Chapter 3 The four rules Topics 11 Order of operations 2. Choosing the correct operation 3 Finding a fraction of aquantity 4 Adding and subtracting fra ing fractions Level RE RE Key words ‘operation, brackets, order quantity, fraction oper fraction, improper fraction, lowest terms, simplest form, denominator, mixed number, equivalent fraction numerator, reciprocal In this chapter you will learn how to: © Use the four rules for calculation with whole numbers, decimals, vulgar fractions and mixed numbers. (C1.8 and E1.8) © Apply operations in the correct order, including the use of brackets. (1.8 and 1.8)Why this chapter matters Most jobs will require you to use some mathematics every day. Having good number skills will help you to be more successful in your job. ‘The mathematics used in jobs ranges from simple calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, to more complex calculations involving negative numbers and approximation. You will need to select the right mathematics for the job. Jobs using mathematics How many jobs can you think of that require some mathematics? Here are a few ideas. Engineer ~ What measurenrents do | need to take? How much of each type of material will be needed? Pilot ~ How much fuel do I need? ‘Accountant - How much profit have they made? Delivery driver — What is the best Doctor - How ‘much medicine should I prescribe? Cashier — What coins do Ineed to give as change? What, is the best price to sell my goods at? “Sports commentator - How many minutes are left in the game? What is his, batting average? Baker — What quantity of flour should | order? If you already know what job you would like to do, think of what mathematics you might need for it. Chapter 3: The four rules 51ce ee 3.1 Order of operations Suppose you have to work out the answer to 4 +5 x 2. You may say the answer is 18, but the correct answer is 14, There is an order of operations which you must follow when working out calculations like this. The x is always done before the +. In 445 x2 this gives 4 +10 = 14. Now suppose you have to work out the answer to (3 + 2) x (9-5). The correct answer is 20, in which you must do the operations. B Brackets B 1 Indices (powers) ° D_ Division D M Multiplication M A Addition A S Subtraction s For example, to work out 2 First divide: 95323 Then multiply: 4x2=8 Then add: 34+8=11 And to work out 60-5 x 3? + (4 x 2): st, work out the brackets: Then the index (power): Then multiply: Then add: Finally, subtract: EXERCISE 3A PY) @ work out each of these. se a 2x3+5= b 6+3 4x622= e g 3x4-1 h j 1226+ k So, how do you work out a problem such as 9 +344 x 2? To answer questions like this, you must follow the BIDMAS (or BODMAS) rule. This tells you the order You have probably realised that the parts in the brackets have to be done first, giving 5 x 4 = 20. Brackets powers Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction E giving 34+4x2 giving 3+8 (4x2)=8 — giving 60-5x374+8 Hag ing GO-5x9+8 5x9=45 giving 60-45+8 60+8=68 giving 68-45 68-45 = 23 +45 © 547-22 f 3x4e15 i 1 12-3% 52 3.1 Order of operations@ Work these out. Remember: first work out the bracket. a 2x(345)= e f 3x(442)= 9 h 3x@41 i i 3x@ei= k 122242) 1 (1242)42= Copy each of these and then put brackets in, where necessary, to make the answer true. a 3x4+1=15 b 6+241=4 © 65241=2 d 4444-5 e 4442452 f 16- o 3x4+1=13 h 16-623=14 i 20-10+2=5 j 20-10+2=15 k 3x54+5=30 1 6x4+2=36 m 15-5%2=20 n 4x7-2=20 0 1253432 p 1233435 q 2438-2 r 2428-2=4 Ravi says that 5 + 6 x 7 is equal to 77. Is he correct? Explain your answer. Three different dice give scores of 2, 3, 5. Add +, x, + or ~ signs to make each calculation work. a2 3 5-1 sas 445%3 or (4 +5) x 3? Show your working ww w NN w von ow was Here is a list of numbers, some signs and one pair of brackets. 