A Low-Tension Waterflooding Process
W. R. Foster, SPE-AIME, Mobil Research and Development
Introduction
The work summarized here represents a part of the
effort by Mobil Research and Development Corp. to
develop an economic low-tension waterflooding proc-
ess. Various aspects of displacement at low tension
are discussed in general terms. Details of the exten-
sive background effort supporting the necessary labo-
ratory and field experiements, an interpretation of
results, and the development of an adequate trans-
port theory are deferred to later publications. Not
all aspects of this process have been field tested yet.
However, Mobil has carried out a field test in South
Texas to examine factors relating primarily to sur-
factant behavior. A polymer injection study was con-
ducted at the same site some time later. As a result
of these field studies and supporting theory we con-
cluded that a tertiary oil bank can be formed in a
reservoir using low-tension surfactants and that mo-
bility control immediately behind the bank is essen-
tial to insure that a significant fraction of the “mobil-
ized oil” will be driven to producing wells.
A surfactant waterflooding process capable of pro-
ducing a tertiary oii bank has aiso been ciescriloed by
Gogarty and Tosch.l One significant difference be-
tween their “Maraflood” process and the process
described here is the manner in which the surfactant
is used. Maraflood employs a surfactant slug that is
miscible with the reservoir crude. Miscibility implies
zero interracial tension between this slug and the res-
ervoir crude oil. Achieving and, particularly, main-
taining this miscibility condition places rigorous re-
A field test to examine some aspects of surfactant behavior, and a later polymer
injection study, led to the conclusion that a tertiary oil bank can be formed in a reservoir
using low-tension surjactants. Another conclusion is that it is essential to control the
mobility immediately behind the bank to insure that a significant jraction of the
mobilized oil will be driven to the producing wells.
FEBRUARY, 1973 ~-fi~
Corp.
quirements on the composition of the slug. Our
process, on the other hand, does not depend upon
miscibility between crude oil and water, but relies on
very low interracial tension between a water solution/
dispersion of a surfactant and the reservoir crude oil.
Also, the compositional requirements that must be
met in order to achieve and maintain a condition of
very low tension are somewhat different from those
needed in the Maraflood process.
n....: +:-- A An D.n~mcc
MGwl-lp Llull U1 L1lW A 1 Wwwuu
In what follows it is assumed that the process is
started in a sandstone reservoir that is nearly or com-
pletely watered out. The water phase present in the
reservoir at this stage is assumed to be a typical oil-
field brine, high in total dissolved solids and in
divalent cations, particularly calcium and magnesium.
A regular pattern from the existing injectors and pro-
ducers is chosen, with high areal sweep as an im-
portant design criterion.
The process consists of injecting three slugs of
‘W-ater“Wfi&I :J a?--.... ~h~~lid
dlklCIC1lL
nr-+innc
COrnvu.Lv.... Thew
. ... . .
will be denoted as the protective slug, the surfactant
slug, and the mobility-control slug, or as Slugs 1, 2,
and 3, respectively.
The protective slug is an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride. Within limits, its volume is some-
what arbitrary, in the range of 0.1 of the pattern pore
volume. For most applications the concentration of
sodium chloride in this slug would be between 1.0
I
205
and 2.0 gm/100 ml (+ 1.0 to 2.0 weight percent).
The primary purpose of this slug is to screen the low-
tension surf’actant from the reservoir brine and to
base-exchange the reservoir solids, replacing mag-
nesium and calcium with sodium ions. In cert~in res-
ervoirs — those containing brines with relatively low
total dissolved solids and low amounts of divalent
cations — this slug can be much less than 0.1 PV as
these waters are much more compatible with low-
