ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM
2 Learning Outcomes

• Describe and correlate the anatomical and

physiological structures of the endocrine
system and its common pathologic
conditions.
• Identify the different functions of hormones
and their significance in regulating body
homeostasis
3 Endocrine System?!?!?
4

HELLO!
Endocrine System
-is composed of
endocrine glands and
specialized endocrine
cells located
throughout the body
 Overview of
Endocrine System

5
 Everything we do affects our
hormones which, in turn, affect
everything we do.

6
”
7 Hormones

▹ Hormones of the endocrine system

contributes to homeostasis
 WHAT do
8

hormones do?
 Functions of Endocrine
9 System
1. Metabolism
2. Control of food intake and digestion
3. Tissue development
4. Ion levels
5. Water balance
6. Heart rate and blood pressure changes
7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
8. Control of reproductory functions
9. Uterine contractions and milk production
10. Immune system function
 Principles of
Chemical
Communication

10
11 Chemical messengers

- Allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate

body activities

- HORMONES vs Neurotransmitters

- Target cells/ Target tissues/ effectors – respond to a

hormone which contains the specific receptor for the
hormone
 General process of
12 endocrine system

Endocrine glands and cells secrete

minute amounts of hormones which
enters the interstitial fluid, which
then goes into the general blood
circulation until it reaches its
specific sites called target tissues
or effectors, where they produce a
coordinated response of the target
cell.
 Hormones vs
13 Neurotransmitters
Chemical Hormone Neurotransmitter
messenger
Molecules Delivered throughout body In response to nerve
by blood impulses

Site of action Far from site of release Close to the site of release

Effector Receptors in postsynaptic Receptors in or on target

membrane cells

Time of onset of action Within milliseconds Seconds to hours or days

Target cells Broad (virtually all type of Specific muscles and

body cells) glands
 Chemical Nature of
Hormones

14
15 Two Types of Hormones
Lipid- soluble hormones ▹ Water- soluble hormones
▹ Smaller ▹ Larger
▹ Non-polar ▹ Polar
▹ Low solubility on water ▹ High solubility with water
▹ Needs binding to protein ▹ Dissolves directly to
for transportation bloodstream
(binding protein)
16 Lipid-soluble hormones
They bind to nuclear
receptors inside the
target cells

Ex.
Steroid hormones,
Thyroid hormones, and
fatty acid derivatives
17 Water-soluble hormones
They bind to membrane-
bound receptors embedded
in the plasma membrane of
the target cells

Ex.
Protein hormones, peptide,
amino acid derivatives
 Characteristics of
18 Hormones

• Stability – must remain active

• Communication – interact with target tissue with specificity
• Distribution – potential to activate any cell all throughout the body
19 Receptors

- Protein wherein the hormone will chemically

bind to its target cell
IF:

In excess hormones – Down-regulator

Deficient hormones – Up-regulator
 Circulating hormones –
20 Lipid-soluble hormones
 Circulating hormones –
21 Water soluble hormones
 Endocrine glands
and their hormones

22
23
24 Endocrine glands

▹ Pituitary glands ▹ Pancreas

▸ Posterior Pituitary ▹ Gonads
▸ Anterior Pituitary ▹ Pineal gland
▹ Thyroid gland ▹ Thymus
▹ Parathyroid gland
▹ Adrenal glands
▸ Adrenal medulla
▸ Adrenal cortex
25 PITUITARY GLANDS

- Also called hypophysis

- Master endocrine gland
- Composed of Anterior and Posterior pituitary
glands
- Synthesis of hormones happen in the
hypothalamus for the posterior pituitary gland

- Generally, the hormones are vital for the

regulation of:
1. growth
2. development
3. metabolism
4. homeostasis
 Hypothalamic control of the
26 Anterior Pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system, blood flows
from capillaries in the hypothalamus into
portal veins that carry blood to capillaries of
the anterior pituitary.

Hypothalamus synthesize and secrete five releasing hormones:

1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
3. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH)
4. Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
5. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Hypothalamus also synthesize and secrete two inhibiting hormones:

1. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
2. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
27 ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS
SOMATOTROPHS
Secrete growth hormone (GH) or
somatotropin
- Stimulates body growth and
regulates aspects of metabolism
THYROTROPHS
Secrete thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
- Controls secretions and other
activities of thyroid gland
GONADOTROPHS
Secrete follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH)
- Both acts on the gonads

- Target tissue: LIVER - Target tissue: THYROID GLAND - MEN: stimulate TESTES
- WOMEN: stimulate OVARIES

LACTOTROPHS CORTICOTROPHS
Secrete prolactin (PRL) Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or
- Initiates milk production in the corticotropin
mammary glands - Stimulate adrenal cortex
- Target tissue: MAMMARY GLANDS - Some secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone
- Target tissues: ADRENAL CORTEX (main target)
and BRAIN (for MSH only)
28 POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS
- DOES NOT synthesize hormones
- Only store and release two hormones:

OXYTOCIN ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE

Released during and after delivery of a baby
- Enhances contraction of smooth muscles in
the cell wall of the uterus
- Stimulates milk ejection
Target tissues: UTERUS and MAMMARY GLANDS
Decreases urine production
- Causes the kidneys to return more water to
the blood
- Target tissue: KIDNEYS and ARTERIOLES
29 THYROID GLAND
- Contains thyroid follicles which consists of
follicular cells and parafollicular
hormones

Follicular cells - two thyroid hormones:

▹ Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine or T4
▹ Triiodothyronine or T3

Parafollicular cells :
▹ Calcitonin (CT)
30 T3 and T4

Regulated and stimulated by?

Actions of thyroid hormones:
▹ Increase basal metabolic rate
▹ Enhance actions of catecholamines
▹ Regulate development and growth of nervous tissue and
bones

Target tissues: MOST CELLS of the BODY

31 Calcitonin

▹ Can decrease the level of calcium in the blood inhibiting

the action of osteoclasts
▹ Lowers blood Ca2+ and HPO42- levels

Target tissue: PRIMARILY BONE

32 PARATHYROID HORMONE

- partially embedded in the posterior

surface of the lateral lobes of thyroid gland
- Contain two cells called Chief cells or
principal cells and oxyphil cells

- Only Chief cells or principal cells

produce parathyroid hormone or
parathormone (PTH)
33 Parathyroid Hormone

• Increase the number and activity of osteoclasts –

increased bone resorption
• Major regulator of the levels of Calcium, Magnesium,
and Phosphate ions in the blood
• Promotes the formation of Calcitriol (active form of
Vitamin D)

Target tissues: BONE and KIDNEYS

34 ADRENAL GLANDS

▹ Also called suprarenal glands

▹ Each gland contain:
▸ Adrenal cortex – for steroid
hormones
▸ Adrenal medulla – for
catecholamine hormones
35 Adrenal Cortex

▹ Subdivided into three zones:

1. Zona glomerulosa
▸ Secrete mineralocorticoids – affects mineral
homeostasis
2. Zona fasciulata
▸ Secrete glucocorticoids – affects glucose
homeostasis
3. Zona reticularis
▸ Synthesis of weak androgens – steroid hormones
36
Adrenal cortex – Zona glomeruslosa

▹ For mineral homeostasis

▹ Secretes hormone aldosterone
▸ Regulate Na+ and K+, adjust
blood volume and blood
pressure
▹ Member of the RAAS pathway

Target Tissue: KIDNEYS

37
Adrenal cortex – Zona fasciulata

▹ For glucose homeostasis

▹ Secrete cortisol hormones
▸ Cortisol (most abundant),
corticosterone, and cortisone
▹ Increase protein breakdown,
gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis

Target Tissue: MOST TISSUES

38
Adrenal cortex – Zona reticularis

▹ Synthesis of steroid hormones

▹ Hormone: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
▹ FEMALE: promotes libido, converted into estrogen
▹ MALE: insignificant in males, sometimes help release
testosterone after puberty

Target Tissue: MOST TISSUES

39 Adrenal medulla
▹ Modified ganglion of the autonomic nervous system
▹ Releases hormones, instead of neurotransmitters
▹ Contain Chromaffin cells, responsible for releasing hormones:
▸ Epinephrine (adrenaline)
▸ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
⬩ Intensify sympathetic response that occurs in other parts
of the body
⬩ Increases: cardiac output, blood flow to skeletal muscles,
release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood
⬩ Generally, prepares body for physical activity

Target Tissues: HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, LIVER, and FAT CELLS

40 PANCREATIC ISLETS

▹ Also called Langerhan’s islets

▹ Both an endocrine and exocrine
gland
▹ Pancreatic islets hormones:
▸ α cells – secrete glucagon
▸ β cells – secrete insulin
▸ δ cells – secrete somatostatin
▸ F cells – secrete pancreatic
polypeptide
41 Pancreatic islets

α cells β cells δ cells F cells

Glucagon: Insulin: Somatostatin: Pancreatic
▹ increase blood ▹ decrease blood ▹ inhibits Polypeptide:
glucose glucose secretion of ▹ inhibits
▹ gluconeogenesis ▹ lipogenesis glucagon secretion of
and insulin somatostatin

Target Tissue: LIVER Target Tissue: LIVER

42 OVARIES and TESTES

▹ GONADS – organs that produce

gametes (sperm or oocytes) and
hormones:

▹ FEMALE: estrogens, progesterone,

and inhibin
▹ MALE: testosterone
 Ovaries
43 granulosa cells or follicular cells
secrete hormones:

Estrogens (Estradiol, Inhibin

Estratrione) and ▹ inhibits
Progesterone secretion
▹ regulate menstrual cycle, of FSH
maintain and prepare
mammary gland for
pregnancy and lactation

Target Tissues: MOST TISSUES

44 Ovaries and Placenta*

Relaxin
- hormone produced during
pregnancy involve in increasing
the flexibility of pubic symphysis
and dilate uterine cavity during
labor and delivery

Target Tissue: UTERUS

45 Testes
Leydig cells secrete hormones:

Testosterone Inhibin
▹ descent of testes during birth
▹ inhibits
▹ production of sperm
▹ development and maintenance
secretion
of male secondary of FSH
characteristics

Target Tissues: MOST TISSUE

46 PINEAL GLAND
▹ part of the epithalamus
▹ pinealocytes – secretory cells which produce
hormone:

Melatonin
▹ derived from serotonin
▹ contribute to setting of body’s biological clock
▹ more are produced during darkness
▹ promote sleepiness

Target Tissue: HYPOTHALAMUS

47 THYMUS

▹ important in the function of immune

system
▹ secretes hormone Thymosin:
▸ promote maturation of T cells

Target Tissues: IMMUNE TISSUES

 Other Significant
Endocrine Tissues
and their Hormones

48
49 OTHER ENDOCRINE TISSUES and THEIR HORMONES
Other Endocrine PLACENTA KIDNEYS LIVER MOST TISSUES
Tissues and ORGANS

Hormone Human Chorionic Erythropoetin Angiotensin Prostaglandins

secreted Gonadotropin

Function - Similar to LH - Increase - Helps in the - Relaxation of

- Detected by production of RBC regulation of smooth muscles
pregnancy test in response to blood pressure and dilation of
decreased O2 - Stimulate the blood vessels
levels release of
aldosterone
Target tissue/s: Ovaries Bone marrow Adrenal cortex Smooth muscles
and Blood vessel
 Common Disorders
of Endocrine
System

50
 COMMON DISORDERS of
51 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

▹ Grave’s disease
▹ Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

▹ Addison’s disease

▹ Cushing’s disease
 GRAVE’S DISEASE
52 (HYPERTHYROIDISM)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Increased T3 and T4 levels due to excessive
TRH and TSH secretion
• Enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter) due to
increased amount of thyroid hormones
• Thyroid gland cannot inhibit the excessive
release of TRH, TSH (failure of HPT negative
feedback)
SYMPTOMS • Hyperactivity
• Rapid weight loss
• Exopthalmia
• Excessive sweating
TREATMENT • Exposure to radioactive iodine
• Treatment with drugs that inhibit TRH
synthesis
• Removal of all or a part of thyroid gland
 TYPE 1 and TYPE 2
53 DIABETES MELLITUS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Type 1 DM:
• Too little or no insulin produced by the
pancreas
• Insulin dependent
• May be due to genetic origin
Type 2 DM:
• Insufficient or defective insulin receptors on
target cells
• Insulin resistant
• May be due to lifestyle and eating habits
SYMPTOMS • High blood glucose level
• Polyuria
• Constant dehydration and thirst
• Increased satiation
• Type 1 DM can lead to ketoacidosis
TREATMENT • For Type 1 DM: insulin injection
• For Type 2 DM: lifestyle change
54 ADDISON’S DISEASE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and
aldosterone
• Increased K+ and decreased Na+ in the
blood
• Low Blood Pressure, cardiac output,
arrythmias, and may lead to cardiac arrest

SYMPTOMS • Mental lethargy

• Anorexia
• Nausea and vomiting
• Rapid weight loss
• Hypoglycemia
• Muscle weakness
• Bronzed skin appearance
TREATMENT • Replace glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids
• Increase Na+ on diet
55 CUSHING’S DISEASE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Hypersecretion of cortisol
• Due to a presence of a tumor at adrenal
cortex
• Breakdown of muscle proteins and
redistribution of body fat

SYMPTOMS • Moon face

• Buffalo hump
• Pendulous (hanging) abdomen
• Flushed facial skin
• Prone to bruises and poor wound healing
• Hyperglycemia

TREATMENT • Long term glucocorticoid theraphy

56 REFERENCES:

▹ Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Tortora's

Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 15th ed. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
▹ Van Putte, Regan, and Russo. (2016). Seeley’s
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. 9th Ed. USA:
McGraw-Hill.
57
Questions?
😉 Use the discussion forum under the Module 8:
Endocrine System

or

email me at:

zamora.renzaaron@auf.edu.ph
THANK YOU!