25 6 8 -~ x = ( Use all of them to make a correct calculation. ) Here is a list of numbers, some signs and one pair of brackets. B 4 5 8 =~ + = ( Use all of them to make a correct calculation. ) Chapter 3: The four rules 533.2 Choosing the correct operation When a problem is given in words you will need to decide the correct operation to use. Should you add, subtract, multiply or di Example 1 A party of 613 children and 59 adults are going on a day out to a theme park. a How many coaches, each holding 53 people, will be needed? b One adult gets into the theme park free for every 15 children. How many adults will have to pay to get in? a Altogether there are 613 + 59 = 672 people. So the number of coaches needed is 672 + 53 (number of seats on each coach) = 1267... 13 coaches are needed (12 will not be enough). b This also a division, 613 + 15 = 40.86 ... 40 adults will get in free. 59-40 = 19 will have to pay. EXERCISE 3B @ There are 48 cans of soup in a crate. A shop had a delivery of 125 crates of soup. a How many cans of soup were in this delivery? b The shop is running a promotion on soup. If you buy five cans you get one free. Each can costs 39 cents. How much will it cost to get 32 cans of soup? @ A schoot has 12 classes, each of which has 24 students. a How many students are there at the school? b The student-teacher ratio is 18 to 1. That means there is one teacher for every 18 students. How many teachers are there at the school? A football club is organising travel for an away game. 1300 adults and 500 children want to go. Each coach holds 48 people and costs $320 to hire. Tickets to the match cost $18 for adults and $10 for children. a How many coaches will be needed? b The club is charging adults $26 and children $14 for travel and a ticket. How much profit does the club make out of the tri @ Artarge letter costs 39 cents to post and a small letter costs 30 cents. How many dollars will it cost to send 20 large and 90 small letters? 54 3.2 Choosing the correct operationfol cud Kirsty collects small models of animals. Each one costs 45 cents. She saves enough to buy 23 models but when she goes to the shop she finds that the price has gone up to 55 cents. How many can she buy now? Michaela wanted to save up for a bike that costs $250. She baby-sits each week for 6 hours for $2.75 an hour, and does a Saturday job that pays $27.50. She saves three-quarters of her weekly earnings. How many weeks will it take her to save enough to buy the bike? ‘The magazine Teen Dance comes out every month. In a newsagent’s shop the magazine costs $2.45. The annual (yearly) subscription for the magazine is $21. How much cheaper is each magazine when it is bought on subscr Paula buys a sofa. She pays a deposit of 10% of the cash price and then 36 monthly payments of $12.50. In total she pays $495. How much was the cash price of the sofa? There are 125 people at a wedding. They need to get to the reception. 52 people are going by coach and the rest are travelling in cars. Each car can take up to five people, What is the least number of cars needed to take everyone to the reception? Gustav's car does 8 kilometres to each litre of fuel. He does 12600 kilometres a year of which 4600 is on company business. Fuel costs 95 cents per litre. Insurance and servicing costs $800 a year. Gustav's company gives him an allowance of 40 cents for each kilometre he ‘company business. How much does Gustav pay towards running his car each year? 3.3 Finding a fraction of a quantity To do this, you simply multiply the fraction by the quantity, for example, ! of 30 is the same asx 30. Remember: In mathematics ‘of" is interpreted as x. For example, two lots of three is the same as 2 x 3, example 2 Find 3 of $196. First, find } by dividing by 4. Then find 3 by multiplying your answer by 3. 196+4=49 then = 49x 3= 147 The answer is $147. Chapter 3; The four rules 55 |EXERCISE 3C Calculate each amount. Z 2 a 3oF30 b Fofas 3 7 3 of as al « Bot a Foto Calculate each of these quantities. a jot $2400 b 2 of 320 grams 5 : 2 © 3oF 256 kilograms a Zor siz @ Zot 78 litres 4 2of 120 minutes In each case, find out which Is the larger number. 