tension surfactants. The rear portion of this slug will
usually contain other inorganic salts such as sodium
tripolyphosphate or sodium carbonate, or both, whose
presence reduces surfactant adsorption and improves
the water-wetness of the reservoir rock surfaces.
The surfactant slug has the same sodium chloride
content as Slug 1 and contains the same inorganic
sacrificial chemicals mentioned above. It also con-
tains a selected petroleum sulfonate in concentra-
tions ranging from about 1.0 to 3.0 gm/100 ml
(+ i.0 to 3.0 weight percent). Tine size of this siug is
somewhat arbitrary in the range of 0.1 PV, but the
amount of surfactant in it is carefully set by adsorp-
tion criteria. It is sometimes necessary to increase
the viscosity in the rear part of this slug with an
anionic biopolymer. The primary purpose of this slug
is to reduce the interracial tension between the oil
and the water to the order of 0.001 dyne/cm. Addi-
tionally, the slug material, probably through the
formation of an emulsion, can effect significant im-
provement in the viscosity ratio. We have noted in
the laboratory that a water-to-oil viscosity ratio of
4 or more is often provided by an oil-in-water emul-
sion that spontaneously forms in situ. For such sys-
tems, the biopolymer might not be needed in this
slug during a field application. When these conditions
are realized, under typical flooding rates (z 0.5 ft/D)
residual oil is reduced to zero and most of the oil
nhsac-
y.....”w .mnv-c
..”. W.J factrar
.Coa.“. than
.I, u,. th.a
... * umte. mhm.c. l%;. .-t
., U.w. ylluob. A ,A.,1 ,lt,.
circumstances produces a tertia~ oil bank.
The sodium chloride content of the mobility-
control slug is considerably less than that of the pre-
vious two slugs, and ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 gm/100
ml (-0.2 to 0.6 weight percent). Although the salt
concentration level is somewhat arbitrary, it should
be less than the minimum salt concentration that pro-
duces very low tension. This slug also contains a
water-soluble biopolymer in concentration sufficient
to provide a locally stable mobility condition at the
rear of the oil bank. The exact level of water viscosity
necessary to achieve this condition depends on a
number of factors outside the scope of this summary.
However, a not unusual value would be on the order
of 10 times the oil viscosity. Because it is not eco-
original reservoir brine. Of course, an ideal situation
results if the combined volume of these slugs just
equals that of the oil mobilized and subsequently
produced. Such an over-all material balance would
provide a disposal mechanism for the greater part
of the reservoir brine, given a well designed schedule
of multipattern development.
Development and Propagation of
A Tertiary Oil Bank
Important Dimensionless Groups
The basic element of the process described in the
previous section is control, in a moving, relatively
narrow zone, over two dimensionless groups. These
groups are the capillary number and the viscosity
ratio. As a consequence of this control, the Bond
number is also greatly changed from its normal value
range. (These three numbers are defined in Table 1.)
The extremely small values of the capillary and Bond
numbers emphasize that interfaciai forces iargeiy
dominate over viscous and gravitational forces during
high-tension waterllooding.
The Capillary Number. Several authors’-’ have dis-
cussed the importance of the capillary number or
other groupings closely related to it in determining
the balance of forces on oil trapped in pores. The
capillary number is therefore important in determini-
ng residual oil and the shape of the permeability-
saturation functions. This is illustrated in Fig. 1,
where residual oil is plotted as a function of capillary
number for two types of porous media. The data of
du Prey’ were taken in consolidated Teflon; our work
was done with fired Berea sandstone. The shaded
r~gi~n~ represent --------
wafter .inherent
. .. .. . . .. . .in
.. ~mwrim~ntc
. ..=-. =...”...” of
this kind. Although residual oil at low capillary num-
r.f
“L
10-2
10-3
s
z 10”4
2
>
:
*
-5

