SHS Science Pocket Lesson in General Chemistry 1 2nd Quarter 1

CHEMISTRY 1
Table of Contents
2nd Quarter – General Chemistry 1

Science Pocket Lesson 1 Quantum Numbers……………………………………………………………..1
Science Pocket Lesson 2 Electronic Configurations and the Magnetic Properties………………5
Science Pocket Lesson 3 Lewis Dot Structure and the Octet Rule…………………………..…….10
Science Pocket Lesson 4 Naming Compounds…………………………………………………………..15
Science Pocket Lesson 5 Geometry of Simple Compounds…………………………………………..19
Science Pocket Lesson 6 Polarity of Simple Compounds……………………………………………..23
Science Pocket Lesson 7 Functional Groups……………………………………………………………..27
Science Pocket Lesson 8 Structural Isomerism…………………………………………………………31
Science Pocket Lesson 9 Organic Reactions……………………………………………………………..35
Science Pocket Lesson 10 Polymers…………………………………………………………………………38
Science Pocket Lesson 11 Organic Compounds and its General Classes………………………..…42
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
CHEMISTRY 1
Quantum Numbers
In your most creative way, draw the shape of the orbitals. After that, draw
one thing that resembles the orbital that you commonly see in your daily life.
(Example: Since s-orbital is spherical in shape, you can draw a tennis ball as
representation). You can copy the table below in a separate sheet.
Draw: Shape of the Orbital Representation
s-orbital
p-orbital
d-orbital
f-orbital
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020 1
The Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
Niels Bohr (1885-1962) constructed a model of the
hydrogen atom with quantized energy levels. Bohr pictured the
electron moving in circular orbits corresponding to the various to
a different orbit by absorbing or emitting a photon of light with
exactly the correct energy content.
Niels Hendrik David Bohr Bohr’s Model of the Atom
Scientists needed to pursue a totally new approach. Two

young physicists, Louis Victor De Broglie (1892-1987)
from France and Erwin Schrödinger
(1887-1961) from Austria,
At first, Bohr’s model suggested it might be useful to find
appeared very out whether the electron could be
promising. It fits the described as a wave. A general
hydrogen atom very
picture of this model is called the
well. However, when
wave mechanical model of the
this model was applied
to atoms other than atom.
hydrogen, it did not
work. In fact, further In the wave mechanical model, on the other hand, introduced
experiments showed a mathematical description of the electron’s motion called a wave
that the Bohr’s model function or atomic orbital. Orbitals are nothing like orbits. The
is fundamentally atomic model in figure below, gives no information about when
incorrect. the electron occupies a certain point in space or how it moves. In
fact, we have good reasons to believe that we can never know the
details of electron motion. The more intense color of a given dot, the more likely it is that the
electron will be found at that point.
Schrödinger’s equation required the use of quantum numbers to describe each electron
within an atom corresponding to the orbital size, shape, and orientation in space. Later it
was found that one needed a quantum number associated with the electron spin.
Orbital of Hydrogen Atom
The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy

of the electron in an atom are called quantum numbers. There
are four quantum numbers, namely, principal quantum numbers,
angular momentum quantum number, magnetic quantum
number, and spin quantum number.
2 SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
Principal Quantum Number
The first quantum number is the principal quantum number (n) that describes the size
and energy of the orbital and relative distance from the nucleus. The possible values of n are positive
integers (1, 2, 3, 4 and so on). The smaller the value of n, the lower the energy, and the closer to the
orbital is to the nucleus.
Angular Momentum Quantum Number

(a) s-orbital
Each shell contains one or more subshells, each with one or more orbitals. The second
quantum number is the angular momentum quantum number (l) that describe the
shape of the orbitals. Its value is related to the principle quantum number and has
allowed value of 0 to (n-1). (b) p-orbital
Things to remember:
(a) If l = 0, then the orbital is called an s-orbital and has a spherical shape.
(b) If l = 1, then the orbital is called a p-orbital with two lobes of high electron (c) d-orbital
density like an hourglass or dumbbell shape.
(c) If l = 2, then the orbital is a d-orbital with a variety of shapes.
(d) If l = 3, then the orbital is an f-orbital with more complex shapes.
(d) f-orbital
Magnetic Quantum Number
The third quantum number is the magnetic quantum number (ml). It describes the orientation
of the orbital sound around the nucleus. The possible values of ml depend upon the value of the l quantum
number. The allowed values for ml are -l though 0 to +l. For example, for l = 3, the possible values of ml
would be -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3. This is why, for example if l = 1 (a p-orbital), there are three p-orbitals
(sublevels) corresponding to ml values of -1, 0, +1.
Spin Quantum Number
The fourth quantum number is the spin quantum number (ms) and indicates the direction the
electron is spinning. There are only two possible values for ms: +1/2 and -1/2. When two electrons are to
occupy the same orbital, then one must have an ms = +1/2 and the other electron must have an ms = -1/2.
These are spin paired electrons.
Assigning the Four Quantum Numbers
To assign the four quantum numbers for an electron, let’s have an example:
Question 1: If n = 7, what are the possible values of l ?

Answer: Since l can be zero or a positive integer less than (n-1), it can have a value of 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6.
Question 2: If n = 3 and l = 2, then what are the possible values of ml?
Answer: Since ml must range from -l to +l , then ml can be: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.
Question 3: List all the possible combinations of all four quantum numbers when n = 2, l = 1, and
ml = 0.
Answer: The fourth quantum number is independent of the first three, allowing the first three
quantum numbers of two electrons to be the same. Since the spin can be +1/2 or =-1/2, there are
two combinations:
n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2 and
n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0 ms = -1/2
Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
4. List the
four quantum
numbers.
1. If n = 6, What are the values
of l ?
2. If n = 7 and l = 5, then what are
the possible values of ml?
3. List all the possible combinations of a.
all four quantum numbers when b.
n =3, l =2, and ml = 1.
c.
d.
If you get a vapor of atoms hot, they emit light at a smallish number of discrete frequencies, with a
Answer to different pattern for every element. These "spectral lines" were quickly used to identify the
composition of unknown materials, and even to discover the presence of previously unknown
START-UP elements. The core idea of this is, electrons move between the special states inside atoms by
absorbing and emitting light of frequencies.
References:
• Decoste, Donald; Zumdahl,

Steven S., Basic Chemistry;
Sixth Edition, 2008
• Langley, Richard; Moore, John
T., High School Chemistry,
2019
• https://www.thoughtco.com/b
ohr-model-of-the-atom-603815
• https://www.forbes.com/sites/
chadorzel/2018/12/04/three-
ways-quantum-physics-affects-
your-daily-
life/?sh=5e6b9dc044b7
CHEMISTRY 1
Electronic Configurations and
the Magnetic Properties
Study the disorganized letters. Try to organize or rearrange the letters to

form the exact word based on the supported description.
Electrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest

available energy state before filling higher
BFAUUA NPICELRIP
states (e.g., 1s before 2s).
TCIELNOCRE GNICAORNTFOIU
Shows the distribution of electrons of an
atom or a molecule.
Refers to the magnetic state of an
atom with one or more unpaired ARGMSTEPNAMIA
electrons.
Refers to the magnetic state of an

