Goes dence may cone for sic sovces dames. aia eo sieves dct cnet, pry cbenatn, a pyaar Ung {Bee says ct mang eet ta ton proces Thought ape ld tn ed a ab deine on tom tcp ey Sony cee ol apa {eons sts ma vel hut ward bebo ater ha ‘te hate nr di) Indio wb steam gre te i scutes sone overiirg prces moana oy dalton fin Song can aes see eo (Siete souesl ene cee fotws or savers omer coe Seve fas or frags cane ty nas [oa ssn encone Ss ctr a cae a reper ard ch of eee ect ns Sarg tre aueshns eth taco te onsen Te rpoaton poco sear. Collecting Case Study Evidence ‘The Principles You Should Follow in Working with Six Sources of Evidence Case stay evidence can some fom many sources. Thi chap cuss si tthe: documentation, hil rote nerves dec obser atin, pa ‘cian. observation and physi aris, Each ure sociated wih a8 trey of dao evidence: One purpose ofthis pes ft review dhe sit Sources tify Ascond pup fo cone ce eset ats colton Principles paris the sources wed Supporing exboks. You may id he sin sos fees i tes feoan hen in ing te sae snes For eso. ng tem trey reviewed ll ne pas uy he ep Fer ty gen sauce cf traence ernie fe eal eae pune ees ‘Stouts an arin Tes you so mya check oo ome of thse ens ep itny snl seo ec bsp) pena toon ene ny. Rowen chnng aon be ea oe we ll te Some eng ad caf "Fa a ere ie ptce cu coleing da relat 6 ce suds wes valle nd ace Ove wan elo” Muy Sa Wa, 1971 anda seed weld esc fey, Boch. 17 Schatman Seas, 1973) Ted wae oval cece meds” ne bro pL Rr 18h Web Cap Star Scie & Gone, 181, Une se te tok i cul vr he ps of Paria ant concn be flint 197) The aay ofS ‘Een etigus noc! ud eve abs was elev 0 ong ce Sra atbugh oe lus on cn soe Te tex ae Sl tals ‘Stns thy acy to ean dpc hd colecon Poss "wed: ee pe egy to Set set ens ae more en sali bt ou ces re comprare did exe ul onl oe ome te wes fe ‘ence (single nerves, fan oup mir ies aie bse atonsbot oot he oes chia and Tent mec ede documentary source) tereby fring tonnes the foro he en lend of mal loam tay mot sit your neds treat they ie ie met re Imay have dorian subst or Smaart mat be concemed wih the Yayo « came ores ie, the mow inertan ws of Svat como and augment erence from tet surveil docunem ae help in ei ing the orect plings and es names of eguiation bat might have ‘en memioned tan view. Second documents cn provide eer Spec ‘ens to crrborat ifoontioe from ter sources Ie Sosmenay ev ‘dnc is condor rater than corer you ned parte he po tem by inginng frie int the opie. Thad ou ae make neenes fom ocumeatsfor ample, by observing the dst st fo speci doe: tment, you ma find ew questions abou cmmuncation ad networking thin anenanizaton, However, jou should eat inferences only a les Aron f fre imesipton ate thin eine Filings beens the Iaferences oul later tou tbe false eds Because of tet over vat comets lay am exp rol in any dat collection in doing cae stds. Sstmatie sashes leva oramets tne important in ny ita clletn plan For example pie ols Wnts a8 Interact search an produce invalabe information, During eld wists you Should allo ine for wing eal Hirai ad ee ference eaters wove ‘Soames sc an back sce of eric ay not aval eco {Sly You sou ab range aces to examie the les of ny oration teing stated, incaling a view of documents tha ay AA Ben pul int Tht cage Te cheng of sch neal ates usa « exible Imuterndependent of eter da colon ainies. ade sac analy be conducted t your comencac. For this reason, bri i excuse for omiting a Uorugh review of documentary evidence. Among sich ev ence, news actus at excell sures or covering cea tp, sich the two in BOXES 16 abd 17. Combining Perional Parcpation with Extensve Newapaper Documentation nrg edn condone for uta sha the Une ‘Shere Biome en ofthe bap lenges re 7 entry How Be oun fn prem eskwihcnuroned auc one ae PoP (Secor an nc plc coneurc nthe pc of cng a ng ‘Seem by Dole Men () MchaaeBenet om dr be 3 ‘mee fear schol bd ede oy toms He rent ‘oye otc cee rn Aes ev ook oa ae (eaters ool er ae coroner The au one oe ‘Teenie bts wo co neuer a ade wil ct Ache same time, many pope ate ben ea f the ota oven tance on documents i ene sly fscach. Ti is protaly beans the feseal ivesigatc ay mistakenly same dat all Kins of document Itcoding propos fx poets programs oman the wmitiged tnth Tift, important nresewan ty doctent is tourna ws i fen frsme pei pure nd some specie adince ther than thos of the cae stay being doe In thi ses, he ease tay esa i vie ius observe andthe documentary eine eet 3 cmmunisaa among ‘er pares orig achive some ter objectives By conta yng {o ney hese objectives, you ae fs elt be mile by documentary ‘rience an more el fo ecole! inert the contents of ‘sch evience| “A newer poem bs cise base of the abundance of miter abe ltcough Intere ences. You may get st i Yviewing sch teri and tally waste lot ince tem, Note, bovevet, tha the poe so a ‘lterem fom bavng an verabnance of ume daa sbou your cs. ‘nig be avabl om vue seas the U.S. cens alo ee scsson of {Eeutalecods net) yu were doa rigor ay. ot stu ojo mcd o nave song eae of your esse stingy and oc on {heron pene inermation. One supesioe soo age the atrls (Gocumen or mumeric dau by ir appre cea © yor ng: The, ‘pend more tie reading ot reviewing wha appears cent ad Hae ae (Sher lve inoram motel for ler reding or review. The precede wl, ete perfect bar wil permit yout keep moving 0 er ase dy aks Archival Records Fr many cae ssa ecors—ofen aking te fr of computes ‘ec nad cons e US, census aa ust mentoned—aho maybe ree ‘ant amples of arial ecrdsinche plc we les" sch te US. sees a ber sii a ae wae (een oe, cal goermets es of me «+ rnold chs bgt rena read 1 ops al rs of he orice of pase Tea ech i evi ole abs ele eve ena‘These and eter archival records canbe wed in conjunction with ether sources of infomation in prodcing # case stay. Hower une documes lary evidence, the asefuless of thse archi record wil wary from ese sty o ease sta, For Some tates, he reson can beso importa a hey fan become the ebect of extemve fecal do uatatve als oe ‘xanpl, ses mltpe-case sty of 20 aniverstes, in Vin, 2003, chap. In omer sais, they may be of only pasing vlan. ‘When archival evidence hs been deemed relsvat an ivestior us ‘crf fo ascent condone ander which wasprced as wel its accuray, Sometimes, he cial records canbe highly quantitiv, bat fumtes aloe sould ot automatically be considered 4 sign of accarcy [eaty every sci sie fo mane, is amare of the pals of esing He FBI's Uniform Cre Repro ryote archival cos based eet repo by nw enforcement agencies, The ine general wed of eon ade ‘lie with documentary evidence therefore ako aps to archival even: Mos archival eons were produced for pci ppow and psi ce ther than the case sy estgaton, an hae cantons mast be fall prelate in merc the sels sti aecaracy ofthe eels ‘One of the most important sources of ca sty information she inte view, Soh an obseration maybe spss Becane ofthe ual ssciation tetneen imerviews andthe survey ‘method, However, interviews ao ae [Sse cures of ease sty afoonatin. The ftrsiews wil be Bude onsrsatios rather than srctred uci. In other words aldugh you wil be pursing a consistent in of iguy,yur acl Steam of queens incase sudy servi i ike to be Mand rater tan ii (J. Robin & Reb. 195). [Note ta this means tha, kage te inrview process. you have to {bs (a) 1 follow you on ine of inguy. sree by pour case sty rote, and (to ask your ata (conventional guests nao unbiased Imaner that also serves the weeds of your line of igiy Toe distinction between "Level I" and “Level 2” questions in Chapter 3) For instance, you may want (in your line of aqury) to kaw “why” ptt proses ecu a dd. Becker (598. pp 58-60), however, Ha pind tothe imgorantdiference in acally posing a "shy" gurton fa informant (hich in his view: ceates defensiveness othe infermant pat) in conan 'o posing “how” aueston the ltr infact ting hs peered way of desing any “why question in an atl conversion, Th ese study nerves equie you operate on 0 evel th sae tne: usin the cal of ore fini Lee! 2 guess wie silane pting {eh “ently” an "ooesnng eran, opened me ‘sae | gaan ‘ne ype of ey ievon an rd ines You an ik ey pode abe fo sar wlio events invome stn you erst cone op here bo ings no ein scorch pte he a foarte ng. Te eve may ere ae ede Peal oi ing meee ot The moe an ecw nema ea ewe ny be cared unt atl ae a seen Key Hf ‘Bt av en cite sc of ace tay Sach ones pie Crs eign with igh to manera a on ee Convery Say out of eve Sach poo, aed “De plyed sce ine cont of te tno cue sy reed In er Come Sc (Why T9088 ak sr HOX 2 Caper 9.7) Simla ey noma ane eed nse ste. OF eae [ov eed toe ato sou coming vey pect 9 ey ra Sipnaly tera he ene nse ie ‘Sac nay havo yu Aes a of gw ul apn ‘Sorny ne oes fcc como a) gh) th for ‘eran ose fr contmy ces al pose “Ascend ype ofcue sy ewe ose rn (TOR FE £2 Renal, 190 ahh psn rneewe ssn peo ine ‘et ns cra nr Bom met imc ese to em te Foreanp amar pun of chon enews eco stot cea at ar You seat th ave een ehh ot not {Gk abet ober tps of bone pnt mele is sition Sespecte urns ms be oly voc at ou pe gem fave sine! ep tl al merce to rvs eh comme} ‘Steieinconts you eing gros covery Po of ‘timer wile ne ene Even Younes Were ton tena