10
nomically feasible to maintain such a water viscosity %
.
over an appreciable fraction of the reservoir volume,
10”6
the concentration of biopolymer must be decreased
with distance from the rear of the oil bank, until it
1o”’
finally vanishes. Such a graded viscosity zone pro-
vides a mildly unstable hydrodynamic condition.
From laborato~ experiments we estimate that the 10”8
pore volume of this mobility-control slug should 1

be about 0.15 PV for reservoirs containing typical 10-9~ I I I I I

10 20 30 40 50 ‘w
medium-gravity crude oils. RES 10UAL O IL, PERC[NT PORC VOLUME

This sequence of three slugs can be driven by the Fig. l—Dependence of residual oil on capillaty number.

206 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

 TABLE 1—IMPORTANT DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS to demonstrate this dependence explicitly in terms of
Order of the permeability-saturation functions and the viscosity
Magnitude ratio. In summary, however, as a limited region of
During Ordinary
Name Number Interpretation Waterflooding
zero residual oil propagates through a porous medium,
10., the oil isosaturation surfaces move with velocities
Capillary number /bwvw Ratio of viscous
+. :ro3facial that increase with increasing oil saturation. Depend-
ing on the viscosity ratio, some critical oil isosatura-
Viscosity ratio P&_ Ratio of viscous 10-1 – 10” tion surface will move with the same velocity as the
w
to viscous low-tension region. Higher value isosurfaces will move
fQ~Q8~ — -- -.-:X1
IUOIC I tIpIUIy iklarl ‘u;s
5. refycr.,
. tmd $heir ~orn.hined
-11
F1..mA 10-6
““,!” mrmhar
,,”, ,0””. (p= —p,) gk !?atio of gravita- movements are responsible for the formation of the
4. tional
. . . .to inter-
:aclal Tortes
tertiary oil bank. Oil saturation left behind the low-
tension region has just the value of this critical oil
isosaturation surface. In Fig. 2. this value. denoted by
ber is different for the two porous media, it vanishes S,*, is plotted as a funct.i& of viscosity ratio for ~
in both cases at a value slightly in excess of 10-2. As low-tension system in which the permeability-satura-
the capillary number increases, in general, residual tion functions vary as the 1.5 powers of the effective
oil and the curvatures of the permeability-saturation saturations, residual oil saturation being zero and
functions decrease, the curvatures approaching residual water saturation being 0.22. Note that a
straight lines at very high capillary numbers. A Berea viscosity ratio of more than 4 ivtil reduce tk ctiltkai
sandstone at a capillary number of 7 X 10-2 has a re- oil saturation to less than 0.01.
sidual oil of zero and a permeability saturation func-
tion that varies with oil saturation to about the 1.5 The Bond Number. The Bond’ and capillary’ num-
,.-
power. Fig. i indicates that an increase iii the w@i- oers are of tk - ~alllc
. -. U1u&lu.
-., -r.. af ml-5..l.-=-
=.WI”tIIAP SIt hiuh ten-
-.. ...=.. ----
lary number of about four orders of magnitude is sion and each contains the interracial tension in the
needed to insure a residual oil near zero. Obviously denominator. If tension is lowered sufficiently to pro-
this can be accomplished in a practical way oniy by duce a capiUary number of about i&2, for ieiZitkiy
--4.. -:-- 111Lfh
I W&lllg
:..+ 4“,.:,.1 .
lWaL k~l~i~ik
~e~~,Js~ &~~~()~~ ~~~ ~emlea~ie ~ecks the ~~nd number will also reach a
about 10* dyne/cm for typical crude-brine combina- value near 10-2. The viscous force that the flowing
tions, reducing them to about 10-3 dyne/cm will pro- water exerts on the trapped oil is mostly horizontal,
duce capiiiary numbers in the required TiUig~. L..
Out AL.
UK
._.-..:+:A+ml..ml#,-.
& ilVILclUU1lcU
-,.,m;. .,=*; C9
LWA titi za v tin .A-
J . M- umvitv
R.came..-” - ~. -.--,
segregation of oil and water can occur at a Bond num-
The Viscosity Ratio. The viscosity ratio is important ber of 10-’, a favorable viscosity ratio is also im-
during two-phase flow because it influences the rela- portant in preventing the tunneling of water through
tive rates at which the mobile parts of the two phases the lower strata of the reservoir. This number has not
are transported. It is beyond the scope of this paper received attention in the petroleum literature.

10 , I I , 1 , (

7
tension in dynes /cm

1. , , ( J

.Ou
.001
0. \
. m5

So”o.
o @

0.00 \

o.1,~
0.10
0.m AQUEOUS CONCENTRATION OF PETROLEUM SULFONATE, gl 10I ml

~ ‘ P,.,@. Fig. 3-lnterfacial tension contour map of petroleum

w“
suifonate, sodium Ciii0~iCit2,w~t~i ~jst~ili against
fig. z—oil saturation after low-tension displacement. an intermediate-paraffinic crude.