GNETDAIMASIM atom with one or more unpaired
electrons.
What are Electronic Configurations?
An electronic configuration shows the distribution of electrons of an atom or a molecule. There is a
specific notation that can quickly show you where the electrons are likely to be located, so knowing this notation
is an essential part of knowing electron configurations. Reading these notations can tell you what element you’re
referring to and how many electrons it has.
Did you know that the structure of the periodic table (see
Figure 1) is based on electronic configuration? The periodic
table can be broken into blocks, corresponding to the
highest energy electrons. The alkali metals and alkaline
earth metals have one and two valence electrons
(electrons in the outer shell), respectively; because of this,
they lose electrons to form bonds easily and so are very
reactive. These elements comprise the s block of the
periodic table. The p block, on the right, contains common
non-metals, such as chlorine and helium. The d block,
which is the largest, consists of transition metals, such
as copper, iron, and gold. The f block, on the bottom,
contains rarer metals, including uranium.
Fig. 1 Blocking in the periodic table
The Aufbau principle: electrons We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains
fill orbitals starting at the lowest three pieces of information:
1 available energy state before filling
Name H 1
higher states (e.g., 1s before 2s). Number of electrons
Shell - The number

of the principal
1s1 Subshell - The letter
quantum shell, n. that designates the
orbital type, l.
There are several ways to indicate the arrangement of the electrons

in an atom. The most common way is the use of the n and l quantum
numbers along with the number of electrons. The principle quantum
number, n, is represented by an integer (1, 2, 3…), and a letter
represents the l quantum number (0 = s, 1 = p, 2 = d, and 3 = f). Any
s-subshell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, any p-subshell can
hold up to 6 electrons, any d-subshell can hold a maximum of 10
electrons, and f-subshell can hold up to 14 electrons.
Example: The electron configuration for fluorine (nine electrons) is:

1s22s22p5 → 2 + 2 + 5 = 9 electrons (F)
We can also represent the electron configuration by using a box

diagram, in which orbitals are represented by boxes grouped by
sublevel with small arrows indicating the electrons. The s-orbital is
The figure above shows one way of represented as 1 box with maximum of 2 electrons; p-orbital having
remembering the pattern for filling the 3 boxes with maximum of 6 electrons; d-orbital having 5 boxes with
atomic orbitals. The filling begins at the top maximum of 10 electrons; and f-orbital having 7 boxes with
of the pattern and follows the first arrow. maximum of 14 electrons. and so forth:
When you reach at the end of the first Example: The box diagram for fluorine (nine electrons) is:
arrow, you go to the second arrow and
follow it to the end. The third arrow
continues the pattern. F: 1s22s22p5 →
s p d f
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: states Pauli’s exclusion principle: states that, in an
that when electrons occupy degenerate atom or molecule, no two electrons can have
2 orbitals (i.e. same n and l quantum numbers), the same four electronic quantum numbers. As
an orbital can contain a maximum of only two 3
they must first occupy the empty orbitals
electrons, the two electrons must have
before double occupying them.
opposing spins. This means if one is assigned
an up-spin (+1/2), the other must be down-spin
(-1/2).
In applying electrons to the boxes using the arrows,
you must first complete the “upward arrows” for all
boxes before applying the remaining “downward
arrows”.
Example: For Carbon, C: 1s22s22p2
As you can see, the 1s and 2s subshells for beryllium

atoms can hold only two electrons and when filled, the
electrons must have opposite spins. Otherwise they will
have the same four quantum numbers, in violation of
the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
The alkali metal, Sodium “Na” (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the Neon atom. This
electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1
configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called
valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core
electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron
configurations by writing the noble gas that matches the core electron configuration, along with the valence
electrons in a condensed format. For our Sodium example, the symbol [Ne] represents core electrons,
(1s22s22p6) and our abbreviated or condensed configuration is [Ne]3s1.
• Nitrogen (atomic number 7) fills the 1s and 2s subshells and has one electron in
each of the three 2p orbitals, in accordance with Hund’s rule. These three electrons
have unpaired spins. Oxygen (atomic number 8) has a pair of electrons in any one
of the 2p orbitals (the electrons have opposite spins) and a single electron in each
of the other two. Fluorine (atomic number 9) has only one 2p orbital containing an
unpaired electron. All of the electrons in the noble gas neon (atomic number 10)
are paired, and all of the orbitals in the n = 1 and the n = 2 shells are filled. The
electron configurations and orbital diagrams of these four elements are:
• Similarly, the abbreviated configuration of lithium can be represented as [He]2s1, where [He] represents the
configuration of the helium atom, which is identical to that of the filled inner shell of lithium. Writing the
configurations in this way emphasizes the similarity of the configurations of lithium and sodium. Both atoms,
which are in the alkali metal family, have only one electron in a valence s subshell outside a filled set of inner
shells.
Magnetic Properties of Atoms based on their Electronic
Configurations
The magnetic moment of a system measures the strength and the direction of its magnetism. The term itself
usually refers to the magnetic dipole moment. Anything that is magnetic, like a bar magnet or a loop of electric
current, has a magnetic moment. A magnetic moment is a vector quantity, with a magnitude and a direction. An
electron has an electron magnetic dipole moment, generated by the electron's intrinsic spin property, making it an
electric charge in motion.
refers to the magnetic state of an atom with one or Diamagnetic substances are characterized by paired
more unpaired electrons. The unpaired electrons are electrons—except in the previously-discussed case of
attracted by a magnetic field due to the electrons' transition metals, there are no unpaired electrons.
magnetic dipole moments. Hund's Rule states that According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle which states
electrons must occupy every orbital singly before any that no two identical electrons may take up the same
orbital is doubly occupied. This may leave the atom quantum state at the same time, the electron spins are
with many unpaired electrons. Because unpaired oriented in opposite directions. This causes the magnetic
electrons can orient in either direction, they exhibit fields of the electrons to cancel out; thus there is no net
magnetic moments that can align with a magnet. This magnetic moment, and the atom cannot be attracted
capability allows paramagnetic atoms to be attracted into a magnetic field. In fact, diamagnetic substances
to magnetic fields. Diatomic oxygen, O2 is a good are weakly repelled by a magnetic field.
example of paramagnetism.
R E M I N D E R: How to Tell if a Substance is Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic? The magnetic properties of a

substance can be determined by examining its electron configuration: If it has unpaired electrons, then the substance is
paramagnetic and if all electrons are paired, the substance is then diamagnetic. This process can be broken into four
steps:
1. Find the electron configuration (Step 1)
2. Draw the valence orbitals (Step 2)
3. Look for unpaired electrons (Step 3)
4. Determine whether the substance is paramagnetic (one or more electrons unpaired) or diamagnetic
(all electrons paired) (Step 4)
Question: Are chlorine atoms paramagnetic or Question: Are zinc atoms paramagnetic or
diamagnetic? diamagnetic?
Solution: Solution:
1. Find the electron configuration. 1. Find the electron configuration.

Ans.: For Cl atoms, the electron Ans.: For Zn atoms, the electron configuration
configuration is [Ne]3s23p5. is [Ar]4s23d10.
2. Draw the valence orbitals. 2. Draw the valence orbitals.
Ans.: Ans.:
Ignore the core electrons and focus on the valence Ignore the core electrons and focus on the valence
electrons only. electrons only.
3. Look for unpaired electrons. 3. Look for unpaired electrons.

Ans.: There is one unpaired electron. Ans.: There are no unpaired electrons.
4. Determine whether the substance is 4. Determine whether the substance is

paramagnetic or diamagnetic. paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
Ans.: Since there is an unpaired electron, Cl Ans.: Because there are no unpaired electrons, Zn
atoms are paramagnetic (but weakly since only atoms are diamagnetic.
one electron is unpaired).
Write the electronic configuration of the following elements and draw the correct arrows to represent
the electrons in each subshell.
1. Lithium (3)
2. Oxygen (8)
3. Sulfur (16)
4. Potassium (19)
Instructions: Tell whether the given substance in the problem is PARAMAGNETIC or DIAMAGNETIC
using the 4 steps of determining magnetic properties through electronic configurations. Show your
solution and illustration in a separate sheet of neat paper.
1. Boron (5)
2. Bromine (35) Note: You can always abbreviate and find the core electrons and valence
electrons! *wink*
A VIN or a vehicle identification number is a digit sequence that is stamped into the chassis of a car.
Answer to This serves as an identification code and is a must when registering a vehicle. Each and every car on
START-UP the road has a unique number, which is sometimes referred to as the body number. VIN numbers are
all different and you will never come across vehicles with the same VIN Number stamped on it. This is
also the reason it is referred to as the car’s DNA, because with this number you can identify the exact
model and details registered under it. Just like with the atoms, it has a unique electronic configuration
which will determine the accurate identity of the element.
References:
• https://education.jlab.org/qa/e
lectron_config.html
• https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/c
hapter/6-4-electronic-structure-
of-atoms-electron-configurations/
• https://chem.libretexts.org
• https://byjus.com/chemistry/elect
ron-configuration/
• https://www.wikihow.com/Write-
Electron-Configurations-for-
Atoms-of-Any-Element
CHEMISTRY 1 Lewis Dot Structure
and the Octet Rule
Decipher the Mystery Word! Using the Morse Code, decode the unknown word below.
Mystery Word: ______________________
Just what is a Lewis Dot Structure?
Lewis dot structures, commonly referred to as electron dot

structures or Lewis structures, describe the chemical bonding of atoms in a
molecule. It is a structural formula in which electrons are represented by
dots; two dots between two atoms that represent a covalent bond. It was
named from Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946) (see picture on the
right), who introduced it in 1916. Each Lewis dot symbol consists of the
chemical symbol for an element surrounded by dots that represent its
valence electrons.
Gilbert Newton Lewis
To write an element’s Lewis dot symbol, we place dots
representing its valence electrons, one at a time, around
the element’s chemical symbol. From the previous lesson, valence
Why is it important?
electrons ae found at the outermost shell orbital from our electronic
configuration. Lewis dot structures
are a key concept in
understanding how
atoms bond. Knowing
the Lewis structure of
For example, the electron configuration for atomic sulfur is an atom allows you to
[Ne]3s23p4. Thus, there are six valence electrons. We know how it will bond
would place dots (as the number of valence electrons) one and how many bonds
it will form. This
at a time, around the element’s symbol. Up to four dots are
knowledge eventually
placed above, below, to the left, and to the right of the can allow us to
symbol (in any order, as long as elements with four or understand the shapes
fewer valence electrons have no more than one dot in each of molecules and their
chemical properties.
position). It’s Lewis symbol would therefore be:
Fluorine, for example, with the electron configuration [He]2s22p5, has seven valence
electrons, so its Lewis dot symbol is constructed as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lewis Structure for Ions

Lewis symbols can be used to illustrate the formation
of cations from atoms, as shown here for calcium:
Likewise, they can be used to show the formation

of anions from atoms, as shown here for sulfur:
Below shows the use of Lewis symbols to show the transfer of electrons during the formation of ionic compounds.
Lewis Structure for Covalent Compounds
We also use Lewis symbols to indicate the

formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in
Lewis structures, drawings that describe the
bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. For
example, when two chlorine atoms form a chlorine
molecule, they share one pair of electrons:
In the Lewis model, a single shared pair of

electrons constitutes a single bond. Each Cl The Lewis structure indicates that each Cl atom
atom interacts with eight valence electrons total: has three pairs of electrons that are not used in
the six in the lone pairs and the two in the single bonding (called lone pairs) and one shared pair of
bond. electrons (written between the atoms). A dash (or
line) is usually used to indicate a shared pair of
electrons:
The Octet Rule

Example: The oxygen atom which has six
electrons in its valence shell completes its
What is the Octet Rule?
octet by sharing its two electrons with two
All atoms except noble gases have less than hydrogen atoms to form a water molecule.
eight electrons in their valence shell (except the
Hydrogen atom because only two electrons
complete its first shell to attain helium
configuration). In other words, the valence shells of
these atoms do not have stable configurations.
` Therefore, they combine with each other or with
other atoms to attain stable electronic
Lewis Structure of Water Molecule
configurations. The octet rule dictates that atoms
are most stable when their valence shells are filled
with eight electrons. It is based on the Depending upon the number of shared
observation that the atoms of the main group electron pairs, the covalent bond can be
elements have a tendency to participate in chemical classified into:
bonding in such a way that each atom of the 1.) Single Covalent Bond
resulting molecule has eight electrons in the 2.) Double Covalent Bond
valence shell. 3.) Triple Covalent Bond
SINGLE COVALENT BOND
A single bond is formed when only one pair of the electron is shared
between the two participating atoms. It is represented by one dash (-). Although
this form of covalent bond has a smaller density and is weaker than a double and
triple bond, it is the most stable.
For example, HCl molecule has one Hydrogen atom with one valence electron and one
Chlorine atom with seven valence electrons. In this case, a single bond is formed between
hydrogen and chlorine by sharing one electron.
DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
A double bond is formed when two pairs of electrons are shared between the two
participating atoms. It is represented by two dashes (=). Double covalent bonds are much
stronger than a single bond, but they are less stable.
Example: Carbon dioxide molecule has one carbon atom with six valence electrons and two
oxygen atoms with four valence electrons.
To complete its octet, carbon shares two of its
valence electrons with one oxygen atom and two with another
oxygen atom. Each oxygen atom shares its two electrons with
carbon and therefore there are two double bonds in CO2.
TRIPLE COVALENT BOND

A triple bond is formed when three pairs of electrons are shared
between the two participating atoms. Triple covalent bonds are
represented by three dashes (≡) and are the least stable types of
covalent bonds.
For example, in the formation of a nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen
atoms having five valence electrons provides three electrons to form three
electron pairs for sharing. Thus, a triple bond is formed between the two
nitrogen atoms.
LET’S DRAW THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES!
1. Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell and it completes its octet
by sharing its four electrons with four chlorine atoms to form carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4) molecule as shown right:
2. Nitrogen has five electrons in its valence shell completes its octet by sharing its three
electrons with three hydrogen atoms to form NH3 (Ammonia).
Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Three cases can be constructed that do not follow the octet rule, and as such, they are
known as the exceptions to the octet rule:
(1) When there are an odd number of valence electrons. An example of this
would be Nitrogen (II) Oxide also called nitric oxide (NO). Nitrogen has 5 valence
electrons while Oxygen has 6. The total would be 11 valence electrons to be used.
(2) When there are too few valence 0 electrons. Species with incomplete octets
are pretty rare and generally are only found in some beryllium, aluminum, and boron
compounds including the boron hydrides.
(3) When there are too many valence electrons. More common than
incomplete octets are expanded octets where the central atom in a Lewis
structure has more than eight electrons in its valence shell. In expanded
octets, the central atom can have ten electrons, or even twelve.
A. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of the following elements:
1. Magnesium [Ne] 3s2 2. Carbon [He] 2s22p2 3. Sodium (Atomic No. 11)
B. Following the octet rule, form a correct Lewis Dot Structure of a molecule by connecting
the elements using dashes and applying the correct number of dots.
1. Oxygen (6 valence electrons) 2. Bromine (7 valence electrons); Phosphorus (5 valence electrons)
Br P Br
O O
Br
C. Write before the number if the molecules shown below follow the octet rule. If the
molecules’ structure do not follow octet rule, write .
____1. ____2. ____3.
The sound energy in your voice makes the diaphragm vibrate, moving the coil nearer to or further
Answer to from the magnet. This generates an electric current in the coil that corresponds to the sound of
START-UP your voice that generates directly into the communication wires, making a stable connection. In
Lewis Dot Structures, elements have their representation of their connection through dots and
dashes, forming a particular substance and understand its structure.
References:
• https://chem.libretexts.org/
• https://byjus.com/jee/covalent
-bond
• https://www.ck12.org/chemist
ry/Lewis-Electron-Dot-
Structures/rwa/A-Simple-
Code/
• https://electronics.howstuffwor
ks.com/telephone.htm
CHEMISTRY 1
Naming Compounds
Guess the scientific name! Connect the scientific names of the different flora
and fauna. Try it for fun!
Scientific Names
1. Philippine Eagle
• a. Homo Sapiens
2. Gumamela • b. Jasminum Sambac
3. Human • c. Hibiscus
4. Banana • d. Pithecophaga Jefferyi
5. Sampaguita • e. Musa acuminata
Nomenclature is the term referring to the naming of compounds.
In this section, we will learn how to write the formula of molecular
compounds formed by the nonmetallic elements. To name compounds
correctly, you will need to memorize certain elements and ions, and you will
need to apply a few rules. Let’s check it out as you go through in this
lesson.
First, we will use a limited set of elements and ions to our examples.
You will also need to learn additional names. Our limited set begins with
the following elements (see table at the right corner).
Finally, you will need to memorize the common names of the

