Work and Energy ye * Eneray is the ability to do work. Itis a scalar quantity that is measured in units of joules (J). Ye When a forces acts upon an object to cause the displacement of the object, work is being done. W = Fdcos0 where Fis force (N) d is displacement (m) Wis work measured in joules (J) * @ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors © work is also a scalar quantity any type of force has the ability to do work (ie. F, Fr, etc. can all do work) ©. the net work done on an object changes the velocity of the object because of the net force acting on the object ° Wen = Fare ‘+ In order for work to be done, the force in question needs to cause the displacement of the object. Consider the three following situations Le of seroert : —d Rees) > a, = fe ec ail arene work doe te Speed ue We ob} ect Sigs down tH A abject ne work Weing ; dove! cos) = | Cre deent cawe pu plat birds cos(40°) = O my, coscieo®) = | * Graphical Representation Qa A Distance CyEXAMPLES 1. Cole exerts a force of 20.0N to push a 5.50kg crate 1.35m along a horizontal surface at a rate of 2.70m/s*. Determine the a. work Cole does on the crate. b. work done by friction on the crate. cc. net work done on the crate. a) WeFdea® = C20-0wYXj.3Sm) 60590") Face) ha = Fepp - & Fe: Rpome Fe = 20.00 - (S505 XK 2. 70mls*) Fe = SrliSa bs = ed = GlSw 35m) = 6952S 5 chon W = 6.955 &Y Ue « (J We mad = (5 50n)0 FOmh? 1.50) vals 20.052. A1385kg car travelled at 61km/h is brought to a stop while skidding 42m, What is the work done on the car by the frictional forces? ™M=138S Ky “os ol oe Ge Ne 2 OOmls d= 42m we? we Fd costo) © 7 b Frat = Fe a:k ® Lv ‘et eur, Zed @ Oe at ee TA ~ CSF mle) 2-3 4B mls® 242m) Fre Ge nan = (138 Sig <2 Bivm ls) Fes — 4433 6b us ? exempde of neganve Gar k! @ wey Fleose We 2 (4734.966. (HU) Cr9(O*) = 19 88265 arsenic3. A 50.0 kg box is pulled 11.0m along a level surface by a rope. If the rope makes a 36.0° angle with the surface, and the force exerted through the rope is 90.0N, how much work is done on the box? roben IM 50-0, cee. de thon e Ae bh ae Fore ¢ dug hkcemen 8 =38.0 = a vette ze Fegp =90.0u _? = a We Fdco W 2 C90. 0” YNOm) coy (3S 0°) UW = Blo. Ou. T “Now try pg. 163 #1-4, 6-10, 12-14 and pg. 173 #2, 5-7 **Elastic Potential Energy ‘© Any object that can be deformed (have its shape changed) and then return to its original shape is said to have elastic properties ‘© Items with elastic properties would include elastic bands, a pole vaulter’s pole, springs, steerebed os MQnge Dreck eneroy Au riginak ; porition/ SS nh cea Orig'r0R eure been Posi hon / egurh beiaen compressed, * While the object is deformed (either compressed or stretched), it has stored energy until the object is allowed to bounce back to its original position. This is called elastic potential eneray + Hook's Law explains the elasticity of objects and relates the force needed to ‘expand or compress elastic objects Fy=-kx where Fis the force of the spring (N) k is the spring constant for an object (Nim) x is the amount of expansion or compression of an object from its equilibrium/original position (m) © The spring constant (k) varies for each type of spring and is a measure of how stiff a spring is. The larger the spring constant, the stiffer the spring © The reason for the minus sign in the formula is because it is calculating the amount of force trying to restore the spring back to its original position (hence called the restoring force) and therefore is always pulling “back” % p> eee v te “rerbring Bree fecbire, fooooan Pea TL criginek Pon hor 4 Ss — > {op retboring Greethe distance of expansion for a spring * Graphical representation of the force vs. Pane vs. Datence oh 6 Spring Deere eek lie eo 4 Fone - cw) = Ea =k Divorce + The work the spring will do to restore its shape can be calculated using the following equation Ep = Yokx? E, is the elastic potential energy (J) kis the spring constant for the object (N/m) x is the amount of expansion or compression (m) where Remember that energy is a scalar quantity, so no need to include adirection EXAMPLES: 4. A force of 37.0N is required stretch a spring 20 cm from its equilibrium position. What force is needed to compress the same spring 7.0cm from its equilibrium position? Hi ee vee a 37.00 =k bl N= Poghx (ee = 0.20m Feka, O 3 = (BS. 0. 20r D Reka, =(/@Swhn)(0.070.) bE 24c02. A spring with a constant of 55N/m has a 450g mass suspended from it, The spring is attached to a ceiling as shown in the diagram a) Draw a free-body diagram for the stationary mass on the spring. b) Determine the extension of the spring 9 be stahenerp Ke. CR) KS fm eres M= YSDg x (case) Ts mg koe > 0.450% . eae | IOS so = (0. 4504 G8?) : % " See alte ee a sswhn~ SL = O,0G 02k... wn 502 0.080n or B.Ocn | 3. The amount of stored energy is a spring is 19.0J. If the amount of expansion/compression was reduced to one half of its original value, what will be the new stored energy of the same spring? Ep: 19-05 Ee x > = Yo. “ rex? = 19.05 Ep'= Yate (Ya)* Gr a (Bt “Now try pg. 183 #1-7 & pg, 190 #14a & Practice Problems*™*Practice Problems ‘A force of 125N causes a spring to stretch to a length of 0.250m. What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring, if the spring is originally 5.00cm in length? [14.4 J] A spring has an elastic constant of 4.40x10*N/im. What is the change in elastic potential energy stored in the spring when its stretch is increased from 12.5cm to 15.0cm? [1.51x10? J] When a spring is stretched by 0.400m from its equilibrium position, its elastic potential energy is 5.00x10°J. What is the magnitude of the force required to produce this amount of stretch? [2.50x10° N] ‘The amount of energy stored in a spring is 25.0J. If the spring is compressed 3 times as much, what is the new elastic potential energy of the spring? [225 J] A force of 420N is required stretch a spring 11.0cm from its equilibrium position. What force is needed to compress the same spring 15.0cm from its equilibrium position? [573 N]Ke Ke Work-Energy Theorem Recall that work is being done on an object if the force acting on the object causes or hinders the displacement of that object. Work can also be defined as a change in energy. W=AE and AE=E,-E, where Wis work (J) AE is change in energy (J) Eris final energy (J) E(is initial energy (J) This equation/concept is known as the work-energy theorem Work is done when there is a change in any type of energy. Here are some examples; © work is done against gravity if there is a change in gravitational potential energy (AEp) © work is done if there is a change in an objects speed/velocity (AEx) © work is done on a spring if it has a change in elastic potential energy (AEs) We have already learned about the elastic potential energy stored in springs and other elastic material, but lets review gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy Kinetic Eneray: the energy that any object will have when it is in motion E, = my’ where Eis the kinetic energy of an object (J) m is the mass of an object (kg) vis the velocity of an object (m/s) Gravitational Potential energy: occurs when a mass is at a vertical distance/height. The mass now has the ability to fall and do work. E, =mgh where E, is potential energy (J) m is the mass of an object (kg) gis the acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s”) his height of an object (m)+ We have seen two different types of potential energy (gravitational and elastic). Potential eneray simply means that energy is stored and has the potential or capability to do work ‘0 Examples would include springs, chemical bonds, and height EXAMPLES 1. The bob of a pendulum has a mass of 2.0kg. This bob is pulled sideways so that itis 0.75m above the table top. a, What is the potential energy of the bob with 10m: respect to the ground? b. What is the potential energy of the bob with respect to the equilibrium position? osom| Equilibrium Position a) ms 20g Ep smgh ec Ep = (20%, 7 8lonls SCO ASany: =e IS, \Ep Is = \ VO he Ose OSOns Ep =e he 0.25 Epa (Oe 9 8lm/t?)CO.2Sm) = 49055 \e2 495 2. A toy ball has 63.0J of kinetic energy. What will be the new kinetic energy of the ball if the mass is doubled and the speed is reduced to “4? Origine Ex: 63.05 Exe Yamet= 63.053. A65.0kg snowboarder has a speed of 2.0m/s at the start of her run. At the bottom of the hill, her speed is 15.0m/s. What was the work done in going down the hill? n= 65: Oy d Uy cee elas on Adbence CP roms 2 Brie Conk we Card caleba acceBroki) Ve =1S.Oms * Weak We? Ws Amu)? - Lm W = Yom (> -vi*) We WlES.O1y) £ (1S: OmlsS* -(2-Omh)* | Ws 7I8e.Sz [w= 721073 4, If an 11.7g bullet begins from rest and accelerates to 401m/s in a distance of 17.0cm through a rifle barrel, determine the magnitude of the average net force exerted on the bullet. > cold use dynamics § m= Mg» [be \ 2 O.01Te kinematics 103 2 ‘ é > of could use work! We OOmly Y= Yen ls wo Fi © d= 170 ym (ie) + 070m weak. © a Kae? GD w= Ambvd* ~ Pamkeiyy We ¥, - 200.017 (4 Olmmis)® = 440. 68...5 x (D w-Fd & Fe we # POs . scisy = O.110m Oe “*Now try pg. 178 #1, 3, 4, 7-9, 11-13 & pg. 187 #1-5, 9-12, 14a**