FEBRUARY, 1973 207


Petroleum Sulfonates as Low-Tension !hfactants
Interfaciai tensions of about i O-s dyne/cm or io-w-er
can be produced between crude oils and salt solutions
containing petroleum sulfonates. A typical system of
this type for an intermediate-paraffinic crude oil is
illustrated in Fig. 3. Interracial tension is contoured
as a function of sodium chloride and petroleum sul-
fonate concentrations in the water phase. For this
system, a deep minimum in tension occurs at con-
centrations of about 1.0 grn/ 100 ml for sodium
chloride and 0.04 gm/ 100 ml for petroleum sul-
fonate! An area of low tension extends from 0.7 to
2.0 grn/100 ml for sodium chloride and from 0.025
to 0.10 gm/ 100 ml for petroleum sulfonate. Tension
maps of this kind appear when the correct partition-
ing of the petroleum sulfonate between water and oil
has been achieved. However, the position of the
minimum is dependent on crude-oil composition. For
instance, with this particular petroleum sulfonate,
the minimum would shift to lower sodium chloride
and higher surfactant concentrations for a typical
naphthenic crude.
In general, petroleum sulfonates with salinity ad-
justed to produce a iow-temion region in this com-
position space can be blended from commercial pe-
troleum sulfonates whose average equivalent weights
vary from 350 to 500. In most cases the average
equivalent weight of a correctly balanced blend will
lie between 400 and 450.
Factors Affecting Surfactant and
Sodium Chloride Transport
Adsorption. It is well known that surface-active
agents concentrate at solid-liquid as well as liquid-
liquid interfaces. Petroleum sulfonates, which are
anionic surfactants, probably compete for the posi-
tively charged sites on reservoir pore surfaces. Ad-’
sorption isotherms of petroleum sulfonates on reser-
voir solids are typically Langmuir-like. Adsorption
rises rapidly as equilibrium concentration in the
aqueous phase increases, reaching a plateau value
that depends on the number of sites available, the
sodium chloride concentration, the equivalent weight
of the surfactant, the concentration of - competing
anions, and temperature. The plateau value tends to
increase with an increase in the first three variables
and decrease with an increase in the last two. The
mll
.. . mht=r
....””. nf
“. ~~~~~ ~~~ 1~~~~ ~~il~~.~ of ~~i~~~ ~n~ ~h~
temperature are fixed in the reservoir. Losses to ad-
sorption can be reduced by choosing a petroleum
sulfonate blend with as low an average equivalent
weight as possible, consistent with the need for a low-
tension region, or a blend with a low-tension region
at low salt concentrations. Unfortunately, these cri-
teria are in conflict because, for a given crude oil,
petroleum sulfonates of relatively low equivalent
weight require relatively high salinity to produce low
tension and those of relatively high equivalent
weight require relatively low salinity to produce
low tension. We have found that the most prac-
tical way to minimize adsorption is by (1) using sac-
rificial inorganic chemicals that economically com-
pete for the adsorption sites and (2) introducing a
salinity gradient between Slugs 2 and 3 as previously
described, which will insure that low tension will be
_..--l..
~ILSUUUXS
_-s tlL
-. AL-1-...-.
LIIC IUW6L
. _---:L1..
~UXjlUIG dhin dii~rki~ @fi-
centration. AS we have said, this is accomplished by
adjusting the salinity of Slug 3 to a value somewhat
below the minimum salinity required for low tension
as determine from the tension map,
Partitioning of Surfactants Between Oil and Water.
The relative solubilities of petroleum sulfonates in
crude oil and water are very strongly dependent on
the salinity of the aqueous phase. As was noted in
Fig. 3, aqueous concentrations in the low-tension re-
gion are rather low. In general, these values range
from about 0.02 to 0.30 gm,/100 ml (+ 0.02 to 0.30
weight percent). In order that Slug 2 represent a small
fraction of the pattern pore volume and stiIl contain
sufficient surfactant to propagate a low-tension region
across the pattern, initial surfactant concentrations
must be much above this range. To initiate a 10w-
tension region early in the development of the pro-
cess, the petroleum sulfonate must preferentially par-
tition into the oil phase by an amount sufficient to
lower the aqueous concentration into the low-tension
region. It is therefore useful to determine the parti-
tioning coefficient as a function of sodium chloride
and equilibrium petroleum sulfonate concentrations
in the aqueous phase.
The required injection concentration of Slug 2 is
related to the partitioning coefficient, the residual oil
in the reservoir, and the desired initial equilibrium
concentration in the aqueous phase. The size of Slug
2 is then determined if the total surfactant require-
ment is known. As the partitioning coefficient depends
strongly on salinity, the salinity of Slug 2 can seine