2 5 3 7 a Zof60 or 3 of 40 b 3 of 280 or 7 of 290 2 4 5 4 © 2078 or of 70 4 Zof72 or tt of 60 A director receives & of his firm's profits. The firm made a profit of $45600 in one year. How much did the director receive? ‘A woman left $84 000 in her will 7 She left 3 of the money to charity. How much did she leave to charity? Two-thirds of a person's mass is water. Paul has a mass of 78 kg. How much of his body mass is water? Information from the first census in Singapore showed that 2 of the population were Indian. The total population was 10 700. How many people were Indian? bby 1990 the population of Singapore had grown to 3 002 800. Only +4 of this population were Indian. How many Indians were living in Singapore in 1990? Marc normally earns $500 a week. One week he is given a bonus of +4 of his wage. a Find + of $500. b_ How much does Marc earn altogether for this week? The price of a new TV costing $360 is reduced by Jin a sale. a Find 3 of $360. b_ How much does the TV cost in the sale? 56 3.3 Finding a fraction of a quantity@ Acaris advertised at Lion Autos at $9000 including extras but with a special offer of one-fifth off this price. ‘The same car is advertised at Tiger Motors for $6000 but the extras add one-quarter to this price. Which garage is the cheaper? @ Ajar of coffee normally contains 200 g and costs $2. There are two special offers on a jar of coffee. Offer A: 1 extra for the same price. Offer B: Same mass for } of the original price. Which offer is better value? 3.4 sionenren and subtracting fractions ‘When you add two fractions with the same denominator, you get one of the following: + a proper fraction that cannot be simplified, for example: 1.2.3 555 + a proper fraction that can be simplified to its lowest terms or simplest form, for example: 43e4al B*s 8-2 * an improper fraction that cannot be simplified, so converted to @ mixed number, plified before it is converted to a mixed number, for example: When you subtract one fraction from another with the same denominator, you get one of the following: © a proper fraction that cannot be simplified, for example: © a proper fraction that can be simplified, for example: 116.3 1010105 Notice that + and 3 are equivalent fractions. They represent the same quantity Note: You must always simplify fractions by cancelling if possible. Chapter 3: The four rules 57Example 3 Beas Find 4+ These fractions do not have the same denominator. However 1 =4s0 you can write: 2-8 1 @ copy and complete each of these addi CORE a2 5,2 aT bots @ copy and complete each of these subtractions. 41 5.4 ATF bone . @ copy and complete each of these additions. 51 344 2 a ate » to*i0 £5 @ ony and complete each of these subtractions. 7.3 7_3 9 1 "a8 » i0- 70 7 10 10 @ ony and complete each of these additions. Use equivalent fractions to make the denominators the same. Show your working. 1 b 2 4 ft 3 @ copy and complete each of 303 t 7,9 bata cog 4 iat t0 Copy and complete each of these subtractions. Use equivalent fractions to make the denominators the same. Show your working. You can only add or subtract fractions with different denominators after you have converted them to equivalent fractions with the same denominator. 58 3.4 Adding and subtracting fractionsExample 4 a PE a Find +5 b Find 25 Ue a Note that you can change both fractions to equivalent fractions with a denominator of 15. This is the lowest common multiple of 3 and 5. This then becomes: 2x5, 1x3_10 3 3x5 ‘5x3 5 7 Hee 3) 5) bb Split the calculation into (2+3)—(1+ ). This then becomes: 46 Note that you can change both fractions to equivalent fractions with a denominator of 12. EXERCISE 3E @ complete these calculations. show your working. a fet bet ce} d 2a « 3 A f } 935 a 3 ee esecaiiee 7 neil hi @ complete these calculations. show your working, 1443 34 ,ol atti b 65+ 15425 c 7 493 2,49 a ep erty f Chapter 3: The four rules 59| Cesc ae mea 37 4 “e612 "orate 5 5 aly a ily *t0-15 Ina class of children, three-quarters are Chinese, one-fifth are Malay and the rest are Indian. What fraction of the class are Indian? @_ Ina class election, half of the people voted for Aminah, one-third voted for Reshma and the rest voted for Peter. What fraction of the class voted for Peter? b_One of the following is the number of people in the class. 