A) National Interests can as defined as the claims, objectives, goals,

demands and interests which a nation always tries to preserve, protect, defend
and secure in relations with other nations.They are two components of national
interest which are necessary or vital components and variable or non-vital
components of national interest.Necessary or vital components According to
Morgenthau, the vital components of the national interests that a foreign policy
seeks to secure are survival or identity. He sub-divides identity into three parts:
Physical identity. Political identity and Cultural identity. Physical identity
includes territorial identity. Political identity means politico- economic system
and Cultural identity stands for historical values that are upheld by a nation as
part of its cultural heritage. These are called vital components because these are
essential for the survival of the nation and can be easily identified and
examined. A nation even decides to go to war for securing or protecting her
vital interests.And variable or non-vital components are the non-vital
components are those parts of national interest which are determined either by
circumstances or by the necessity of securing the vital components. These are
determined by a host of factors the decision-makers, public opinion, party
politics, sectional or group interests and political and moral folkways. These
variable interests are those desires of individual states which they would, no
doubt, like to see fulfilled but for which they will not go to war. Whereas the
vital interests may be taken as goals, the secondary interests may be termed as
objectives of foreign policy.
They are many types of national interest according different scholars,
according to Robinson has six types of national interest which are
primary,secondary,permanent,variable,general, and specific interest. Primary
interest These are also known as core or vital interests. These include
preserving the physical, political, and cultural identity of the state against
possible encroachments from outside powers.These interests are primary and
vital that the state must constantly defend them at all costs. These interests
cannot be compromised. Secondary interest Though less important than the first
one, these are quite crucial to the existence of the state. These include the
protection of the citizens abroad and ensuring diplomatic immunizes for the
diplomatic staff. Permanent interest hese pertain to the relatively constant and
long-term interests of the state. The change in the permanent interest, if any, is
rather steady. An example of this kind is provided by Britain’s determination to
maintain freedom of navigation during the past few centuries for the protection
of her overseas colonies and growing trade. Variable interests These interests
are considered vital for national good in a given set of circumstances. In this
sense, the variable interest can diverge from both primary and permanent
interest. These changeable interests can diverge from both primary and
permanent interests. These changeable interests are mainly determined by
factors like personalities, public Opinion, sectional interests, partisan polities,
political and moral folkways. General interest These refer to those positive
conditions that apply to many nations or in several specified fields such as
economics, trade, diplomatic intercourse, etc. For instance, Britain’s general
national interest was to maintain a balance of power on the European continent.
And specific interests Through the logical outgrowth of the general interests,
specific interests are defined in time and space. For example, Britain regarded it
as a specific national interest to maintain the new countries’ independence for
preserving the balance of power in Europe.
Besides the above six types of national interest, Robinson has mentioned three
other interests he describes as international interests. Which are Identical
interests These refer to interests that are held in common by several states.
These are also known as common interests. For example, both the USA and
Britain have been interested that any single power should not dominate Europe.
Third World countries have a common interest in asking for the New
International Economic Order. It must be mentioned here that the area of
commonness is always subject to change. Secondly is complementary interests
Those interests, which though not identical, can form the basis of agreement on
some specific issues are called complementary interests. For example, Britain
was interested in Portugal’s independence against Spain because it wanted to
control the region of the Atlantic Ocean. Likewise, Portugal was interested in
the British maritime hegemony because it was a safe defense mechanism
against Spain. Thirdly is conflicting interests Other than the identical and
complementary interests fall in the category of conflicting or opposed interests.
The conflicting interests are not fixed and undergo a change owing to the force
of events and diplomacy. Thus the present time, conflicting interests may
become complementary interests. Similarly, complementary and identical
interests can also be converted into conflicting interests. With time, each
nation’s number of common and conflicting interests may develop or decline,
depending on international relations’ current exigencies.