to fix both the size and the surfactant concentration
of this slug. We have generally found that a sodium
chloride concentration in the upper part of the low-
tension region is sufficient to provide the necessary
initial redistribution of surfactant between oil and
water. On the other hand, surfactant is utilized most
efficiently during the whole process if this concentra-
tion is as low as possible.
Dispersion and Mixing. As previously mentioned, in
many reservoirs an important criterion for propagat-
ing a low-tension region between injector and pro-
ducer wells is the effective separation of the petroleum
su]f~nate from the reservoir brine. Slug 1 must be
large enough to accomplish this. During the miscible [
displacement of the reservoir brine by Slug 1, the
mixing zone that develops depends most critically on
a “mixing length,”* which is a rock property and
which largely determines the value of the dispersion
or mixing coefficient at typical flood rates. Given
sufficiently representative samples of the reservoir
rock, an average value of this coefficient can be deter-
mined in the laboratory. The dimensioniess form of
the dispersion coefficient is essentially this mixing
*The Ion fsitudinal coefficient, DL, of the dispersion tensor for some
chemical component can be expressed approximately as
DL=TDIU+AV +...,
where terms are as defined in the Nomenclature. For most water-
flood the second term of DL dominates.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
length divided by the injector-producer distance.
Thus in a given reservoir the volume requirement for
Slug 1 decreases with increasing pattern size. Also,
for a given pattern size the volume of Slug 1 neces-
sary to maintain a given level of mixing varies as the
square root of the mixing length. Given this coeffi-
cient, a straightforward computer program can be
used to estimate the required volume of Slug 1 for
relatively nonstratified reservoirs.
Stability of Flow. When a low-tension displacement
is fully developed in the laboratory, the following flow
regimes can be identified.
1. In the forward part is a zone of high-tension,
two-phase flow. If the process is leaving very little oil
behind, the oil saturation and flowing fraction of oil
in this zone are the same and will range from 0.50 to
0.60, depending primarily on the viscosity ratio of
oil to water. The velocity of the front end of this zone
is slightly more than twice the velocity of the low-
tension region farther to the rear. The mobility in this
zone is the sum of nobilities of the two phases since
they are flowing in parallel. The surfactant originally
dissolved in the oil of this zone during the banking
------- I...
pluwxi llaa
...k.~fi,.-ntl.r
riu”.byuu..k.,
been redistributed
“-v.. . . . .. . . .
back to
either the water or the mineral surfaces as the oil,
moving faster than the water, is brought into contact
with parts that have not been exposed to the low-
tension region. Typically, the mobility of this zone is
about 0.1 of the ratio of specific permeability to oil
viscosity.
~ To {he -... mf+K.
Iv-l “L ...1” -----
.nne a transition
ic -
.“ .- region of
decreasing oil saturation, decreasing interracial ten-
sion, and decreasing salinity. A considerable amount
of emuisiort can also ~~ki here, and the rwerage mob-
ility of this zone will depend on the nature of the
emulsion, which is quite variable. In many cases ob-
served in laboratory experiments the viscosity of thk
emulsion is sufficient to provide the criterion cited
earlier, being more than four times the oil viscosity.
It is sometimes as much as 10 times the oil viscosity.
A requirement for over-all stability is such that the
mobility of Slug 3 is at least as low as that of the
region of high-tension two-phase flow. This might
require that the water viscosity of this slug be 10
times the oil viscosity. To achieve this at all points
to the rear of the low-tension region is not economi-
cally possible and a grading of viscosity to the rear is
necessary. An acceptable rate of grading is difficult
to calculate, but laboratory experiments indicate that
a graded zone of about 0.15 PV is sufficient.
A Summary of Mobil’s Field Experience
In the mid-60’s Mobil began a low-tension field test
in a watered-out portion of the Loma Novia field,
Duval County, Tex. On a 5-acre pattern, the well
array consisted of four injectors, one producer, and
two observation wells placed at 100 and 200 ft from
an injector on the injector-producer line. The reser-
voir ~ontain~ a naphthenic crude? and the high-
surface-area constituents in the sand are kaolinite
and sodium montmorillonite, present in about 4.0 and
5.5 percent by weight, respectively. Residual oil was
estimated at 0.20 PV from logs, although oil content
FEBRUARY, 1973
from cores averaged considerably less.
A commercial petroleum sulfonate blend with an
equivalent weight of about 415 was used for the test.