25 28 «30-32 How many people are in the class? 3.5 Multiplying and dividing fractions What is 3 of P The diagram shows the answer is 3 In mathematics, you always write F of Las 11 So you know that 4 48 To multiply fractions, you multiply the numerators together and you multiply the denominators together. Example 5 ¥2 ‘Work out ae fl Pima ont 4°55 4x5 20° 10 ‘Sometimes you can simplify by cancelling before you multiply. @isa factor of 3 and 9.) (5215) (24=8 x3) To multiply mixed numbers, first change them to improper fractions. 60 3.5 Multiplying and dividing fractionsExample 7 Rehan al Find 13 «25 EXERCISE 3F @ Work these out, leaving each answer in its simplest form. Show your working. Mae 3,1 3,1 aly b ea a e 3 4 5 el a 3 2x ©@ one-quarter of Lee's stamp collection was given to him by his sister. Unfortunately ‘two-thirds of these were torn. What fraction of his collection was given to him by his sister and were not torn? Bilal eats one-quarter of a cake, and then half of what is left. How much cake is left uneaten? ‘Work these out, giving each answer as a mixed number where possible. Show your working. ft 2 al fal 32 aus bipxt © 25x25 diet} teal fo 1 1 xt # hy 22 sy Ay e ayy 4a 9 255 ho7pea @ whichis targer, 2 of 24 or 2 of 61? Dividing fractions Look at the problem 3 + 2. This is like asking, ‘How many 3s are there in 37° Look at the diagram. Chapter 3: The four rules 61Each of the three whole shapes is divided into quarters. \What is the total number of quarters divided by3? Can you see that you could fit the four shapes on the right-hand side of the = sign into the three shapes on the left-hand side? ; 3 ie, Ba5e4 or So, to divide by a fraction, you turn the fraction upside down (finding its reciprocal), and then multiply. ~ Example 8 1 2 Work out 23 fips asia ie ot ; 4 +3=2%% (change 2} to an improper fraction) 2 = 2 © (and 4 have 22s a common factor) ‘ heen This means that 31 x3 = 34 EXERCISE 3G ®) @ Work these out, giving your answer as a mixed number where possible. Show your working. g 2 4,3 3.2 a c 343 d 1 1 ap e # 6215 97 hast 5.33 1 te i ade2h @ A arain merchant has only thirteen and a half tonnes in stock. He has several customers who are all ordering three-quarters of a tonne. How many customers can he supply? @ Fora party, zahar made twelve and a half litres of lemonade. His glasses could each hold & of a litre. How many of the glasses could he fill from the twelve and a half litres of lemonade? @ How many strips of ribbon, each three and a halt centimetres long, can I cut from a roll of ribbon that is fifty-two and a half centimetres long? @ e's stride is three-quarters of a metre long. How many strides does he take to walk the length of a bus twelve metres long? 62 3.5 Multiplying and dividing fractionsé Work these out, giving your answers as a mixed number where possible. ee b sbabea! c year a Bn tb 22 BEG) + fedebbay @ @ tYx..=2 Find the missing mixed number. Find the missing fraction. Check your progress Core * I can add, subtract multiply and divide with whole numbers, decimals and fractions + Ian add, subtract multiply and divide with mixed numbers and improper fractions + lunderstand the correct order of operations and the use of brackets © [can find fractions of a quantity Chapter 3: The four rules 63Chapter 9 Digan mW lela) Topics Key words 1. Introduction to directed nuidbers negative, positive, directed numbers Everyday use of directed numbers profit, loss number line, less than, more than, greater The number line than Adding and subtracting directed numbers Multiplying and dividing directed numbers In this chapter you will learn how to: © Use directed numbers in practical situations. (C1.4 and E1.4) © Add, subtract, multiply and divide directed numbers. (C1.4 and E1.4)Why this chapter matters Life is full of pairs: up and down, hot and cold, left and right, light and dark, rough and smooth, ‘to name a few. One