SMOKING

DEFININATION: Tobacco smoking is the practice where tobacco is burned and the vapors either tasted
or inhaled.

Tobacco was introduced to Eurasia in the late 16th century where it followed common trade routes. The
substance was met with frequent criticism, but became popular nonetheless. Smoking is the most
common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The
agricultural product is often mixed with other additives and then paralyzed. The resulting vapors are then
inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs. The active substances trigger
chemical reactions in nerve endings, which heighten heart rate, memory, and reaction time.

STATISTICS OF SMOKERS:
Smoking is the most wide spread addiction. Statistics show that in 90 years there have been 1,1
billionsmokers in the world, among them 47% men and 12% women out of the whole population In
thedeveloped countries 42% of all men and 24% of all women smoke, whereas in developing countries
approximately 48% of men and 7% of women, because smoking spread there only recently. Prevalence
among men depends on geographic and also social situation. Most male smokers come from west pacific
regions, where more than 60% of men smoke. The age when a man smokes his first cigarette is getting
lower every year. In lots of countries children start smoking already at 15. Smoking is also the most
spread among young people.

Region Smoking per

day
World 15
Africa 10
America 18
Asia 14
Europe 18
Australia 15
South Africa 16
 HISTROY OF SMOKING

Smoking's history dates back to as early as 5000–3000 BC when the agricultural product began to be
cultivated in South America; consumption later evolved into burning the plant substance either by
accident or with intent of exploring other means of consumption. The practice worked its way into
shamanistic rituals. Many ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians, Indians and Chinese, burnt
incense as a part of religious rituals, as did the Israelites and the later Catholic and Orthodox Christian
churches. Smoking in the Americas probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies of
shamans but was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool. The smoking of tobacco and various
hallucinogenic drugs was used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world. Maybe
crops burned of a particular plant like cannabis or tobacco and then realizing the effects of the smoke,
people harnessed it a more effective way.

Eastern North American tribes would carry large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted
trade item and would often smoke it in pipes, either in defined ceremonies that were considered sacred, or
to seal a bargain and they would smoke it at such occasions in all stages of life, even in childhood. It was
believed that tobacco was a gift from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke was capable of
carrying one's thoughts and prayers to heaven.

In 1612, six years after the settlement of Jamestown, John Rolfe was credited as the first settler to
successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco, referred to as "brown
gold", reviving the Virginia join stock company from its failed gold expeditions. In order to meet
demands from the Old World, tobacco was grown in succession, quickly depleting the soil. This became a
motivator to settle west into the unknown continent, and likewise an expansion of tobacco production.
Indentured servitude became the primary labor force up until Bacon's Rebellion, from which the focus
turned to slavery. This trend abated following the American revolution as slavery became regarded as
unprofitable. However, the practice was revived in 1794 with the invention of the cotton gin.

Frenchman Jean introduced tobacco to France in 1560, and tobacco then spread to England. The first
report of a smoking Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils”.
Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants that was originally used as a form
of medicine. Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what today is modern-day
Gambia and Senegal. At the same time caravans from Morocco brought tobacco to the areas around

HISTROY OF SMOKING conti…

Timbuktu and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern Africa, establishing the
popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by the 1650s.

Soon after its introduction to the Old World, tobacco came under frequent criticism from state and
religious leaders. Murad IV, sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1623-40 was among the first to attempt a
smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public moral and health. The Chinese emperor Chongzhen
issued an edict banning smoking two years before his death and the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. Later,
the Manchu of the Qing dynasty, who were originally a tribe of nomadic horse warriors, would proclaim
smoking "a more heinous crime than that even of neglecting archery".

Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral or outright
blasphemous. In 1634 the Patriarch of Moscow forbade the sale of tobacco and sentenced men and
women who flouted the ban to have their nostrils slit and their backs whipped until skin came off their
backs. The Western church leader Urban VII likewise condemned smoking on holy places in a papal bull
of 1624. Despite many concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were almost universally ignored. When
James I of England, a staunch anti-smoker and the author of a Counterblast to Tobacco, tried to curb the
new trend by enforcing a 4000% tax increase on tobacco in 1604, it proved a failure, as London had some
7,000 tobacco sellers by the early 17th century. Later, scrupulous rulers would realize the futility of
smoking bans and instead turned tobacco trade and cultivation into lucrative government monopolies.

By the mid-17th century every major civilization had been introduced to tobacco smoking and in many
cases had already assimilated it into the native culture, despite the attempts of many rulers to eliminate
the practice with harsh penalties or fines. Tobacco, both product and plant, followed the major trade
routes to major ports and markets, and then on into the hinterlands. The English language term smoking
was coined in the late 18th century before then the practice was called drinking smoke.
 Method of smoking

Beedi

Beedies produce higher levels of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar than cigarettes typical in the United
States.