inaewces pres ob co ene hwo Crag each ober bat scopy Furberg noi Ove Soy tow caer of ens ier cheng ah ps {own hit tren penpesine eo of enews as cam ime eve hap he acs ed consort on te vers of hick pce te pd neh net ile ott down te«se stay tes, iting he Fact that peson was asked but delped to com ‘met as done in god ouraisic accounts "Yet a third type of interview ents moe ructicedgueton, along the lines fa formal survey. Such survey could be designed ax par ofan embed lease dy (see Cater 2) and proce quaniate data spr te case stay evidence (Gee BOX 18). Thi station wou be evant, for tee i du were deinga case sud of urban design project and srveyed gp ‘Of esignes about the poet (Crewe, 201) oif yo cid sae say af ‘ oganiation hat nce sarvey of workers ad manager. Thi pe of ‘Srey wou flow bth he sampling procedures the asus ed in ‘ul surveys and it would subsequcaly be anand i similar manne. “The difeace would be the survey’ roe in eaton to oer sures of cdence. For ekample, resents propos of acghorood decie or Inprovement woul ot aces be kent eta of sta decline or improvement But woul! be consiered uly one ampanent of the overall ssocnoment ofthe neighbor Oncralimerviews ae an esential source of case study evidence bees st ease studies re tout man fro bebo events Wel informed interviewees can provide import sxphs it sch af or event, THe interviewees also ean provi sbortest tthe pro istry of seh sation ‘ping You to dey oer leant sources of evidence, [A the same te, cven though your interviews may feces on behaviors vets case they ae the key grein of your cae sty the inriews Should always be consiered verel reports only As sich. even reporting Shou such evens er explaining bow ey Gocued, te iterveweet™ Fesponses ae sbjet othe common problems of bis, pour eal tnd poor ‘or inascurte action, Again, a eaxonsbl appoach sto crore ite ‘ew data with infoemton fom oer sures ‘Sometimes, you willbe reed ina tervewee's opinions or aie, par from expining behav eves. Coneboraing thee Onions OF ttdes gant fer ours od mothe lv. sin desing wh bea eral evens, Yu sill my wan get leting fr the prevalence othe pi tev oats by comparing them with thane of tes. tt he more youd th the mre youre ving tarda conten survey sd shuld allow sey posers and precasion. “A common queton sat doing iserews is wheter to record them, Using recog devices in 8 mater of pesca pefeene, Aodiotapes et tainty provide more arate reiion of ay erie than ary ther Incl. Homever arcing device shold st be use wen fe) ah ie ‘wee fuses pemison or pers scrotal nts presse () ee ‘So spec plan for ams ostomy teu Wo the coments ‘ofthe eles ecod—s process tht aks eromow ine and emery (2) the imvestpar in clumsy eniugh wih mechan devices ha he econ {reates dscton daring the tri ell (the ester thinks thatthe ecoring device subi or Using™ hosel hvaphou the tone of at nein Direct Observation Seca ac yn es she ml ting ee oe srening he prt ft Gi cea Assuming th te FBcomens of acest ene ma eh pr tna some elev eh TGeorentenmen cons wf sealer observation Sah Obs Maines mane eran ors fence se sta “Re ccc conse om fal oc dt neon ties oro ero rene dee pet of trol ade kway be ed ass he seca Semi gyes of Years drng ean pers fie he ele he eee im BOX 1), Tecan obese of meine ie wn Matisse wer casos, a th ke es foal set ‘Soest ea cpt ld indo Se ene Gung uhh aber eviene- sh that rom mare. ing alee Feetistm neces fing woes wind oneting Rage rimversmen fone mf. te an SEEESESE Gtmerener sea eo inn ofthe as ote meres wih an iannox19 Using Observational Evidence 194 Reporting Field Obserations “Chane wey pr fe mandingo or rdang semicon hice chip Among ca ats poe ey ane ceth Enchant mal cnponenein hoe ar nt sey gh "ch wing eStore Fe oes se (18) oe terra ‘scree stow how employes add oe wagers een ‘oom tangas hts empower hema ‘emperor oe men 198 Combining Feld Observations with ‘Other Types of Cave Sey Evidence coeur ot bed ong or of ewdec nf ae he ‘eee stds eon sey sree ‘One exelent Bk by Got ab 097 congress sol (ose BOX Cer pd) Tce 20nd bata pes er mein th te Oss {tae open endian thou pean ta ee ‘torpor Sooners athe creates iy a a {ae inflomaon sow wtaer an btm he hl wees ape ‘eines andorra edo ean fran [A sources of eo ee feviewed aa sn oper 1 ha he se sy ndings wee tsed ome anvepe fon fom Beet ‘ures a quail tre Observational evidence fen uel in providing addr ifomation oat the tpi ein tid. IT cae sy I bout new techrology oe ‘hoo curculum. lo sntnce, obser of he echaoloy earl ‘work are nals oc understanding the cua es ofthe etl ‘rca or any penal problems ing encoun Sia ne