The tension map possessed a region of low tension
centered on 0.5 gm/ 100 ml sodium chloride and 0.15
gm/ 100 ml petroleum sulfonate. Although the petro-
leum sulfonate was compatible with the reservoir
brine, a slug of salt water was injected first since
rather large amounts of sacrificial chemicals (sodium
Giib0itXi3 “-A .SVUA-AL.
auu fi~;,,m t+olvn~n~nhafe)
. . ~u.J r ---r -- were needed
because of the high clay content of the sand, and the
presence of the chemicals in Slug 2 would have been
detrimental. Slug 2 had a volume of 0.12 PV and
contained 1.1 gm/ 100 ml sodium chloride, 1.9 gm/
100 ml petroleum sulfonate, and small concentrations
of sodium carbonate and sodium tripolyphosphate.
Slug 3 had a volume of 0.10 PV and contained 0.33
gm/100 ml sodium chloride and small amounts of
the sacrificial chemicals. No water thickener was em-
ployed in this slug.
Oil appeared in samples taken at the closest obser-
vation well 36 days after surfactant injection began
and persisted for the next 84 days. Peak oil cut was
20 percent. Based on our best estimates of oil in place
between the injector and the first observation well,
sweep efficiency in this region was about 90 percent.
---1 “ t.v.”
An oil cut appeareci hi saiuPJs. .a~wl, 2.t the cPm-wm-l
.,.w ----
observation well 165 days after surfactant injection
began and persisted for the next 125 days. The peak
oil cut was 12 percent and the estimated volume of oil
passing this well was approximately the same as that
passing the first observation well.
After the conclusion of this test four core hoies
were drilled. The following summarizes our findings:
1. on the injector-producer lines some parts of
the pay were swept clean across the entire pattern.
2. In other parts of the pay along these lines resid-
ii2ii Gil i~Il@ frO~l Wry i~w to IIC%N original values,
indicating poor vertical sweep even though the pay
was only 10 to 12 ft thick.
3. In regions ~iOilg the bikWtO13 d @CtW-
producer lines, oil saturation was fairly uniform and
near original values, indicating very poor areal sweep.
The post analysis indicated a need for mobility
control, so we conducted an injection test of a bio-
polymer to determine whether it could be transported
significant distances through this reservoir. Only slight
increases in injection pressures were noted during the
injection of the polymer slugs. In samples taken from
an observation well 200 ft from an injector, peak con-
centrations of polymer appeared about 120 days after
--1,,--- ....
ywlym”. inbrtinn
. ... .. heuan
------ and –- – were about 35 percent
as concentrated as the front end of the injected slug,
which had been graded over 0.2 PV.
Nomenclature
D~ = longitudinal dispersion coefficient
D. = molecular dtiusion coefficient
g = acceleration of gravity
k = permeability
v = Darcy velocity
VW= Darcy velocity of water phase
A = mixing length
Po = viscosity of oil phase
209
 ,,.. == V~SCOS~ty of water
pw
phase H. L. Chang, B. J. Dotson, Peggy M. Dunlap, B. G.
po = density of oil phase Hurd, J. M. McMillen, J. C. Meirose, C, L. Murphy,
p. = density of water phase L. K. Strange and A. W. Talash.
U= interracial tension between water and oil
—
tortuosity factor References
;~ 1. Gogart y, W. B. and Tosch? W. C.: “Miscible-Type Water-
porosity
flooding: Oil Recovery with Micellar Solutions,” J. Pel.
Tech. (Dec., 1968) 1407-1414.
Acknowledgments
2. Leverett, M. C.: “Flow of Oil-Water Mixtures Through
I wish to thank Mobil Research and Development Unconsolidated Sands;’ Trans., AIME ( 1939) 132, 149-
Corp. for permission to publish this paper. I also 171.
3. Moore, T. F. and Slobod, R. L.: “The Effect of Vis-
wish to acknowledge the contribution to this work of cosity and Capillarity on the Displacement of Oil by
the following members of Mobil’s Field Research Water.” Prod. Monthh ( 1956) 20, No. 10,20 .
Laboratory staff: W. G. Boston, C. F. Brandner, 4. du Prey, E. L.: “Displacements Non Miscibles Dans Les
Milieux Poreaux: Intluence Des Parametres Interfaciaux
Sur Les Permeabilities Relatives,” Compte rendu de
Original manuscript received in Society of Petroleum Engineera 1’A.R.T.F.P. Ed, Technip, Paris (1969) 251- -..
office Feb. 15, 1972. Revised manuscript received Oct. 6, 1972.
Paper (SPE 3803) was presented at SPE-AIME Symposium on
5. Taber, J. J.: “Dynamic and Static Forces Required To
Improved Oil Recovery, held in Tulsa, Okla., April 16-19, 1972.
Remove a Discontinuous Oil Phase from Porous Media
ID COpyright 1973 American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,
Containing Both Oil and Water,” SOC.Pet. Eng. J. (March,
and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. 1969) 3-12.
Thjs paper will be ,printe.j in Transactions volume 255, which 6. Ca\chpole, J. P. and Fulford, G., “Dimensionless Groups;’
,.-/. ,,nf=f=l ~0,
=Q ..”.
w- ~,a W.
AK
will cover 1973. ~na. ana fing. ~ht??ii. ( 17WJ rDw
u-.

,..,,
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY