10/29/2021

Mechanical Energy Balance
Class 26
• Counting today
– 9 classes with new material (9 HW assignments)
• 8 on energy calculation and balances
• 1 on transient balances
– 1 exam review
– Exam #3
– 5 classes for Case Study
– 1 review for Final Exam
– 1 Final Exam

The End Is Near!

Don’t Give Up!
• Some of you have started skipping homework!
• Gird up your…
• Endure to the…

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Review Prob 22.3

Δ𝐻 Δ𝐸 Δ𝐸 𝑄 𝑊

𝑄 𝑛𝐻 𝑛𝐻
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
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Mechanical Energy Balance
• Special Case
– No temperature change (U  0)
– No chemical reaction (H  0)
– Velocity, pressure, and friction are important
• Energy equation reduces to the 
“mechanical” energy equation
∆𝑃 ∆ 𝑢 𝑊
𝑔∆𝑧 𝐹
𝜌 2 𝑚
Pressure Velocity Height Friction Shaft
change change change work

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Mechanical Energy Balance
∆𝑃 ∆ 𝑢 𝑊
𝑔∆𝑧 𝐹
𝜌 2 𝑚
• If 𝐹 = 0 and Ws = 0, then we have
Bernoulli’s Equation
∆𝑃 ∆ 𝑢
𝑔∆𝑧 0
𝜌 2
𝑃 𝑃 𝑢 𝑢
𝑔 𝑧 𝑧 0
𝜌 2

Hint: don’t use ∆, but use the labels 1 & 2!
It is too easy to mix up signs!!! 

Other Useful Relationships
Volumetric flow rate
𝑉 𝑢𝐴
m3/s (m/s)(m2)

Mass flow rate 𝑚 𝜌𝐴𝑢
kg/s (kg/m3)(m2)(m/s)

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Examples

1
2
u1
P1 d1 Find:
𝑚 d2 A. P2 – P1
B. u2

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1
2 Find:
u1
P1 d1 A. P2 – P1
𝑚 d2 B. u2

Steady state
T = constant Find Pressure:
𝑚 = constant = 𝜌𝐴 𝑢 𝜌𝐴 𝑢 Use Bernoulli’s Eqn:
𝑃 𝑃 𝑢 𝑢
𝐴 𝐴 𝑔 𝑧 𝑧 0
𝜌 2

Find u2: Substitute expression for u2

Substitute expressions for A1 and A2
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑 𝑑
𝑢 𝑢
𝜌 𝑢 𝜌 𝑢 𝑃 𝑃 𝑑
4 4 0
𝜌 2

Substitute expression for u2

𝑑 𝑑
𝑢 𝑢 𝜌𝑢 1
𝑑
𝑑 𝑃 𝑃 0
2

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Mech Energy Eqn 𝑓𝑡 · 𝑙𝑏
Δ𝑃 Δ 𝑢 𝑊 𝐹 0.41𝐿 𝑧
𝑔Δ𝑧 𝐹 𝑙𝑏 sin 30° 0.5
𝜌 2 𝑚 𝐿
𝐿 2𝑧
Assumptions
(1) u1 = 0
(2) Atmospheric discharge (P2 = P1)

Mech Energy Eqn becomes Need 𝑚 𝜌𝑉

𝑢 𝑊
𝑔𝑧 0.41 2𝑧
2 𝑚 𝑉 95 0.212
.
Need 𝑢
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
𝑢 𝐴 𝑉 𝑚 62.43 0.212 13.2
𝑓𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
.
𝐴 6 10 𝑓𝑡

𝑓𝑡
0.212 𝑓𝑡
𝑢 𝑠 35.3 We should now have all the info to use the Mech Energy Eqn
6 10 𝑓𝑡 𝑠

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Mech Energy Eqn becomes
𝑢 𝑊
𝑔𝑧 0.41 2𝑧
2 𝑚

Mech Energy Eqn becomes
·
. · · . ·
32.2 𝑧 0.82𝑧 32.2 32.2
· . . ·

𝑓𝑡
623 32.2𝑧 2.64𝑧 10,742
𝑠

𝑧 290 𝑓𝑡!