important pairing in maths is positive and negative. So far you have worked mostly with positive numbers, carrying out calculations with them and using them in real-life problems. But negative numbers are also important, both in maths and everyday life. Positive and negative numbers are called directed numbers. You can think of the + and ~ showing which direction they move from 0. This is important in many situations: ‘Anegative number on a bank 5 [ On the Celsius temperature scale zero is known as freezing statement will show how much tis point’. In many places temperatures fal below freezing point. ey you have spent above é eB You use negative numbers to represent these temperatures money you have spent ab 3682, 4 a pl p what you have in your bank account Jet pilots experience {-forces when their aircraft accelerates or decelerates quickly. Negative g-forces can be felt when an abject accelerates downwards very quickly and they are represented by negative numbers. When a bigger number is taken from a smaller one, the result is a negative number. al In lifts, negative , numbers are i Sea level can be given Used to represent the value ‘zero! floors below . Mountains are described round level a as being ‘above sea eo level’ and acean floors as below sea level’ ‘This means that depths Under the sea are given using negative numbers, Vd wa As you can see, negative numbers are just as important as positive numbers and you will encounter them in your everyday life.4.1 Introduction to directed numbers Negative numbers are numbers below zero. You meet negative numbers when the temperature falls, below freezing (0°C). -3°C. This The diagram below shows a thermometer with negative temperatures. The temperatur means the temperature is three degrees below zero. ST “IS 10-50 51S The number line below shows positive and negative numbers. eee i is eo gale ls Je negative positive Positive and negative numbers together are called directed numbers. EXERCISE 4A 5 AS 2IOT2 34S 6 a How many degrees lower is the temperature in Edinburgh than in London? Edinburgh -3°C b How many degrees higher is the temperature in London than in Car London 48°C Cardiff-1°C 66 4.1 Introduction to directed numbers[aca Ce aoe The instructions on a bottle of de-icer say that it will stop water freezing down to~12: The temperature is -4°C. How many more degrees does the temperature need to fall before the de-icer stops working? @ the temperature in a room is 16°C The temperature in a freezer is -22°C How many degrees less than room temperature is the freezer? @ tere are the temperatures at midday on January 21* in § cities. ry Dubai Helsinki | Moscow | New York | Tokyo Temperature [PAE 10°C -8°C 2c Pe a Find the smallest difference between the temperatures of these cities. b Find the largest difference between the temperatures. 4.2 Everyday use of directed numbers There are many other situations where directed numbers are used. Here are three examples. MEGA BANK PLC “Your money Is safe in our pockets” © When +15 m means 15, ‘Statement 1001 metres above sea level, Date Description Paid out’ — Paid in Balance below sea level. 14 Jan 2010 Water bill, $158.62... ‘$68.87, * When2hmeans2 hours | Zgimm2tia Tamia, i: ie Sinoe hfe after midday, then -2 h $22.81 means 2 hours before midday. © When 460 means a profit of $60, then -$60 means a loss of $60, You also meet negative numbers on graphs, and you may already have plotted coordinates with negative numbers. ‘Money bas beon paid info your occount ‘Manay has been paid ‘out of your account On bank statements and bills a negative number means you owe money. A positive number means they owe you money. Chapter 4: Directed numbers 67EXERCISE 4B Copy and complete each statement. @ 1455 means a profit of five dollars, then ...... means a loss of five dollars. @ 1: +200 m means 200 metres above sea level, then ...... means 200 metres below sea level. @ 15-100 m means one hundred metres below sea level, then +100 m means one hundred metres sea level. means 5 hours before midday. @ 