm
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 18: Graph showing the variation of Bicarbonates for the water samples analysed.
In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO2(aq), is the main form, which, with
water, H2O, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid – the equilibrium lies strongly
towards carbon dioxide. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly
basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid.
Bicarbonate (HCO3) hazard of irrigation water (meq/L)
None Slight to Moderate Severe
(meq/L) <1.5 1.5-7.5 >7.5
RSC <1.25 1.25 to 2.5 >2.5

chloride
Chloride-ppm
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 19: Graph showing the variation of Chlorides for the water samples analysed
Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often very soluble in water. It is an essential
electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance,
transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid in and out of cells.

Copper (cu)
Copper-ppm
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 20: Graph showing the variation of Copper for the water samples analysed
According to WHO 1984 and Indian standard drinking water specification 1991 the
maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 ppm and highest desirable
limit is 1.0 ppm. Fluoride concentrations above 1.5 ppm in drinking water cause dental
fluorosis and much higher concentration skeletal fluorosis.

Iron (Fe)
Iron-ppm
6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 21: Graph showing the variation of Iron for the water samples analysed
In a mineralized spring water with a total dissolved solids content of 500 mg/litre, the taste
threshold value was 0.12 mg/litre. In well-water, iron concentrations below 0.3 mg/litre were
characterized as unnoticeable, whereas levels of 0.3–3 mg/litre were found acceptable (E.
Dahi, personal communication, 1991).

Manganese (Mn)
Manganese-ppm
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-5
Figure 22: Graph showing the variation of Manganese for the water samples analysed
Manganese occurs naturally in many surface water and groundwater sources and in soils that
may erode into these waters. However, human activities are also responsible for much of the
manganese contamination in water in some areas.

Zinc (Zn)
Zinc-ppm
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 23: Graph showing the variation of Zinc for the water samples analysed
In natural surface waters, the concentration of zinc is usually below 10 µg/litre, and in ground
water 10– 40 µg/litre (1). In tap water, the zinc concentration can be much higher as a result
of the leaching of zinc from piping and fittings (2). The most corrosive waters are those of
low pH, high carbon dioxide content, and low mineral salts content. In a Finnish survey of
67% of public water supplies, the median zinc content in water samples taken upstream and
downstream of the waterworks was below 20 µg/litre; much higher concentrations were
found in tap water, the highest being 1.1 mg/litre (8). Even higher zinc concentrations (up to
24 mg/litre) were reported in a Finnish survey of water from almost 6000 wells (9)

Sodium
Sodium-ppm
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 24: Graph showing the variation of Zinc for the water samples analysed
The sodium ion is ubiquitous in water. Most water supplies contain less than 20 mg of
sodium per litre, but in some countries levels can exceed 250 mg/litre. Saline intrusion,
mineral deposits, seawater spray, sewage effluents, and salt used in road de-icing can all
contribute significant quantities of sodium to water. In addition, water-treatment chemicals,
such as sodium fluoride, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hypochlorite, can together result in
sodium levels as high as 30 mg/litre. Domestic water softeners can give levels of over 300
mg/litre,

Potassium (k)
Potassium-ppm
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 25: Graph showing the variation of Potassium for the water samples analysed
Potassium is an essential element in humans and is seldom, if ever, found in drinkingwater at

levels that could be a concern for healthy humans. It occurs widely in the environment,
including all natural waters. It can also occur in drinking-water as a consequence of the use of
potassium permanganate as an oxidant in water treatment. In some countries, potassium
chloride is being used in ion exchange for household water softening in place of, or mixed
with, sodium chloride, so potassium ions would exchange with calcium and magnesium ions.
Possible replacement or partial replacement of sodium salts with potassium salts for
conditioning desalinated water has been suggested. The latter seems to be an unlikely
development at this stage, in view of the cost difference.

Calcium (Ca)
Calcium-ppm
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 26: Graph showing the variation of Calcium for the water samples analysed
This reaction forms calcium hydroxide that dissolves in water as a soda, and hydrogen gas.
Other important calcium reaction mechanisms are erosion reactions. These usually occur
when carbon dioxide is present. Under normal conditions calcium carbonate
is water insoluble. Over 99% of total body calcium is found in bones and teeth, where it
functions as a key structural element. The remaining body calcium functions in metabolism,
serving as a signal for vital physiological processes, including vascular contraction, blood
clotting, muscle contraction and nerve transmission. Inadequate intakes of calcium have been
associated with increased risks of osteoporosis, nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), colorectal
cancer, hypertension and stroke, coronary artery disease, insulin resistance and obesity. Most
of these disorders have treatments but no cures. Owing to a lack of compelling evidence for
the role of calcium as a single contributory element in relation to these diseases, estimates of
calcium requirement have been made on the basis of bone health outcomes, with the goal of
optimizing bone mineral density. Calcium is unique among nutrients, in that the body’s
reserve is also functional: increasing bone mass is linearly related to reduction in fracture
risk.

Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium-ppm
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 27: Graph showing the variation of Magnesium for the water samples analysed
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and the second most abundant
cation in intracellular fluid. It is a cofactor for some 350 cellular enzymes, many of which are
involved in energy metabolism. It is also involved in protein and nucleic acid synthesis and is
needed for normal vascular tone and insulin sensitivity. Low magnesium levels are associated
with endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular reactions, elevated circulating levels of
creactive protein and decreased insulin sensitivity. Low magnesium status has been
implicated in hypertension, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic
syndrome.
The natural borate content of groundwater and surface water is usually small. The borate
content of surface water can be significantly increased as a result of wastewater discharges,
because borate compounds are ingredients of domestic washing agents (ISO, 1990). Naturally
occurring boron is present in groundwater primarily as a result of leaching from rocks and
soils containing borates and boro-silicates. Concentrations of boron in groundwater
throughout the world range widely, from 100 mg/litre.

boron
Boron-ppm
14
12
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 28: Graph showing the variation of Boran for the water samples analysed
In general, concentrations of boron in Europe were greatest in southern Europe (Italy, Spain)
and least in northern Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United
Kingdom). For Italy and Spain, mean boron concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/litre.
Values ranged up to approximately 0.6 mg/litre in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom,
and approximately 90% of samples in Denmark, France, and Germany were found to contain
boron at concentrations below 0.3, 0.3, and 0.1 mg/litre, respectively (WHO, in press).
Monthly mean values of boron in the Ruhr River, Germany, ranged from 0.31 to 0.37
mg/litre in a survey conducted during 1992–1995 (Haberer, 1996).

As the test results says that most of the parameters in the water is above the standard limits,
hence it is clear indication of pollution, the concentration of several parameters with extreme
limit are as follows:
Bicarbonates is in severe limit in both lake water and ground water, the desirable limit is
93.75ppm and severe limit less than 457.5ppm, as the graph shows the concentration is
higher at sampling site no. 4 (at waste weir) that is 1489.37ppm and all samples are
exhibiting above 200ppm.
Chloride is above desirable limit in all sample we have tested but within the permissible limit
1000mg/l or ppm.
Iron is more than permissible limit in ground water. In well-water, iron concentrations below
0.3 mg/litre were characterized as unnoticeable, whereas levels of 0.3–3 mg/litre were found
acceptable, but here in sample no. 7 the iron concentration is higher than permissible limit
that is 1mg/l , the maximum recorded is 4.83 ppm at sample no. 7 ground water ( open well).
Manganese is in extreme limit in ground water ( open well ) sample no.7 , sample no.1 and
sample no. 2 are within desirable limit and other sample are higher than permissible limit.
Boron is higher than permissible limit that 1.5 mg/l the higher concentration of the boron
was recorded was 12.6ppm at sample no.5 ( sewage inflow), boron is at desirable limit at
ground water (open well).

4.4 Health Effects Of Chemical Parameters

4.4 Health Effects Of Chemical Parameters

CHAPTER - 5
MAJOR PROBLEMS
5.1 General
As the test report clearly indicates that lake as been polluted brutally by inflow sewage and
dumping of solid waste in to the lake, and addition to this the lake is subjected to
encroachment in all possible sides.
The major problems are as follows: -
• Water pollution
• Encroachment
5.2 Causes for Major Problems
• The once serene village has speedily got into the urban enfoldment of Bengaluru over
last two decades the entire are has been a construction boom and every patch of land
has been taken by the builders.
• Lot of residential and commercial developments has taken place around the lake
according to the lake development authority records of the 170 acres of water spread
of Chikkabanavara lake 4.6 acres has already been encroached.
• The Chikkabanavara lake having two influents points
c. Influents entering at the southern side of the lake from the stream passing through
nearby area of Somsashetty halli and Kereguddahalli.
d. Influents entering at the eastern side of the lake from stream passing through nearby
areas of Shettihalli, Medarahalli, Chikkasandra, Chikkabanavara and western part of
Abbigere.
• The entire area of Somshettihali, Kereguddadahalli, Shettihalli Medarahalli
Chikkasandra, Chikkabanavara and western part of Abbigere are not provided with
underground drainages and the sewage is discharged outside to the streams.
• A sewage pumping station at Medarahalli was installed but not in operation. The
sewage pumping station is located at 650m from the lake. upon getting from the
BWSSB officials it is clear that they had planned to pump the sewage from all the

above areas to BWSSB STP at Nagasandra through three pumping stations at

Medarhalii and Bagalagunte but since these areas are not provided with underground
drainage facility
• the pumping stations are not receiving any sewage hence the stations are not in
operation and defunct.
• To make matter worse the Chikkabanavara and Somashettyhalli Gramapanchayathi
not have an underground sewage and only one third of the house have a sanitary it(
soaking pit).
• From the officials of Chikkabanavara village Panchayathi its learnt that there is illegal
dumping of solid waste from surrounding BBMP areas and there is inflow of sewage
to the lake from the nearby area coming under BBMP jurisdiction ward no.12 BBMP
areas.
• The domestic waste is let into the lake directly and untreated this is being a sure
recipe for the death of a lake that is source of drinking water, irrigation, fishing spot
picnic spot for surrounding villages and farm and a source for keeping the ground
aquifers charged besides hosting a great variety of aquatic and avian life.
• Most of the apartments like DSMAX, lake view apartment, Indradhanush Apartments,
Janapriya Apartments, Mahaveer Desire aApartments, have been contributor of
sewage discharge directly into the Chikkabanavara lake without proper treatment.
Even though some of these apartments having the consent of KSPCB own in house
STP , it was found non-operative during the visit.
• During visit, it was found that there were solid waste (plastic debris, thermocole
(plastic) waste, domestic organic waste etc.) dumped along the tank bed area.
• the local gram panchayath have not taken any measures to prevent the entry of sewage
into the lake and also to prevent the dumping of solid waste surround the lake the
officials expressed their expressed their helplessness to sort out this matter.
• The major portion of the lake is filled with weeds and other plants thereby reducing
the depth and catchment area of the tank.
The shaded portion in the picture above resembles the encroachment the shaded red colour
indicates the encroachment done by public Shaded blue color indicates the encroachment by
government building ( market shed , temple , road)

5.3 Effects
• The major problem faced by the water pollution the death of the aquatic and life avian
life (Figure 30).
• Around the lake the poisonous water kills not only the fish and animals but the
vegetation around the lake (Figure 29). .
Figure 29: Photo showing the dead fish in the lake due to pollution
Figure 30: Photo showing the migrating birds in the lake

• Its been noticed that from the time the lake is pollutin the trees which are there
healthy were been completely found dead these days
• The greenery found around the ake is depleting nowa days affecting the health of both
human and birds , animals, the place which has to be bird sanctuary is now
outnumbered with birds and greens
• The foul smell took almost all side of the lake up to 150-200 mts away from the lake
creating hard live and affecting their health
• The pollution of water encouraging the growth of the weeds (Figure 31) which in
return the deoxygenation of the lake is decreased and this is furthered encouraged the
growth of the mosquitos and insects which in returns is vulnerable for human health
surrounding the lake.
Figure 31 and 32: Photos showing the growth of weed and plastic waste in the lake.
• The dumping of the solid waste results in reduction of the depth of the water level
which uneconomical (Figure 32).

• The ground water at depth of the 50ft is directly polluted by pollution gives bad smell
and contains heavy metals in it.
5.4 Effects of Water Pollution on Groundwater
As the results plotted on the graphs shows the concentration of the metals in the ground water
in the graph no.8 and no. 9 clearly indicates the heavy concentration of metals which is very
serious problem in consuming, though the open well ground water sample which is used for
only curing , gardening and agricultural use the water with this high concentration of heavy
metal is serious threat for environment.

CHAPTER - 6
MINOR PROBLEMS
6.1 General
the lake is faced by so many problems where as the minor problems is also one of them these
problems maybe seasonal, throughout the year or rare in case. The minor problem faced by
the Chikkabanavara lake is
• Growth of weed
• Unawareness
6.2 Causes
The growth of weeds on the surface of the water is most often and common but in large
quantity of weeds on the lake is harmful to both humans and aquatic life, the main reason for
the growth of the weed is pollution of water.
Figure 33: Photo showing the growth of Pista plant in the lake.
Pistia is a genus of aquatic plant in the arum family, Araceae. The single species it
comprises, Pistia stratiotes is often called water cabbage, water lettuce, Nile cabbage,
or shellflower (Figure 33),.

Pistia is among the world's most productive freshwater aquatic plants and considered an
invasive species. In waters with high nutrient content, particularly those that have been
contaminated with human loading of sewage or fertilizers, water lettuce can often exhibit
weedy overgrowth behaviour. It may also commonly become weedy in hydrologically altered
systems such as canals and reservoirs.
Aquatic plants growing in ponds and lakes are beneficial for fish and wildlife. They provide
food, dissolved oxygen, and spawning and nesting habitat for fish and waterfowl. Aquatic
plants can trap excessive nutrients and detoxify chemicals. Aquatic wildflowers such as the
water lily are sold and planted to provide floral beauty to garden ponds.
6.3 Effects of growth of Weeds
• However, dense growths (over 25% of the surface area) of algae and other water
plants can seriously interfere with pond recreation and threaten aquatic life.
• Water plants can restrict swimming, boating, fishing, and other water sports. Water
plants can impart unpleasant taste (musty flavor), decaying vegetation emits offensive
odors (rotten egg smell), and algae can discolor pond waters.
• Dense growths of plants can cause night time oxygen depletion and fish kills. Green
plants produce oxygen in sunlight, but they consume oxygen at night.
• Decomposing water weeds can deplete the oxygen supply, resulting in sport fish kills
from suffocation. Dense plant growths can provide too much cover, preventing
predation, and leading to stunted (small-sized) sportfish populations.
Main problems by growth of Aquatic Plants are
• Restricted recreation
• Fish kills
• Fish flavor problems
• Pond water odor problems
• Drinking water taste problem
• Stunted fish growth
• Growth of mosquitos and insects

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The study on analysis of Chikkabanavara lake which is located in Bengaluru north, 1.5 km
from Chikkabanavara Railway Station gives us the reference about how the rapid
urbanization, water pollution , encroachment , unawareness resulted in mass declination of
quality of water , effects on environment and its appearance and decrease capacity of
catchment.
Hence by all the deep study on analysis of Chikkabanavara lake we come to conclusion that
lake is highly polluted by sewage water and solid waste and the lake is already lost part of its
land to encroachment and still being loosed, if the following activity is continued to future the
Chikkabanavara lake is going to be complicated problem most likely irreparable problem for
the surrounding human settlement.
We came to know that combination of both siltation and encroachment leading polluted lake
water to reach the weir level sooner and surplus water is being flowing towards the
Arkavathy river through natural canal system and which leads to pollution of Arkavathy river
too.
The recommendation and remedies has to be taken for betterment of Chikkabanavara lake
has been discussed in the next Chapter on Remedies and Recommendations..

CHAPTER 8
REMEDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. For Major Problems
As it is seen the sample test results says the overall water quality criteria of the sample is
given “E” hence the water is highly polluted following remedies should be followed to avoid
and minimize the effect of problems.
1. Sewage Treatment Plant and under ground drainage system
Most urban regions around the Chikkabanavara lake are served by domestic sewer systems
that collect sewer waste to a central collection point for treatment after which it is emptied
into lake, here by we recommend the underground drainage system to nearby surrounding
area which connects sewage treatment plant.
2. Diversion canals
Diversion sewage canals- in spite of there is an treatment plant the plant is defunct because of
not enough amount of sewage is reaching into plant because the lake is having the inflow of
sewage from many points including two major inlets all-round the lake which very difficult
avoid the inflow of sewage in urbanizing and busy village, hence the sewage has to be
diverted in to one main stream towards treatment plant by diversion canals making the inflow
of sewage into lake is zero percent.
3. Anti-pollution Laws and Policies for encroachment
Anti-pollution laws and regulations at local, state and international levels are perfect
measures for curtailing water pollution. Laws have always played an excellent role to ensure
water pollution levels are kept to the minimum. Environmental protection policies such as the
Clean Water Acts work to ensure that anti-pollution laws are affected and apply to all
significant waters including ground water.

As the people so far hasn’t been used to have rule, regulations for polluting the lake, this
remedy can be the best tool to avoid unauthorized, illegal dumping of solid waste and flow of
solid matters into lake without proper treatment, and the encroachment has to strictly avoided
and recovered very soon, in case of the Chikkabanavara lake the place treatment plant likely
to be unavailable because of the urbanizing effect hence these already encroached and
landfilled areas can be used for the construction of the treatment plans
4. Zero tolerance for pollution
The pollution in water bodies in the area like chikkabanavara has to be zero tolerated by
authority has to developed, has very small period of pollution results in problem for several
days and weeks. Hence the pollution has to strictly banished immediately. the buffer zone has
to be set by the authority and fenced the boundary of the lake
5..Individual Efforts and Educative Campaigns
This has to be done by authorities as the lake is always vulnerable for pollution and creating
the awareness in the public, people, and authority employee is the best method so that to
some extent of risks of pollution can be reduced ,as the lake is always polluted with domestic
waster which majorly household waste
hence the public is aware of these following measure the chance of pollution lake is reduced
:-
• The need to use waste bins by never throwing rubbish into riversides, beaches or
water bodies.
• Wise use of water can also reduce the amount of wastewater that will require
treatment.
• Avoiding throwing of oils, paints, chemicals and medicines in sink drain or toilet
can as well contribute to reducing the dangers of water pollution. Waste consumer
products and utilities such as drugs, battery cells, and other chemical wastes can be
disposed at designated disposal points where the relevant authorities can collect
and dispose them effectively.
• Use of more environmentally friendly consumer products at home and in public
places can also considerably relieve the pollution burden.
• From the Panchyath side the lake has to be taken care with frequent de
siltation and monthly based check for sewage leak into lake.

B. For minor problems
Minor problems consisting of majorly growth of weeds and unawareness in

Chikkabanavara lake, Individual Efforts and Educative Campaigns has to be done to
create aware of the importance of lake
1.Prevention and Watershed Management
Prevention is the best way to reduce aquatic plant problems. It is cheaper and easier to
prevent weed growth than to control weeds in your pond. Constructing ponds with steep
slopes that drop quickly into deep water can prevent weeds from rooting. Construction of a
sediment basin upstream of a pond or lake will trap out soil and maintain pond depth. Soil
erosion and fertilizer runoff (including livestock wastes) are the two major causes of water
weeds. Soil erosion magnifies the weed problems. Eroded soil particles not only make the
pond shallower and allow rooted weeds to quickly invade, but soil particles also transport
fertilizer (adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus) that further stimulates weed growth.
2. Dredging and Deepening
Removing pond bottom sediments and building steep pond bank slopes (3:1 slope) are
effective ways to control rooted aquatic plant in shallow ponds. Dredging reduces aquatic
plant problems directly by removing the plants, bottom sediment, and associated nutrients.
Dredging and deepening shallow shoreline areas limits weed growth indirectly by exposing a
soil layer that may be nutrient-poor or impervious to plant roots, and by decreasing the
amount of sunlight available to plant life.
3.Harvesting
Physical removal of waterweeds from ponds is a good control technique. Harvesting of

aquatic plants consists of three essential steps. These are (1) cutting or uprooting the weeds,
(2) collecting the cut weeds, and (3) removing the weeds from the pond. Harvesting can be
accomplished with simple hand tools and physical labor or with the help of cutting machines.
Whole plant removal generally is better than cutting because some plants can reproduce from
cuttings.

4. Pond Bottom Lining
Covering the bottom sediments of small ponds with either plastic sheeting, a layer of mineral
soils (sand, gravel, clay) or both of these materials is an effective waterweed control
technique.
6. Biological and chemical controls
Introducing animals and plants that eat or compete with waterweeds represents another
control method. Herbivorous animals (those that eat plants) include a wide variety of insects,
snails, crayfish, tadpoles, turtles, fish, ducks, geese, and swans which can be stocked in ponds
to consume aquatic plants.
Herbicides (plant poisons) are commonly used to manage land and water plants. Herbicides
are relatively easy to apply and may be the only practical method of control in some
situations. However, the treatment of weed infested waters with herbicides must be used with
caution.
6. Control of water pollution
As the weeds grows uncontrollably when the level of the pollution is high in the water hence
the water pollution has to be completely avoided.