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23.2. A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene is to be separated in a continuous single-stage equilibrium flash tank.

The pressure in the unit may be adjusted to any desired value, and the heat input may similarly be adjusted to
vary the temperature at which the separation is conducted. The vapor and liquid product streams both emerge
at the temperature T(°C) and pressure P(mm Hg) maintained in the vessel.
Assume that the vapor pressures of benzene and toluene are given by the Antoine equation, that Raoult’s law
applies, and that the enthalpies of benzene and toluene liquid and vapor are linear functions of temperature.
Specific enthalpies at two temperatures are given here for each substance in each phase.
(a) Suppose the feed is equimolar in benzene and toluene (zB = 0.500). Take a basis of 1 mol of feed and do the degree-of-freedom
analysis on the unit to show that if T and P are specified, you can calculate the molar compositions of each phase (xB and yB), the
moles of the liquid and vapor products (nL and nV), and the required heat input (Q). Don’t do any calculations in this part.
(b) Do the calculations of part (a) for 90°C and 652 mm Hg. (Suggestion: First derive an equation for xB that can be solved by trial and
error from known values of T and P)
(c) For zB = 0.5 and T = 90°C, there is a range of feasible operating pressures for the evaporator, Pmin < P < Pmax. If the evaporator
pressure P fell outside this range, no separation of benzene and toluene would be achieved. Why not? What would emerge from the
unit if P < Pmin? What would emerge if P > Pmax? [Hint: Look at your solution to part (b) and think about how it would change if you
lowered P.]
(d) Set up a spreadsheet to perform the calculation of part (b) and then use it to determine Pmax and Pmin. The spreadsheet example was
given in class. Additional columns may be used to store other calculated variables (e.g., specific enthalpies).
(e) Briefly explain why Q is positive when P = 652 mm Hg and negative when P = 714 mm Hg.
(f) In successive rows, repeat the calculation for the same and at several pressures between Pmin and Pmax. Generate a plot (using Excel) of
nv versus P. At approximately what pressure is half of the feed stream vaporized?

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Problem 23.2

Flash Calculation!

Given P & T, find xB, yB, nL, nV, and Q.

Find linear correlations for 𝐻
𝐻 𝑚𝑇 𝑏
(find m & b for each species in each phase)

Δ𝑦 Δ𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
𝑚 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

𝑏 𝐻 mT

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Problem 23.2

Flash Calculation!

Given P & T, find xB, yB, nL, nV, and Q.

Find linear correlations for 𝐻
𝐻 𝑚𝑇 𝑏
(find m & b for each species in each phase)
Procedure (T&P given):
1. Use Raoult’s Law to find xb, yb
2. Overall & species balance to find nV, nL
3. Energy balance  𝑄 ∑𝑛 𝐻 ∑𝑛 𝐻

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Flash Calculation!

Procedure:
1. Use Raoult’s Law to find xb, yb

𝑥 𝑃∗ 𝑦 𝑃 2. Overall & species balance to find nV, nL
𝑥 𝑃∗ 𝑦 𝑃
add 𝑛 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑥 𝑃∗ 1 𝑥 𝑃∗ 𝑃
𝑥 𝑃∗ 𝑃∗ 𝑃 𝑃∗ 𝑧 𝑛 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛

𝑃 𝑃∗ 𝑧 𝑛 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 1 𝑛
𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑃∗ 𝑃∗ Solve for nL
𝑥 𝑃∗ 0.5 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦 0.5 𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑛
𝑃 𝑥 𝑦

3. Energy balance  𝑄 ∑𝑛 𝐻 ∑𝑛 𝐻

𝑄 𝑛 𝑦 𝐻 , 𝑦 𝐻 , 𝑛 𝑥 𝐻 , 𝑥 𝐻 , 𝑛 𝑧 𝐻 , 𝑧 𝐻 ,

Hvapor Hliquid Hfeed

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