Vato ofa cghtarod ofan organizational wit a ew dimensions for Uunersanding eer he context rhe phenomenon beng sated. THe ober ‘ations ante so alvble hat you may even cone taking photoeaghe a the cine study ste, AF a minim these photographs will ip to cone) ‘imparaat case characterise o oie burrs ce Dab, 1982), Noe Fnmever. tha in some sitions 2s phsopraphng talents inp sehools—you will ad writen permbson fire proceeding ‘A common proce to ineease the lib of servations evidence isto have more thn single beret making ap cera wheter of he formal ote casual ret, Ths, when resources peice tly ives: ‘ation should alow for th se of mule obser Partcipant-Observation Paripat observation is speci mode of wservaion in which yu ae not merely pusve eso, sted, you may ssume a vty of oles trihin nae stad sation and may acl parcpate se evens Being rie. nba neiporboods, fer stance, ese oles may ange ot ha ing casual soil Ieractions wih varus resides © nderaking specific func activin within he meihborbod (ee Vi. 1983). The roles fr ‘ieen state is in neiphorbods and ranizanions have melded «king ome ter fn oe ia ihr ah serving a Keepers er «serving aff member pian eine a8 1 oie ey decison mle nnn et. pnt sen rtd ny an ihe {ton One mc yo bse are ws conde Heber ‘Se wets he renee (80) sya oup and asin ce “Car meagan a etc hs ok "On oc ned Saye te that he wae we ed Soci nigra ie seman rings ‘Sic wh nto on eds lair mente he omens te err fe es Pen oct be mat preci’ 59- Th bdo ah (Dotanacaal ace ong nh ref ener ee ag ‘fencer carson napbotmed ender nn nd ‘Diop aut conus Oa ndina rey apr ce Sere years Secon Saay sone 0 yen a BOR. Rovere‘The panicipaobervation technique has been mos free used in anhopolpea sts of diferent cla or socal gop The fecha soca be sed i more every seings, sch lee rgnizatin (se BOX 21: also see BOX 16 ee) or iafonal sal grou. 0x21 [A Partipan Observer Study in an “Everyday” Setting He Rn poet andr scat how Cong wr twa rep assy The Dace of tpn 1979) Te se ay ese ‘ction and page af he lepton hat ces he Nan Hah Sere Sapna ec congarin 8 ee fe tits na uppers Sear Waren Mapnaon we te Sere ener ping inc postales whe Retard Naor pes “he atc ancl camp of partcanabievaon crepe ‘ry core ration ta er a wpe eect Feed ose The sepa sep he ovo ef one. te des and teins nd he mercin Berner th epee a ie braces gna ae al crated yes sty a ala the ‘er eel restore pao De Paniipan-obsevation proves cei unusual oppruniis fr elle ing case Sey da, but so svoves major problems. The most since ‘opportuni elated your sity opin acest evento rosa ar bers inacesible 0 a sy oder words fo sone top. here a) be no way ofeollestng evidence cter thn though patipant-cbseraton ‘Anatierdisinctive opportunity ithe ably to perceive ei rom the view it of someone “nie” te cate soy rather tan eel oe ay have fepued that sacha penpetve ie ivaable in rodiing at “accu” por tayal ofa case stuy phenomenon. Fal, oher oportnites are because {you may have the ality to manpulse minor evens—soch a6 convening # Imetng of» group of eon ite cae Only hroph pripn-oberace ‘in such munpalaton evr, the oe of document fchial econ, and interviews, for insanc, assumes a passive imetigate. The manipulations ll nthe a precise a howe in experiment, at hy can rode greater ‘vay of stations forthe purposes of collecting dt. “The majoe problems ened to partipa-obsation hve to do with he potential Biases profuced (ee Becker. 1985), Fit the esta has lest ty to work an exter aberver a my at ines, have sme Fo ‘ions or adescy rls contrary the interes of gd sacl sence pi: ‘ee. Soon the pip observe i ely fellow a coramony mo -somence and become spp of hep oration igs fe if sch support id ot sendy exis. Thi the paripant role may Simply rea fo mach tein reine othe observer ole Ts the pa ‘ipancobscrer my nt have sufien time to ake ats o 10 se es om about events fom diferent penpecins. 3 + good absence might Furi the eganiaton or svi proup being tied is peal ered th partpntoberver may find ica to bet eight place a the nght ie, eter to pape nt observe iporant even “These taf between he pps andthe pote ave tobe con sidered serunly in anieraking any parciat-obseraton stay Under some cinutancs this proach cates edece ma be Wt he gh pouch, under aer ccumeanes he ce of whole case stay Project can Be hese. Physical Artif ‘Afi source of evidence sa physio tua aft ehnologcal device, a olor instant 2 werk of a or some eer pyc evden, Soch arias may bested or serie sp fw ese study and have ee ued extensively anopalogial research, Physical aft have les pte relevance i he mos typical