REFERENCES
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29p.
HAMMER , M.J. (1986): Water and Wastewater Technology – SI Version , John Wiley and
Sons
HORTON R.E. (1932): Drainage Basin Characteristics Trans Am. Geophy. Union , Vol. 13,
pp.350-361
HORTON R.E. (1945): Erosional Development of Streams and their Drainage basin: Hydro-
physical Approach to quantitative Morphology. Geol. Soc, AM. Bull, Vol. 56, pp.275-370
B.C. KUSRE (2016): Morphometric Analysis of Diyung Watershed in Northeast India using
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KEOPOLD, L.B. and MILLER , J.P. (1956): Ephemeral Streams, Hydraulic Factors and
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U.D.KULKARNI, H. A. DAVALBHAKI and M.L.WAIKER (2014): Geo-morphological

Analysis of Tank Catchment using Geographic Information System: A case study, certified
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Supply Paper, 968-C, pp.124-155.
N.K. NARAYANASWAMY, SHIVANNA, S., BRAMHANANDA, S.B. and

VAJRAPPA, H.C. (2014): A GIS Based Morphometric Analysis and Associated Landuse
Study of Dakshin Pinakini River Basin, Chikkaballapur and Bangalore Rural Districts,
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MADHUSUDHAN S. (2014): environmental officer KSPCB, T Dasarahalli Inspection

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in Clinch Mountain area, Virginia and Tennessee Project, NR, Technical report No. 3,
Department of Geology, Columbia University, pp.389-402
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around Bengaluru along with Auditing and budgeting. Jour. Geol. Soc. India.
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.

PHOTO GALLERY






APPENDIX
INSPECTION REPORT & SAMPLE ANALYSIS REPORT GIVEN BY
SHRI MADHUSUDHAN S
ENVIRONMENTAL OFFICER REGIONAL OFFICE
T DASARAHALLI, BENGALURU
Page 1 of 4

Page 2 of 4

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Page 4 of 4

TEST RESULT OF SAMPLE
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graph no sample report of Page no

This lake falls in the jurisdiction of Chikkabanavara and Somashettyhalli village

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 1

GOOGLE MAP VIEW OF CHIKKABANAVARA LAKE

Figure 1: Outline map of the Chikkabanavara Lake

Figure 2: Google Satellite View of Chikkabanavara Lake

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 2

Figure 3: Map showing the encroachment of the Lake

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 3

1.3 SERIES OF EVENTS FROM THE PAST

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 4

Figure: 4 Details of submerged road to the eastern part of lake

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 5

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 6

2.1 PREVIOUS WORK

1. Kurse (2016), has worked on Morphological analysis of Diyung watershed in

2. Bharadwaj et.al. (2014), have worked on Morphometric Analysis of Adyar

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 7

3. Nageswara Rao et.al. (2010) have worked on Morphometric Analysis of Gostani

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 8

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 9

2.2 SOIL, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 10

Figure 5: Map showing the Bengaluru urban district.

To understand the status of Chikkabanavara sub-watershed the following methodologies have

• Preparation of Topographic map.

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 11

Preparation of Topographic Map

In order to successfully delineate a watershed boundary, we need to visualise the landscape as

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 12

Morphometric Analysis of Catchment area

Hydrology place an important role in developing watershed (Subramaian and Raghupathi

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 13

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 14

• To make matter worse the Chikkabanavara and Somashettyhalli Gramapanchayathi

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 15

Figure 6: West side view of the Chikkabanavara lake.

Figure 7: West side view of lake’s bund showing growth of weed.

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 16

Figure 8: Waste weir of lake showing the improper maintainence.

Figure 9: Completely submerged with weeds in the lake.

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 17

Figure 10: South side view of the lake.

Figure 11: East side view of the lake.

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 18

Figure 12: Photo showing the inflow of sewage in to lake.

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 19

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 20

4.1 Test Reports of Samples

Table 1: Showing in the Results of the Water sample 1 of the lake.

2 Conductivity ms/cm 1.56 0.05

15 Boron ppm 1.68 0.5-1.5

DEPT OF CIVIL, SIR MVIT 2018 21

Table 2: Showing in the Results of the Water sample 2 of the lake

2 Conductivity ms/cm 2.34 0.05

3 Sulphur ppm 75.345 150

4 Carbonates ppm 26.88 500

5 Bicarbonates ppm 778.84 91.5

6 Chloride ppm 574 250

7 Copper ppm 0.21 0.05

8 Iron ppm 1.05 0.3