1 +5h means 5 hours after midday, then ... @ 1 +2°c means two degrees above freezing point, then ...... means two degrees below freezing point. If +70 km means 70 kilometres north of the equator, then ...... means 70 kilometres south of the equator. If 10 minutes before midnight is represented by -10 minutes, then five minutes after midnight is represented by If a car moving forwards at 10 kilometres per hour is represented by +10 km/h, then a car moving backwards at 5 kilometres per hour is represented by . In an office building, the third floor above ground level is represented by +3. So, the second floor below ground level is represented by . The temperature on three days in Moscow was -7°C, -5°C and -11°C. a Which temperature is the lowest? b_ What is the difference in temperature between the coldest and the warmest days? A thermostat is set at 16°C. The temperature in a room at 1.00 am is -2°C. The temperature rises two degrees every 6 minutes. At what time is the temperature on the thermostat reached? 4.3 The number line Look at the number line. 6 5 -4 3 2-1 0 1 23 4 5 6 7 negative positive Notice that the negative numbers are to the left of 0 and the positive numbers are to the right of 0. Numbers to the right of any number on the number line are always bigger than that number. 68 4.3 The number lineNumbers to the left of any number on the number line are always smaller than that number. So, for example, you can see from a number line that: 2 is smaller than 5 because 2 is to the left of 5. You can write this as 2 <5. -3 is smaller than 2 because -3 is to the /eft of 2. You can write this as -3 <2. 7 is bigger than 3 because 7 is to the right of 3. You can write this as 7 > 3. ~1 is bigger than —4 because ~1 is to the right of -4. You can write this as —1 >—4. Reminder: The inequality signs: < means ‘is less than’ > means ‘is greater than’ or ‘is more than’ EXERCISE 4C e@ Copy each statement and put the correct symbol (< or >) in each space. dS od 4, 0 g -2. aat b3 BPO cece eee @ Here are some temperatures ac arc ~4°C 6c Copy and complete the weather report, using these temperatures. Chapter 4: Directed numbers 69re ‘The hottest place today is Eastbourne with a temperature of ____, while in Barnsley a ground frost has left the temperature just below zero at ___. In Bristol it is even colder at _. Finally, in Tenby the temperature is just above freezing at _. @ ineach case find, if possible, an integer N with the property that a N>-3andN<2 b N<-3andN>2 © N>-3andN>2 d N<-3andN<2 4.4 Adding and subtracting directed numbers Adding and subtracting positive numbers These two operations can be illustrated on a thermometer scale. + Adding a positive number moves the marker up the thermometer scale. For example, 2 med >: ¥ v | -2+6=4 ss kd 10, ‘* Subtracting a positive number moves the marker down the thermometer scale. For example, 3-5=-2 Example 1 The temperature at midnight was 2°C but then it fell by five degrees. What was the new ‘temperature? Falling five degrees means the calculation is 2-5, which is equal to -3. So, the new temperature is -3°C. 70 4.4 Adding and subtracting directed numbersEXERCISE 4D (@ Find the answer to each of these. 3 a 24s b a-7= ¢ 3°-5%= d i e 68s f 5-8 = g -245= ho ats4a= i -443= j -6+5= k 345s 1 S422 m-1- n 2-4 0-5-1 p 3-4= q2-7 ro1-S= s -347 t 5-62 u -2-3= v 2-6= w -8+3 x 4-92 At 5 am the temperature in Lisbon was ~4°C. At 11 am the temperature was 3°C. a By how many degrees did the temperature rise? b The temperature in Madrid was two degrees lower than in Lisbon at 5 am. What was the temperature in Madrid at 5 am? Here are five numbers. 4 ai 8 2 5 a Use two of the numbers to make a calculation with an answer of -6. b Use three of the numbers to make a calculation with an answer of -1 © Use four of the numbers to make a calculation with an answer of -18. d_Use all five of the numbers to make a calculation with an answer of ~12, A submarine is 600 metres below sea level. A radar system can detect submarines down to 300 metres below sea level. To avoid detection safely, the submarine captain keeps the submarine 50 metres below the level of detection. How many metres can the submarine climb to be safe from detection? Adding and subtracting negative numbers To subtract a negative number... «+ treat the -—as + For example: 4-(-2)=4+2=6 To add a negative number ... . treat the + —as— For example: 3 +(-5)=3-5=-2 Using your calculator Calculations involving negative numbers can be done by using the (@) key. Chapter 4: Directed numbers 71 |Example 2 Work out -6 --2. csORREHBas The answer should be ~4. EXERCISE 4E @ write down the answer to each calculation then check your answers on a calculator. a 3-5= b 2-8= © -5-6= d 6-9= e 5-3= f 3-8= 9 -445= ho -347= i 2492 k eas m 5~-6= © 6--2= q 5-3= re 5-4-5 @ what is the difference between the temperatures in each pair? a 4°Cand-6°C b -2°C and-9°C © -3°Cand6°C @ Find what you have to add to 5 to get: a7 b2 co d 2 e-5 f -15 @ Find what you have to subtract from 4 to get: a2 bo 5 dg e 15 f -4 @ Find what you have to add to -5 to get: ag b3 © 0 qa e6 f7 @ Find what you have to subtract from -3 to get: az b2 ca a7 e -10 f4 @ vou have these cards. HHO 72 4.4 Adding and subtracting directed numbers‘a Which card should you choose to make the answer to this sum as large as possible? What is the answer? os b Which card should you choose to make the answer to part a as smalll as possible? What is the answer? © Which card should you choose to make the answer to this subtraction as large as possible? What is the answer? oe d_ Which card should you choose to make the answer to part ¢ as small as possible? What is the answer? e@ The thermometer in a car is inaccurate by up to two degrees. An ice alert warning comes on at 3°C, according to the thermometer temperature. If the actual temperature is 2°C, will the alert come on? Explain how you decide. @ Wo integers have a sum of 5. One of the numbers is negative. The other number is even. What are the two numbers when the negative number is as large as possible? 4.5 Multiplying and dividing directed numbers The rules for multiplying and dividing two directed numbers are very easy. © When the signs of the two numbers are the same, the answer is positive. ‘+ When the signs of the two numbers are different, the answer is negative, Here are some examples. 2x4=8 124-3 ‘A common ertor is to confuse, for example, ~3? and (-3), ~Ha-3x3=-9 -2x-3=6 122-324 but: (3% =-3x-3= 49. So, this means that if a variable is introduced, for example, a = -5, the calculation would be: @=-5x-5=425 Chapter 4: Directed numbers 73Example 3 a=-2and b=-6 Work out these numbers. a@ b er © Raa d G@-pP ag 2x-2=+4 b 2+ =444+-6x-6=4+36=40 c P-a = 36-4= 32 d (a-bP = (2-6 =(-2 + 6)? = (4)? = 16 EXERCISE 4F @ write down the answers. a -3«5 b -2x7 c -4x6 e@ 7x2 f 124-6 g -1628 h 243-3 j -6+-2 k 4x-6 1 5x2 m 6x-3 0 -9x-4 Pp 24+-6 q 12+-1 © -36+9 t 10024 u 2%-9 @ Write down the answers. a -34+-6 b -2x-8 ¢ 24-5 d 8x-4 e f -3x-6 44-9 h 482-12 i -Sx-4 j k -40+-5 1 -40+-8 m 4--9 n 5-18 ° p 7-7 q 8--8 r 6x7 @ what number do you multiply by -3 to get each number? a6 b -90 © -45 di e 21 @ what number do you divide 26 by to get each number? a-9 ba ce 12 d -6 #. @ exatuate these. a -6+(4-7) b -3-(-9--3) © 8+(2-9 @ Evatuate these. a 4x(-8+-2) b -8-(3x-2) < -Ax(@--4) @ what do you get if you divide ~48 by each number? a2 b -8 ce 12 24 @ write down six different multiplications that give the answer—12. @ write down six different divisions that give the answer —4. 74 4.5 Multiplying and dividing directed numbers@ rutthese calculations in order from lowest to highest. “5x4 -20+2 0 164-4 3x-6 -2,) =-3 and 2 =-4, Work out these numbers. ax b yee « 2-2 @ Copy and complete this multiplication table. x 3 15 2 -8 -6 | 12 Check your progress Core + I can use directed numbers in practical situations * Ican put directed numbers in order by magnitude * [can add and subtract positive and negative integers + I can multiply and divide positive and negative integers d (e-yP Chapter 4; Directed numbers 5