kind of ‘ase stay, However, hen relevant te arf un bean import con ponent in the overall ase For example one cae stay ote we of persona ompues in the lasso ede osserain he matureof the aa ne tthe machines. Altwowgh use cold be et oberved. an ariact—the Comper rntutaso was valable Stadess displayed these pnous the nish potas of ter work nd manned notebooks of eprint tus Each pinot showed the fy o schoolwork hat had Been done Atlas the dat and amount of compu ine ws othe work: By ex Thing the pants, the case stay ivesgnors were ale 10 devel Trowicr perspective concemng all ofthe csstoom applications over the Teng of sence ar beyond hat which could be ety observed inthe ried ime of eld st Summary “Tis section has teviewe sx commonly used sources of ce stay ev dense. Th procures for olecting eck spe of eidence most be developead mastered independeaty ensue tha each source is property sed Not ‘sources wile eleva foal case stan, However he ined can stay Investigator shouldbe sequined wth he procedures associ wih using sch sure of evidence or have colleuts who have the needed expertise ud who can work as members he case sty team ane 3 ae pk yo wos He sin. forse spec fh ‘ope el the peo pea eens tat wal be tcter ‘sample cocmers, nut hind of coment anni ha ‘peer anges Wana and wh adr ha cable THREE PRINCIPLES OF DATA COLLECTION "The Benefits from thes ix sources fedence canbe marimized if you fo low thre pipes These penile are relevant wo al six sours an, when ‘shed propery cn ep to dea wt the problems of exabshing the coaeuc ‘ality and relay af the eat study evidence, The te a flows Principle 1: Use Multiple Sources of Evidence Any ofthe preceding sures of evidence can and have ben the soe bis for emie studs. For example some ses hae lied ony on parpat ‘observation bat have ot examined a single document sma namerout ‘ses hae relied en archival ecrds bt ate nt imotved a ingle interview “his slated we of sources may he 3 fenton ofthe Independent Wy that sources have typically heen cnceined—asif an instigate should chose he Single mast appropriate source othe ne with which she o ems fami |. Ths, on many an occasion, esters have announced the design of & ‘ew sy By identifying bot the problem ro be sted ad the pie sl tin oF single sure of evden sich ss itervews"—as the fas of te daa collection ton Triangulation: Rationale for using malile sources of evidence. The approach to individual sources of evidence a jot described, homer Dot ‘ecommended fr conducting cise stulies. Or he conay, major sen ‘of case say data colton s the opportunity o use mar diferent sources ‘of evidence (18 BOX 2 and BOX 19B, eater, for examples of such st ies Furthermore, the ned ease mip sources of elec fr exceeds that in ter reseuch mens, such 4 experiments, survey, of hiss. xperneats for instance ely lite the eastern and reco ing of actual teh in aborstory and eae o tla the 5 tematic ure of sey over nfration. Surveys tnd be the opponte, ‘emphasizing veraliformiton ba oot the mesnremeat oe recrng of individu bebo. inl stories re ited events ne "dea™ put And therefore sldsn ave contemporary sures of eidece ach ak ‘ict obvervaions of pera otis Wi hey aos edge sone nce ee popes dyer on ecw nay ty tinge post epee oan egg wea ‘Srocnlwces loko one nape owas eh caer contin honed oerch ero ee ‘Sorts pses ad dS Aa hoe mati oso Soueae napa on che oot conpeingcr ten Sot ‘Sind ttngordon rn abt eee Of coun, ath of hs sep a emi eight ie isn wich maple sources of esdence re ore kl o herent. A ‘xample of thsi the evan of “oa story” ses inthe pas several ‘ands Soch sais ily extensive ities with ey eas who ave tere on te spulnion ta te terse sfoation wil ot be ep afr th fee's death Late won wl on the meri data With he more coment ary sf steal evidence. Neves, ich Mla ote wna tod does ot ae he fat at he ese Sey ier Gels wih 4 wie vant of evidence. whereas the hes methods 60 not a a “The se of mail sources of sidence incase sts allows a investiga tortor boar nage of historia and behavior sts However he tno ipetnt advantage preset using mile source fees {he development of comerzng ine of gu a proceso angst sodoberon emphasized peste nthe previo section ofthis hap. Ts, ry cae sty nding or conlaion iy he more coining am scutes boned on sever ile sores of information, wing Sonberatoey mode (8 BOX 23) 0x23 ‘Tangulating fom Malle Sources of Evidence fas lami and Capen (18) contd cs sf the ee! pve {hear eee an amie he matsp bene an Oss Sa ‘roti Se mae peso eral pares (te figs ae ae ‘Soe coupe. The esta sedan np ry sacs ence nent ped of etre wth are