Many nonmetals, following molecular compounds:
excluding the noble
gases, occur in the Water H2O
form of molecules and Ammonia NH3
not as individual atoms. Methane CH4
Examples include H2,
N2, O2, F2 Cl2, Br2, and Some compound are simple molecules with special names. The
I2. short list containing water contains examples of this type of
nomenclature. You must simply learn these names; more rules do not
alter the fact that H2O is water.
Some compounds, namely molecular compounds, Oxygen oxide

contain only nonmetals. Normally the compounds you need to Nitrogen nitride
name are binary compounds (containing only two elements).
Fluorine fluoride
Once you have the symbols in the correct order, you
Chlorine chloride
simply write the name of the first element followed by the
name of second element. However, you will need to Sulfur sulfide
remember that the name of the second element will be Carbon carbide
changed to end with an -ide suffix. Thus:
To complete the name, it is necessary to add prefixes to
indicate the number of atoms. We will use the following list:
1 - mono* 6 - hexa
2 - di 7 - hepta
3 - tri 8 - octa
4 - tetra 9 - nona
5 - penta 10 - deca
*This prefix is not used for the first element’s name.
To name the compounds correctly, a step-by-step guide will help. Refer to the
example below.
Let’s use the following compounds as examples: CS 2, ClF3, and N2O5. You should
locate the elements in each compound on the periodic table to confirm the order they
appear in the formula. The next step is to write the name of each element in the same
order that they appear in the formula:
CS2
ClF3
carbon sulfur
chlorine fluorine 1
N2O5 nitrogen oxygen
In each case, we need to change the name of the second element to one with an -ide
suffix:
CS2 carbon sulfide

ClF3 chlorine fluoride
2 N2O5 nitrogen oxide
Next, we need to add a prefix in those cases in which there is more than one of a particular
atom:
CS2 carbon disulfide
ClF3 chlorine trifluoride
N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
3
Reversing this procedure will allow us to write a formula from a name. Let’s try this
`
with carbon tetrachloride and oxygen difluoride. The formulas for these two compounds
are CCl4 and OF2, respectively.
Note:
• Generally, the less electronegative element is written first in the formula, though
there are a few exceptions. Carbon is always first in a formula and hydrogen is
after nitrogen in a formula such as NH3. The order of common nonmetals in
binary compound formulas is C, P, N, H, S, I, Br, Cl, O, F.
• The a or o at the end of a prefix is usually dropped from the name when the
name of the element begins with a vowel. As an example, four oxygen atoms, is
tetroxide instead of tetraoxide.
• The prefix is "mono" is not added to the first element’s name if there is only
one atom of the first element in a molecule.
Write the molecular formula for Write the name for each
each compound: compound:
1. phosphorus pentachloride 1. BrF5

2. sulfur dioxide 2. S2F2
3. silicon tetraiodide 3. CO
4. carbon disulfide 4. CF4
All medicines have one generic name, and perhaps one or more brand names. For example, Advil and Motrin are
Answer to brand names for the generic medicine ibuprofen. When you are taking medicine, it is important to know both the
generic and the brand names. This information will prevent you from taking too much of the same medicine,
START-UP which can lead to an overdose. Just like in Chemistry, it is important to know the right names of the compounds
formed as well as its formula.
References:
• https://www.guinnessworld
records.com/
• https://consumermedsafety.
org/
• https://courses.lumenlearni
ng.com/
CHEMISTRY 1
Geometry of Simple Compounds
Show your creativity! Draw a representation of an object that resembles the

shape given below, but with a twist! Your chosen object will depend on the given
description that you might be encountering in your daily lives.
Food that resembles hexagonal Square object you see in your house
shape
Circle object you see in sports
Rectangular object that can be found in Triangular object related to human history
school
The Lewis electron-pair approach can be used to predict the number and types of bonds
between the atoms in a substance, and it indicates which atoms have lone pairs of electrons. This
approach gives no information about the actual arrangement of atoms in space. We continue our
discussion of structure and bonding by introducing the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion
(VSEPR) model (pronounced “vesper”), which can be used to predict the shapes of simple molecules.
Fig. 1: Common Structures for Molecules that consist of a Central Atom Bonded to Two or Three Other Atoms
The shape of a molecule is determined by the fact that covalent

bonds, which are composed of negatively charged electrons, tend to repel
one another. This concept is called the valence shell electron pair
repulsion (VSEPR) theory. For example, the two covalent bonds in
BeCl2 stay as far from each other as possible, ending up 180° apart from
each other. The result is a linear molecule:
In this type of molecule, we find three molecules attached to a central

atom. They are arranged in such a manner that repulsion between the
electrons can be minimized (toward the corners of an equilateral triangle).
The three covalent bonds in BF3 repel each other to form 120° angles in a
plane, in a shape called trigonal planar:
`
The four covalent bonds in CCl4 arrange themselves three dimensionally,
pointing toward the corner of a tetrahedron and making bond angles of
109.5°. CCl4 is said to have a tetrahedral shape:
Molecules with lone electron pairs around the central atom have a shape based
on the position of the atoms, not the electron pairs. For example, NH 3 has one
lone electron pair and three bonded electron pairs. These four electron pairs
repel each other and adopt a tetrahedral arrangement. However, the shape of
the molecule is described in terms of the positions of the atoms, not the lone
electron pairs. Thus, NH3 is said to have a trigonal pyramidal shape, not a
tetrahedral one.
Similarly, H2O has two lone pairs of electrons around the central
oxygen atom and two bonded electron pairs. Although the four
electron pairs adopt a tetrahedral arrangement, the shape of the
molecule is described by the positions of the atoms only. The shape of
H2O is bent with an approximate 109.5° angle.
In summary…
To determine the molecular
geometry:
Step 1: Draw the Lewis

structure.
Step 2: Count the number of
bonds (a double/triple bond
counts as one) and lone pairs
around the central atom.
Step 3: Use Table 1 to
determine the molecular
geometry.
Example: What is the geometry of the ammonium ion, NH 4+? Its Lewis
` structure is shown below. How is this different from ammonia, NH 3?
In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons

that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond and
is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair.
Solution: In ammonium ion, the central atom N has 4 bonds and no lone pair. Based
on Table 1, this is tetrahedral. For representation, see picture below.
In ammonia (NH3), shown below, N has 3 bonds and one lone pair. Based on Table 1, it is
equivalent to the shape of trigonal pyramid.
Lone pair
Instructions: Identify the shape of the given simple molecules by analyzing its number of bonds
and lone pairs. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. BeCl2 ; Shape:__________ 2. CH4 ; Shape:__________
3. NO2- ; Shape:__________ 4. SO3 ; Shape:__________
The hexagon - a shape with 6 sides - is one of the most common shapes in nature. From
Answer to honeycombs to snowflakes and patterns found on fruit skins, the hexagon is present everywhere!
START-UP The hexagonal honeycomb construction is so strong at such a light weight that it is commonly used
in human manufacturing.
References:
• https://byjus.com/
CHEMISTRY 1
Polarity of Simple Molecules
Instructions: Study the different shapes below. Identify which shapes are symmetric
or asymmetric by writing its corresponding number to the table below.
5 8
10
4 7
Hint! If a figure can be folded or
divided into half so that the two
halves match exactly then such a
figure is called a symmetric figure.
6 9 2
Let us define polarity. Polarity is a
state or a condition of an atom or a molecule
having positive and also negative charges,
especially in case of magnetic or an electrical
pole. Polarity, in general, refers to the physical
properties of compounds such as boiling point,
melting points, and their solubilities. The polarity of bonds mainly arises from the act between
molecules and atoms with various electronegativities. Electronegativity is a chemical
property that describes the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. There
is a large difference in electronegativity for atoms from the left- and right-hand sides of the
periodic table. Electronegativity is an important quantity in determining the nature of bonds
between elements and will be considered as the main factor in chemical bonding.
Talking about polarity in Chemistry, well it is basically the separation of an electric

charge which leads a molecule to have a positive and negative end.
Consider the example:
In an H-F bond, the fluorine atom is said to be more

electronegative than that of the Hydrogen atom. The
electrons eventually spend more time at the Fluorine atom.
Hence, this F atom slightly becomes negative whereas the
Hydrogen atom tends to become slightly positive.
A molecule is basically said to be either a polar molecule or non- polar molecule. But
how can we find out? Below are the most basic guidelines on how to determine a molecule’s
polarity.
1. Start by drawing its Lewis Structure. This rule applies to all molecules except
hydrocarbons and molecules with two atoms of the same element.
2. The Lewis Structure will help you analyze the shape of the molecule given to you, as
tackled in our previous lesson.
3. Determine which of the five categories of shapes your molecule falls into linear,
tetrahedral, trigonal planar, bent, trigonal pyramid. The first three are symmetric
shapes, and the last two are asymmetric shapes.
4. Remember, non-polar molecules are perfectly symmetrical while polar
molecules are not. This means that if the shape of the molecule given to you is a
bent or trigonal pyramid, it is a polar molecule.
5. Remember that asymmetry applies even if the outer atoms are the same. The
arrangement of the atoms matters more.
6. Now, let us dissect the symmetric molecules. All the atoms that are attached to the
central atom must be the same if it is a non-polar molecule. If different kinds of
atoms are attached to the central atom, the molecule is polar.
`
Non-Polar Molecules (By Shape) Polar Molecules (By Shape)
Bent
Linear
Trigonal Pyramid
Trigonal Planar Tetrahedral
Examples of Polar and Non-Polar Molecules
A molecule may be polar or non-polar. A non-polar molecule has a structure of its atoms
lined up in a way that the orbital electrons in the outer region cancel out the
electronegativity.
• Water is said to be a polar molecule due to the difference in the

electronegativities between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen. Oxygen is a
highly electronegative atom when compared to hydrogen.
• Fats, petrol, oil, gasoline are said to be non-polar molecules as they do not
dissolve in water and nonpolar is insoluble in water.
• Glucose is one more example of a polar molecule based on the arrangement of
the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in it.
1. In just 3-5 sentences, briefly explain how can you determine if a

molecule is polar or non-polar.
2. Draw the shape of the given molecules below and identify if its
polarity is polar or non-polar.
a. CO2
b. NH3
c. SO2
d. BCl3
A magnet has two ends called poles, one of which is called a north pole, while the other is called a south pole.
Answer to The north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of a second magnet, while the north pole of one magnet
repels the other magnet's north pole. So, we have the common saying: like poles repel, unlike poles attract. When
START-UP atoms in a molecule share electron unequally, they create what is called a dipole moment. This occurs when one
atom is more electronegative than another, resulting in that atom pulling more tightly on the shared pair of
electrons, or when one atom has a lone pair of electrons.
References:
• https://byjus.com/chemistr
y/polarity/
• https://geometryofmolecule
s.com/how-to-determine-
molecule-polar-non-polar/
• https://www.explainthatstuf
f.com/
CHEMISTRY 1
Functional Groups
The following objects below are grouped. If you will describe the set of objects into
one or two words, what is it? Explain. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.
1 3
The functional group can be defined as an
atom or a group of atoms that are joined together in
a specific manner which is responsible for the
characteristic of chemical properties of organic
compounds. Examples, in this case, are the
hydroxyl group -OH, aldehyde group -CHO, and
carboxylic acid group -COOH. Figure 1
The manner in which the functional groups indulge in a chemical reaction can be further
modified with the help of other functional groups, and these groups can also be interconverted. A few
functional groups involving carbon are illustrated in Figure 1.
Some more functional groups containing elements such
Figure 2 as nitrogen and oxygen featuring different hybridizations of the
carbon-nitrogen and the carbon-oxygen bonds are illustrated in
Figure 2.
The presence of functional groups in a molecule also
affects the solubility and the tendency to form complexes of the
molecule in question. If the functional groups of the solute and
the solvent interact well, the solubility increases. For example,
since sugar and water both contain the -OH (hydroxyl) group,
sugar can be easily dissolved in water.
Nomenclature of Common Functional Groups
The common functional groups, along with the prefix and the suffix which must be used in their
nomenclature are provided in this subsection. Additionally, a brief description of the constitution of each
of these groups is also provided.
Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (and sometimes the derivatives of benzene) are represented by the symbol R.
these groups are also referred to as hydrocarbyl groups since they contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
However, they may vary in the types of bonds between two carbon atoms, such as double or triple bonds.
• The reactivity of these groups varies due to the nature of the carbon-carbon bond. Some groups are made up
of a long, branched alkane or a ring-structured alkane, which are assigned specific names. Examples include
names such as bornyl and cyclohexyl.
• The hydrocarbon functional groups may have an ionic charge on them. The positively charged structures are
referred to as carbocations whereas the negatively charged hydrocarbons are called carbanions.
Haloalkanes
• Haloalkanes, or alkyl halides, are the functional groups which contain a bond between a carbon atom
and a halogen. The prefix used to denote a halogen is ‘halo-’. For example, the compound CH3F can
be called fluoromethane, and the prefix here is fluoro.
• The suffix used to denote a halogen is the ‘halide’. For example, the same compound,
fluoromethane (CH3F) can also be referred to as methyl fluoride, the suffix being fluoride.
• The carbon-halogen bond varies in strength and stability based on the halogen. For
example, the carbon-iodine bond in alkyl iodides is quite weak but the carbon-fluorine bond
in alkyl fluorides is quite strong and stable.
Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups
• The properties of the functional groups containing a carbon-oxygen bond are entirely dependent on the
hybridization of the carbon-oxygen bond.
• This can be explained by the electron donating effect of the sp2 hybridization of oxygen which can
be observed in alcohols in sharp contrast with the electron withdrawing effect of the sp hybridized oxygen
which can be observed in the carbonyl groups which contain a carbon-oxygen double bond.
• The suffixes used in the nomenclature of compounds which have a functional group containing a C-O bond
are tabulated below along with examples.
Based on the Functional Group table, what
is the suffix and functional group of:
1. Define functional group.
1. Ethanoic Acid?
2. What will happen if the functional 2. Methanol?
groups of the solute and the solvent 3. Trimethylamine?
interact well? 4. Ethanal?
5. Ethyl Butanoate?
Grouping ingredients will help you to put it in a cooking pan at its specific time (e.g., right time for
Answer to tenderness, avoid being saggy, extracting flavors at right temperature). Also, you don’t like your
preparation and cooking to be messy. In chemistry, atoms can be grouped in a specific manner
START-UP which is responsible for the characteristic of chemical properties of organic compounds, called
functional groups.
References:
CHEMISTRY 1
Structural Isomerism
Can You Solve This Matchstick Math Puzzle? Each of the numbers in this
equation is built from matchsticks. By moving only one matchstick, fix the equation
so that it is correct. (Keep moving 1 matchstick! Although we need only 1 answer,
there are at least three possible ways to make the equation work!)
in Organic Molecules
Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement
of the atoms in space. That excludes any different arrangements which are simply due to the molecule
rotating as a whole, or rotating about particular bonds. Take a look at the example below. Both of the
following are the same molecule. They are not isomers. Both are butane.
What have you observed? The one is in