Cigars

Cigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco which are ignited so that smoke may
be drawn into the smoker's mouth. They are generally not inhaled because the high alkalinity of the
smoke, which can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs.

Cigarettes

Cigarettes, French for "small cigar", are a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of
cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, which
are then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder. Cigarettes are ignited and inhaled, usually
through a cellulose acetate filter, into the mouth and lungs.

Electronic cigarette

Electronic cigarettes are an alternative to tobacco smoking, although no tobacco is consumed. It is a

battery-powered device that provides inhaled doses of nicotine by delivering a vaporized propylene
glycol/nicotine solution. Many legislation and public health investigations are currently pending in many
countries due to its relatively recent emergence. Most electronic cigarettes are designed to resemble actual
tobacco smoking implements, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes.

Hookah

Hookah is a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking. Originally from India,
the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water
filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits, tobacco, or cannabis.
Pipe smoking

Pipe smoking typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be
smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed
into the chamber and ignited. Tobaccos for smoking in pipes are often carefully treated and blended to
achieve flavor nuances not available in other tobacco products.

Roll-Your-Own

Roll-Your-Own or hand-rolled cigarettes, often called 'rollies', are very popular particularly in
European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers, and filters all bought
separately. They are usually much cheaper than ready-made cigarettes.

Reasons of smoking

Nowadays it would be unheard of for people not to smoke. Smoking is a part of everyday life, although,
believe it or not, it has only recently become so. There are over one thousand million smokers throughout
the world, which is an astonishing number, considering the harm smoking does to your body, which we
are all well aware of. With this in mind, the question "why do people smoke?" is a really complicated one,
that is now being explored much more in depth by many of the world's doctors and scientists. It has only
recently been proved that smoking causes lung cancer amongst other serious diseases and that passive
smoking is also harmful for those that do not smoke. Thus, more and more governments are trying to
make people aware of the health risks and consequences of smoking. Some governments have even
banned smoking in all indoor public places. Cigarettes are widely available and in many countries fairly
inexpensive to buy. For this reason, buying cigarettes is no longer a luxury only for those who can afford
to buy them, but a product that is widely attainable by most people.

Why do people start to smoke?

There are not many smokers about who started smoking after the age of eighteen. In fact, the majority of
smokers took up the habit in their early or mid teens.
At such a young age, you don't really think about the health risks of smoking and you certainly do not
realize how addictive smoking can be. As a teenager you probably think that you can try smoking a few
times and then take it or leave it. However, the reality is that it doesn't take long to become addicted to
nicotine and smoking. Within a short period of time, children can experience the same cravings and
withdrawal symptoms as an adult, as well as smoke as many cigarettes or more. There are several reasons
as to why children or teenagers start smoking. Peer pressure plays an important part. Many children start
smoking because their friends have tried it or smoke themselves. Those children may have started as they
have grown up in an environment where their parents, grandparents and older siblings smoke, and so they
smoke in order to look and act like them. Other children start smoking as an act of rebellion or defiance
against their parents or people of authority.

Why people continue to smoke?

Apart from the fact that nicotine is highly addictive, which makes it really difficult to give up,
many adults have their own reasons for continuing to smoke.A lot of people think that they need
cigarettes in order to cope with stress or nerves. However, nicotine is a stimulant; it makes your
heart beat faster and raises your blood pressure, so in fact, smoking does not really relax you at
all or help you cope with unpleasant situations. Other smokers say that their habit relaxes them.
This is also erroneous because if you think about it, in a lot of the situations where you would
light up a cigarette, you are actually carrying out relaxing and enjoyable activities such as sitting
down and having a coffee with friends, watching television or having a break from working.
People probably think that smoking relaxes them, when in reality, smoking a cigarette, just stops
the withdrawal symptoms that have begun to kick in after not having one for a while
 Impacts & effects of smoking:

When we take about its impact we talk about Three main things:

1) Health

2) Economically

3) Socially

Health :

Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being
a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
emphysema, and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and
pancreatic cancer). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of Crohn's disease as well as the severity
of the course of the disease. It is also the number one cause of bladder cancer.

The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100
million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable
risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death
worldwide."

Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world. Smoking rates in the
United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults. In
the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.Passive smoking presents
a very real health risk. 603 000 deaths were attributable to second-hand smoke in 2010
Economically:

In countries where there is a public health system, society covers the cost of medical care for
smokers who become ill through in the form of increased taxes. Two arguments exist on this
front, the "pro-smoking" argument suggesting that heavy smokers generally don't live long
enough to develop the costly and chronic illnesses which affect the elderly, reducing society's
healthcare burden. The "anti-smoking" argument suggests that the healthcare burden is increased
because smokers get chronic illnesses younger and at a higher rate than the general population.