ne pone sn se of tee scot pleads ama pel iy and ‘ear ace arguaongon hesame st eet gator Paton (200) discusses four yes of wangulation in doing estos the iangulation sucess nation sone dere aos imerstorroguation) of especies Be same ds set hor rnp and of mebots (meth angun). ‘The present dsussionperains only to the fst of these four ype data ‘ranglaion) encouraging you to slic iafcerton fom ruil sources tu aimed a sooboratig the sre factor penomenon, In pursing sich ‘onoborty steps, Figure 2 diningises between two comitons— ‘en you have relly tangled ie data appr poo) and when you ave ‘lite sources as part the same study but that everieles aes die fn facts (ower portion). Whea ou hase realy wangolted the da the ‘Stents o acs of the case sty have een sapped by moe than single Soureof evidence when you fave wed multiple sources but wo actly “guste he dt, yu pil hove alyzed each sure of iene sep ‘tel and have computed the colons rom the diferent analyses —bu ‘angulated he da ‘Wah dts apattion, he potenti problems of constr alta on be alesse teense the mule sourees of estnce sentially prove Convergence of Evidence (i) pri Recs (eat Docume | ‘mane | ce dant rte Honcomergece of idence Ieptettses) Sie vats ———+ acess ————> Consors Siney > Fee aps Figu 42. Comet nd Nencmergn of Mui Sours of Ene rile measures of he se phenomenon. Not suprising one analysis of oes methods found ht hse ce tues ing ipl sources fe Cemce wer rtd more highly in es of boner gay, tan ose tha telson ly single sure of inforeton ee COSMOS Corporation. 198, Premises or wing mp sources of eee. te same ie, be Tempe sces fees ino eter are hited eet. Surety oe ee ay esac tha te cleo of x om ml owes sre epi than at wer oy oli ro ‘Sle sere Dern 1078p 0) Second and more prt ache {ir cds ow tayo el ai of colton sk es Poeuang cae sy espa se toe! and aye cometary evidence sina ove and anal arial eco {Somme pron sera design and congue snes 8 vey reach any of hs erie sempre. operant) ‘Wudcara bade ary aus ro esas emerges ogy.maybe ost This reuieent for masring mile daa coletion ech igs teen ruses imporantquesns rearing the tinng ahd exper {se ofthe ese stad iment Untoruately, many gaduste using programs emphasize oe type of a coeton atity okra ters and he success stadt st key to hive a chance to maser the others. To overcome sich sono, Jou should sek oer ways of obtaining the nededtining an price. One Sh way is © wark a malidiciptinry research opanizaton rater an being limited oa single academic department Anh way is to anayee he rethedoogial wetngs of a vary of sil scents (ee Hanmend 1968) ant eam ofthe sengis apd weaknesses of differen a cole tion techniques a they Hate bees practised by experienced scholar Yet ‘hid way so design direst pt stuches tha wl powde aneppetni) fo practicing silent tectngies, No mater how the experince is gained, every case sty investigator shouldbe wel versed in avast fda collection ecigue so that acse tind can se mutipe sources of dence, Without sich up sures an imalusbleadvamage of he cae stay tty will hve ben ost Worse what Stared ou case stay may tum to something ese For example ou might overy rely on open-ended interviews your dt giving in ‘en attention to decumeatary or other evidence to seater the nt ‘ws If yu then complete your alyssa ty ou prolyl hae onan i ayia ry a ely don er repent tht come fom open-ended iteriews bit yu oak! no have done case sty nhs interview say, your test wold consoly hae © Pont out he Selfsepoted ate of yOu data using such pases ss epored by the interviewees” "as stated in the ntriews” or "sete ‘eponed at." and the ke Nee arn ht ccd cet vay Ho ‘rou you ge abot cass th Tc hens Fe wate ‘ow respect scanned appre Wo ou ct ‘ee mpotr pros cing eal Would oe harebeen {ete ordocanton eyo Principle 2: Create a Case Study Database ‘second pre hast do wih he way fags and decane the dan cole for case sae Hees ts hve mach bao fom the practices followed hy the ahr resect died in Chapter {Thr documentation commonly comnts fo separate collections 2 erat of mest weber ti ep. rk Form Wi be vet f comp is he tion een ole sont hs an dee ceune Fr ange esa Sr ach foal are som cech oy sgt leva her ‘iSonic Scena at os ny eta ane een ‘Sher pose orcs paying, eed eons a Snare) aun, oom ete Te ae scan he Soest Slay send ay eps ee ito hess te sincion wena pte date and ans ees bce oon pce. Ti Shen ost oa daa aon eth ue rec ne Soy apr ct enhance va impose dr tat to bre sym Th es tegamy hn pee! ane Gt nd wo» se 0) St sete aan nn rl nen etn mor SSSpmuats mee cigs hve pur an ed ot tate isomer bake arate a