a straight orientation while the other one is
twisted, right? There are also endless other
possible ways that this molecule could twist
itself. There is completely free rotation around
all the carbon-carbon single bonds. If you had a
model of a molecule in front of you, you would
have to take it to pieces and rebuild it if you
wanted to make an isomer of that molecule. If
you can make an apparently different molecule
just by rotating single bonds, it's not different - Figure 1. Alkane Isomers
it's still the same molecule!
Structural isomers are those isomers in which the atoms are completely arranged in a different
order with the same molecular formulas. These are the molecules having the same kind of molecular
formula with different connectivities depending upon the order they are put together. The structure of
Alkane (C4H10) is one of the simple examples representing a structural isomer with different isomers.
With the increase in the number of Carbon atoms in the alkane molecule, the structural isomers
increase.
Types of Structural Isomerism

There are three types of Structural isomerism existing namely chain isomerism, position
isomerism and functional group isomerism.
Chain isomerism occurs when there is a difference in the
Chain Isomerism atomic arrangement of the carbon to the carbon chain of a molecule.
If two or more compounds having the same type of molecular
formula with different main chains, then they are said to exhibit the property of Chain isomerism. This
phenomenon is also called as skeletal isomerism. For example, there are two isomers of butane, C 4H10.
In one of them, the carbon atoms lie in a "straight chain" whereas in the other the chain is branched.
Linear Branched
Positional isomerism arises when there Position Isomerism
is a difference in the positions occupied by the
substituent atoms or a group of atoms or due to the unsaturation occurring in the chain. When the
position of the functional groups with respect to main chain atom changes, the phenomenon is
called as position isomerism. In simple words, the basic carbon skeleton remains unchanged,
but important groups are moved around on that skeleton. For example, there are two
structural isomers with the molecular formula C3H7Br. In one of them the bromine atom is on the
end of the chain, whereas in the other it's attached in the middle.
Another similar example occurs in alcohols such as C4H9OH.
Functional Group Isomerism
Functional group isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where isomers have same
molecular formula but differ in functional group. Thus, they belong to different families of compounds
or different homologous series. For example, there are two functional group isomers found with the
molecular formula C2H6O. Ethanol and dimethyl ether are those two functional group isomers. Here
`
ethanol contains alcohol as functional group and dimethyl ether contains ether.
• Structural isomerism is a type of isomerism where isomers have

different arrangements of atoms within the molecule.
• Chain isomerism where the isomers differ in the order in which the
carbon atoms are bonded to each other.
• Position isomerism where the main carbon skeleton is same but they
differ in the position of functional group attached to it.
• Functional group isomerism where isomers differ in functional group.
Identify which from the types of structural isomerism represent the
description or example below.
______________1. The basic carbon skeleton remains unchanged, but

important groups are moved around on that skeleton.
______________2. A type of structural isomerism where isomers have same

molecular formula but differ in functional group.
______________3.
Answer to Convertible dresses (or versatile dresses e.g., malong, sarong, customized fabrics) are those that
START-UP can be worn into different styles by tying or knotting the parts of the textile, forming as a whole
dress. The key takeaway here is that, atom arrangements of molecules may always differ.
References:
• https://chem.libretexts.org
• https://byjus.com
• https://www.thoughtco.com
• https://chemdictionary.org
CHEMISTRY 1
Organic Reactions
HOW WOULD YOU REACT TO THESE SCENARIOS? Based on the given

statements below, draw an emoji of your choice based on how you will react to the
narrative. (You can label it with a caption – use of bad words are prohibited and will take a
disciplinary action.)
Example: To satisfy your craving, you bought your favorite ice cream flavor. While enjoying it, your
classmate accidentally bumped into you and your ice cream fell on the ground. HOW WOULD YOU
REACT? DRAW AN EMOJI OF YOUR CHOICE!
Me:
Scenario How Would You React? Draw it!
1. You fell asleep. Waking up, you checked your phone

and it has 28 missed calls from your mother.
2. After sleepless nights of reviewing, you finally took
the periodical exam in Chemistry. The day after, the
results are up. You got a nearly perfect score.
3. Due to the pandemic, it was announced that the
school’s field trip was cancelled.
Types of Organic Reactions
Organic reactions require the breaking of strong

covalent bonds, which takes a considerable input of
energy. In order for relatively stable organic molecules to
react at a reasonable rate, they often must be modified
with the use of highly reactive materials or in the
presence of a catalyst. In this lesson, you will learn about
several general categories of organic reactions.
Substitution Reaction
In a substitution reaction, one atom or a group of

atoms is substituted by another atom or a group of
atoms to form a new substance.
Elimination Reaction
There are some reactions which involve the elimination or
removal of the adjacent atoms. After these multiple bonds are formed
and there is a release of small molecules as products.
One of the examples of elimination reaction is the conversion of
ethyl chloride to ethylene.
CH3CH2Cl → CH2=CH2 + HCl
In the above reaction, the eliminated molecule is HCl, which is
formed by the combination of H+ from the carbon atom which is on the
left side and Cl– from the carbon atom which is on the right side.
Addition Reaction
Addition reaction is nothing but just the opposite of elimination
reaction. In an addition reaction, the components A and B are added to
the carbon-carbon multiple bonds and this is called addition reaction. In
the reaction given below when HCl is added to ethylene, it will give us
ethylene chloride.
HCl + CH2 CH2 → CH3CH2Cl
Rearrangement Reaction
A rearrangement reaction generates an isomer, and again

the number of bonds normally does not change.
Instructions: Determine the organic reaction based on the description below. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.
Type of Organic Reaction
The opposite of elimination reaction. __________________
There is a release of small molecules as products. __________________
One atom or a group of atoms is substituted by another __________________

atom or a group of atoms to form a new substance.
Generates an isomer, and again the number of bonds __________________

normally does not change.
Traditionally, three reagents, potassium nitrate, carbon, and sulfur, make gunpowder. You’re doing
Answer to a combustion reaction out of those types of materials that creates this detonation explosion. Those
START-UP three reagents react to make solid potassium carbonate, solid potassium sulfate, nitrogen gas, and
carbon dioxide gas, so you have solid reagents reacting to make gases.
References:
• https://stillunfold.com/
CHEMISTRY 1
Polymers
Look around your surroundings. List some items that you consider as an example
of a polymer (either man-made e.g., plastics or polymers found in nature e.g.,
cotton). Give its function or uses.
POLYMER FUNCTION/USE
1. Sponge (Example) Sponges can be used for dishwashing.
3. ______________ _______________________________________
2. ______________ _______________________________________
4. ______________ _______________________________________
6. ______________ _______________________________________
5. ______________ _______________________________________
7. ______________ _______________________________________
9. ______________ _______________________________________
8. ______________ _______________________________________
What are Polymers?
In this lesson, we will explore polymers, which are found everywhere, from our food to our
clothes. You'll learn the definition of the term 'polymer,' and we'll look at the structure of it.
Polymers are very big molecules made up of many smaller molecules layered together in a
repeating pattern. In fact, the word polymer is Greek for 'many parts.' The smaller molecules that come
together to form polymers are called monomers--small units that link together over and over to form a
large polymer. Think of monomers like paper clips that link together to form a chain, and the chain is a
polymer.
Polymers can result in some very unique materials, both naturally occurring and man-made. Let's
explore some examples of man-made and natural polymers.
Man-made Polymers Polymers found in nature

The paper you write on every The monomer that makes up
day, for example, is a man-made wood is called glucose. If you
polymer made from many parts were to look at a piece of wood
of wood pulp compressed and under a strong microscope, you
flattened. If you looked at paper would see that it's made up of
under a very powerful small, repeated glucose molecules.
microscope, you would see that Glucose is actually a very common
it's made up of smaller molecules monomer--it's also found in
arranged in a repeated pattern. cotton, potatoes and corn!
Polymers are formed by a process called polymerization, in which a chemical reaction of reacting
monomer molecules forms polymer chains in a variety of complexities.
• Addition Polymerization
This is also called as chain growth

polymerization. In this, small monomer units joined to
form a giant polymer.
• Condensation Polymerization
In this type small molecules like H2O,

CO, NH3 are eliminated during polymerization
(step growth polymerization).
Depending on the polymerization reaction conditions, the resulting polymer can be a simple
linear chain of linked carbon atoms, or a branched-chain, or maybe cross-linked.
Linear Polymers - The structure of polymers containing long and straight chains fall into this category. PVC, i.e.
poly-vinyl chloride is largely used for making pipes and electric cables is an example of a linear polymer.
Branched-chain Polymers - When linear chains of a polymer form branches, then, such polymers are
categorized as branched chain polymers. For example, Low-density polythene.
Cross-linked Polymers - if polymer chains are linked together extensively by covalent bonds, the
polymer is harder and more difficult to melt.
Ever wondered what is the shape of a
polymer molecule? Think spaghetti!
Don't be misled by chemical formulas that

depict polymers such as polyethylene as reasonably
straight chains of substituted carbon atoms. Free
rotation around C—C bonds allows long polymer
molecules to curl up and and tangle very much like
spaghetti. Thus polymers generally form amorphous
solids. There are, however, ways in which certain
polymers can be partially oriented.
Three conformations in which the polymer chains

may be arranged within a polymeric material.
There are also classes of biological molecules may be grouped into the types of polymers
they form and the monomers that act as subunits:
1. Lipids - polymers called diglycerides, triglycerides; monomers are glycerol and fatty acids
2. Proteins - polymers are known as polypeptides; monomers are amino acids
3. Nucleic Acids - polymers are DNA and RNA; monomers are nucleotides, which are in
turn consist of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
4. Carbohydrates - polymers are polysaccharides and disaccharides; monomers are
` monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Here we will list some of the important uses of polymers in our everyday life.
1. Polypropene finds usage in a broad range of industries such as textiles,

packaging, stationery, plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys, etc.
2. Polystyrene is one of the most common plastic, actively used in the packaging
industry. Bottles, toys, containers, trays, disposable glasses and plates, tv cabinets
and lids are some of the daily-used products made up of polystyrene. It is also used
as an insulator.
3. The most important use of polyvinyl chloride is the manufacture of sewage pipes.
It is also used as an insulator in the electric cables.
4. Polyvinyl chloride is used in clothing and furniture and has recently become
popular for the construction of doors and windows as well. It is also used in vinyl
flooring.
5. Urea-formaldehyde resins are used for making adhesives, molds, laminated
sheets, unbreakable containers, etc.
6. Glyptal is used for making paints, coatings, and lacquers.
7. Bakelite is used for making electrical switches, kitchen products, toys, jewelry,
firearms, insulators, computer discs, etc.
Differentiate Addition
Polymerization and Write an essay on the important
Condensation Polymerization. uses of polymers in our daily lives.
The vast majority of plastic bags that we use everyday are made from an ever-present polymer
Answer to
substance, known as polyethylene. This consists of long chains of ethylene monomers.
START-UP
References:
• https://www.thoughtco.com/
• www.chem1.com
CHEMISTRY 1
Organic Compounds and
its General Classes
Identify and write which of the images below fall under a general class or a
major source of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Rice Egg Beeswax
1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________
DNA Potatoes
4. __________________ 5. __________________
The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association
with organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds, which are the
compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry.
What do you observe?
As shown in the table, two columns are divided – one is for organic
compounds and the other is for inorganic compounds. What did you notice
about all the compounds that are classified as examples of organic
compounds?
Did you observe carbon is always present and that hydrogen and
oxygen are commonly found in organic compounds? Great! Most organic
compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes other elements such
as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, or phosphorus. All living organisms contain carbon—even bacteria. Our bodies
are composed mostly of water, H2O, and it is necessary for us to survive. However, water is an example of an
inorganic compound because it does not contain carbon and it was not formed by a living organism. Carbon
dioxide, CO2, is another example of an inorganic compound because it does not contain both carbon and
hydrogen. One molecule of CO2 contains one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. There are a total of three
atoms in one molecule of carbon dioxide, CO2.
General Classes of Organic Compounds and its Function

There are four main types, or classes, of organic compounds found in all living things, which is also called
as Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In addition, there are other organic
compounds that may be found in or produced by some organisms. All organic compounds contain carbon, usually
bonded to hydrogen (other elements may be present as well). Let's take a closer look at the key types of organic
compounds and see examples of these important molecules.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are macronutrients and are one of the three main ways by which our body obtains its
energy. They are called carbohydrates as they comprise carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at their chemical level.
Carbohydrates are essential nutrients which include sugars, fibers, and starches. They are found in grains,
vegetables, fruits, and in milk and other dairy products. They are the basic food groups which play an important
role in a healthy life. The carbohydrates are further classified into simple and complex which is mainly based on
their chemical structure and degree of polymerization.
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
• Glucose is an example of a carbohydrate monomer or monosaccharide. Other examples of
monosaccharides include mannose, galactose, fructose, etc.
• Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates having two monomers
include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc.
• Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by the polymerization of a large number of monomers.
Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, etc. which exhibit extensive branching.
Functions of Carbohydrates
✓ The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy and food to the body and to the nervous system.
✓ Carbohydrates are known as one of the basic components of food, including sugars, starch, and fiber which are
abundantly found in grains, fruits, and milk products.
✓ It is also involved in fat metabolism and prevents ketosis.
✓ Inhibits the breakdown of proteins for energy as they are the primary source of energy.
✓ An enzyme by name amylase assists in the breakdown of starch into glucose, finally to produce energy for metabolism.
Lipids
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of
fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are
responsible for different functions within the human
body.
Types of Lipids
Within classes of lipids, there are numerous specific

types of lipids important to live, including fatty acids,
triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and
steroids. These are broadly classified as simple lipids
and complex lipids.
a.) Simple Lipids
1. Fats: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Oils are fats in the liquid state
2. Waxes: Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols
b.) Complex Lipids
1. Phospholipids: These are lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and alcohol, a phosphoric acid
`
residue. They frequently have nitrogen-containing bases and other substituents, eg, in
glycerophospholipids the alcohol is glycerol and in sphingophospholipids the alcohol is sphingosine.
2. Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine and carbohydrate.
3. Other complex lipids: Lipids such as sulfolipids and amino lipids. Lipoproteins may also be placed in this
category.
Functions of Lipids
✓ Used to build structures, and as signal molecules to help cells communicate with each other.
✓ Store energy for long term
✓ Waterproof covering
Proteins
Proteins consist of chains of amino
acids called peptides. A protein may be made
from a single polypeptide chain or may have a
more complex structure where polypeptide
subunits pack together to form a unit. Proteins
consist of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and
nitrogen atoms. Some proteins contain other
atoms, such as sulfur, phosphorus, iron,
copper, or magnesium.
Functions of Proteins
✓ Used to build structures, and as signal molecules to help cells communicate with each other.
✓ Store energy for long term
✓ Waterproof covering
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are the molecules in our cells that direct and store
information for reproduction and cellular growth. There are two types of
nucleic acids:
1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Both nucleic acids are unbranched organic polymers composed of
monomer units called nucleotides. These nucleotides are composed of a
sugar molecule, a nitrogen base, and phosphoric acid. A single DNA
molecule may contain several million of these nucleotides, while the
smaller RNA molecules may contain several thousand. The DNA carries
the genetic information for the cells. Sections of a DNA molecule called
genes contain the information to make a protein. DNA serves two main
functions. Molecules of DNA can produce other DNA molecules and RNA
molecules. RNA molecules are directly responsible for the synthesis of
proteins.
Functions of Nucleic Acids
✓ DNA’s function is the transmission of genetic information. It forms as a media for long-term storage.
✓ RNA’s function is the transmission of the genetic code that is necessary for the protein creation from
the nucleus to the ribosome.
Identify the following statements by writing the answer in the space provided.
_________________ 1. These are complex carbohydrates formed by the polymerization of

a large number of monomers.
_________________ 2. Its function is the transmission of genetic information.
_________________ 3. These are found in grains, vegetables, fruits, and in milk and other
dairy products by which our body obtains its energy.
_________________ 4. A family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils.
_________________ 5. These are chains of amino acids.
After you workout, your body repairs or replaces damaged muscle fibers through a cellular process
Answer to where it fuses muscle fibers together to form new muscle protein strands or myofibrils. These
START-UP repaired myofibrils increase in thickness and number to create muscle hypertrophy (growth). It is
essential for us to have a right amount of intake of proteins and carbohydrates.
References:
• https://www.builtlean.com/
• https://healthfully.com/
INSTANT TASK INSTANT TASK
1. D Mystery Word: F L U O R I N E
2. C
FLASH CHECK
3. A
4. E 1. Magnesium [Ne] 3s2
5. B 2. Carbon [He] 2s22p2
3. Sodium (Atomic No. 11)
FLASH CHECK
A. 1. PCl5 1. 2.
2. SO2
3. SiI4
4. S2C
B. 1. Bromine Pentafluoride
2. Disulfur Difluoride
1.
3. Carbon Monoxide 2.
4. Carbon Tetrafluoride 3.
.
SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 4 SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 3
Week 2
1. Aufbau Principle (Answer may vary with the student’s
representation.)
2. Electronic Configuration
Shapes of the Orbitals:
3. Paramagnetism
4. Diamagnetism
FLASH CHECK
1. 1s22s1 -
2. 1s22s22p4 -
3. 1s22s22p63s23p4 -
4. 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 -
FLASH CHECK
1. l can have a value of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2. -5, -4 ,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3. n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2 and
1. Boron - [He] 2s22p1 1 unpaired electron;
n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = -1/2
PARAMAGNETIC 4. A. principal quantum numbers
B. angular momentum quantum
2. Bromine - [Ar] 4s23d104p5 1 unpaired electron; number
PARAMAGNETIC C. magnetic quantum number
D. spin quantum number
Week 1
ANSWER KEY
(Any of the three solutions.) (Answer may vary with the student’s representation.)
FLASH CHECK
(A)
1. Functional group - defined as an atom or a group of atoms
that are joined together in a specific manner which is responsible
for the characteristic of chemical properties of organic
compounds.
2. If the functional groups of the solute and the solvent interact
well, the solubility increases. For example, since sugar and
water both contain the -OH (hydroxyl) group, sugar can be
FLASH CHECK easily dissolved in water.
1. Position Isomerism (B)
2. Functional Group Isomerism
3. Chain Isomerism 1. -oic acid; Carboxlyic Acid
2. -ol; Alcohol
3. -amine; Tertiary Amine
4. -al, Aldehyde
5. Alkyl Alkanoate; Ester
Week 4
(Answer may vary with the student’s
representation.)
FLASH CHECK
1. Linear
2. Tetrahedral
3. Bent
FLASH CHECK 4. Trigonal Planar
1. (Answer may vary depending on student’s insights.)
2. a. CO2; Non-polar b. NH3; Polar c. SO2; Polar d. BCl3; Non-Polar
Week 3
ANSWER KEY
Protein 5.
Lipids 4.
Carbohydrates 3.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2.
Polysaccharides 1.
FLASH CHECK
Carbohydrates 5.
Nucleic Acid 4.
Lipids 3.
Protein 2.
Carbohydrates 1.
INSTANT TASK
SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 11
Week 7
INSTANT TASK
(Objects listed should be an example of man-made or natural
polymers.)
FLASH CHECK
Difference of Addition and Condensation Polymerization:
(a) In addition polymerization, small monomer units are
combined to form a giant polymer, while in
condensation polymerization, small molecules of H2O,
CO, or NH3 are eliminated to form a resulting polymer.
(b) [Answer may vary.]
Week 6
INSTANT TASK
(Answer may vary with the student’s representation.)
FLASH CHECK
1. Addition Reaction
2. Elimination Reaction
3. Substitution Reaction
4. Rearrangement Reaction
Week 5
ANSWER KEY

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SHS Science Pocket Lesson in General Chemistry 1 2nd Quarter 1

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CHEMISTRY 1

2nd Quarter – General Chemistry 1

Science Pocket Lesson 2 Electronic Configurations and the Magnetic Properties………………5

Science Pocket Lesson 4 Naming Compounds…………………………………………………………..15

Science Pocket Lesson 5 Geometry of Simple Compounds…………………………………………..19

Science Pocket Lesson 6 Polarity of Simple Compounds……………………………………………..23

Science Pocket Lesson 7 Functional Groups……………………………………………………………..27

Science Pocket Lesson 8 Structural Isomerism…………………………………………………………31

Science Pocket Lesson 9 Organic Reactions……………………………………………………………..35

Science Pocket Lesson 10 Polymers…………………………………………………………………………38

Science Pocket Lesson 11 Organic Compounds and its General Classes………………………..…42

Draw: Shape of the Orbital Representation

Scientists needed to pursue a totally new approach. Two

The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy

Angular Momentum Quantum Number

Spin Quantum Number

Assigning the Four Quantum Numbers

Question 1: If n = 7, what are the possible values of l ?

• Decoste, Donald; Zumdahl,

Study the disorganized letters. Try to organize or rearrange the letters to

Electrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest

Refers to the magnetic state of an

Shell - The number

There are several ways to indicate the arrangement of the electrons

Example: The electron configuration for fluorine (nine electrons) is:

We can also represent the electron configuration by using a box

Example: For Carbon, C: 1s22s22p2

As you can see, the 1s and 2s subshells for beryllium

R E M I N D E R: How to Tell if a Substance is Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic? The magnetic properties of a

1. Find the electron configuration. 1. Find the electron configuration.

2. Draw the valence orbitals. 2. Draw the valence orbitals.

3. Look for unpaired electrons. 3. Look for unpaired electrons.

4. Determine whether the substance is 4. Determine whether the substance is

Mystery Word: ______________________

Lewis dot structures, commonly referred to as electron dot

Lewis Structure for Ions

Likewise, they can be used to show the formation

We also use Lewis symbols to indicate the

In the Lewis model, a single shared pair of

The Octet Rule

SINGLE COVALENT BOND

TRIPLE COVALENT BOND

LET’S DRAW THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES!

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

A. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of the following elements:

____1. ____2. ____3.

Finally, you will need to memorize the common names of the

Some compounds, namely molecular compounds, Oxygen oxide

*This prefix is not used for the first element’s name.

CS2 carbon sulfide

1. phosphorus pentachloride 1. BrF5

Geometry of Simple Compounds

Show your creativity! Draw a representation of an object that resembles the

Circle object you see in sports

The shape of a molecule is determined by the fact that covalent

In this type of molecule, we find three molecules attached to a central

Step 1: Draw the Lewis

In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons

1. BeCl2 ; Shape:__________ 2. CH4 ; Shape:__________

1. 2. 3.

1. BeCl2 ; Shape: 2. CH4 ; Shape:

3. NO2- ; Shape: 4. SO3 ; Shape:

1. 2. 3. __