Data on both positions is limited. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published
research in 2002 claiming that the cost of each pack of cigarettes sold in the United States was
more than $7 in medical care and lost productivity The cost may be higher, with another study
putting it as high as $41 per pack, most of which however is on the individual and his/her family.
This is how one author of that study puts it when he explains the very low cost for others: "The
reason the number is low is that for private pensions, Social Security, and Medicare the biggest
factors in calculating costs to society — smoking actually saves money. Smokers die at a
younger age and don't draw on the funds they've paid into those systems.

By contrast, some non-scientific studies, including one conducted by Philip Morris in the Czech
Republic and another by the Cato Institute, support the opposite position. Philip Morris has
explicitly apologized for the former study, saying: "The funding and public release of this study
which, among other things, detailed purported cost savings to the Czech Republic due to
premature deaths of smokers, exhibited terrible judgment as well as a complete and unacceptable
disregard of basic human values. For one of our tobacco companies to commission this study
was not just a terrible mistake, it was wrong. All of us at Philip Morris, no matter where we
work, are extremely sorry for this. No one benefits from the very real, serious and significant
diseases caused by smoking.

Between 1970 an 1995, per-capita cigarette consumption in poorer developing countries

increased by 67 percent, while it dropped by 10 percent in the richer developed world. Eighty
percent of smokers now live in less developed countries. By 2030, the World Health
Organization (WHO) forecasts that 10 million people a year will die of smoking-related illness,
making it the single biggest cause of death worldwide, with the largest increase to be among
women. WHO forecasts the 21st century's death rate from smoking to be ten times the 20th
century's rate. ("Washingtonian" magazine, December 2007).

SOCIALLY:

Famous smokers of the past used cigarettes or pipes as part of their image, such as Jean Paul
Sartre's Gauloise-brand cigarettes; Albert Einstein's, Kiana Lee Rosch's, Douglas MacArthur's,
Bertrand Russell's, and Bing Crosby's pipes; or the news broadcaster Edward R. Murrow's
cigarette. Writers in particular seem to be known for smoking, for example, Cornell Professor
Richard Klein's book Cigarettes are Sublime for the analysis, by this professor of French
literature, of the role smoking plays in 19th and 20th century letters. The popular author Kurt
Vonnegut addressed his addiction to cigarettes within his novels. British Prime Minister Harold
Wilson was well known for smoking a pipe in public as was Winston Churchill for his cigars.
Sherlock Holmes, the fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle smoked a pipe,
cigarettes, and cigars, besides injecting himself with cocaine, "to keep his overactive brain
occupied during the dull London days, when nothing happened". The DC Vertigo comic book
character, John Constantine, created by Alan Moore, is synonymous with smoking, so much so
that the first storyline by Preacher creator, Garth Ennis, centered around John Constantine
contracting lung cancer. Professional wrestler James Fullington, while in character as "The
Sandman", is a chronic smoker in order to appear "tough".

The problem of smoking at home is particularly difficult for women in many cultures especially
Arab cultures where it may not be acceptable for a woman to ask her husband not to smoke at
home or in the presence of her children. Studies has shown that pollution levels in door places
are higher than levels found on busy roadways, in closed motor garages, and during fire storms.
Furthermore, smoke can spread from one room to another, even if doors to the smoking area are
closed.

The ceremonial smoking of tobacco, and praying with a sacred pipe, is a prominent part of the
religious ceremonies of a number of Native American Nations. Sema, the Anishinaabe word for
tobacco, is grown for ceremonial use and considered the ultimate sacred plant since its smoke
was believed to carry prayers to the heavens. In most major religions, however, tobacco smoking
is not specifically prohibited, although it may be discouraged as an immoral habit. Before the
health risks of smoking were identified through controlled study, smoking was considered an
immoral habit by certain Christian preachers and social reformers. The founder of the Latter Day
Saint movement, Joseph Smith, Jr, recorded that on February 27, 1833, he received a revelation
which discouraged tobacco use. This "Word of Wisdom" was later accepted as a commandment,
and faithful Latter-day Saints abstain completely from tobacco. Jehovah's Witnesses base their
stand against smoking on the Bible's command to "clean ourselves of every defilement of flesh"
(2 Corinthians 7:1). The Jewish Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (1838–1933) was one of the first
Jewish authorities to speak out on smoking. In the Bahá'í Faith, smoking tobacco is discouraged
though not forbidden