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Presesntation by S.Abadullah Haider, SE, SSD
Presesntation by S.Abadullah Haider, SE, SSD
Introduction
• A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at
one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage
level through the action of a magnetic field.
• There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are
coupled magnetically.
• It involves interchange of electric energy between two or
more electric systems
• Transformers provide much needed capability of changing
the voltage and current levels easily.
– They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate
voltage level for power transfer.
– Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels for
distribution and power utilization.
* 2
Power Transformer Classification
• In terms of number of windings
– Conventional transformer: two windings
– Autotransformer: one winding
– Others: more than two windings
• In terms of number of phases
– Single-phase transformer
– Three-phase transformer( Delta or Star Connected)
• Depending on the voltage level at which the winding is operated
– Step-up transformer: primary winding is a low voltage (LV)
winding
– Step-down transformer : primary winding is a high voltage (HV)
winding
* 3
Transformer
Nameplate
Transformer Nameplate
Transformer Nameplate
Components of Transformer
1. Windings
2. Core
3. Bushings
4. Conservator
5. Breather
6. Radiator
7. OLTC
8. Oil level Indicator
9. Thermometers OTI, WTI
10. Bucholz, PRD relay
11. Cooling system
12. Tank
Transformer Cooling
ONAN
Transformer Conservator tank assembly
Transformer Bucholz Relay
Transformer PRD
Transformer Winding Temperature meter
Transformer Oil Level Indicator
TRANSFORMER VECTOR GROUP
Winding connection designations:
•First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital
letters.
• D=Delta, Y=Star, Z=Interconnected star, N=Neutral
•Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small
letters.
• d=Delta, y=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral.
•Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as
the clock hour number (1,6,11)
•Example – Dyn11
Transformer has a delta connected primary winding
(D) a star connected secondary (y) with the star point
brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading
(11).
•The point of confusion is occurring in notation in a
step-up transformer. As the IEC60076-1 standard
has stated, the notation is HV-LV in sequence. For
example, a step-up transformer with a
delta-connected primary, and star-connected
secondary, is not written as ‘dY11’, but ‘Yd11’. The
11 indicates the LV winding leads the HV by 30
degrees.
a1 b1
a b
* 23
Effect of External Fault in D-Y Transformer
Fault Current Distribution
132/33kV
VP Vs
IP IS
nP nS
IS VP
= =4
IP VS
nP
nS = ?? nP
nS = 4x1.732
* 24
Effect of External Fault in D-Y Transformer
Fault Current Distribution
3Phase fault on LV
side
T2 132/33kV
I11 i1
I1 250
A
I22 i2 If=1000A
250
I2
A
I33 i3 If=1000A
250
I3
A
If=1000A
What would be phase
current ?
I1= I11 – I33 I2= I22 – I11 I3= I33 – I22
* 25
Effect of External Fault in D-Y Transformer
Fault Current Distribution
3Phase fault on LV
side
T2 132/33kV
250 If=1000A
A
250 If=1000A
A
250 ??
A If=1000A
What would be phase
current ?
* 26
Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer
3Phase fault on LV
side
T2 132/33kV
250 If=1000A
A
250 If=1000A
A
250 144A
A If=1000A
* 27
Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer
Earth fault on LV
side
T2 132/33kV
V1 V2
?? ?? If=1000A
* 28
Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer
Earth fault on LV
side
T2 132/33kV
V1 V2
nx1.732 n
?? ?? If=1000A
Voltage ratio=a:1
Turns Ratio= (aX1.732):1
a=(132/33)=4
* 29
Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer
Earth fault on LV
side
T2 132/33kV
V1 V2
?? 144A If=1000A
* 30
Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer
Earth fault on LV
side
T2 132/33kV
144A
V1 V2
* 31
Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer
V2
??
?? 1000A
?? 1000A
If=1000A
* 32
Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer
144A V2
144A
144A 1000A
* 33
ZIGZAG CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMER
The zigzag connection of tranformer is also called
the interconnected star connection.
This connection has some of the features of the Y
and the ∆ connections, combining the advantages
of both.
The zigzag transformer contains six coils on three
cores.
Its applications are for the deviation of a neutral
connection from an ungrounded 3-phase system
and the grounding of that neutral to an earth
reference point and harmonics mitigation.
It can cancel triplet (3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st, etc.)
harmonic currents.
Conventional Protection Scheme of a Two Winding
Power Transformer
* 37
Over current and earth fault
protection
a b
IN 50/51 IR IY IB
IB IY IR 50/51
Standby E/F
IN 50N/51N 50/51N IN
* 38