SUBMITTED TO:

MRS. APRIL JOY B. ESPAÑO

SUBMITTED BY:

MARIA ALEXANDRIA DANONG

LORENZ INRI BANABATAC

AJ GALE

DIONNE CALAY

VINCE PORCALLA

ERIKA REBUSORA
I. Background of the Trait

Astigmatism is an imperfection in the curvature of your eye’s cornea or lens.

Normally, the cornea and lens are smooth and curved equally in all directions. This

helps to focus light rays sharply onto the retina at the back of your eye. If your cornea

or lens isn't smooth and evenly curved, light rays aren't refracted (bent) properly.

Doctors call this a refractive error. When your cornea has an irregular shape, you have

corneal astigmatism. When the shape of your lens is distorted, you have lenticular

astigmatism. In either case, your vision for both near and far objects is blurry or

distorted. It's almost like looking into a fun house mirror in which you can appear too

tall, too short, too wide or too thin.

People may have astigmatism along with other refractive errors. Those errors

may include things like: nearsightedness (myopia) or farsightedness (hyperopia). Adults

with significant astigmatism may realize their vision isn't as good as it should be.

Children with astigmatism symptoms may not be aware they have this condition. They

are unlikely to complain about blurred or distorted vision. Uncorrected astigmatism can

impact a child's ability to achieve in school and sports. It is crucial that children have

regular eye exams. Get these exams to detect astigmatism and other vision problems

as early as possible. Astigmatism symptoms may include: blurry vision or areas of

distorted vision, eyestrain, headaches squinting to try to see clearly, or

eye discomfort. If you have these symptoms you may not necessarily have astigmatism.

You should visit to your ophthalmologist. A complete eye exam will determine what is

causing your symptoms.

a. Traits that are hereditary transmitted in my family

 Astigmatism

b. How it was transmitted from generation to generation

 Astigmatism from the mother’s side of the family

c. Experiences having that trait

 The individual’s experience with astigmatism is that sometimes the individual

experiences headaches and nausea because of her astigmatism. Without her

prescription glasses, she could not see well and has difficulty reading and seeing

things from far away. With using the prescribed glasses, the individual

experiences eye strain.

II. Further Transmission of Trait

a. If you are affected by the trait, what will be the advantage and disadvantage?

Astigmatism is a very common vision problem some of us have. The

disadvantage of having astigmatism is the light does not focus to a single point

in your eye. Instead, it causes blurred vision because the front of the eye is

shaped more like an American football than a baseball. For me, there is no

advantage in having astigmatism because it already damage our eye sight and

it's hard for us to read the small words or it's hard for us to find some tiny things

we lost. Astigmatism can change throughout your life, usually for the worse with

age. But astigmatism is not a disease and can be compensated for with glasses,

contact lenses or refractive surgery.

b. Would you like this trait to continue to pass to the next generation? If yes, how

will you pass the trait and if no, how will you stop the passing of traits? Explain.

No. Because in most cases, LASIK can fully correct astigmatism, and the

effect is permanent. Despite having a somewhat scary-sounding name,

astigmatism is not an eye disease - it's simply a refractive error like

nearsightedness and farsightedness - and it can be corrected with eyeglasses,

contact lenses and LASIK surgery.

III. Conclusion

Therefore, we conclude, astigmatism is not an eye disease it is just simply a

refracted error like nearsightedness and farsightedness. It’s caused by an irregular

shape of the lens or cornea, but what are the reasons behind these irregularities? In

most cases, the root cause is genetic, and people are simply born with corneas which
aren’t curved correctly for perfect vision which is the same case in the family of Ms.

Nieto. In some cases, astigmatism can be caused by an eye injury or surgical

complication, and it can also develop later in life due to conditions such as keratoconus.

Treatment may not be required for milder cases of astigmatism, but if the condition is

causing problems, a number of options are available to correct it, including: glasses,

contact lenses, laser eye surgery, and lens replacement surgery.

IV. References

Anne Bernadette Nieto (Interviewee)

Burt D., OD, Gary H., OD, and Charles S., MD (2017) Astigmatism: Q & A. Retrieved

from https://www.allaboutvision.com/askdoc/astigmatism.htm

Thompson, V., MD (2018) Can LASIK Fix Astigmatism? Retrieved from

https://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/faq-astigmatism.htm

Optegra (2018) How To Treat Astigmatism. Retrieved from

https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/february-2017/how-to-treat-astigmatism/

American Academy of Ophthalmology (2019) Retrieved from https://www.aao.org

Documentation: