Unit 1 SS Qa

MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE-TRICHY
EC2204-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS DEPT. / SEM.: ECE/III

UNIT-I
PART-A
1. Define a causal system? AUC APR 09

The causal system generates the output depending upon present and past inputs only.
A causal system is non anticipatory.
2. What are the properties linear system should satisfy? AUC NOV 08
A linear system should follow superposition principle. A linear system should satisfy,
F[a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)] = [a1y1 (t)+a2y2(t)]
where Y1(t) = f[x1(t)]
Y2(t) = f[x2(t)]
3. What is the criteria for the system to possess BIBO stability? AUC MAY 06
A system is said to be BIBO stable if it produces bounded output for every bounded
input.
4. Define shift invariance? AUC NOV 07

If the system produces same shift in the output as that of input, then it is called shift
invariance or time invariance system. i.e.,
F[x(t – t1)] = y(t – t1)
5. Define (a) Random signal and (b) Deterministic signal? AUC NOV 09
Random signal: A random signal has some degree of uncertainty before it actually occurs.
The random signal cannot be defined by mathematical expression.
Deterministic signal: There is no uncertainly about the deterministic signal. It is completely

represented by mathematical expression.
K.SRINIVASAN, AP/ECE
6. Classify the following signals as energy signals or power signals and find the
normalized energy /power. Signals are defined over -<f <
(a) cost+2 cos 2t (b)e2t.cost+2cosw2t AUC APR 10
This is a periodic signal. Hence it is power signal. Its power is given as,
T0/2
P=1/T0  (cost+cos2t)dt =5/2
-T0/2
e2t :This is non periodic signal. Hence it is energy signal.
7. Determine whether the following systems are time invariant or not. AUC NOV 07
y(t) = Sinx(t)
y(t) = x(t)
(a)y(t) = Sinx(t):
y(t) = sinx(t)
Let us determine the output of the system for delayed input x(t-t1).i.e.,
Y(t,t1) = f(t – t1)]
= sin x (t – t1)
Here y(t,t1) represents output due to delayed input.
Now delay the output y(t) by t1. Hence we have to replace t by t-t1 in
y(t) = sinx(t). i.e.,
y(t – t1) = Sin x (t – t1)
On comparing the above equation with equation (a) we find that
y(t – t1) = y (t – t1)
Hence the system is time invariant.
Any signal can be broken into a sum of two signals, one of which is odd equal to …… and
other equal to …..
Even part xe (t) = ½[x(t)+x(-t)]
Odd part x0 (t) = ½[x(t)-x(-t)]
m
9. Is the discrete time system described by the equation y(n) = 1/2m+1  x(n –k)
k= -m
Causal or noncausal? Why? AUC MAY 08

In the given equation when k = - m,
y(n) = 1/2m+1 x(n+m)
th
Thus output at n moment depends upon future input x(n+m). This makes the system
noncausal.
10. Is the discrete time system described by the expression y(n) = nx(n) time invariant or
not? Why? AUC NOV 06
Is the system described by following equation stable or not? Why?
Y(n) = nx(n)
The given discrete time system equation is
(a) Y (n) = T [x (n)] = nx (n)
When input x(n) is delayed by ‘k’ samples the response is
(b) y(n,k) = T[x(n-k)]
= nx(n-k)
Here observe that only input x(n) is delayed. The multiplier ‘n’ is not part of the input. Hence
it cannot be written as (n-k). Now let us shift or delay the output y(n) given by equation (a)
by ‘K’ samples. i.e.,
© y(n,k) = (n-k)x(n-k)
Here both n and x(n) in the equation y(n) = nx(n) will be shifted by ‘k’ samples since they are
part of the output sequence. It is clear from equation (b) and equation (c) that
Y (n,k)  y(n-k)
Hence the system is shift variant
11. Is the system described by following equation stable or not? Why? AUC MAY 09
t
Y(t) = x() d 
-
This is unstable system, since it integrates function x(t) from -. Hence even though x(t) is
bounded, the integration can be unbounded.
12. Define periodic and non-periodic signals. Give an example in each case? AUC MAY
08
A periodic signal repeats after fixed period. But nonperiodic signal never repeats.
Periodic signal : x(t) = Sint
Non periodic signal : x(t) = e2t
A discrete time signal is periodic if its frequency can be expressed as ratio of two
integers. i.e.,
Frequency f0 = K/N
Here K and N are integer and N is the period of discrete time signal.
13. Distinguish between energy and power signals. AUC NOV 10

