US Seismic Design Codes

Three old model building codes in US:

– Standard Building Code (SBC) by SBCCI
– National Building Code (NBC) by BOCA SEAOC
– Uniform Building Code (UBC) by ICBO

Today use IBC (2012 version)

NEHRP
Refer : AISC ACI

ASCE 7

ASCE 7

SBC BOCA
IBC NBC

UBC
ASCE 7- 10

Standard : Minimum Design Loads

Issued by ASCE/SEI
Based on NEHRP 2003

Chapter 11
Seismic Design Criteria
Chapter 12
Seismic Requirements for Building Structures
Chapter 13
Seismic Requirements for Nonstructural …
Chapter 14
Materials … and Detail Requirements

Etc.
Concept for Design (NEHRP)

Olive View Hospital, 1971 San Fernando Earthquake

Make use of post-yield characteristic.

Allow damages but not collapse.
Why is post-yield necessary ?

Compare between Wind and Seismic designs of a building

Why is post-yield necessary ?
Why is post-yield necessary ?
Why is post-yield necessary ?

Elastic earthquake load = 6-9 times wind load

Leads to non-economical design

 Make use post-yield characteristic

Development of “Equal Displacement” Concept

“The displacement of an inelastic system, with stiffness K and

strength Fy, subjected to a particular ground motion, is
approximately equal to the displacement of the same system
responding elastically.”

(The displacement of a system is independent of the yield

strength of the system.)
Idealization of Equal Displacement
Inelastic Design

design load level

Ductility supply MUST BE > Ductility demand (5.77/0.91 = 6.34)

ASCE 7 Approach

Use basic elastic spectrum but divide all pseudo-acceleration by

R for strength.

This R accounts for

- Ductility supply
- Overstrength
- Damping (5%)
- Past performance of similar system
- Redundancy
ASCE 7 Approach

Analysis Domain
ASCE 7 Approach
ASCE 7 Approach

Inelastic Displacement :
ASCE 7 : Factors for R/C Structures
ASCE 7 : Adjusted Elastic Spectra
ASCE 7 : Another Design Approximation

“Equal displacement” approach may not be applicable at very

low period structures

 The “Equal Energy Concept” should be adopted.

ASCE 7 : Another Design Approximation

At very low periods, the ASCE spectra does not reduce to

ground acceleration.

 To compensate the error from “Equal Displacement Concept”

Apply only for Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF).

The Modal Response spectrum use dotted-line.
Load Analysis Procedures
Load Analysis Procedures
1. Occupancy Category ASCE 7 - 05
2. Occupancy Category
2. Design Ground Motion
2. Design Ground Motion : Hazard maps (MCE)
2. Design Ground Motion : Hazard maps (MCE)
2. Design Ground Motion : Site classes

Site Classes
2. Design Ground Motion : Site coefficient (Fa)

Site Coefficient

Fa
2. Design Ground Motion : Site coefficient (Fv)

Site Coefficient

Fv
2. Design Ground Motion :

Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)

S MS  Fa S S
S M 1  Fv S1

Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters

2
S DS  S MS
3
2
S D1  SM 1
3
2.Design Ground Motion : Spectral acceleration

ELF
2. Design Ground Motion : Thailand
2. Design Ground Motion : Thailand
Design Ground Motion : Thailand
2. Design Ground Motion : Thailand

BKK BKK

Already design spectrum, SD

 Thai มยผ. 1302

Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University

Importance Factor

Use the same factors for Thailand

Seismic Design Category (SDC)

Thailand use the same category.

Load Combinations
Basic Combinations for Strength Design

1.2 D  1.0 L  1.0 E  0.2S

0.9 D  1.0 E

Horizontal and Vertical Seismic Load Effects

E  Eh  Ev
Eh   QE
Ev  0.2S DS D

where   redundancy factor defined in 12.3.4

Thailand omits the vertical effect.

Configuration Irregularities
Configuration Irregularities

Thailand use the same.

Methods of Analysis

Thailand use the same ?

Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF)

(Thailand not allow green line)

Effective Weight (W)
Natural Period (T)
Natural Period (T)
Vertical Distribution of Loads
Torsional Effects
Torsional Effects : Accidental torsion
Torsional Effects : Accidental torsion amplification
Direction of Seismic Load

Where earthquake forces are applied concurrently in two orthogonal

directions, the required 5 percent displacement of the center of mass need not
be applied in both of the orthogonal directions at the same time, but shall be
applied in the direction that produces the greater effect (12.8.4.2).
P-D Effects
P-D Effects

For each story compute the “story stability ratio”

Px D x
x  D  the design story drift (including Cd )
Vx hsx Cd
0.5
 max   0.25   may conservatively be taken as 1.0
 Cd

Check for the P-D

 x  0.10 P-D can be ignored.

0.10   x   max The displacements and member forces are

magnified by 1
1x
Story Drift
Story Drift Limits
Dynamic Analysis: Response spectrum analysis
Response Spectrum Procedures
Response Spectrum Procedures
Response Spectrum Procedures

(disp. need not be scaled)

Structural Modeling for Dynamic Analysis