B) i) Military security; Military security or national security as core of national

interest of United Republic of Tanzania is the security and defence of a nation
state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a
duty of government Originally conceived as protection against military attack,
national security is now widely understood to include also non-military
dimensions, including the security from terrorism, minimization of crime,
economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security,
cyber-security etc. Similarly, national security include, in addition to the
actions of other nation states, action by violent non-state actors, by narcotic
cartels, and by multinational corporations, and also the effects of natural
disasters. Governments rely on a range of measures, including political,
economic, and military power, as well as diplomacy, to safeguard the security
of a nation-state. They may also act to build the conditions of security
regionally and internationally by reducing transnational causes of insecurity,
such as climate change, economic inequality, political exclusion.

ii)Territory integrity; As another core of national interest the United Republic

of Tanzania, Territorial integrity in international law is the territorial integrity
refers to the territorial ‘oneness’ or ‘wholeness’ of the State. As a norm of
international law, it protects the territorial framework of the independent State
and is an essential foundation of the sovereignty of States. It extends principally
over land territory, the territorial sea appurtenant to the land, and the seabed and
subsoil of the territorial sea, it enshrined in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and
has been recognized as customary international law. The United Republic of
Tanzania respect territorial integrity and keep as national interest.

iii)Economic well-being; Another core of nation interest of United republic of

Tanzania is economic well being. Economic well being is the having present
and future financial security. Present financial security includes the ability of
individuals, families, and communities to consistently meet their basic needs
(including food, housing, utilities, health care, transportation, education, child
care, clothing, and paid taxes), and have control over their day-to-day finances.
It also includes the ability to make economic choices and feel a sense of
security, satisfaction, and personal fulfillment with one’s personal finances and
employment pursuits. Future financial security includes the ability to absorb
financial shocks, meet financial goals, build financial assets, and maintain
adequate income throughout the life-span.

C) Yes, Tanzania have proper ways of defending her national interest

i) They use diplomacy; Diplomacy It consists of the techniques and
procedures for conducting relations among states. Diplomacy functions through
a network of foreign offices, embassies, legations, consulates, and special
missions worldwide. It can be bilateral as well as multilateral in nature. It
includes many interests, from the simplest matter of detail in the relations
between two states. Diplomacy is practiced through diplomacy. He is the eyes
and ears of his government in other countries. His major functions are to
implement the policies of his government in other countries. His major
functions are to implement his own country’s policies, protect its interests and
nationals, and keep his government informed of major developments in the rest
of the world. He is also required to further the best interests of his own country.
This may appear to be very selfish, but it is the ultimate guiding principle of
diplomacy. This is his responsibility to look after his country’s interests as
interpreted by the policymakers back home and following treaties, other
international agreements, and principles of international law. And Tanzania
have relationship with states and international community like United National
and others inorder achieve national interest.

ii)Through Alliance; Two or more states usually conclude these for the
promotion and protection of their common interests. After the alliance’s
conclusion, the protection of these common interests becomes a legal obligation
that the member states are duty-bound to discharge. These alliances may be
concluded for achieving different kinds of national interests, and their nature
depends on the type of interest sought to be fulfilled. Thus the character and the
tenure of the alliance will depend on the relative strength of those interests.so
Tanzania made alliance with other state inorder to fulfill the national interest.
iii) Economy method ; States deliberately follow certain policies in
pursuit of their national interests. A state may pursue economic policies to
enhance its domestic welfare without harming another state. But a state may
also pursue economic policies clearly aiming at harming another state. Since
every state is dependent on other states, it is, to some extent, amenable to
pressures from other states. Likewise, it may also be able to pressurize other
states. Whenever economic policies are designed to achieve national interests,
whether or not they intended to harm other states they are economic instruments
of national policy. Also Tanzania use economy method to achieve national
interest.
REFERENCE
Hans J.Morgenthau, Dilemmas of Politics (University Of Chicago Press, 1958)
Thomas W. Robinson, National Interest, in James N. Rosenau, ed. International
Politics and Foreign Policy (New York, 1961),
Mark Zacher (2001). "The Territorial Integrity Norm." International
Organization