For the power signal, normalized average power is finite and nonzero. Energy of the
power signal is infinite.
For the energy signal, total normalized energy is finite and nonzero. Power of the energy
signal is zero. More details are given in Table
Power signal Energy Signal

1. The normalized average power is finite Total normalized energy is finite and
and nonzero. nonzero.
2. Practical periodic signals are power Non periodic signals are energy signals.
signals
3. These signals can exist over infinite These signals are time limited.
time.
4. Energy of the power signal is infinite Power of the energy signal is zero over
over infinite time. infinite time.
14. Is the discrete time system described by the equation y(n) = x(-n) causal or
noncausal? Why? AUC MAY 04
Here y(n) = x(-n). If n = -2 then,
Y(-2) = x(2)
Thus the output depends upon future inputs. Hence system is noncausal.
15. Is the system described by the equation y(t) = x(2t) time invariant or not? Why?
AUC NOV 11
Output for delayed input becomes,
Y(t,t1) = x(2t – t1)
Delayed output will be,
Y(t-t1) = x[2(t – t1)]
Since y(t,t1)  y (t –t1) the system is shift variant.
16. Check whether the given system is causal and stable? AUC APR 06
Y(n) = 3x(n – 2) +3x(n+2)
Since y(n) depends upon x(n+2), this system is noncausal. As long as x(n-2) and x(n+2)
are bounded, the output y(n) will be bounded. Hence this system is stable.
17. When the discrete signal is said to be even? AUC NOV 05

A discrete time signal is said to be even when, x(-n) = x(n)
For example cos n is an even signal.
18. Represent the signal ur (n) =n for  0. AUC NOV 06
n for n < 0
This signal is a ramp signal.
19. What do you mean by energy of a signal? AUC APR 08

E =  x(t)2 dt for continuous signal.
-

E = x(n)2 dt for discrete signal.
N= -
20. Check causality of the system given by, AUC APR 09
y(n) = x(n – n0)
If n0 0, then output y(n) de[ends upon present or past input. Hence the system is causal.
n0<0, the system becomes noncausal.
PART-B
1.Explain the Classification of CT & DT signals. AUC APR 05, MAY 11, NOV 06
Signals are classified into 2 categories
I ) Continuous time signals

II) Discrete time signals
I) Continuous time signals:
The signal that is specified for every value of time ‘t’ is called Continuous time signal
and it is denoted by‘t’.
II) Discrete time signals

Discrete signals are represented as a sequence of numbers and it is denoted by ‘n’
Classification of CT and DT Signals:
1. Deterministic and random signals

2. Periodic and periodic signals
3. Energy and power signals
4. Even and odd signals
1. Deterministic and random signals:

 A Signal is said to be deterministic signal if it is expressed by mathematical
expressions.
Ex: x(t)=A Sint
 A Signal is said to be random signal which cannot be easily expressed or
determined by mathematical expressions.
2. Periodic and Aperiodic signals

 A signal is said to be periodic signal which maintains the regular intevels is
called periodic signals
 A signal is said to be Aperiodic signal which is not in the regular intervals
3. Energy and power signals

 A signal is said to be Energy signal if the total energy of the signal is finite
and non zero.
 A signal is said to be Power signal if the total power of the signal is finite and
non zero
Expression for energy and power signals- CT Signal

T
E=Lt ∫ | x (t) |2 dt
T-∞ -T
T
P= Lt 1/2T ∫ | x (t) |2 dt
T-∞ -T
Expression for energy and power signals- DT Signal

∞
E= ∑ | x(n)|2
n=-∞
N
P= Lt 1/(2N+1) ∑ | x(n)|2
n=-∞ n= -N
4. Even and Odd signals:
 A signal is said to be even signal it satisfies the following relationship.. Even signals
are also called as Symmetric signals.
x(-t)= x(t) for all t; x(-n)= x(n) for all n
 A signal is said to be odd signal it satisfies the following relationship. Odd signals are
also called as Anti Symmetric signals.
x(-t)= -x(t) for all t; x(-n)= -x(n) for all n
Even and odd part of the signals:

Even part of the signals can be denoted as Xe(t) and Odd part of the signal can be
denoted as Xo(t) .
Xe(t) = ½ [x(t)+x(-t)] For CT Signals

Xo(t) =½ [x(t) - x(-t)]
Xe(n) = ½ [x(n)+x(-n)] For DT Signals

Xo(t) =½ [x(n) - x(-n)]
2. Explain –Classification of CT & DT Systems AUC APR 07, MAY 08, NOV 09
1. Linear and Non linear systems

2. Causal and non causal systems
3. Static and dynamic systems
4. Time invariant and time variant systems
5. stable and unstable systems
1. Linear and Non linear systems

A System is said to be linear system ii satisfies the superposition principle.
Consider the systems y1(t), y2(t).
y1(t) = F{ x1(t)}
y2(t) = F{ x2(t)}
y3(t)= a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)
y3’(t)= F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}
y3(t)= y3’(t) ------ Linear system
y3(t)≠ y3’(t) ------ Non Linear system
2. Causal and Non causal system:
 A System is said to be causal system if the output of the system depends on

the present and past outputs
Ex: x(t). x(t-a)
 A system is said to be non causal if the output of the system depends on future
inputs also.
Ex: x(t2), x(t+a)
3. Static and dynamic systems:
 A System is said to static if the output depends on present input only.

Ex: x(t)cos t
 A System is said to be dynamic if the output depends on past and future

inputs
4. Time invariant and time variant system:
 A System is said to be time invariant if the time shift in the input signal
results in corresponding time shift in the output
 Let y(t)=F{x(t)}, if x(t) is delay by time ‘t1’ , then the output will also be with
same delay.
 The time invariant system satisfies the following relationship
F{x(t-t1)}=y(t-t1)
y(t, t1) = y(t-t1) ------ Time invariant system
y(t, t1) ≠y(t-t1) ------ Time variant system
5. Stable and unstable systems:

 When the system produces bounded output for the bounded input then the
system is called stable system and also called BIBO stable systems.
 When the system produces unbounded output for the bounded input it is called
unstable systems.
3. Sketch the following type of signals. AUC MAY 08, APR 06
i) u (t-2)
ii) 2u (t-2)
iii) -3u (t-2)
iv) u(-t+1)
Solution:
(i) u (t-2)
u(t)
t
a
u (t-2)
t
2
ii) 2u (t-2)
2u(t-2)
t
2
iii) -3u (t-2)
u (t-2)
t
2
-3
-3u (t-2)
iv) u(-t+1)
u(t)
u(-t)
-t
u(-t+1)
-t 0 1 t
4. Sketch the signal x (t), Plot x(t+2) , x(-t+1) AUC MAY 09, MAY 12, NOV 04
0 1 2 t
X (t+2)
-t -2 -1 0
X (-t+1)
X (-t)
-t -2 -1 0
X (-t+1)
-t -1 0 1 t
5. Determine whether the systems are Static/Dynamic, causal/Non causal, Linear/Non

linear, time invariant/variant systems. AUC MAY 05, MAY 12,
a) y(t)=10x(t)+5
b) y(t)=|x(t)|
c) y(n)=cos[x(n)]
a) y(t) =10x (t)+5

I) Linear/ Non linear system:
y(t)=10x(t)+5
y1(t)=10x1(t)+5
y2(t)=10x2(t)+5
y3(t)=a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)
y3(t)=a1{10x1(t)+5}+a2{10x2(t)+5}
y3’(t)=F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}
y3’(t)=10{ a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}+5
y3(t) ≠ y3’(t)
The given system is Non linear
II) Static/dynamic:
The output of the system is depends on the present input. Hence the system is
Static
III) Causal /Non causal system:

Causal
IV) Time invariant/variant system:
y (t,t1)= 10 x(t-t1)+5
y (t-t1)= 10 x(t-t1)+5
y (t,t1) = y(t-t1)
The given system is time invariant.
b) y(t)=|x(t)|
y(t)=|x(t)|
y1(t)=|x1(t)|
y2(t)=|x2(t)|
y3(t)=a1y1(t)+a2y2(t)
y3(t)=a1|x1(t)|+a2|x2(t)|
y3’(t)=F{a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)}
y3’(t)=|a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)|
y3(t) ≠ y3’(t)
II) Static/dynamic:
Static

Causal
y (t,t1)= | x(t-t1)|
y (t-t1)= | x(t-t1)|
y (t,t1) = y(t-t1)
The given system is time invariant
C) y(n)=cos[x(n)]
y(n)=cos[x(n)]
y1(n)=cos[x1(n)]
y2(n)=cos[x2(n)]
y3(n)=a1y1(n)+a2y2(n)
y3(n) =a1 {cos[x1(n)]}+a2 {cos[x2(n)]}
y3’(n) =F {a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)}
y3’(n) =cos {a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)}
y3(n) ≠ y3’(n)
II) Static/dynamic:
Static

Causal

y(n)=cos[x(n)]
y(n,n1)=cos[x(n-n1)]
y (n-n1)=cos[x(n-n1)]
y (n,n1)= y(n-n1)
The given system is time invariant
6. Find whether the signals are periodic or aperiodic. If periodic determine its time
period. AUC MAY 06
a) X(t)=cos(6л t)
b) cos(0.3n)
a) X (t) =cos (6л t)

2л ft = 6л t
So, f=3
The given signal is periodic signal
So, the time period T=1/3
b) cos (0.3n)
2л fn = 0.3n
So, f=0.3/2л
The given signal is Aperiodic
7. Find whether the signals are periodic or aperiodic. If periodic determine its time
period. AUC NOV 08
a) cost+sin3t
b) cos (n/8) cos (nл/8)
a) cost+sin3t
2л f1t = t
f1=1/2л, the given signal is aperiodic.
2л f2t =3 t
f2=3/2л, the given signal is aperiodic.
The entire signal is aperiodic
b) cos (n/8) cos (nл/8)
2л f1n = n/8
f1=1/16л, the signal is aperiodic
2л f2n = n л /8
f2=1/16, T=16, The signal is periodic
The entire signal is aperiodic
8. Sketch the even and odd components of the signals. AUC NOV 07
X (t)
0 3 t
Solution:
Even Signal
X (t) X(-t)
2 2
0 3 t
-t -3 0
X(t)+X(-t)
-t -3 0 3 t
Xe(t) = ½ [x(t)+x(-t)]
½(X(t)+X(-t))
-t -3 0 3 t
Odd Signal
-x(t)
-t -3
X (t)
2
-2
0 3 t
X(t)-X(-t)
-2
-t -3
0 3 t
-2
½(X(t)-X(-t))
-1
-t -3
0 3 t
-1
9. Find the Even and odd components of the signals AUC MAY 08
0 2 t
X(-t)
-t -2 0
X(t)+x(-t)
3
-t -2 0 2 t
½(X(t)+x(-t))
1.5
-t -2 0 2 t
10.Explain-basic properties of signals. AUC NOV 11
1. Time shifting property

2. Time reversal property
3. Amplitude scaling
4. Time scaling
5. Signal addition and multiplication
1. Time shifting property