rear iets. Fetes tials ingore tower aren we St PO hlleke tency smal sete sto nee Soetittpac canoer ne ae eta fe a oe ‘era rT ome cs sy ate mae ina te elo bee ce fear fem nt ara as mae soning of cot ah Cessna tecomse er ao sea SEimy deca ans yo ndoot mcs we wef ed sees cascade quo i be sabe Ae ‘ict Scum sae SESS cinitececeuy ern teed er SOOT ES Seiten coined ot eee Sepang nna ee eh sree hci my cbivhng sss ass 1a maf ne bake eee: The TREES inn tte corte heat The oem weet tates sce nt of ot component mA ‘Sconens ue sta a thesCase say noes. For ese ss, Your on noes ae yt be te ms ‘common component of datsese Tee ates tke variety of forms The nts ay be esl of you interview, bsertions, or dosimetanli ‘Tae notes maybe haart, type on nts, on wor proses oe ‘ter electron ies and they may be ascmbled i the frm a sry. om Indo crs, vin Some ess egaizd fashion Regardless hei fom or content, thee cine sty notes mist be stored such a mansr tht ekerpenons, youre inci, can reteve ther fl ely at some liter de Most common. he ses an be organized accord ingot major abjectsaeotiod inthe cae say prota covered by ‘case study: however any classifictory system wil a8 ong the system) [swabl by an oti party Only in is manner wll te noes be vale ‘pt of the ease stay dase “This Meicon of themes pat ofthe ake sly dase des ot mean howeet ht you ned to pen excessive smo fine in rering Inteeiews cr making extensive etal changer to make the notes pe seotable Balding sch «formal case record, hy edtng and wring te ‘oes, may be a misplaced pent. Any such ding sould be diet athe ase study report sll not tthe noten The only een charcteritics of ‘he ots are that they be rpnived cieprze, complet, and avalible for tae acess {Care study document May document relevant cae stay willbe ol ested dring te course fa study. Chap 3 dicated athe disposition of ‘ese documents shuld te covered in te cae dy grtocl and suggested that one helpful way so havea ana iiography ofthese documents Sich amottos Would sgn frist sorage and ree 0 ha ner investigators can iapect oe shar the tbe “The sil, unique characteristic of tes Sacumens tha thy ae ly vorequres lage amount of physical strap pace, nies you trouble make ‘orale document fomat (PDF) copies and store them cleeronically I adi fon. the documents maybe of varying importance to the datas, and you may wal o estabinh primary lean «secon ile for such dues, ‘The main objective, agai so make the dosent realy reinevable for late inspection or pera In hse istances in which the documents hve ‘een relevant o Specie eterviews, one atonal cos teferene I 0 have ‘he iterview sees ce he documents Tabular materials. The datbase may consi of tabla miei te col- lected from he st beiag sade or eres by the eseuch tun, Such me ‘als also ned to be opie and sored tallow frat eta. “The miterials may nade vey al ber quae data. For expe survey may have Seen conde at ane or more ofthe cae sty Sites 5 art ofa eed ae st, In ich ation, the abr ate ay Ee sord in computer files. A antber example i Sing with chia | ‘hseratonl evidence, a ese say tay bat ale fr “oun” of ans ‘Phenomena (oce Miles & Haberman 198). The documentation of these ‘Sou, done bythe cis tiny tom, aho shoul be ceanze and tre 8 tof te dats. In ref ny oer mater, wheter based om Sys. ‘Shoeratonl counts ce achive ete ina ane sia the tray hy at ade when sig te reser meh Narain Cen ps frre. a ye tay ear tm competion fal at collection, aso may Be considered formal part te dtabese an ot pt this stad ep. Te arate ects 1 speci practice tht sould te used moe frequen: 10 Bae ese stay innesigatrs compose open-ended aniner the ucsns i the cas study roeca Tis pacice has bon sua on sceral Sessions io Mule ase files designed by he author oe BOX 24. artes n he Case Study Database wie ees ws on praca inh (208, Ct cen es dnp oe PL (qtore conan rater axa nanan he Pena oe Fare omc gro arb sn arc reper ni beeen outa an ter compact es win 2 ‘Sool ecard corr roe ye So hw dation har tne se Sy eet reponhiey woosrorer te) ect compe posite cy ene ‘Teabctn teams Tce ones wo sed bt red bo ‘Setar coe pan coma an The maby of tr ean tthe mrs he eta ol eh wren wn bee thc ty pers ee omen Ino atch ier en yr eg pa ea ee SSS Tio comer ge of Be mater re te PESOS ites anys oe nt at oe ay ‘Taper Th oma fe ateoon may We come se 10 a of 2 Re cum vain arc coun You tenesete rape, nd our posto Gt the eva evidence wht fom Imerewe domes, sents, east evaems in composing a ae ‘gr atswer The man pupse the pec ase sto dome he coe ‘ton between pec pcs of eles al yrs Ss i the case enero in lots rd tation "The nie et of answers i econo pat of he case sly dah Yo alongwith any cer intrest pay can then use thi database eo ete a sta ep pa oncoming te {dvd eae ace Chap or sch stato), the swe can sve "he datas forthe subsequent crovecate analyst Again Hecate the anne ‘ne pr ofthe ahead mt th final eo. you sul ot ped much Time ying to maketh answers penne Ince nods, you med ot er Form he tnd eating and copyediting chars However fran example of Cnet that an writen entirely the form of rari answer fo he ‘otro uston and in whic such edting Was dor. ee Yi 2008, chap. 2) ‘The most mpoantatibue of goal ser that ey inde comme he peritenssus-ehough ade atest pei eidene, ‘Sub acd pp those along one Sa ep Sagara gustan wee atmo ote a eat Ine reed om a vey el New rnb sone ng he ox) pa psd aaa th eto (re ts few pr pete ese sy pre Enea owt gun ‘oer gee opt eae a ayn jel ayaa” Principe 3 Maintain a Chain of Evidence Another principle tobe flowed tines the elif the norm sion im a case saw maintain a chan of evaence. Sach principe i ‘used on motion sro ta ed in free ivestigations, “Te prep alow excl observer~i the situation. the rade af ‘he cae sad) —t0 Follow he devo any eden om ial esearch (lest aime cae dy concn (ue Figure 43). Moreover thi xe eberer shouldbe ble trace the step in eer dri om co "Snios hk tl esearch qustons rom guess wo conse) AS ‘sith crimiolgia evidence the pres shoul be it enough ia evicene [esate ia “curt —the cae sty reor—is arly the same evidence thar was collected atthe cen of ther dring he ta collet proces. co Rae | Casey Oaabe ! 1 ens Po fibers ! Figure 43 Mining Chao ene ‘Comey, no xign evidence hl have Ben ost ough cesses {adhere al oe sprite wei o cosieing he at of coe how ccs email ave sie he memo ennng oar thy eg be vr Gut of se Sn) Tain te following sem. You hive rea he console soy tyr and wan ts hoon the as he conto. You Sertoenan orc th cident process cod nh ee el sald ave oe sufcem ito the eat portions of cast sty abace—for empl by sting specie de Tens invews ov ebseratns Send texans pon seston, ‘Tou seve esc uence sda nate he crcostances ander SIN te evience was colle for example the time ant pace fan IMetvem hid hse cvumstanes shold Be onsite with especie roses an usin conned i te eas sty pro 1 so a Ihe du colton hal followed poets splay ce pase Fully sreaing of the ptr svald the ink bene content he roc dh al tly uso rie pert: Jouve treo en slo move rom ae part of be cate sly pon ante wh cee seeing metarvedures andthe resin evidence. This the lina “shin even” that dese, Stes pric condo i ee fom cae sty you te ete Now mt cl ny te Gece set) ao hat an wd se ‘fine pac gue Saou wend hm hi chan leer WS This caper has reviews sn sous of ae tay evidence, how evidence fan be coleted fom these sures an thespian prices eed the aa collection paces, "The data collection proces for cate sas is more complex thin ove wed Incaher esearch methods A cise study estar must ave 2 methodlog ical versainy not mecessaly requ for wing oer methods and un follow cera fomal procedures ene quali contol during te data Teed process. The the panipes described tone ae step inthis die ‘oa They aze not intended to stack the iavente, and nigel ‘iestigor The ne intended to make the proce ax explicit posible, 9 ‘ha the final este data hat have been cited rete! «concer fot const ality and foray, tee bosoming wor of ft analy Sis How such alps canbe cared out he suet ofthe nent caper. Notes 1 mite seal of pit mari ia om nce emanate Ut States—ven cig sien mater chon an pi iota bese ‘he sates of soy (Neuman Cao, 2001 To the ee uch pene ew eeu itn nt sata i 2. Fach sogeston eang the wae of veiing cement evden, lecaing he near of dtetng he tal mor ts cen fered y Ba nl Gr (8S, pp. 108-135) Aa temp quae ay Te sthsip probe funn Mewele ang Wallace 88) 3, Sh conten agus a ly 0 oc when vein member of & 2c nc he cons cane eee REFERENCE TO EXPANDED CASE STUDY For select case sts itn te tex of his shal moans coma ‘itera mer exten excrete al es sy Theale below cress ‘he referenc nhs took othe bean of te excerp ofl eaition rae 4 rat Tp on ae Mamtr Seon oF T 90016 847 set | esas sox.e 47 es an j con oom Unweysiesttan | AS 0x18 p 412 Uengerg oe sora p48 comput ansiteacay | CsA? ie | sax 98 p44 ser ca sox2n 9415 estan sone Te Proceso olecon | 0024 9427 conpaesinsoons | SRS NOTE. C84 se ad Amey (Yin 28 ACS Aron f eS RrAPPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH ‘METHODS SERIES: Case St 1s seach Design and Methods Fourth Edition Robert K. Yin APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS SERIES Volume 5