For CT Signals
Consider the signal x (t). The time shifting of the signal x(t) may delay or
advance.
Let x (t) =u (t) - Unit step function
Unit step function may be defined as,

u(t)= 1, t≥0
0, t<0
u(t)(t)
U(t)
t
a
u (t-a)= 1, t≥a
0, t<0
Consider the same signal u(t) , time advanced at ‘T’ seconds should noted
as u(t+T)
u(t+T)
-t 0 1 t
u (t+T)= 1, t<-T
0, t<0
For DT Signals:
Consider the signal x(n)= u(n)
u(n) = 1, n≥0
0, n<0
u(n)
n
0123456
u(n-2)
n
0123456
u(n+2)
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2. Time reversal property:
Time reversal property of the signal x (t) is obtained by holding the signal at t=0 . So
it should be x (-t).
Let x (t) =u (t)
For CT Signals:
u(-t)
-t
For DT Signals:
u(n)
u(-n)
-n
3. Ampitude scaling:
The signal x (t) is multiplied by any constant “a” . This is defined as amplitude
scaling
Consider the signal y(t)= a x(t) .
Let x(t)= u(t)
u (t) = 1, t≥0
0, t<0
Let y(t)= a u(t) and Let a=4, So y(t)= 4 u(t)
4
1
t t
4. Time scaling:
X (at)= x{t/a)
Let us consider the signal x (t). Here the time‘t’ can be multiplied by scaling factor ‘a’
which is equivalent to x (at) which is defined as time scaling
X(t) X(2t)
1 1
0 1 t 0 1/2 t
X (t/2)
0 2 t
5. Signal addition and Multiplication:
The sum of two signals can be obtained by adding their values at every instant
similarly the subtraction of two signals can be obtained by subtracting their values at every
instant.

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MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE-TRICHY

EC2204-SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS DEPT. / SEM.: ECE/III

1. Define a causal system? AUC APR 09

4. Define shift invariance? AUC NOV 07

Deterministic signal: There is no uncertainly about the deterministic signal. It is completely

Causal or noncausal? Why? AUC MAY 08

13. Distinguish between energy and power signals. AUC NOV 10

Power signal Energy Signal

17. When the discrete signal is said to be even? AUC NOV 05

20. Check causality of the system given by, AUC APR 09

y(n) = x(n – n0)

Signals are classified into 2 categories

I ) Continuous time signals

I) Continuous time signals:

II) Discrete time signals

Classification of CT and DT Signals:

1. Deterministic and random signals

1. Deterministic and random signals:

2. Periodic and Aperiodic signals

3. Energy and power signals

Expression for energy and power signals- CT Signal

Expression for energy and power signals- DT Signal

4. Even and Odd signals:

Even and odd part of the signals:

Xe(t) = ½ [x(t)+x(-t)] For CT Signals

Xe(n) = ½ [x(n)+x(-n)] For DT Signals

1. Linear and Non linear systems

1. Linear and Non linear systems

y3(t)= y3’(t) ------ Linear system

y3(t)≠ y3’(t) ------ Non Linear system

2. Causal and Non causal system:

 A System is said to be causal system if the output of the system depends on

3. Static and dynamic systems:

 A System is said to static if the output depends on present input only.

 A System is said to be dynamic if the output depends on past and future

4. Time invariant and time variant system:

results in corresponding time shift in the output

 The time invariant system satisfies the following relationship

y(t, t1) = y(t-t1) ------ Time invariant system

y(t, t1) ≠y(t-t1) ------ Time variant system

5. Stable and unstable systems:

3. Sketch the following type of signals. AUC MAY 08, APR 06

iii) -3u (t-2)

5. Determine whether the systems are Static/Dynamic, causal/Non causal, Linear/Non

a) y(t) =10x (t)+5

The given system is Non linear

III) Causal /Non causal system:

The given system is time invariant.

The given system is Non linear

III) Causal /Non causal system:

The given system is time invariant

y3(n) =a1 {cos[x1(n)]}+a2 {cos[x2(n)]}

y3’(n) =cos {a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)}

The given system is Non linear

III) Causal /Non causal system:

IV) Time invariant/variant system:

The given system is time invariant

a) X (t) =cos (6л t)

The given signal is Aperiodic

b) cos (n/8) cos (nл/8)

10.Explain-basic properties of signals. AUC NOV 11

1. Time shifting property

1. Time shifting property